GROUP 2: ARTIFICIAL SWEETENING

AGENTS/SWEETENERS

Leader: John Orville P. Quinto

Members:
Maria Victoria S. Perez
Luzsel R. Aguilar
Micah Philae C. Millavas
Nhaztin S. Magtaan
Paolo Joaquin C. Agas
Tristan C. Vinuya

Artificial Sweetener/Sweetening Agents

Natural sweeteners like sucrose and fructose give sweetness to a substance but they also contain
calories which can be harmful to humans when taken in extra quantity. Artificial sweeteners are
substances that are used as substitutes for natural sugar (sucrose), they contain low calories. They
are many times sweeter than regular sugar, so they are also referred to as intense sweeteners. Some
of them are so sweet that dextrose or maltodextrin is added to reduce the intense sweetness of artificial
sweetening agents. These sweetening agents are generally obtained from the substitutes of synthetic
sugar, but they can also be formed from natural substances, including herbs or sugar itself.
Artificial sweetener is one of the most attractive substitutes to sugar as it does not add many calories
in our diet. It can be used directly in the processed food as in puddings, dairy products, candy, soft
drinks, baked goods, jams and many other foods and beverages. It can also be used after mixing it
with starch-based sweeteners.

How does artificial sweetening agent work :

For a sweetening agent to work properly, a sweetener should be soluble in water and it should readily
bind with a receptor molecule present on the surface of the tongue. The receptor is actually connected
with a G- protein and when the sweetener binds with the receptor, the G- protein starts dissociating
which in turn activates a nearby enzyme and triggers a sequence of events in which the signals are
transmitted to and are interpreted by the brain. The interaction between the receptor and sweetener
accounts for the sweetness of an artificial sweetening agent.

Common Artificial Sweetener

1. Saccharin: It was discovered in 1879 and is considered as the oldest non-nutritive sweetener.
Sucrose is about 300 times less sweet than saccharin, but it has a bitter aftertaste. It cannot
be used in products where baking of food is necessary as it becomes unstable when it is
heated. But it can be used to sweeten candies, drinks, and toothpaste.
 2. Aspartame: In 1879 Aspartame was discovered and it was found that it is approximately 200
times sweeter than sugar. It is a dipeptide methyl ester and its name is aspartyl phenylalanine-
1-methyl ester. It is commonly used as a tabletop sweetener and is also used in a variety of
foods. When it is heated it breaks down into amino acids and loses its sweetness, so it cannot
be used for the baked foods. As it becomes unstable at cooking temperature, it is only used in
soft drinks and cold foods.

3. Acesulfame potassium or ace-K (Sweet One, Swiss Sweet, Sunett). You can use it in both cold and
hot foods, including in baking and cooking.
4. Sucralose (Splenda). You can use it in hot and cold foods, including in baking and cooking.
Processed foods often contain it.
5. Advantame can be used in baked goods, soft drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages, chewing
gum, candies, frostings, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings, jams and jellies, processed fruits and
fruit juices, toppings and syrups.

• Agave Nectar
• Calories: 20 per teaspoon
Found in: Cereals, yogurts, tea

The deal: The nectar is a product of the agave cactus, and its taste and texture are similar to
honey.

It doesn’t contain as many antioxidants as honey, but it contains approximately the same
amount of calories. Agave, however, is sweeter than sugar, so proponents suggest you can
use less to get similar sweetness.

It contains more fructose than table sugar, which, according to a recent study, means it is
less likely to cause a spike in blood sugar but could be more likely to reduce your
metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
• High-Fructose Corn Syrup
• Calories: 17 per teaspoon
Found: Sodas, desserts, cereals

The deal: This hotly debated sweetener contains the sugars fructose and glucose from
processed corn syrup.

Because it's cheaper than sucrose and gives products a longer shelf life, more packaged
foods in the U.S.—especially soda, cereal, and yogurt—contain HFCS as added sugar
instead of sucrose.

Some studies say beverages sweetened with HFCS contribute to obesity more than sucrose,
but others show it’s no worse for health. It’s best to limit your consumption.
• Honey
• Calories: 21 per teaspoon
Found in: Cereals, baked goods, teas

The deal: Honey contains trace amounts of vitamins and minerals, and studies suggest it
may not raise blood sugar as fast as other sweet products.
 (It’s generally better for the body to have a slow and steady rise in blood sugar after eating,
rather than a dramatic spike.)

