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MISRIMAL NAVAJEE MUNOTH JAIN ENGINEERING

COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 97

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

om
MATHEMATICS (MA2111)

FOR
y.c
rke

FIRST SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS

ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS
rne
lea
w.
ww

This text contains some of the most important short answer (Part A) and long
answer (Part B) questions and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university
questions. Thus, a total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student
who studies these model problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).

Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics

SEPTEMBER, 2010

www.engg-maths.com

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Functions of Several Variables 2

UNIT IV FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

SHORT ANSWER

du
Problem 1: Using the definition of total derivative, find the value of given
dt
u = y2 - 4ax, x = at2; y = 2at.
du  u dx  u dy
Solution:   (1)
dt  x dt  y dt
u  y 2  4ax
u
 4a
x

om
u
 2y
y y.c
 2  2at   y  2at , given 
 4 at
rke

du
1    4a  2at    4at  2a 
dt
rne

 8a 2 t  8a 2 t
0
lea

Problem 2: State Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

u u
y  nu .
w.

Solution: If u be a homogenous function of degree n in x and y then x

x y
x y u u
ww

Problem 3: If u  sin 1 , Find x y

x y x y
x y
Solution: Given: u  sin 1
x y
x y
sin u 
x y
x y
Let f  x, y   sin u 
x y
t x t y x y
f  tx, ty     f  x, y 
t x t y x y
f is a homogenous function of degree 0 in x and y
Hence using Euler’s theorem,

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Functions of Several Variables 3

f f
x y   0  f   0
x y
  sin u    sin u 
i.e., x y 0
x y
u u
x cos u  y cos u 0
x x
u u
i.e., x y 0
x y
r
Problem 4: If x  r cos  , y  r sin  find
x
Solution: Given x  r cos  , y  r sin 
x 2  r 2 cos 2  , y 2  r 2 sin 2 
x 2  y 2  r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 

om
 r 2 cos 2   sin 2  
 r 2 1
y.c
 r2
rke

i.e., r  x 2  y 2
r 1 x x
2 x 
rne

 
 x 2 x2  y 2 x2  y 2 r
lea

u u
Problem 5: If u  log  x 2  xy  y 2  , prove that x y  2.
x y
w.

Solution: Given u  log  x 2  xy  y 2 

ww

Here u is not a homogeneous function

eu  x 2  xy  y 2
eu is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x, y
 By Euler’s theorem, we have
 u  u
x
x
 e  y
y
 e   2eu

u u
xeu  yeu  2eu
x y
u u
x y 2
x y

du
Problem 6: Find if u  x 2  y 2 , x  at 2 , y  2at .
dt

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Functions of Several Variables 4

du u dx u dy
Solution:  .  (1)
dt x dt y dt
u  x2  y2 x  at 2 y  2 at
u dx dy
 2a
 2x  2 at
x dt dt
u
 2y
y
 4at
  2at 2   2at    4at  2a 
du
1 
dt
 4 a 2 t 3  8a 2 t
 4a 2 t  t 2  2 

om
  x, y 
Problem 7: If x  r cos  and y  r sin  , evaluate .
y.c   r , 
Solution:
x x
rke

  x, y  r  cos  r sin 
, 
  r,  y y sin  r cos 
rne

r 
 r cos 2   sin 2    r
lea

  u, v 
Problem 8: If u  2 xy, v  x 2  y 2 and x  r cos  , y  r sin  . Evaluate without
  r 
w.

actual substitution.
ww

Solution:

u  2 xy u  x 2  y 2 x  r cos  y  r sin 
u v x y
 2y  2x  cos   sin 
x x r r
u v x u
 2x  2 y   r sin   r cos 
y y  
u u x x
 u , v    u, v    x, y   x y r 
 
  r ,    x, y    r ,    v u y y
x y r 

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Functions of Several Variables 5

2y 2 x cos  r sin 

2 x 2 y sin  r cos 
  4 y  4 x
2 2
 r cos   r sin  
2 2

 4  x 2  y 2  r  cos   sin  
2 2

 4  x 2  y 2  r cos   sin   1
2 2

x 2  y 2   r cos     r sin  
2 2

 r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 
 r 2 cos 2   sin 2  
 r2
  u, v 
  4r  r 2   4r 3

om
  r , 
x  y u u
Problem 9: If u  yf    g   find x y
x x y
y.c
 y
rke

x  y
Solution: u  yf    g  
 y x
rne

u  x  1   y  y 
 yf '     g '    2 
x  y  y   x  x 
lea

 x y  y
 f '   2 g ' 
 y x x
w.

