Unit - Iii - Analytic Functions PDF

Agni college of Technology
Chennai – 130
UNIT – III - ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

PART – A
1. State the basic difference between the limit of a function of a real variable and that of a
complex variable.
Solution:
In real variables, x  x0 implies that x approaches x0 along the number line, either from
left or from right. In complex variables, z  z0 implies that z approaches z 0 along any path,
straight or curved, since the two points representing z and z 0 in a complex plane can be joined by
an infinite number of curves.
2. Show that the function f ( z)  z is nowhere differentiable.

Solution:
Let
w  f ( z)  Z
u  iv  x  iy
u  x , v  y
u x  1, v y  0
u y  0, v y  1
u x  v y at any point p(x, y)
Hence, CR equations are not satisfied.
 The function f (z ) is nowhere analytic.
3. Test the analyticity of the function w=sinz

Solution:
Let w = f(z) = sinz
u  iv  sin  x  iy 
 sin x cos iy  cos x sin iy
 sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y
Equating real and imaginary parts we get
u  sin x cosh y v  cos x sinh y
u x  cos x cosh y vx   sin x sinh y
u y  sin x sinh y v y  cos x cosh y
 u x  v y and u y  vx
CR equations are satisfied
Also the four partial derivatives are continuous
Hence the function is analytic.
Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

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4. Give an example of a function where u and v are harmonic but u + iv is not analytic.
Solution:
y
u  x 2  y 2 and v  2 are harmonic but u + iv is not analytic.
x  y2
5. Show that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant.

Solution:
Given v  a (constant)
v v
 0, 0
x y
dw u v v v
f ' ( z)   i  i  0 i0  0
dz x x y x
C.R equations u x  v y , u y  vx
 f ' ( z)  0
i.e., f ( z )  cons tan t
x
6. Find the analytic function w such that w=u+iv is analytic if e sin y
Solution:
u = e x sin y
u
1  x,y  =  e x sin y
x
u
2  x,y  =  e x cos y
y
f  z    1  z, 0  dz  i  2  z, 0  dz
Put x = z & y = 0 then
1  z , 0   e z (0)=0 2  z , 0   ez
By Milne thomson method
f  z   0  i  e z dz
=  ez  c
7. Show that | z |2 is not analytic at any point.

Solution:
Let z  x  iy

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z  x  iy
zz | z |2  x 2  y 2
 
i .e., f ( z ) | z |2  x 2  y 2  i 0
u  x2  y2 , v0
ux  2x vx  0
uy  2y vy  0
So, the C-R equation u x  v y and u y  vx are not satisfied everywhere except at z = 0.
So, f (z) may be differentiable only at z = 0.
Now, u x  2 x , u y  2 y , vx  0 and v y  0 are continuous everywhere and in particular at (0, 0).
Hence, the sufficient conditions for differentiability are satisfied by f (z) at z = 0.
So, f(z) is differentiable at z = 0 only and are not analytic there.
8. Verify f ( z )  z 3 is analytic or not.

Solution:
Given f ( z )  z 3
u  iv  x  iy 3  x3  3x 2 iy   3xiy 2  iy 3
u  iv  x3  3x 2 iy   3xy 2  iy 3

 x 3  3xy 2  3x 2 y  y 3 i 
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
u  x 3  3xy 2 v  3x 2 y  y 3
u y
 3x 2  3 y 2  6 xy
x x
u v
 6 xy  3x 2  3 y 2
y y
Here, u x  v y v x  u y
i.e., f(z) satisfies C-R equations.
Hence, f(z) is analytic.
9. Determine the analytic function where real part u=x3 -3xy2 +3x 2 -3y2 +1
Solution:
u = x 3 -3xy 2 +3x 2 -3y 2 +1
u
1  x,y  =  3x 2 -3y 2 +6x
x

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u
2  x,y  =  6 xy  6 y
y
f  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z, 0  dz
Put x = z & y = 0 then
1  z , 0   3z 2  6 z 2  z , 0   0
By Milne thomson method
f  z     3 z 2  6 z  dz  0
z3 z2
= 3 6 c
3 2
 z  3z  c
3 2

10. Find the constants a, b if f ( z)  x  2ay  i (3x  by) is analytic.
Solution:

f ( z )  ( x  2ay )  i (3 x  by )

u  iv  ( x  2ay )  i (3 x  by )
u  ( x  2ay ) v  (3 x  by )
u x 1 vx  3
u y  2a vy  b
Given : f ( z ) is analytic
 ux  vy u y  v x
1 b 2a  3
3
a b 1
2
11. Prove that w  sin 2 z is an analytic function.

Solution:
Let w  f ( z )  sin 2 z
w  u  iv  sin 2x  iy 
 cos ix  cosh x 
 sin 2 x  i 2 y   sin 2 x cos2iy   cos 2 x sin 2iy   
 sin ix  i sinh a 
 sin 2 x cosh 2 y  i cos 2 x sinh 2 y
Equating real and imaginary parts,

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u  sin 2 x cosh 2 y v  cos 2 x sinh 2 y
u x  2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y v x  2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y
u y  2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y v y  2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y
 u x  v y and  v x  u y
C-R equations are satisfied.
Also the four partial derivatives are continuous. Hence the function is analytic.
12. Find the invariant point of f ( z )  z 2 .

Solution:
The invariant points are given by z  w  f (z)
z  z2
z2  z  0
z ( z  1)  0
z  0, z  1.
6z  9
13. Find the fixed points of mapping w  .
z
Solution:
The fixed points are given by
w z
6z  9
z
z
z 2  6z  9  z 2  6z  9  0
z  32  0  z  3,3
2 zi  5
14. Find the fixed po int s of w 
z  4i
Solution : 
The fixed po int s are given by
2 zi  5
z
z  4i
z 2  4iz  2iz  5
z 2  6 zi  5  0
6i  36  20
z
2
 5i, i

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2z  6
15. Find the in var iantpo int s of the transformation w 
z7
Solution : 
Fixed po int s are given by w  z
2z  6
 z
z7
 z2  6  z2  7z
 z 2  5z  6  0
  z  6  z  1  0
 z  1, 6
z 1
16. Find the invariant points of the transformation w  .
z 1
Solution:
The invariant (fixed) points are given by
z 1
z
z 1
z  z  1  z  1
z2  z  z 1
z 2  1
z  i .
17. Find the critical point of the map w2  z   z    .

Solution:
Given w2  z   z    (1)
dw dz
Critical points occur at  0 and 0
dz dw
Diff.(1) w.r.to z, we get

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  z      z    2 z               ( 2 )
dw
2w
dz
dw 2 z    
          ( 3 )
dz 2w
dw
Case ( i ) 0
dz
( 2 )  2 z      0
z
   .
2
dw
Case ( ii ) 0
dz
2w
(3)  0
2 z    
 w  0   z    z    0
z  , 

The critical points are ,  and  .
2
2
18. Find the critical points of the transformation w  1  .
z
Solution:
dw  2 
Critical point  0    
dz  z2 
2
0
z2
z 2  2  z  i 2  z  i 2 , z  i 2 are critical point
19. Is the function f ( z)  z analytic?

Solution:
Let w  f ( z)  z
u  iv  x  iy
u  x, v  y
u x  1, vx  0
u y  0, v y  1
u x  v y at any point p(x, y).
Here, CR equations are not satisfied.

Therefore, the function f(z) is nowhere analytic.