Honey, however, does contain calories and should be used as sparingly as any other full-
calorie sweetener.
• Neotame
• Calories: 0
Found in: Some drinks, dairy products, frozen desserts, puddings, fruit juices

The deal: The newest on the market, this artificial sweetener was approved by the FDA in
2002.

It is between 7,000 and 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar depending on what it is added
to, and is produced by the same company that makes aspartame.

Neotame is one of the only nonnutritive sweeteners to get the seal of approval from the
CSPI, but it is rarely used in everyday products.
• Stevia Leaf Extract
• AKA: Truvia, Pure Via
Calories: 0
Found in: Diet drinks, yogurts, individual packets

The deal: Derived from the stevia plant, stevia leaf extract, also called rebiana, is deemed
the natural alternative to artificial sweeteners.

Although crude stevia extracts are not approved by the FDA, refined stevia products such as
Truvia gained a Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) approval from the FDA in 2008.

In 2013, the consumer advocacy group Center for Science in the Public Interest said it
"considers rebiana, a natural high-potency sweetener obtained from stevia, to be "safe,"
though deserving of better testing."
• Sugar Alcohol
• AKA: Sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol
Calories: 10 per teaspoon
Found in: Sugar-free candies, gum, desserts

The deal: Sugar alcohols aren’t nonnutritive sweeteners—they have 2.6 calories per gram—
but they don’t cause tooth decay like table sugar.

Although they’re generally less sweet and caloric than sugar, eating large amounts
(particularly of mannitol) can cause bloating and diarrhea. They’re often used in sugar-free
foods marketed to diabetics, because they contain fewer carbohydrates than table sugar.
They do contain some carbohydrates, so eating them in excess may increase blood sugar.

The ADA recommends consuming sugar alcohols in moderation, and counting half of the
grams of sugar alcohols as carbohydrates because only about half get digested.
• Examples of sugar alcohols include:
• Sorbitol
• Mannitol
• Zylitol
• Isomalt
• Lactitol
• Maltitol
• Erythritol
• Alitame
• Alitame is an aspartic acid-containing dipeptide sweetener. It was developed by Pfizer in the
early 1980s and currently marketed in some countries under the brand name Aclame.[1] Most
dipeptides are not sweet, but the unexpected discovery of aspartame in 1965 led to a search
for similar compounds that shared its sweetness. Alitame is one such second-generation
 dipeptide sweetener. Neotame, developed by the owners of the NutraSweet brand, is
another.
• Alitame is about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar),[2] about 10 times sweeter
than aspartame, and has no aftertaste. Its half-life under hot or acidic conditions is about
twice as long as aspartame's, although some other artificial sweeteners,
including saccharin and acesulfame potassium, are more stable yet. Unlike aspartame,
alitame does not contain phenylalanine, and can therefore be used by people
with phenylketonuria.
• Cyclamate
• Sodium cyclamate (sweetener code 952) is an artificial sweetener. It is 30–50 times sweeter
than sucrose (table sugar), making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial
sweeteners. It is often used with other artificial sweeteners, especially saccharin; the mixture
of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin is common and masks the off-tastes of both
sweeteners.[1] It is less expensive than most sweeteners, including sucralose, and is stable
under heating. Safety concerns have led to cyclamates being banned in the United States
and other countries, though the European Union recognizes them as safe.
• Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid (cyclohexanesulfamic acid), which
itself is prepared by the sulfonation of cyclohexylamine. This can be accomplished by
reacting cyclohexylamine with either sulfamic acid or sulfur trioxide.

Advantages of artificial sweeteners:

1. Weight Control: If someone wants to lose their weight then they should use an artificial
sweetening agent as virtually it carries zero calories. One gram of sugar carries 4 calories and
one teaspoon of sugar contains about 4 gram of sugar. So by eating 1 teaspoon also we gain
16 calories. So in the case of a weight control, artificial sweetening agent is the best option.