u  x  x  y 1
 yf '  2   f    g '  
x y   y x x
ww

x  y  x 1  y
 f '   f    g ' 
y x  y x  x
u u x y  y x  y x
x y  xf '     xf '    yf    g '    yf  
x y  y x x y x y
x y z u u u
Problem 10: If u    find x y z
y z x' x y z
x y z
Solution: u   
y z x
u 1 z
 
 x y x2
u x z
x  
x y x

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Functions of Several Variables 6

 u x 1
 
 x y2 z
 u x y
y  
y y z
u y 1
 
 z z2 x
u y z
z  
z z x
u u u
x y z 0
x y z
du x
Problem 11: Find when u  sin   , x  et , y  t 2
dt  y

om
Solution:
du  u dx  u dy
 
dt  x dt  y dt
y.c
1 x  x  x
 cos   et   2  cos 2t
rke

y  y y  y
1 t x  x  x
 e cos  2t  2  cos
rne

y y y  y
1 x 2 xt 
 cos et 
y 
lea

y y

Problem 12: Find the Taylor’s series expansion of xy near the point (1,1) up to the first
w.

degree terms.
ww

Solution:
Function Value at (0,0)
f  x,, y   x y f 1
f x  yx y 1 fx  1
f y  x y log x fy  0

By Taylor theorem
f  x, y   f  a, b    hf x  a, b   kf y  a, b     ..
Here a = 1, b = 1
h=x-a =x-1
k=y–b=y-1
xy = 1 + [(x - 1)(1) + (y - 1)0] +…= 1 + (x - 1) +…

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Functions of Several Variables 7

 
Problem 13: Find the Taylor’s series expansion of ex sin y near the point  1,  up to
 4
the first degree terms.
Solution:

Function  
Value at  1, 
 4
f  x,, y   e x sin y   1 
f  e 1 sin  e 1  
4  2
f x  e x sin y   1 
f x  e1 sin  e 1  
f y  e x cos y 4  2
  1 
f y  e1 cos  e 1  
 2

om
4

By Taylor theorem y.c

1
f  x, y   f  a , b    hf x  a, b   kf y  a, b  
1! 
rke
1 2
  h f xx  a, b   2hk f xy  a, b   k 2 f yy  a, b   ...
2!

rne

Here a = -1, b =
4
h=x-a =x+1
lea


k=y-b=y-
4
  1        
w.

f  x, y   f  1,    x  1 f x  1,    y   f y  1,  

 4  1!   4  4  4 
ww

1 1  1     1 
e x sin y  e 1   x  1  e 1 ,    y   f y  e 1 , 
2 1!   2  4  2 
 
y 
1 1  x 1 4
    
2e 1!  2e 2e 
 
  x, y 
Problem 14: If x  u 1  v  , y  uv find .
  u, v 
Solution:
x x
  x, y   u  v

  u, v   v  y
u v

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Functions of Several Variables 8

x  u 1  v  y  uv
v y
 1 v v
u u
x y
 u u
v v
1  v u

v u
  u  uv   uv
u
  x, y , z 
Problem 15: If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = unw find .
  u , v, w 

om
Solution:
x  u   y  z   u  uv  u 1  v  y.c
y  uv  z  uv  uvw  uv(1  w)
z  uvw
rke

x x x
u v w
1 v u
rne

0
y y y
J  v  vw u  uw uv
u v w
lea

vw uw uv
z z z
u v w
w.