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1
20. Find the image of z  2i  2 under the mapping w 
z
Solution : 
1 1 w
w z 
z w ww
u  iv
 x  iy  2 2
u v
u v
x  2 2 , y  2 2
u v u v
z  2i  2  x  iy  2i  2
 x  i  y  2  2
 x2   y  2  2
2
 x2   y  2  4
2
 x2  y 2  4 y  4  4
 x2  y 2  4 y  0
u2 v2 v
  4 0
u  u
2 2

2 2 u  v2
2
2
v 2
v
u 2  v2 4v
  0
u 
2 2 u  v2
2
2
v
 1  4v  0
Under the transformation w  iz  1 show that the half plane

21.
x  0 maps int o the half plane v  1.
Solution : 
w  iz  1
 u  iv  i  x  iy   i
u  iv   y  i 1  x 
u   y v  1 x
 x  v 1
x  0  v 1  0  v  1

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Find the image of the circle z  2 under the transformation w  z  3  2i
Solution : 
Given w  z  3  2i
 u  iv  x  iy  3  2i
22. u  x  3 x  u  3
v  y  2 y  v  2
z 2  x2  y 2  2
 x2  y 2  4
  u  3   v  2   4, which the circle in the w  plane
2 2
Find the bilinear transformationthat maps the points  , i, 0  of the z  plane onto
23.
 0, i,   of the w  plane.
Solution : 
Given z1   , z2  i , z3  0
w1  0 , w2  i , w3  
sin ce z1   and w3  , the bilinear map is
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w   z1  z2  z3  z 
 w2  z 
 w  w1  w3   1 z1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w  z 
 w1  w2  w3 1   z1 1  2   z3  z 
 w3   z1 
 w  w1  (1)  (1)  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  (1)  z3  z  (1)
w0 i 0

i0 z
1
w
z

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S.T . u  2 x(1  y) is harmonic
Solution : 
24.
u x  2(1  y ) u y  2 x
u xx  0 u yy  0
 u xx  u yy  0 and hence u is harmonic.
1
Find the image of the line x  k under the transformation w  .
25. z
Solution:
1 1 w
Given w z 
z w ww
u  iv
 x  iy 
u 2  v2
u
x
u  v2
2
u
the image of x  k is k 
u 2  v2
u
 u 2  v2  0
k
 1  1
which is a circle in the w  plane with centre  ,0  and radius  
 2k  k
26. Find the map of the circle z  3 under the transformation w  2 z

Solution:
Given w  2 z
u  iv  2( x  iy )
u  2 x, v  2y
u v
x , y
2 2
Given : z  3
x  iy  3
x2  y 2  3

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x2  y 2  9
2 2
u v
     9
2 2
u 2  v 2  36
Hence the image of z  3 in the z plane is transformed
into u 2  v 2  36 in the w  plane.
27. Prove that a bilinear transformation has atmost two fixed points.
Solution:
az  b
Let w  ......(1) is a bilinear transformation if (ad  bc)  0 The fixed points of the
cz  d
transformation are given by w  z
az  b
 (1)  z
cz  d
 cz 2  dz  az  b
 cz 2  (d  a) z  b  0
If c  0 , it is a quadratic (bilinear) in z, giving two roots and so there are two fixed points.
If c  0 and d  a, there is one fixed point.
In this case it is a linear transformation. So a bilinear transformation has at most two fixed points
in the extended plane.
28. Define conformal mapping.

Solution:
Consider the transformation w  f ( z ) , where f ( z ) is a single valued function of z,
under this transformation, a point z0 and any two curves C1 and C2 passing through z0 in the z
plane, will be mapped onto a point w0 and two curves C1' and C2' in the w plane.
If the angle between C1 and C2 at z0 is the same as the angle between C1' and C2' at
w'0 both in magnitude and sense, then the transformation w  f ( z ) is said to be conformal at the
point z0 .

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PART – B
1. Prove that every analytic function w  u  iv can be expressed as a function z alone, not
as a function of z.
Solution:
Let z  x  iy and z  x  iy
zz zz
x and y 
2 2i
Hence, u and v and also w may be considered as a function of z and z .
w u v
Consider  i
z z z
 u x u y   v x v y 
  .  .   i   
 x z y z   x z y z 
1 1  1 1 
  u x  u y   i v x  v y 
2 2i   2 2i 
1 i
 (u x  v y )  (u x  v y )
2 2
 0 by C  R equations as w is analytic.
This means that w is independen t of z .
i.e., w is a function of z alone.
This means that if w  u(x, y)  iv(x, y) is analytic, it can be rewritten as a function of (x  iy).
Equivalent ly a function of z can not be an analytic function of z.
z z
2. Prove that w  where a  0 is analytic whereas w  is not analytic.
za z a
Solution:
Let z  x  iy, z  x  iy and w  u  iv
x  iy
u  iv 
x  iy  a
u  iv 
x  iy ( x  a)  iy 
( x  a)  iy ( x  a)  iy 
x( x  a)  y 2  i y ( x  a)  yx 
u  iv 
( x  a) 2  y 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we obtain,

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x 2  ax  y 2 ay
u , v
( x  a)  y2 2
( x  a) 2  y 2
ux 
x 2
 
 2ax  a 2  y 2 2 x  a   x 2  ax  y 2 2( x  a )  
( x  a)  y  2 2 2
2 x 3  4ax 2  2 xa 2  2 xy 2  ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2  2 x 3  2ax 2  2 xy 2  2ax 2  2a 2 x  2ay 2

ux 
( x  a) 2
 y2 
2
2a 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2
ux 
( x  a) 2
 y2  2

x 2

 2ax  a 2  y 2 (2 y )  x 2  ax  y 2 2 y   
( x  a) 
uy
2 2
2
y
uy 
x 2

 2ax  a 2  y 2 (2 y )  x 2  ax  y 2 2 y   
( x  a) 2
y 
2 2
2 yx 2  4 yax  2 ya 2  2 y 3  2 yx 2  2 yax  2 y 3
uy 
( x  a) 2
 y2 
2
2 yax  2 ya 2
uy 
( x  a)  y 2 2 2

x  2ax  a  y (0)  ay 2( x  a)
2 2 2
( x  a)  y 
vx
2 2 2
 2 xay  2 ya  2

( x  a)  y 
vx
2 2 2

x  2ax  a  y (a)  (ay)(2 y)
2 2 2
( x  a)  y 
vy
2 2 2
ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2  2ay 2
vy 
( x  a) 2
 y2 
2
ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2
vy 
( x  a) 2
 y2  2
Here, u x  v y and u y  vx

C-R equations are satisfied and the partial derivatives are continuous.
z
Hence, the function w  is analytic.
za

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Given that
z
w
z a
x  iy
u  iv 
x  iy  a
u  iv 
x  iy ( x  a)  iy 
( x  a)  iy ( x  a)  iy 
u  iv 
x( x  a)  y  i yx  y( x  a)
2
( x  a) 2  y 2
x 2  ax  y 2  ya
u , v
( x  a)  y 2 2
( x  a) 2  y 2

( x  a) 2
 
 y 2 2 x  a   x 2  ax  y 2 2( x  a)  
( x  a)  y 
ux
2 2 2

x 2
 2ax  a 2  y 2 x  a   x  ax  y 2( x  a) 
2 2 2
( x  a)  y 
ux
2 2 2
2 x 3  4ax 2  2 xa 2  2 xy 2  ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2  2 x 3  2ax 2  2 xy 2  ax 2  a 2 x 2  ay 2
ux 
( x  a) 2
 y2 
2
2ax 2  4 xa 2  a 3  2ay 2  a 2 x 2
ux 
( x  a) 2
 y2 2
uy 
x 2

 2ax  a 2  y 2 (2 y )  x 2  ay  y 2 (2 y )  
( x  a) 2
y 
2 2
2 yx 2  4 yax  2 ya 2  2 y 3  2 x 2 y  2ay 2  2 y 3
uy 
( x  a) 2
 y2 2
4 yax  2 ya 2  2ay 2
uy 
( x  a) 2
 y2  2
vx 
x 2