2. Diabetes: It also helps in controlling diabetes as it does not raise the blood sugar levels
because it does not contain the carbohydrates in it.
3. Artificial sweeteners could support better oral health: The consumption of sugar plays a
significant role in the development of tooth decay, cavities, and other issues with oral health.
By removing the sweetener that can encourage bacterial growth and plaque along the gum
line, it is possible to reduce the adverse impacts that you’re eating and drinking habits can
create overtime.
4. Artificial sweeteners may be derived from natural substances: Although an artificial
sweetener is a synthetic sugar substitute, it can be made from naturally occurring substances
from the environment around us. Herbs and even the sugar plants themselves can become
the foundation of these items. Since they tend to be much sweeter than an actual sugar
product, they are an attractive alternative for those who need to watch their intake levels thanks
to a diabetes diagnosis, weight concerns, or other medical needs. That’s because almost every
artificial sweetener adds virtually no calories to your diet.
5. You can use artificial sweeteners in almost anything: Artificial sweeteners are found in
many processed foods because they react in a similar manner as sugar does during the
baking, canning, or packaging process. You will find them in candies, baked goods, canned
foods, jams, jellies, and several dairy products. They are commonly found in sweet carbonated
drinks, drink mixes, and other beverages as well. Some products that contain these
sweeteners might be listed as a “diet” product, but that is not a free license to over-consume.
6. There is less adverse chemical exposure when using artificial sweeteners: When you
are consuming artificial sweeteners, then you are eating something that does not contain
artificial pesticides or herbicides to promote the growth of a crap like sugarcane. You can
experience this advantage if you purchase organic sugar products at the grocery store as well.
Although there will always be issues with health and wellness if you do not consume items in
moderation, the positive attributes that you will find with saccharin, sucralose, and similar
products will usually outweigh whatever disadvantages may occur.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING ARTIFICIAL SWEETENING AGENTS

These products can leave a sour aftertaste.
Some artificial sweeteners might provide a sugar substitute that improves the
flavor of foods or beverages, but there are also some which can leave a sour
aftertaste behind when consuming items that contain this product. The flavor
can be distinctly unpleasant for some individuals, which means there may be
a need to use a combination of artificial sweeteners or to choose a different
product to obtain your caloric goals.
Artificial sweeteners can lead to possible weight gains.
Although artificial sweeteners are a no- or low-calorie solution for many foods
and beverages, a study from the University of Texas-San Antonio suggests
that the presence of this product can cause individuals to confuse sweetness
with the number of calories they consume each day. This result causes them
to choose sweeter foods over healthier ones more often, which becomes a
foundation for gaining weight in the future.
You need to read ingredient labels to ensure that you’re avoiding them.
If you don’t want to include artificial sweeteners with your dietary habits, then
you will need to start reading ingredient labels at the grocery store immediately.
These products are becoming widely available in foods which you may not think
about their presence. You can find these items in ice cream, cereal, fruit juices,
and sport drinks. There is an excellent chance that you have purchased and
consumed something that contains an artificial sweetener without realizing you
have done it.
Some products might collect in the gastrointestinal tract.
Since most artificial sweeteners do not come from natural products, the
human body does not always know what to do with it. There are times when
your preferred product may begin collecting within the gastrointestinal tract.
When this issue occurs, you may find several bothersome symptoms begin to
develop rapidly.
Bloating, loose stools, and gas-related pain are the three most common side
effects complained about by those who use artificial sweeteners on a regular
basis. Then your body will eventually move the unnatural item towards the liver
so that it can begin the detoxification process. If you don’t like the feelings that
occur as your body processes the product, then the best thing you can do is to
stay away from that whenever possible.

It can change the metabolic rate of your body.

It is important to remember that your health and wellness goals must involve
more than just your body weight. Observational studies that include artificial
sweeteners show that there is an increased risk of metabolic conditions with
regular consumption. This disadvantage includes problems like heart disease
and metabolic syndrome. Although there is no proof of cause-and-effect, there
are published studies that have found your risks of Type 2 diabetes can be
over 120% higher through the consumption of diet soft drinks.
There can also be issues with disruption in the gut bacteria and glucose
intolerance due to the ongoing presence of artificial sweeteners in the
gastrointestinal tract.