1  v u 0
 v 0 R2  R2  R3
ww

u
vw uw uv
 uv u 1  v   uv   u 2 v

LONG ANSWER

Problem 16: If x = rcos θ, y = rsin θ, prove that

 2 r  2 r 1  r   r  
2 2

(i)        
x 2 y 2 r  x   y  
 2θ  2θ
(ii)   0 (x  0, y  0)
x 2 y 2

Solution:

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Functions of Several Variables 9

x = rcos θ, y = rsin θ.
 x2 + y2 = r2 and tan θ = y/x
Differentiating r2 = x2 + y2 partially w.r.t x, we get
r r x
2r.  2x i.e.,  (1)
x x r
Differentiating r2 = x2 + y2 partially w.r.t y, we get
r r y
2r.  2y i.e.,  (2)
y y r
1  r   r   1  x 2 y 2 
2 2

         2  2 
r  x   y   r  r r 
 
1 1
 . 2 (x 2  y 2 )
r r
1

om
 (3)
r
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t x, we get y.c
 2r   1  r 1
 x 2   1.
x  r  x
2
r
rke

x x 1
  2 . 
 r  r r
rne

Simarly from (2), we get,

2r   1  r 1
 y 2   1.
lea

y  r  y
2
r
 y y 1
  2 . 
w.

 r  r r
2r 2r 1 2
  2   3 (x 2  y 2 ) 
ww

x 2
y r r
1 2
 
r r
1
 (4)
r
From (3) and (4), we get,
 2 r  2 r 1  r   r  
2 2

       
x 2 y 2 r  x   y  
x
Problem 17: If z = f(x + ay) + g(x - ay) - cos(x  ay) , show that
2a 2
 2z  2z
a2   sin(x  ay)
x 2 y 2

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Functions of Several Variables 10

Solution:
Differentiating the given equation partially w.r.t x, we get,
z 1 x
 f (x  ay).1  g (x  ay).1  2 cos(x  ay)  2 sin(x  ay).1
x 2a 2a
Again partially differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
2z 1 1
 f (x  ay)  g (x  ay)  2 sin(x  ay)  2 sin(x  ay)
x 2
2a 2a
x
 2 cos(x  ay)
2a
 z
2
x
a 2 2  a 2 f (x  ay)  a 2 g (x  ay)  cos(x  ay)  sin(x  ay) (1)
x 2
Similarly differentiating the given equation twice partially w.r.t y, we get
z

om
x
 f (x  ay).a  g (x  ay).(-a)  2 sin(x  ay).a
y 2a
 z
2
x y.c
 f (x  ay).a 2  g (x  ay).(-a) 2  2 cos(x  ay).a 2
y 2
2a
x
 a 2 f (x  ay)  a 2 g (x  ay)  cos(x  ay)
rke
(2)
2
From (1) and (2), we get,
rne

 2z  2z
a 2 2  2  sin(x  ay)
x y
lea

Problem 18: Show that

u u u  x 3  y3  z3 
x.  y.  z.  2 tan u where u  sin -1  
w.

x y z  ax  by  cz 
ww

 x 3  y3  z3 
Solution: We have, sin u   
 ax  by  cz 
x 3  y3  z3
Let f(x, y, z) = (1)
ax  by  cz
t 3 x 3  t 3 y3  t 3z 3
f(tx, ty, tz) = = t2 f(x, y, z)
atx  bty  ctz
 f(x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
 By Euler’s theorem,
f f f
x.  y.  z.  2.f (2)
x y z
From (1), we have, f = sin u
f u f u f u
  cos u.  cos u. and  cos u.
x x y y z z

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Functions of Several Variables 11

Substituting these in (2), we get,

u u u
x.cos u.  y.cos u.  z.cos u.  2.sin u
x y z
u u u
x.  y.  z..  2.tan u
x y z
du
Problem 19: Find if u = x2y and x2 + xy + y2 = 1
dx
Solution:
du u u dy
We have   .
dx x y dx
dy
= 2xy + x2. (1)
dx
2 2
Let f(x, y) = x + xy + y - 1

om
f
 (2x  y)
  x 
dy
Then
dx f 2y  x y.c
y
du  (2x  y)
 From (1)  2xy  x 2 .
2y  x
rke
dx
4xy  2x y  2x 3  x 2 y
2 2

x  2y
rne

x(4y 2  xy  2x 2 )

x  2y
lea

Problem 20: If u = f(x, y) and x = rcos θ, y = rsin θ, prove that

2
 u   u   u   u 
2 2 2
w.