 2ax  a 2  y 2 (0)   ay 2( x  a) 
( x  a) 2
 y2 
2

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vx 
2 xay  2 ya  2
( x  a)  y 
2 2 2

x  2ax  a  y (a)  (ay)(2 y)
2 2 2
( x  a)  y 
vy
2 2 2
 ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2  2ay 2
vy 
( x  a) 2
 y2 
2
 ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2
vy 
( x  a) 2
 y2 2
Here, u x  v y and u y  vx

C-R equations are not satisfied and the partial derivatives are continuous.
z
Hence, the function w  is not analytic.
z a
3. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function.
Solution:
Let f ( z )  w  u  iv be analytic.
To prove: u and v satisfy the Laplace equations.
 2u  2u  2v  2v
i.e., To prove   0 and   0.
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
Given: f ( z ) is analytic .
 u and v satisfy C  R equations
u v
  (1)
x y
and
u v
  (2)
y x
Diff.(1) p.w.r. to x, we get
 2u  2v
  (3)
x 2 xy
Diff.(2) p.w.r. to y, we get
 2u  2v
  (4)
y 2 yx
To second order mixed partial derivatives are equal

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 2v  2v

xy yx
 2u  2u  2v  2v
(3)+(4)     0
2x 2 y xy yx
u satisfies Laplace equation.
Diff.(1) p.w.r. to y, we get
 2u  2 v
  (5)
yx y 2
Diff.(2) p.w.r. to x, we get
 2u  2v
 2  (6)
xy x
 2v  2v  2 u  2u
(5) + (6)     0
x 2 y 2 yx xy
 2v  2v
 0
x 2 y 2
v satisfies Laplace equation.
4. If f ( z ) is an analytic function of z, prove that prove that

 2  2  2 p2
  f ( z )
p
 p 2 '
f ( z ) f(z) .
 x 2 y 2 
 
Solution:
Given f ( z )  u  iv f ' ( z )  u x  iv x  u y  iv y
f ' ( z )  u x 2  vx 2
2
f ' ( z )  u x 2  vx 2
f ( z)  u 2  v2
p
f ( z)  u 2  v2  
p/2


 2  u 2  v 2 
p/2 
 
2 2 2
 x 2
u v  
p/2

2
y 2
u 2
 v2 
p/2
 (1)
 p 2 2  
u   
p
2 p/2 1  
2
 v2   u v 2
 2u  2v  
x 2 x  2  x x  

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 
p
2 2 1
 pu 2
v uu xx  u xu x  vvxx  vx vx 
 
p
p  1
 p  1 u 2  v 2 2 uu x  vvx 2uu x  2vvx 
2 
  uu   
p p
1 p  2 1
 p u 2  v2 2
xx  u x  vvxx  v x  2 p  1 u  v
2 2 2 2 uu x  vvx 2
2 
Similarly,
u    uu 
p
2 p/2 1
2
 v2  p u 2  v2 2
yy  u 2y  vvyy  v 2y
y 2
  uu
p
p 
 2 p  1 u 2  v 2 2
1
y  vvy 2
2 
  uu  u   u  u  v  v  v  v 
p
p 1
2 f ( z )  p u 2  v2 2
xx yy
2
x
2
y
2
x
2
y xx yy
 2 p  1u  v  u u  v v  2uvu v  u u  v v 
p
p  2 2 1
2 2 2
x
2 2
x x x
2 2
y
2 2
y  2uvuy v y
2 
  u0  2u  u  0

p
p 1
2 f ( z )  p u 2  v2 2 2
x
2
y
 2 p  1u  v  u u  u   v v  
p
p  2 2 2 1 2 2
x
2
y
2 2
x 
 v 2y  2uv u x v x  u y v y
2 
     
p p
2 2 1 p  1 2
f ' ( z )  v 2 f ' ( z )  2uv0
2 2 2
 2p u 2
v f ' ( z )  2 p  1 u 2  v 2 2 u
2 
    u  
p p
2 2 1 p 
2 1 2
 2p u 2
v f ' ( z )  2 p  1 u 2  v 2 2 2
 v2 f ' ( z )
2 
 
p
2 2 1 2 p 
 2p u 2
v f ' ( z ) 1   1
 2 
 
p p
1 2 1 2
 p2 u 2  v2 2 f ' ( z )  p2 f ( z ) 2 f'( z )
 2 2 
5. If f (z ) is an analytic function of z , prove that  2  2  log f ( z )  0 .
 x y 
Solution:

Chennai – 130
 2 log f ( z )  0 if f ( z ) f ' ( z )  0 in D.
2
We knowthat , f ( z )  u 2  v 2
1
f ( z )  (u 2  v 2 ) 2
1
log f ( z )  log( u 2  v 2 )
2

log f ( z )   1  [log( u 2  v 2 )]
x 2 x
1 1 
  2  2uu x  2vvx   uu2x  vv2 x
2 u  v  2
u v
2 2
 v 2 )[uu xx  u xu x  vvxx  v x v x ]  (uu x  vvx )(2uu x  2vvx )
log f ( z )   (u
x 2
(u 2  v 2 ) 2
(u 2  v 2 )[uu xx  vvxx  u x 2  v x 2 ]  2(uu x  vvx ) 2

(u 2  v 2 ) 2
2
2
 v 2 )[uu yy  vvyy  u y 2  v y 2 ]  2(uu y  vvy ) 2
||| IY log f ( z )   (u
y 2
(u 2  v 2 ) 2
(u 2  v 2 )[uu xx  vvxx  u x 2  v x 2  uu yy  vvyy  u y 2  v y 2 ]
 2  2   2(uu x  vvx ) 2  2(uu y  vvy ) 2
  log f ( z ) 
 x 2 y 2  (u 2  v 2 ) 2
 
(u 2  v 2 )[u (u xx  u yy )  v(v xx  v yy )  u x 2  v x 2  u y 2  v y 2 ]  2[u 2u x 2  v 2v x 2
 2uvux v x  u 2u y 2  v 2v y 2  2uvuy v y ]

(u 2  v 2 ) 2
(u 2  v 2 )[u (0)  v(0)  u x 2  v x 2  u y 2  v y 2 ]  2[u 2 (u x 2  u y 2 )  v 2 (v x 2  v y 2 )
 2uvux v x  2uvuy v y ]

(u 2  v 2 ) 2
Since , f ( z )  u  iv is an analytic function
 u x  v y .......... ....( 1) and u y  v x .......... ..( 2) by C .R.
 u xx  u yy  0 and v xx  v yy  0
Since , u and v are harmonic functions .
 u xvx  u y v y  0
by (1) & (2)
(u 2  v 2 )[u x 2  (v x ) 2  v x 2  (u x ) 2 ]  2[u 2 (u x 2  v x 2 )  v 2 (u x 2  v x 2 )  2uv(u x v x  u y v y )]

(u 2  v 2 ) 2

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(u 2  v 2 )[2(u x 2  v x 2 )]  2(u x 2  v x 2 )(u 2  v 2 )


(u 2  v 2 ) 2
(u 2  v 2 )2[u x 2  v x 2  u x 2  v x 2 ]
 0
(u 2  v 2 ) 2
  2 log f ( z )  0
6. If u( x, y) and v( x, y) are harmonic functions in a region R, prove that the function

 u v   u v 
    i   is analytic function of z  x  iy
 y x   x y 
Solution:
Given u and v are harmonic functions.
 u xx , u yy , v xx , v xy and v yy are all continuous.
and u xx  u yy  0
v xx  v yy  0
Let   
P  iQ  u y  v x  i u x  v y 
 P  u y  vx Q  ux  vy
Px  u yx  v xx Q x  u xx  v yx
Py  u yy  v xy Q y  u xy  v yy
The four partial derivatives Px, Py , Qx and Q y exists and are continuous in the region R.
To prove: Px  Qy and Py  Qx

Assume that Px  Q y  u xx  v xx  u xy  v yy
 v xx  v yy  0  v is harmonic.
 which is true.  Px  Q y
Assume that Py  Qx  u yy  v xy   u xx  v yx  
 u yy  v xy  u xx  v yx  u yy  u xx  0
 u is harmonic.  which is true.
 Py  Q x
Thus the C-R equations are satisfied.
 P  iQ is analytic.