HEALTH AND WELLNESS

Health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is "a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
"This definition has been subject to controversy, as it may have limited value for
implementation. Health may be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical,
mental and social challenges throughout life.
SIX TYPES OF HEALTH
Mental health
• Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle
stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at
every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.
• Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your
thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected.
PHYSICAL HEALTH
• Physical health is critical for overall well-being and is the most visible of the
various dimensions of health, which also include social, intellectual,
emotional, spiritual and environmental health. Some of the most obvious and
serious signs that we are unhealthy appear physically. Addressing this
dimension is crucial for anyone attempting to sustain overall health and
wellness.
SOCIAL HEALTH
• Social health involves your ability to form satisfying interpersonal
relationships with others. It also relates to your ability to adapt comfortably
to different social situations and act appropriately in a variety of settings.
Spouses, co-workers and acquaintances can all have healthy relationships
with one another. Each of these relationships should include strong
communication skills, empathy for others and a sense of accountability. In
contrast, traits like being withdrawn, vindictive or selfish can have a negative
impact on your social health. Overall, stress can be one of the most
significant threats to a healthy relationship. Stress should be managed
through proven techniques such as regular physical activity, deep breathing
and positive self-talk.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
• Environmental health is the science and practice of preventing human injury
and illness and promoting well-being by
• identifying and evaluating environmental sources and hazardous agents and
• limiting exposures to hazardous physical, chemical, and biological agents in
air, water, soil, food, and other environmental media or settings that may
adversely affect human health.
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
• Emotional health is a state of positive psychological functioning. It can be
thought of as an extension of mental health; it's the "optimal functioning"
end of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make up both our inner and
outer worlds. It includes an overall experience of wellness in what we think,
feel, and do through both the highs and lows of life.
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
• One specific definition does not completely summarize spiritual health.
While organized religion and prayer - two concepts familiar to most in
Western societies - can certainly be part of spiritual health, they are not all
that should be considered. Spiritual health can also consist of more broad
concepts, such as hope, purpose, and peace.
• Some common criteria that fall within the category of spiritual health include
belief in a supreme being, unity with a greater force, a guiding sense of
meaning and value, an organized religion, balance, introspection, and
 meaning. While all of these aspects are not necessary to be spiritually
healthy, addressing the main concepts can provide a foundational
understanding to this way of approaching one's health.

WELLNESS
• Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices
toward a healthy and fulfilling life. Wellness is more than being free from
illness, it is a dynamic process of change and growth.
• Emotional wellness inspires self-care, relaxation, stress reduction and the
development of inner strength. It is important to be attentive to both positive
and negative feelings and be able to understand how to handle these
emotions. Emotional wellness also includes the ability to learn and grow
from experiences. Emotional well-being encourages autonomy and proper
decision making skills. It is an important part of overall wellness.
• Environmental wellness inspires us to live a lifestyle that is respectful of our
surroundings. This realm encourages us to live in harmony with the Earth by
taking action to protect it. Environmental well-being promotes interaction
with nature and your personal environment. Everyone can have a strong
environmental conscious simply by raising their awareness.
• Financial Wellness involves the process of learning how to successfully
manage financial expenses. Money plays a critical role in our lives and not
having enough of it impacts health as well as academic performance.
Financial stress is repeatedly found to be a common source of stress,
anxiety and fear for college students. Keeping track of expenses, making a
budget, and sticking to it are important skills to have in order to be finically
responsible and independent. Learning how to maximize your financial
wellness now will help you feel prepared to handle potentially stressful
financial situations in the future.
• Intellectual wellness encourages us to engage in creative and mentally-
stimulating activities. These activities should expand your knowledge and
skills while allowing you to share your knowledge and skills with others.
Intellectual wellness can be developed through academics, cultural
involvement, community involvement and personal hobbies. As intellectual
wellness develops, you are able to develop personal resources that work
together with the other realms of wellness in order to be achieve a more
balanced life.
• Occupational wellness inspires us to prepare for work in which we will gain
personal satisfaction and find enrichment in our life. Your attitude about
work is a crucial influence for occupational development. Occupational
wellness allows you to explore various career options and encourages you
to pursue the opportunities you enjoy the most. This dimension of wellness
recognizes the importance of satisfaction, enrichment and meaning through
work.
• Physical wellness promotes proper care of our bodies for optimal health and
functioning. There are many elements of physical wellness that all must be
cared for together. Overall physical wellness encourages the balance of
physical activity, nutrition and mental well-being to keep your body in top
condition. Obtaining an optimal level of physical wellness allows you to
nurture personal responsibility for your own health. As you become
conscious of your physical health, you are able to identify elements you are
successful in as well as elements you would like to improve.
• Social wellness refers to the relationships we have and how we interact with
others. Our relationships can offer support during difficult times. Social
 wellness involves building healthy, nurturing and supportive relationships
as well as fostering a genuine connection with those around you. Conscious
actions are important in learning how to balance your social life with your
academic and professional lives. Social wellness also includes balancing the
unique needs of romantic relationships with other parts of your life.
• Spiritual wellness allows us to be in tune with our spiritual selves. This realm
of wellness lets us find meaning in life events and define our individual
purpose. Spiritual wellness can be defined through various factors including
religious faith, values, ethics and morals. Regardless of whether you believe
in a particular religious faith, there is always something to be learned about
how you see yourself in the world.

THANK YOUUUUU!