1
         2  
 x   y   r  r  θ 
ww

Solution:
x = rcos θ
x x
  cos θ  rsin θ
r θ
y = rsin θ
y y
  sin θ  rcos θ
r θ
u u x u y
We have  .  .
r x r y r
u u u
i.e.,  .cos θ  .sin θ (1)
r x y
u u x u y
Also we have  .  .
θ x θ y θ

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Functions of Several Variables 12

u u u
i.e.,  .(-rsin θ)  .rcos θ
θ x y
1 u u u
   .sin θ  .cos θ (2)
r θ x y

Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get,

2
 u   u 
2
1  u 
2
 u 
2


   2      cos θ  sin θ    sin θ  cos θ
2 2 2 2
  
 r  r  θ   x   y 
2
 u   u 
2

     
 x   y 
2
 u   u   u  1  u 
2 2 2

          2  
 x   y   r  r  θ 

om
Problem 21: Expand x2y + 3y - 2 in powers of (x -1) and (y + 2) using Taylor’s
theorem y.c
Solution:
Let f(x, y) = x2y + 3y - 2
rke

f (x, y)  f(a, b)  ( x  a ).f x (a, b)  ( y  b).f y (a, b) 

( x  a ) 2 ..f xx (a , b)  2( x  a )( y  b)..f xy (a, b)  ( y  b) 2 .f yy (a, b)  

rne

1
2!
1

( x  a ) 3 .f (a , b)  3( x  a ) 2 ( y  b).f (a , b ) 
(8)
lea

xxx xxy


3!
 3( x  a )(y  b) 2 f  ( y  b) 3 .f (a , b )  
w.

xyy yyy
Putting a = 1, b = -2
ww

f (1, -2) = 12.(-2) + 3(-2)-2 = -10

f x ( x, y)  2xy f x (1,2)  4
f xx ( x , y)  2 y f xx (1,2)  4
f y ( x , y)  x 2  3 f y (1,2)  4
f yy ( x , y)  0 f yy (1,2)  0
f xy ( x, y)  2x f xy (1,2)  2
f xxx ( x , y)  f yyy ( x , y)  f xyy ( x, y)  0
f xxy ( x , y)  2  f xxy (1,2)  2
The partial derivatives of order 4 and higher orders are 0.
 Substituting in (8) we get,

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Functions of Several Variables 13

x 2 y  3y  2  - 10  (x  1).(4)  ( y  2).4 
1
2!
  1

(x  1) 2 .(4)  2(x  1)(y  2).2  ( y  2) 2 .0  3.(x  1) 2 .(y  2).2
3!

 10  4( x  1)  4( y  2)  2x  1  2.( x  1)( y  2)  ( x  1) 2 .( y  2)
2

Problem 22: Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x, y) = x3 + y3 - 3axy.
Solution:
f(x, y) = x3 + y3 - 3axy
fx = 3x2 - 3ay
fy = 3y2 - 3ax
At the stationary points fx = 0 and fy = 0
i.e., 3x2 - 3ay = 0

om
and 3y2 - 3ax = 0
i.e., x2 = ay and y2 = ax
x4 = a2y2
i.e.,
y.c
i.e., x4 = a3x
i.e., x (x3 - a3) = 0
rke

i.e., x = 0 or x = a
When x = 0, we get, y = 0 and when x = a, we get, y = a
rne

 The stationary points are (0,0) and (a, a)

Now r = fxx = 6x
s = fxy = -3a
lea

t = fyy = 6y
rt - s = 6x.6y – (-3a)2
2
w.

= 36xy - 9a2
(i) At (0, 0), rt - s2 = -9a2 < 0
ww

 At (0, 0), f(x, y) has neither a maximum nor a minimum.

i.e., (0, 0) is a saddle point.
(ii) At (a, a), rt - s2 = 36a2 - 9a2 = 27a2 > 0
Also at (a, a), r = 6a.
If a > 0, then r > 0 and hence f(a, a) is a minimum value.
If a < 0, then r < 0 and hence f(a, a) is a maximum value. The maximum or minimum
value at (a, a) is f(a, a) = -a3.