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7. If f ( z ) is an analytic function of z, prove that prove that

 2 2  2
 2  2  f ( z )  4 f ' ( z ) .
2
 x y 
Solution:
f ' ( z )  u x 2  vx 2
2
f ' ( z )  u x 2  vx 2
f ( z)  u 2  v2
2
f ( z)  u 2  v2
2
2 f ( z)  2 u 2  2 v2      (1)
  xu   yu   (2)

2 2 2 2
2 u 2  2 2
2 u    2u u   2u  u  u u   2u  u  2 u 

2 2 2 2
x 2 x  x   x
2 x x  x 2  x 
Similarly ,
2 u2    2u  u  2 u 2 2
 y 
y 2 y 2  
  2u  2u   u  2  u  2 
( 2)   u 2
  2
 2u  2  2   2      
 x y   x   y  

 u  2  u  2 
 0  2       u is harmonic
 x   y  
 2u x2  2u 2y
 
Similarly ,  2 v 2  2v x2  2v 2y
2

(1)   2 f ( z )  2 u x2  u 2y  v x2  v 2y 

 2 u x2   v x 2  v x2  u x2  u x  v y , u y  vx 
 4u 2
x  v x2 
2
 2 f ( z )  4 | f ' ( z ) |2

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 2 
8. If f (z ) is an analytic function of z, prove that   2   2  f ( z ) 2  4 f ' ( z ) .
2
2
 x y 
Solution:
Given f (z ) is analytic.
Let f ( z)  u  iv.
Then u and v have continuous partial derivatives and they satisfy the C-R equations.
 ux  vy and u y  v x
and f ' ( z )  u x  iv x
2
 f ' ( z )  u x 2  v x 2 ....................(1)
Since u and v are harmonic functions, we have
2 2 2
 4
x 2 y 2 z z
 2  2 
L.H .S    f ( z)
2
 x 2 y 2 
 
2
4
z z
2
f ( z)  4
2
z z
f ( z ). f ( z ) 
Since f (z ) is an analytic function, it is independent of z .
i.e., f (z ) is a function of z only. Similarly, its conjugate f (z ) is analytic function of z only.
 2u
9. Show that a harmonic function ‘u’ satisfies the formal differential equation  0 and
zz
hence prove that log | f ' ( z ) | is harmonic, where f(z) is a regular function.
Solution:
Given: u is harmonic function
 2u  2u
  0
x 2 y 2
 2  2 
   0  (1 )
 x 2 y 2 
 
2 2 2
To prove :  4
x 2 y 2 z z
Let f be a function of x and y

Chennai – 130
Where x and y are function of z an z .

zz zz
That is x  , y
2 2i
f f x f y f  1  f  1  1   1  
       
z x z y z x  2  y  2i  2  x i y 
f
f   1  
 
z  x i y 
2 f
  1 
2  
z  x i y 
f f x f y f  1  f  1  1   1  
         
z x z y z x  2  y  2i  2  x i y 
f
f   1  
 
z  x i y 
2 f
  1 
2  
z  x i y 
2 2   1    1  
     
x y  x i y   x i y 
2 2
     2
  2  2   4
 z  z  zz
 2u  2u 2
 4
x 2 y 2 zz
2
(1 )  0
zz
To Prove:
 2  2 
  log | f ' ( z ) | 0
 x 2 y 2 
 
2 2 2
Consider  4
x 2 y 2 zz
 2  2  2
  log f ' ( z ) | 4 log | f ' ( z ) |
 x 2 y 2  zz
 
2
2 log | f ' ( z ) |2
zz
2  ______
2 log  f ' ( z ) f ' ( z ) 
zz  

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2  ______
2 log  f ' ( z )   log f ' ( z) 
zz  
   ______
2    log  f ' ( z )   log f ' ( z ) 
z  z  
  1 
2  f ' ' ( z )  0
z  f ' ( z ) 
0
 2  2 
  log | f ' ( z ) | 0
 x 2 y 2 
 
10. If f ( z )  u  iv is an analytic function in z = x + iy then prove that

 2  2  2
 
2
u  2 f ' ( z) .
 x 2 y 2 
 
Solution:
f ' ( z )  u x 2  vx 2
2
f ' ( z )  u x 2  vx 2
f ( z)  u 2  v2
2
f ( z)  u 2  v2
       (1)
2
2 f ( z)  2 u 2  2 v2
 u   u 
 u  
2 2 2 2
2 2
  (2)
x y 2 2
 u    u    u u u  2
2 2
 u  u 
2 2
 2u  2 u    2u  2 
x 2 x  x   x
2 x x  x 2  x 

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Similarly ,
2 u2   2u  u  2 u 
2 2
 y 
y 2 y 2  
  2u  2u   u  2  u  2 
(2)   u 2
 
2
 2u 2  2   2     
 x y   x   y  

 u  2  u  2 
 0  2      u is harmonic
 x   y  
 2u x2  2u 2y
2
 2 u  2 | f ' ( z ) |2
sin 2 x
11. Given that u  , find the analytic function f ( z )  u  iv .
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
Solution:
sin 2 x
Given that u  ,
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
u cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x   sin 2 x2 sin 2 x 
1 x , y   
x cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
1 z ,0 
1  cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z   2 sin 2 2 z  1  cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z   21  cos 2 2 z 
1  cos 2 z 2 1  cos 2 z 2

1  cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z   21  cos 2 z 1  cos 2 z 
1  cos 2 z 2

2 cos 2 z   21  cos 2 z   2 cos 2 z  2  2 cos 2 z   2   2   cos ec 2 z
1  cos 2 z  1  cos 2 z 1  cos 2 z 2 sin 2 z
u cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 0  sin 2 x2 sinh 2 y   2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y
2 x , y    
y cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2 cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
2 z ,0  0
By Milne’s Thomson method,
f ( z )   1 z , 0dz  i  2 z , 0dz
   cos ec 2 z dz  i  0dz
 cot z  C .
P.T . the function v  e x  x cos y  y sin y  is

12.
harmonic and determine the corresponding analytic f ( z )  u  iv

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solution :
Given v  e  x  x cos y  y sin y  is the imaginary
part v of f ( z )  u  iv
 vx  e  x  cos y    x cos y  y sin y   e  x 
 e  x  cos y  x cos y  y sin y 
 vxx  e  x   cos y    cos y  x cos y  y sin y   e  x 

 e  x  cos y  cos y  x cos y  y sin y 
 e  x  2 cos y  x cos y  y sin y 
v y  e  x   x sin y  y cos y  sin y 
v yy  e  x   x cos y  y ( sin y )  cos y  cos y 
 e  x   x cos y  y sin y  2 cos y 
 u xx  u yy  e  x  2 cos y  x cos y  y sin y  x cos y  y sin y  2 cos y 
 e  x (0)  0
 v is harmonic everywhere.
To find f ( z )
By Mi ln e ' s thomson method
F  z    1  z , 0  dz  i  2  z , 0  dz
  0dz  i  1  z  e  z dz
  e z   e z  
 i 1  z     (1)  2
c
  1    1  
 i   1  z  e  z  e  z   c
 i  e  z  ze  z  e  z   c
 i  ze  z   c
 y
13. Can v  tan 1  be the imaginary parts of an analytic function? If so construct an
x
analytic function f(z) = u+ iv, taking v as the imaginary part and hence find u.
Solution:
 y
Given that v  tan 1 
x

