Contents

1 A brief history, 1

2 Aids in selecting pipe, valves, and fittings, 3

Metallic Pipe and Tubing. 3
Non-Metallic Pipe and Tubing, 4
Valves and Fittings. 8
Index of Tables and Figures for Valve and Fitting Selection, 17

3 Standards for piping, 40

American Ctandards Association, 40
Role of Federa1 Government. 40
Other Standards Organizations, 41
Arnerican Piping Standards, 41
Piping Design Ctandards, 42
Index of Tables and Figures for Pipe Design, 45
Dimensional and Mechanical Standards for Pipe, Valves, and Fittings. 67
Index of Selected Tables of Ctandard Dimensions for Pipe, Valves, and Fittings, 70
Index of Tables and Figures of Standard Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Flanges. Valves, and Fittings. 91
List of Standard Materia1 Specifications. 109
Pipe, Fitting, and Flange Materials, 112

4 Pressure drop in piping systems and line sizing, 116

Basic Relationships. 116
Working Charis and Equations for Friction-Loss Calculations, 122
Process Line Sizing Techniques, 125
Analysis of Complex Piping Networks, 126
Plurnbing. 126
Index of Working Tables and Figures for Pressure Drop and Line Sizing Calculations. 128
Example Problems. i47
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!3 Piping specifications. 153

Determining the Type and Number of Specifications, 153
Preparing Detailed Specifications, 153
Typical Specifications, 154

6 Piping design and drafting procedures, 164

Process Plant Drawings, 164
PipingDesign Drafting Procedures, 171
Modern Drafting Practices, 178

7 Process piping arrangement, 181

Plant Layout and Equipment Arrangement, 181
Criteria for Equipment Layout, 183
Piping Layout and Arrangement. 189
Pipe Support and Yard Piping, 197
Piping Stress Analysis. 199

8 Pipe fabrication. 205

Screwed Piping. 205
Field or Shop Fabrication, 205
Drawings for Fabrication. 206
Pipe Fabrication Procedures. 207
Erection of Piping. 215

9 Utility and underground piping, 216

Water. 216
Steam, 222
Fuels, 228
Plant Air, 229
Instrument Air. 229
Waste Disposal. 229
Blowdown. 234

10 Instrument piping, 237

Instrument Elements, 237
Primary Piping, 237
Piping for Pneumatically Actuated Contro1 Valves, 250
Pneumatic Piping. 251
Instrument.Air Systems, 252
Piping a t Relief Valves. 253

Appendix, 261
Index of Additional Tables and Figures in Appendix, 261
Physical Properties, 263
Conversion Factors. 280
Standard Oirnensions. 287

Index, 289
List of figures

2.1 Butt-welded pipe manufacture, 4 3.1 Design temperature limitations, 46

2.2 Seamless pipe and tube manufacture, 5 3.2 Design pressure limitations, 46
2.3 Manufacture of electric resistance-welded pipe 3.3 Chart fnr selection of tubing and fittings for meter
and tubing, 6 and instrument connecting piping, 47
2.4 Extrusion process for seamless steel pipe and 3.4 Reinforced plastic pipe, 47
tubing, 6 3.5 Summary of pressure-temperature ratings of
2.5 Tube reducing by Rockrite process, 7 forged-steel flanges, 101
2.6 Cold-drawing process, 7 3.6 Method of rating alloy steels not given in Tables
2.7 Cost ratios for shop-fabricated metallic pipe, 13 3.33, 102
2.8 Cost ratios for representative non-metallic pipe,
16 4. I Moody friction-factor chart, 119
2.9 Valves and valve-flow characteristics, 18 4.2 Relative rnughness for pipe, 120
2.10 Typical nomenclature for gate, globe, angle, and 4.3 Empirical constants for non-Newtonian friction-
check valves, 20 factor Equation 9, 121
2.11 Typical nomenclature for lubricated plug valve, 4.4 Resistance coefficients for 90" bends of uniform
21 diameter, 133
2.12 Comparison of standard bnnnet designs, 25 4.5 Resistance coefficients for bends of uniform di-
2.13 Comparison of stem types for gaie, globe, and ameter and smooth surface at Reynolds No.
angle valves, 26 2.25 X 105, 133
2.14 Disc variations in gate valves, 27 4.6 Pressure loss due to friction for water, (facing)
2.15 Disc variations in globe valves, 27 133
2.16 Diaphragn-operated, double-port contro1 valve, 4.7 Pressure loss due to friction for steam, (facing)
29 132
2.17 Relief valve, 29 4.8 Resistance coefficients for 100-ft lengths of pipe,
2.18 Cost comparison of flanged vaives, 30 134
2.19 Cost comparison of small steel vaives, 30 4.9 Velocity and velocity-head chart, 135
2.20 Small-tubing fittings (H to 2 in.), 35 4.10 Prersure drop ratio for gas-liquid flow, 136
2.21 Cast-iron pipe joints, 35 4.11 Correction factor for equivalent diameter, 136
2.22 Diagram of fitting nomenclature, 36 4.12 Flow rate and velocity ratios for sewers flowing
2.23 Manufactured hangers and supports, 36 partially full for fixed diameter and slope, 139
2.24 Spring hanger and typical installations, 37 4.13 Sewer hydraulic factors which produce equa1
2.25 Expansion joints, 37 self-cleaning at al1 depths, 140
2.26 Nomenclature for fabricated pipe bends, 38 4.14 Conversion of fixture units to flow rate, 142
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