Problem 23: Find the maxima or minima of f(x, y) = 2(x - y)2 - x4 - y4

Solution:
f(x,y) = 2(x - y)2 - x4 - y4
fx = 4(x - y) - 4x3
fy = -4(x - y) - 4y3
r = fxx = 4 - 12x2

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Functions of Several Variables 14

s = fxy = -4
t = fyy = 4 - 12y2
Stationary points are obtained by solving fx = 0 and fy = 0.
i.e., x – y - x3 = 0 (1)
and -(x - y) - y3 = 0 (2)
Adding (1) and (2) x3 + y3 = 0
i.e., (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2) = 0
 x = -y or x2 – xy + y2 = 0 (Check: x2 – xy + y2 > 0, always)
Putting in (1) x = -y, we get,
-2y + y3 = 0
i.e., y(y2 - 2) = 0
i.e., y = 0, 2 , - 2
The corresponding x values are 0,  2 , 2

om
 The stationary points are (0, 0), ( 2 , - 2 ) and (- 2 , 2 )
Now rt - s2 = (4 - 12x2) (4 - 12y2) - 16 and r = 4 - 12x2 y.c
(i) At (0, 0), rt - s2 = 16 - 16 = 0. This case needs further information.
Now f(0, 0) = 0
For points along the x-axis, where y = 0 we have f(x, y) = 2x2 - x4 = x2(2 - x2) which is
rke

positive for points in the neighbourhood of (0, 0).

Again for points along the line y = x we have f(x, y) = -2x4 which is negative. Thus in
rne

the neighbourhood of (0, 0) there are points where f(x, y) > f(0, 0) and there are points
where f(x, y) < f(0, 0). Hence f(0, 0) is not an extreme value.

(i) At 2 , 2 and  2 , 2  
lea

We get, rt - s2 = (4 - 24)(4 - 24) - 16 = 400 - 16 = 384.

i.e., rt - s2 > 0
w.

Also r = 4 - 24 = -20 < 0

Hence f(x, y) has maximum values at 2 , 2 and  2 , 2    
ww

The maximum value is f  2 , 2  or f  2, 2 

i.e., f     44 8
2 ,  2  2 2. 2
2

 2   2- 2. 2   4  4  8
2
or f  2 ,

Problem 24: Find the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 where ax + by + cz = p.

Solution:
Method 1. Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 (1)
To find the constrained minimum of f(x, y, z) subject to the condition.
ax + by + cz = p (2)
p  ax  by
i.e., z
c

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Functions of Several Variables 15

2
 p  ax  by 
 2 2
f(x, y, z) = x + y +  
 c
2
fx = 2x + 2 (p – ax - by)(-a)
c
2
fy = 2y + 2 (p – ax - by)(-b)
c
2a 2
r = fxx = 2 + 2
c
2ab
s = fxy = 2
c
2b 2
t = fyy = 2 + 2
c
The stationary points are obtained by solving fx = 0 and fy = 0.

om
i.e., c2x – a (p – ax - by) = 0 (1)
and c2y – b (p – ax - by) = 0 y.c (2)
b×(1) – a×(2) gives bc2x – ac2y = 0
i.e., c2 (bx - ay) = 0
i.e., bx = ay
rke

a
i.e., x= y
b
rne

ac 2 ay
Substituting in (1) y  ap  a 2  aby  0
b b
lea

c2 a2y
yp  by  0
b b
y (a2 + b2 + c2) = bp
w.

bp
y 2
ww

a  b2  c2
a ap p  ax  by cp
 x y 2 and z   2
b a b c2 2
c a  b2  c2
 ap bp cp 
The only stationary point is  2 , 2 , 2 
 a  b  c a  b  c a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2

 a 2  b 2  4a 2 b 2
rt - s =  2  2 2  2  2 2  
2

 c  c  c4
4b 2 4a 2
 4  2  2  0 at all points.
c c
Also r > 0 at all points.
 f(x, y, z) is minimum at the stationary point and the minimum value is
2 2 2
 ap   bp   cp 
 2 2 
 2 2 
 2 2 
a b c  a b c  a b c 
2 2 2

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Functions of Several Variables 16

p2

a 2  b2  c2
Method 2.
We use Lagrange’s method. Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2.
φ(x, y, z) = ax + by + cz - p and F(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z) +  φ(x, y, z) where  is the
Lagrange multiplier.
Then F(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 + (ax + by + cz - p)
The stationary points are obtained by solving
Fx = 2x + a = 0 (1)
Fy = 2y + b = 0 (2)
Fz = 2z + c = 0 (3)
and F = ax + by + cz - p (4)

om
aλ
From (1), x  
2
bλ y.c
From (2), y  
2
cλ
From (3), z  
rke

2
 aλ   bλ   cλ 
From (4), a.    b.    c.    p
rne

 2  2   2
 2p
λ 2
a  b2  c2
lea

ap bp cp
 x 2 , y 2 , z 2
a b c2 2
a b c
2 2
a  b2  c2
w.