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1  y  x2  y  y
 2 ( x, y )  v x  2
 2
 2
 2 2
 y  x  x y  x  x y
2 2
1  
x
2 ( z, 0)  0
1 1 x2  1  x
1 ( x, y )  v y  2  x
 2  x
 2
 y   x y   x y
2 2
1  
x
z 1
1 ( z, 0)  2 
z z
f ( z )   1 ( z , 0) dz  i   2 ( z , 0) dz
1
  dz  i 0
z
 log z  c
We known that z  x  iy
Put x  r cos  , y  r sin  so that r  x 2  y 2   tan1 y / x 
log z  log x  iy 
 log r (cos   i sin    log rei  log r  log ei
 log r  i
 x 2  y 2  i tan 1 ( y / x) .
14. Prove that u  e 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 ) is harmonic. Find the corresponding analytic function and
the imaginary part.
Solution:
Given : u  e2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )
u
1 ( x, y )   e 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )(2 y )  sin( x 2  y 2 )[e 2 xy (2 x)]
y
 2 ye2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )  2 xe 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )
1 ( z , 0)  0  2 z sin z 2  2 z sin( z 2 )
u
2 ( x, y )   e 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )(2 x)  sin( x 2  y 2 )[e 2 xy (2 y )]
x
 2 xe2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )  2 ye 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )
2 ( z, 0)  2 z cos z 2  0  2 z cos( z 2 )

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By Milne's Thomson method
f ( z )   1 ( z , 0)dz  i  2 ( z , 0)dz
  2 z sin( z 2 )dz  i  2 z cos( z 2 )dz
 2 z sin( z 2 )dz  2i  z cos( z 2 )dz
   sin t dt  i  cos t dt put t  z 2
 ( cos t )  i sin t  C dt  2 z dz
 cos t  i sin t  C
 cos z 2  i sin z 2  C
2
 ei ( z )  C .
y
15. Prove that u  x 2  y 2 and v   are harmonic function but not harmonic
x  y2
2
conjugates.
Solution:
Given u  x 2  y 2
To prove u is harmonic
u u
 2x  2 y
x x
 2u  2u
2  2
x 2 x 2
 2u  2u
  2  2  0.
x 2 y 2
 u is harmonic.
To Prove v is harmonic
y
Given v  2
x  y2

 
v x 2  y 2 0   y 2 x 

2 xy
x x2  y 22

x2  y 2  
2
 2v

x 2
 y2  2 y   2 xy 2x
2 2

 y 2 2 x 

x 2

 y 2 2 y  8x 2 y

2 y3  6x2 y
x 2 x  y 
2 2 4
x 2
 y2 
3
x 2
 y2 
3

 
v x 2  y 2  1   y 2 y   x 2  y 2  2 y 2
 
y2  x2
y x2  y2 2

x2  y2
2

x2  y2
2
  

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 2v

x 2
 y2  2 y   y  x 2x
2 2 2 2

 y 2 2 y 

x 2
 
 y 2 2 y   4 y y 2  x 2 
y 2
x  y 2 2 4
x 2
y 
2 3
2x2 y  2 y3  4 y3  4x2 y  2 y3  6x2 y

 
x 2
 y2 
3
x 2
 y2 
3
 2v  2v 2 y3  6x2 y  2 y3  6x2 y
   0
x 2 y 2
y x 2 2 3
 x 2
y 
2 3
Hence v is harmonic.
u v u v
Now,  and  C .R equation not satisfied 
x y y x
 u  iv is not analytic .
16. Find the analytic function w  u  iv when v  e2 y  y cos 2 x  x sin 2 x  and find u.
Solution:
Given v  e 2 y  y cos 2 x  x sin 2 x
V
 2  x, y    e 2 y  y sin 2 x(2)  2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
x
 e 2 y  2 y sin 2 x  2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x
 2 ( z,0)  2 z cos 2 z  sin 2 z
V
1 ( x, y )   e2 y [cos 2 x]   y cos 2 x  x sin 2 x   2  e 2 y
y
 e2 y  cos 2 x  2 y cos 2 x  2 x sin 2 x 
1 ( z, 0)  cos 2 z  2 z sin 2 z 
f ( z)   1 ( z, 0) dz  i  2 ( z, 0) dz
   cos 2 z  2 z sin 2 z  dz  i   2 z cos 2 z  sin 2 z  dz
sin 2 z   cos 2 z   sin 2 z  
  2 ( z )  (1)  
2  2  4 
   sin 2 z   cos 2 z    cos 2 z  
i   2  ( z )  (1)      c
   2  4  2  

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sin 2 z sin 2 z  cos 2 z cos 2 z 

  z cos 2 z   i  z sin 2 z   c
2 2  2 2 
 z cos 2 z  iz sin 2 z  c  z cos 2 z  i sin 2 z   c  zei 2 z  c
u  iv   x  iy  e    c   x  iy  ei 2 x 2 y  c
i 2 x iy
  x  iy  ei 2 x e 2 y  c   x  iy  e 2 y  cos 2 x  i sin 2 x   c
 e2 y  x cos 2 x  y sin 2 x  iy cos 2 x  ix sin 2 x   c
u  e2 y [ x cos 2 x  y sin 2 x]  c
17. Determine the analytic function w = u +iv if u  e2 x x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y 

Solution:
Given: u  e2 x x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y 
To find f(z):
u
1 x , y    e 2 x cos 2 y   2e 2 x  x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y 
x
1 z ,0  e 2 z  2e 2 z z  0  e 2 z 1  2 z 
u
2 x , y    e 2 x  2 x sin 2 y   y cos 2 y .2  sin 2 y 
y
2 z ,0  0
f ( z )   1 z , 0dz  i   2 z , 0dz
  e 2 z 1  2 z  dz  i  0dz
e 2 z 2e 2 z
  e 2 z 1  2 z  dz  1  2 z   C
2 4
f ( z )  ze2 z  C
cos x  sin x  e  y
18. Determine the analytic function w  u  iv given u  v  and
2cos x  cosh y 
 
f    0 ..
2
Solution:
Given w  f ( z )  u  iv  ( 1 )

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if ( z )  iu  v  (2)
1  i  f ( z )  u  v   iu  v 
where F ( z )  1  i  f ( z )
U u v
V uv
cos x  sin x  e  y
U uv 
2cos x  cosh y 
1( x , y )   

U 1  cos x  cosh y  sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x  e  y  sin x  


x 2  cos x  cosh y 2 
U 1  cos z  1 sin z  cos z   cos z  sin z  1 sin z 
1( z ,0 )    
x 2  cos z  12 
1   sin z cos z  cos 2 z  sin z  cos z  sin z cos z  sin 2 z  sin z 
  
2  cos z  12 
1  1  cos z  1
 cos ec 2 z 2
1 1
  
2  1  cos z   2 2 sin z / 2 4
2 2
2 ( x , y )   
 
U 1  cos x  cosh y e  y  cos x  sin x  e  y  sinh y 

y 2  cos x  cosh y 2 
U 1  cos z  1  cos z  sin z  10 1  cos z  1 
2 ( z , 0 )     
y 2  cos z  12  2  cos z  1 
2
1
cos ec 2 z 2
1 1 1 1
  
2 1  cos z 2 2 sin z 2 4
2

F ( z)   1 ( z , 0) dz  i  2 ( z , 0) dz
1  1
  cos ec 2  z / 2  dz     i  cos ec 2  z / 2  dz
4  4
1 i
  cos ec  z / 2  dz  C
2
4
1 i
 i  1 f ( z )   2 cot  z / 2    C
4 
1 C
f ( z )  cot  z / 2   C1 where C1 
2 1 i

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where f  / 2   0
1 1
f  / 2   cot  / 4   C1  C1 
2 2
1 1 1
f ( z )  cot  z / 2    1  cot  z / 2   .
2 2 2
19. Prove that the function u  x cos y  y sin y  satisfies Laplace’s equation and find the
corresponding analytic function f ( z )  u  iv.
Solution:
Given u  e x ( x cos y  y sin y ) is the real part u of f ( z )  u  iv
 u x  e x [cos y ]  ( x cos y  y sin y )e x
 e x cos y  x cos y  y sin y 
 u xx  e x cos y   cos y  x cos y  y sin y e x
 e x 2 cos y  x cos y  y sin y 
u y  e x  x sin y  ( y. cos y  sin y )
u yy  e x  x cos y  ( y sin y  cos y )  cos y 
 e x  x cos y  y sin y  2 cos y 
 u xx  u yy  e x [2 cos y  x cos y  y sin y ]  e x [  x cos y  y sin y  2 cos y ]
 e x (0)  0
u satisfies Laplace' s equation and u is a harmonic function.
now replacing x by z and y by 0, we get
u x ( z ,0)  e z [cos 0  z cos 0  0]  e z (1  z )
u y ( z ,0)  e z (0)  0
By milne  Thomson method,
f ' ( z )  u x ( z ,0)  iu y ( z ,0)
 (1  z )e z  i 0  (1  z )e z
Integratin g , f ( z )   (1  z )e z dz
 (1  z )e z  1.e z  c
 ze z  c

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20. Show that v  e x x cos y  y sin y  is harmonic function. Hence, find the analytic
function f ( z )  u  iv.
Solution:
Given v  e x x cos y  y sin y 
v
 e  x cos y    x cos y  y sin y [e  x ]
x
 e  x cos y  x cos y  y sin y 
 2v
 e  x [ cos y ]  (cos y  x cos y  y sin y )[e  x ]
x 2
  e  x [2 cos y  x cos y  y sin y ]

v
 e  x [ x sin y  y cos y  sin y ]
y
 2v
 e  x [ x cos y  [ y ( sin y )  cos y (1)]  cos y ]
y 2
 e  x [ x cos y  y sin y  2 cos y ]

 2v  2v
   0.
x 2 y 2
v  e  x  x cos y  y sin y 
v

 2 x , y    e  x cos y    x cos y  y sin y   e  x
x

 
 2 z ,0  e  z  z  e  z  e  z  ze z  e  z 1  z 
v
1 x , y    e  x  x sin y  y cos y  sin y ( 1 )
y
1 z ,0  e  z 0  0  0  0
f ( z )   1 z , 0dz  i   2 z , 0dz
  0dz  i  1  z e  z dz
  e z   e z  
 i 1  z     1 2 
C
   1    1  
   
 i  1  z e  z  e  z  C  i  e  z  ze z  e  z  C  ize  z  C

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z
21. Prove that w  maps the under half of the z-plane to the upper half of the w-
1 z
plane and also find the image of the unit circle of the z-plane.
Solution:
z
Given : w 
1 z
w(1  z )  z
w  wz  z
w  z  wz
w
z  (1)
1 w
u  iv

1  u  iv
u  iv (1  u )  iv

(1  u )  iv (1  u )  iv
u  u 2  v 2  iuv  iv  iuv

(1  u ) 2  v 2
u  u 2  v 2  iv

(1  u ) 2  v 2
u  u 2  v2 v
x  iy  i
(1  u )  v
2 2
(1  u ) 2  v 2
u  u 2  v2 v
x ; y
(1  u )  v
2 2
(1  u ) 2  v 2
v
(i ) y  0  0 i.e., v  0 [ (1  u ) 2  v 2  0]
(1  u )  v
2 2
w
(ii )Given : z 1 1
1 w
 w  1 w
u  iv  u  iv  1
 u  1  iv
u 2  v 2  (u  1)2  v 2

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u 2  v2  (u  1) 2  v 2
u 2  v2  u 2  2u  1  v 2
0  2u  1
1
u
2
1
The region z  1 is transformed into u  
2
22.
Find the image of circle z  1  1 inthe complex plane under the
1
mapping w 
z
Solution :
1 1
w  z
z w
1 u  iv
x  iy   2 2
u  iv u  v
u
x  2 2  1
u v
v
y  2 2   2
u v
Given z 1  1
x  iy  1  1
 x  1  iy 1
 x  1  y2  1
2
x2  y 2  2x  1  1
x 2  y 2  2 x  0   3
sub 1 and  2  in  3
u2 v2  u 
  2 2 2   0
u 2
 u  v 
v 2 2 2 2 2
u v 
u2  v  2u  u  v 
2 2 2
0
 u  v  2 2 2
u 2  v 2 1  2u   0
1  2u  0
1  2u

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1
u
2
which is st. line in the w  plane.
23.
Find the image of the inf inite strips
1 1
i   y
4 2
1 1
 ii  0  y  under the transformation w 
2 z
Solution : 
1 1
w z
z w
1 u  iv
x  iy   2 2
u  iv u  v
u
x  2 2  1
u v
v
y  2 2   2
u v
1 1
 i  Given  y 
4 2
1 v 1
when y  , 2 2  by  2 
4 u v 4
u 2  v 2  4v  0
u 2   v  2   4   3
2
This is a circle with centre at  0, 2  and radius 2

1 v 1
when y  
2 u v
2 2
2
u  v  2v
2 2
u 2  v 2  2v  0
u 2   v  1  1   4 
2
which is a circle centered at  0, 2  and radius 4.

1 1
 y  is transformed into the region inbetween circles. u 2   v  1  1
2
Hence the infinte strip
4 2
and u 2   v  1  4 in the w  plane.
2

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1
 ii  Given strip is 0 y
2
when y  0
v  0 by  2 
1 1
when y  we get u 2   v  1  1 by  4  Hence the infinite strip 0  y 
2
2 2
z
24. Prove that the transformation w  maps the upper half of z-plane on to the upper
1 z
half of w-plane. What is the image of z  1 under this transformation?
Solution:
z
Given : w 
1 z
w(1  z )  z
w  wz  z
w  z  wz
w
z  (1)
1 w
u  iv

1  u  iv
u  iv (1  u )  iv

(1  u )  iv (1  u )  iv
u  u 2  v 2  iuv  iv  iuv

(1  u ) 2  v 2
u  u 2  v 2  iv

(1  u ) 2  v 2
u  u 2  v2 v
x  iy  i
(1  u )  v
2 2
(1  u ) 2  v 2
u  u 2  v2 v
x ; y
(1  u ) 2  v 2
(1  u ) 2  v 2
v
(i ) y  0   0 i.e., v  0 [ (1  u ) 2  v 2  0]
(1  u )  v
2 2

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w
(ii )Given : z  1  1
1 w
 w  1 w
u  iv  u  iv  1
 u  1  iv
u 2  v 2  (u  1) 2  v 2
u 2  v2  (u  1) 2  v 2
u 2  v2  u 2  2u  1  v 2
0  2u  1
1
u
2
1
The region z  1is transformed into u  
2
25. Find the image of |z+1| = 1 under the map w  1 / z.

Solution:
The given transformation w  1 / z.
z  1/ w
1
z 1  1
w
1 w
z 1 
w
| 1  w | | 1  u  iv |
| z  1 | 
| w| | u  iv |
Given: | z  1 | 1
| (1  u )  iv |
1
| u  iv |
| (1  u )  iv || u  iv |
(1  u ) 2  v 2  u 2  v 2
(1  u ) 2  v 2  u 2  v 2
 1  u 2  2u  u 2
 1  2u  0
 u  1 / 2
Which is a straight line in the w – plane.