 ap bp cp 
The only stationary point is  2 , 2 , 2 
a  b  c a  b  c a b c
ww

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2
 ap   bp   cp 
The minimum value of f (x, y, z)   2 2 2    2 2 2    2 2 2 
a b c  a b c  a b c 

p 2 (a 2  b 2  c 2 )

a 2
 b2  c2 
2

p2

a 2  b2  c2
Problem 25: If u = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2, where x-1 + y-1 + z-1 = 1, show that stationary
value of u is given by x 
 a , y  b , z  c
a b c

Solution: Given u = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2 and x-1 + y-1 + z-1 - 1 = 0.

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Functions of Several Variables 17

1 1 1 
Let F(x, y, z) = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2 + λ    1
x y z 
The stationary points are given by,
 1
Fx = 2a3x + λ. 2  = 0 (1)
x 
  1
Fy = 2b3y + λ. 2  = 0 (2)
y 
 1
Fz = 2c3z + λ. 2  = 0 (3)
z 
1 1 1
F =    1 = 0 (4)
x y z
From (1) 2a x -  = 0
3 3

om
1
λ 3 1
i.e., x  
2 a y.c
Similarly from (2) and (3) we get,
1 1
λ 3 1 λ 3 1
y  , z 
rke

2 b 2 c
substituting for x, y, z in (4) we get
1
rne

2 3
  (a  b  c )  1  0
λ
1
lea

2 3 1
i.e.,   
λ a
w.

1
λ 3
i.e.,    a
2
ww

1
 λ  3 1 a
 x   
2 a a
a a
Similarly y = and z = .
b c
a a a
Hence the stationary value of u is given by x =
,y= ,z= .
a b c
Problem 26: Find the minimum distance from the point (3, 4, 15) to the cone
x2 + y2 = 4z2.

Solution: Let (x, y, z) be any point on the cone x2 + y2 = 4z2. Then its distance from the
point (3, 4, 15) is d  (x - 3) 2  ( y  4) 2  (z  15) 2 . First we find the minimum value
of d2 subject to the condition x2 + y2 = 4z2.
Let F(x, y, z) = (x - 3) 2  ( y  4) 2  (z  15) 2 + (x2 + y2- 4z2)

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Functions of Several Variables 18

The stationary points are given by,

Fx = 2(x - 3) + 2x = 0 (1)
Fy = 2(y - 4) + 2y = 0 (2)
Fz = 2(z -15) - 8z = 0 (3)
F = x2 + y2 - 4z2 = 0 (4)
3
From (1), x 
1 λ
4
From (2), y 
1 λ
15
From (3), z 
1  4λ
2 2 2
 3   4   15 
Substituting in (4),      4 
1 λ  1 λ   1  4λ 

om
i.e., 25(1 - 4)2 = 4.225 (1 +) 2
1  4λ
i.e.,  6
1 λ
y.c
1  4λ
From  6 we get λ  -12
1 λ
rke

1  4λ
From  6 we get λ  -7 2
1 λ
rne

When  = -12 , we get x = 6, y = 8, z = 5.

When  = -7 2 , we get x = -6/5, y = -8/5, z = 1.
lea

Thus the stationary points are (6, 8, 5) and (-6/5, -8/5, 1).
Distance of (6, 8, 5) from (3, 4, 15) is d  (6  3) 2  (8  4) 2  (5  15) 2
w.

 125 5 5
Distance of (-6/5, -8/5, 1) from (3, 4, 15) is d = (6 5  3) 2  (8 5  4) 2  (1  15) 2
ww

441 784
   196
25 25
 49  196  245  7 5
 The minimum distance from the point (3, 4, 15) to the cone x2 + y2 = 4z2 is 5 5 .