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1
Find the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w  .
26. z
Solution:
1
Given w
z
1 w
 z 
w w2
u  iv
 x  iy 
u2  v2
u v
 x , y
2 2
u v u  v2
2
Given circle is z  2i  2
2
 z  2i 4
2
 x  iy  2i 4
 x 2   y  2 2  4
 x2  y2  4y  0
Note that the circle passes through the origin.
Substituting for x and y we get
u2 v2  v 
  4. 2 0
u 2
v  u
2 2 2
v 
2 2  u  v2 
u 2  v2 4v
  0
u 2
v 
2 2 u  v2
2
1 4v
  0
u v
2 2
u  v2
2
1
 1  4v  0  v  
4
Which is a staright line in the w - plane, parallel to u - axis.
Thus the image of the circle z  2i  2 in the z-plane is a straight line in the w-plane.

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27. Show that the image of the hyperbola x 2  y 2  1 under the transformation w
1
is
z
the lemniscates r 2  cos 2 .
Solution:
1 1
Given : w  z
z w
x  iy  i  e  i  cos   i sin  
1 1 1
re r r
1 1
x  cos  , y   sin 
r r
Given : x 2  y 2  1
2 2
1   1 
  cos     sin    1
r   r 
cos 2   sin 2 
1
r2
cos 2  r 2
r 2  cos 2 , which is lemniscate .
1
28. Show that the transformation w  transforms a circle and straight lines in the w plane
z
into circle or straight lines in the z-plane. Which circles in the z-plane become straight
lines in the w-plane and which straight lines transformips the family of circles and
straight lines into the family of circles or straight lines.
Solution:
1 1
Given: w  i.e., z 
z w
Now w  u  iv
1 1 1 u  iv u  iv
z
  
w u  iv u  iv u  iv u 2  v 2
u v
i.e., x  iy  i
2 2
u v u  v2
2
u v
x ............(1), y  ............(2)
2 2
u v u  v2
2
The general equation is

 
a x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0..............................(3)

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 u2 v2   v 
  2 g 
u 
a  2f  2 c 0
   
 u 2  v2 2
 u 2  v 2 
2
u  v 
2 2 
u  v2 
u  v   2 g u
2 2
2f
v
c 0
u  v  u  v
a
2 2 2 2 2
u  v2
2
 
The transformed equation is c u 2  v 2  2 gu  2 fv  a  0 ...............(4)
(i) a  0, c  0  Circles not passing through the origin in z-plane map into circles not passing
through the origin in the w-plane.
(ii) a  0, c  0  Circles not passing through the origin in z -plane map onto straight lines not
passing through the origin in the w -plane.
(iii) a  0, c  0  the straight lines not through the origin in z -plane map onto circles through
the origin in w -plane.
(iv) a  0, c  0  the straight lines through the origin in z -plane map onto straight lines through
the origin in w -plane.
1 1
29. Find the image in the w plane of the infinite strip  y  under the transformation
4 2
1
w .
z
Solution:
1 1
Given: w i.e., z 
z w
Now w  u  iv
1 1 1 u  iv u  iv
z    2
w u  iv u  iv u  iv u  v 2
u v
i .e., x  iy  2  i
u  v2 u 2  v2
u v
x 2 ............( 1 ), y  2 ............( 2 )
u v 2
u  v2
1 1
(i) Given strip is  y 
4 2
1
when y 
4
1 v
 by( 2 )
4 u  v2
2

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u 2  v 2  4v
u 2  v 2  4v  0
u 2  v  22  4  0
u 2  v  22  4 (3)
Which is a circle whose centre is at (0, -2) in the w – pane and radius is 2.
1
when y 
2
1 v
 2 2 by( 2 )
2 u v
u 2  v 2  2v
u 2  v 2  2v  0
u 2  v  12  1  0
u 2  v  12  1 (4)
Which is a circle whose centre is at (0, -1) in the w – pane and radius is 1.
1 1
Hence the infinite strip  y  is transformed into the region in between circles
4 2
u 2  v  12  1 and u 2  v  22  4 in the w – plane.
30. Find the bilinear transformation that maps, 1, i and -1 of the z-plane onto i,0 and -1 of
the w- plane.
Solution:
Given
z1  1, z2  i , z3  1;
w1  i , w2  0, w3  i
Let the transformation be
w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 
w  (i)0  (i)  ( z  1)i  (1)
w  (i)0  (i) z  (1)i  1
w  i i  z  1i  1
w  i  i  z  1i  1
wi zi  z  i  1

 w  i zi  z  i  1

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wzi  wz  wi  w  z  iz  1  i   wzi  wz  wi  w  z  zi  1  i
2wzi  2w  2 zi  2
wzi  w   zi  1
wzi  1  zi  1
zi  1 1  iz
w  .
zi  1 1  iz
31. Find bilinear map which maps the points z  0,  1, i onto the points w  i, 0,  .
Also find the image of the unit circle of the z-plane.
Solution:
Given : z1  0, z 2  1, z 3  , w1  i, w2  0, w3  
w  w1 w 2  w 3  z  z1 z 2  z 3 

w  w 3 w 2  w1  z  z 3 z 2  z1 
[omit the factors involving w3 , sin ce w3  ]
w  w1 z  z1 z 2  z 3 

w2  w1 z  z 3 z 2  z1 
w  i z  0 - 1  i 

0  i z  i - 1  0 
wi z
 (1  i )
i ( z  i)
z
wi  (1  i )
z i
z iz  z  iz  1 z  1
w (i  1)  i  
z i ( z  i) z i
32. Find the bilinear transformation that transforms the points z = 1, i , -1 of the z – plane into
the points w = 2, i, -2.
Solution:
Given
z1  1, z2  i, z3  1;
w1  2, w2  i, w3  2
w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 

Chennai – 130
( w  2)(i  2) ( z  1)(i  1)

( w  2)(i  2) ( z  1)(i  1)
( w  2) ( z  1)(i  1)(i  2)

( w  2) ( z  1)(i  1)(i  2)

( w  2) ( z  1) i 2  2i  i  2



( w  2) ( z  1) i 2  2i  i  2 
( w  2) ( z  1) 3  i  ( w  2) (1  z )3  i 
  
( w  2) ( z  1) 3  i  ( w  2) ( z  1) 3  i 
( w  2)

(1  z )3  i 3  i 

 
( w  2) (1  z ) 9  i 2  6i

( w  2) ( z  1) 3  i 3  i  ( w  2)  
( z  1) i 2  9
( w  2) (1  z )8  6i  ( w  2) (1  z )4  3i  ( w  2) (4  3i  4 z  3 zi)
    
( w  2) ( z  1) 10  ( w  2) ( z  1) 5 ( w  2) (5 z  5)
( w  2)(5 z  5)  ( w  2)(4  3i  4 z  3zi)
 5 zw  5w  4w  3wi  4 zw  3zwi  8  6i  8 z  6 zi  10 z  10
 9 zw  w  3wi  3zwi  18  2 z  6i  6 zi
 3zw(3  i )  w(1  3i )  6(3  i )  2 z (1  3i )
 3zw(3  i )  w(3i  1)  6(3  i )  2 z (1  3i )
w(3i  1)  3z (3  i)   6(3  i )  2 z (1  3i)
6(3  i)  2 z (1  3i)
w
(3i  1)  3z (3  i)
33. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z  0,1, i onto w  i, 0, 
respectively.
Solution:
Given
z1  0, z2  1, z3  i;
w1  i , w2  0, w3  

Chennai – 130
w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 
 
w  w1 w3  w2  1
 w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
w  z  z3 z2  z1 
w3  2  1( w2  w1 )
 w3 
 
w  w1  w2  1
 w3    z  z1  z 2  z3 
 w2 

z  z3 z2  z1 
 1( w2  w1 )
 w3 
( w  i )(0  1) ( z  0)(1  i )

(0  1)(0  i ) ( z  i )(1  0)
w  i  1   z 1  i 
i iz
i  w   z  iz
i iz
i  wi  z    zi  izi
i 2  zi  wi  wz   zi  z
w( z  i )  1  zi   zi  z
w( z  i )   zi  z  zi  1
z 1
w
z i
 w  wi  zwi  wz  1  i  zi  z  wzi  wz  w  wi  zi  z  1  i
 1  z  z  1  wzi  wzi  wi  wi
2 z  2  2wzi  2wi
z  1  wi z  1
z 1 z 1
 w   i  .
i z  1 z i

Chennai – 130
34. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z   i , 0, 1 onto w   1, i , 1
respectively.
Solution:
Given
z1  i , z2  0, z3  1;
w1  1, w2  i , w3  1
w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 
( w  1 )( i  1 ) ( z  i )( 0  i )

( 1  i )( 1  w ) ( 0  i )( i  z )
w  1i  1  z  i
w  1i  1 i  z
w  1  z  i i  1
w  1 i  z i  1
w  1  iz  z  1  i
w  1  1  i  zi  z
35. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z  0,1,  into w  i,1,  i .
Solution:
Given : z1  0, z2  1, z3  , w1  i, w2  1, w3  i
w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 
z 
z3  2  1
w  i 1  i   z  0  z3   z [0  1]  z
w  i 1  i  1  0  z  1 [1]
z3   1
 z3 
( w  i )1  i
z
( w  i )1  i
(w  i) (1  i )
z
(w  i) 1 i
(w  i) (1  i )(1  i ) z z
z  [(1  i ) 2 ]  [1  1  2i ]
(w  i) 2 2 2
wi
  zi  w  i   zwi  z  w  zwi  z  i
wi
z i
w[1  zi]  z  i  w 
1  zi

Chennai – 130
38. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps z  0, z  1, z   into the points
w  i, w  1, w  i.
Solution:
The Bilinear transformation which maps z  0, z  1, z   into the points
w  i, w  1, w  i.
w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 
Since w3   ,omitting the factors containing w3, the transformation is
w - w1

z  z1 z2  z3 
w2  w1  z  z3 z2  z1 
w - 0  z  i  1  1

1 - 0  z  i  1  i 
 2 z  i 
w
  z  11  i 
2 z  i  2 z  2i 2( z  i )(1  i )
w  
z  11  i  z  11  i  z  11  i 1  i 
2( z  1)(1  i ) z (1  i )  (1  i )
 
2( z  1) z 1
39. Find the bilinear transformation that maps, 1, i and -1 of the z-plane onto 0,1 and ∞ of
the w- plane.
Solution:
Given
z1  1, z2  i , z3  1;
w1  0, w2  1, w3  
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w  w1  w3  w2 w3  1   z  z1  z2  z3 
w3  w w3  1 w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w  w1  w2 w3  1   z  z1  z2  z3 
 w w3  1 w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 

Chennai – 130
 w  00  1  ( z  1) i  (1)
0  11  0  z  (1)i  1
w
 z  1 i  1
 z  1 i  1
w
 z  1   i  1 i  1 
 
 z  1   i  1 i  1 
w
z  1  i 2  i  i  1
z  1  i 2  12 
w
z  1  2i 
z  1   2 
z 1
w  i 
z 1
i  zi
w .
z 1
40. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z  ,i, 0 onto w  0, i, 
respectively.
Solution:
The bilinear transformation is
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
 w2   z 
 w  w1  w3   1 z1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
w  z 
w3  2  1 ( w2  w1 ) z1 ( z  z3 )  2  1
 w3   z1 
w   z 
 w  w1   2  1   1  z2  z3 
 w3    z1 
 w2  z 
  1 ( w2  w1 ) ( z  z3 )  2  1
 w3   z1 

Chennai – 130
( w  0)(0  1) (0  1)(i  0)

(0  1)(i  0) ( z  0)(0  1)
w i

i z
wz  i 2
wz  1
1
w
z
Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points  0,1,   and  i,1, i 
41. respectively.
the z  plane onto the upper half of the w plane
Solution : 
Given z1  0 , z2  1 , z3  
w1  i , w2  1 , w3  i
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w   z1  z2  z3  z 
 z2 
 z  z1  z3 
 1
 w  i 1  i    z3 
 i  1 i  w  z  z z 1  z 
 1 2 3 
 z3 
 z  0  
1 
 1
 w  i 1  i    
 i  1 i  w   0  1 1  z 
 
 
 w  i 1  i    z
 i  1 i  w  1
w  i  wi  i 2
z
i 2  i  wi  w

Chennai – 130
wi i 1
 z
 i  w  1 i
2i
w
1  iz
 w  i 1  i   z  i  1 i  w 
w  wi  i  1  z 1  iw  i  w
 z  ziw  zi  zw
w  wi  ziw  zw  i  1  z  zi
w 1  z   wi 1  z   1  i   z 1  i 
w
1  i   z 1  i 
1  z  i 1  z 
Find the bilinear transformationthat maps the points 1, i, 1 onto  i, 0, i 
42.
respectively. Hence find the fixed po int s.
Solution : 
Given z1  1 , z2  i , z3  1
w1  i , w2  0 , w3  i
 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w1  w2  w3  w   z1  z2  z3  z 
 w  i   0   i    z  1  i   1 

 w   i    0  i   z   1   i  1
 w  i  i   z  1 i  1
 w  i  i   z  1 i  1
wi 1

 z  1 i  1
w  i  1  z  1 i  1
w  i  z  1 i  1 i  1
 
w  i  z  1 i  1 i  1
w  i  z  1  1  i  i  1 
   
w  i  z  1  2 
w  i  z  1  2i 
   
w  i  z  1  2 

Chennai – 130
w  i  z  1
   i 
w  i  z  1
wi
i
 z  1
wi  z  1
w  i  zi  i 

w  i  z  1
wz  w  iz  i  wzi  zi 2  wi  i 2
wz  w  iz  i  wzi  z  wi  1
wz  w  iz  i  wzi  z  wi  1  0
w  z  1  zi  i   1  iz  i  z
w
1  z   i  z  1
z 1  i   1  i 

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Agni college of Technology

UNIT – III - ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

2. Show that the function f ( z)  z is nowhere differentiable.

3. Test the analyticity of the function w=sinz

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

5. Show that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant.

7. Show that | z |2 is not analytic at any point.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

8. Verify f ( z )  z 3 is analytic or not.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

11. Prove that w  sin 2 z is an analytic function.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

12. Find the invariant point of f ( z )  z 2 .

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

17. Find the critical point of the map w2  z   z    .

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19. Is the function f ( z)  z analytic?

u x  v y at any point p(x, y).

Here, CR equations are not satisfied.

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Under the transformation w  iz  1 show that the half plane

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Find the image of the circle z  2 under the transformation w  z  3  2i

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S.T . u  2 x(1  y) is harmonic

26. Find the map of the circle z  3 under the transformation w  2 z

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

28. Define conformal mapping.

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Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

2 x 3  4ax 2  2 xa 2  2 xy 2  ax 2  2a 2 x  a 3  ay 2  2 x 3  2ax 2  2 xy 2  2ax 2  2a 2 x  2ay 2

Here, u x  v y and u y  vx

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Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Here, u x  v y and u y  vx

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

4. If f ( z ) is an analytic function of z, prove that prove that

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  u0  2u  u  0

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Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

(u 2  v 2 )[2(u x 2  v x 2 )]  2(u x 2  v x 2 )(u 2  v 2 )

6. If u( x, y) and v( x, y) are harmonic functions in a region R, prove that the function

To prove: Px  Qy and Py  Qx

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7. If f ( z ) is an analytic function of z, prove that prove that

  xu   yu   (2)

2 u    2u u   2u  u  u u   2u  u  2 u 

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Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Where x and y are function of z an z .

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10. If f ( z )  u  iv is an analytic function in z = x + iy then prove that

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P.T . the function v  e x  x cos y  y sin y  is

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 vxx  e  x   cos y    cos y  x cos y  y sin y   e  x 

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Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

2x2 y  2 y3  4 y3  4x2 y  2 y3  6x2 y

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