Problem 27: If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ,

 ( x , y, z )
show that  r 2 sin θ .
 ( r , θ, φ )

Solution:
x = r sin θ cos φ
x x x
  sin θ cos φ,  r cos θ. cos φ,  r sin θ. sin φ
r θ φ

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Functions of Several Variables 19

y = r sin θ sin φ
y y y
  sin θ sin φ,  r cos θ. sin φ,  r sin θ. cos φ
r θ φ
z = r cos θ
z z z
  cos θ ,  r sin θ,  0.
r θ φ
x x x
r θ φ
 ( x, y, z) y y y

 (r, θ, φ) r θ φ
z z z
r θ φ
sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ  r sin θ sin φ
 sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ r sin θ cos φ
cos θ - r sin θ

om
0
= sin θ cos φ [r2sin2 θ cos φ] - r cos θ cos φ [-r sin θ cos θ cos φ] +
(-r sin θ sin φ)[-r sin2 θ sin φ – r cos2 θ sin φ]
y.c
= r2 sin3 θ cos2 φ + r2 sin3 θ sin2 φ + r2 sin θ cos2 θ cos2 φ
+ r2 sin θ cos2 θ sin2 φ
rke

= r2 sin3 θ + r2 sin θ cos2 θ

= r2 sin θ (sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
rne

= r2 sin θ

 ( x , y, z )
lea

Problem 28: If u = x + y + z, uv = y + z, uvw = z, show that  u2v

 (u , v, w )
w.

Solution: Given u = x + y + z (1)

uv = y + z (2)
ww

uvw = z (3)
Using (2) in (1), we get,
x = u- (y + z)
i.e., x = u – uv
i.e., x = u (1- v) (4)
Using (3) in (2) we get,
y = uv – z
i.e., y = uv – uvw
y = uv(1 - w) (5)
x x x
From (4)  1 - v,  - u, 0
u v w
y y y
From (5)  v.(1 - w),  u.(1 - w),  - uv
u v w
z z z
From (3)  vw,  uw,  uv
u v w

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Functions of Several Variables 20

1- v -u 0
 ( x , y, z )
 v(1 - w) u(1 - w)  uv
 (u , v, w )
vw wu uv
= (1 - v) [u2v (1 - w) + u2vw] + u [uv2(1 - w) + uv2w]
= (1 - v) (u2v) + u2v2
= u2v

xy
Problem 29: Examine the functional dependence of the functions u  and
xy
xy
v . If they are dependent, find the relation between them.
( x  y) 2

xy
Solution: u 

om
xy
u ( x  y)  ( x  y)  2y
  
x ( x  y) ( x  y) 2
2
y.c
u ( x  y)  ( x  y) 2x
 
y ( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2
rke

xy
v
( x  y) 2
rne

v ( x  y) 2 .y  xy.2.( x  y)  y( x  y)
  
x ( x  y) 4 ( x  y) 3
lea

v ( x  y) 2 .x  xy.2( x  y)

y ( x  y) 4
w.

x ( x  y)

ww

( x  y) 3
 2y 2x
u u
 (u, v) x y ( x  y) 2 ( x  y) 2
  v v 
 (x, y)  y( x  y) x ( x  y)
x y
( x  y) 3 ( x  y) 3
=0
 u and v are functionally dependent.
( x  y) 2 4 xy
Now u 2  4 v  
( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2  4xy

( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2

( x  y) 2

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Functions of Several Variables 21

=1
 The relation between u and v is u2 - 4v = 1.

Problem 30: Are the functions f1 = x + y + z, f2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and f3 = xy + yz + zx

functionally dependent? If so, find the relation between them.

Solution: f1= x + y + z
f 1 f f
  1, 1  1, 1  1
x y z
2 2 2
f2 = x + y + z
f 2 f f
  2 x, 2  2 y, 2  2z
x y z
f3 = xy + yz + zx
f 3 f f
  y  z, 3  z  x , 3  x  y

om
x y z
1 1 1
 (f1 , f 2 , f 3 )
Hence,  2x 2y 2z
y.c
 ( x , y, z )
yz zx xy
rke

1 0 0
 2 x 2 y  2 x 2z  2 x
rne

Subtracting column1 from

yz xy xz column 2 and column 3
= 2(y - x)(x - z) - 2(x - y)(z - x)
lea

=0
 The functions f1, f2 and f3 are functionally dependent.
w.

f 12  (x  y  z) 2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + zx)
ww

= f2 + 2f3
i.e., f 1 - f 2 - 2f 3  0 is the relation between f1, f2 and f3.
2

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