Unit Iv - Complex Integration PDF

Agni college of Technology
Chennai – 130
UNIT IV- COMPLEX INTEGRATION
PART- A
1. Define singular point.
Solution:
A point z  z0 at which a function f (z ) fails to be analytic is called a singular point or
singularity of f (z ) .
1
Example: Consider f ( z ) 
z 3
Here z  3 is a singular point of f(z)
2. Define Essential singularity

Solution:
A singular point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is called a essential singularity of f(z) if if the principal
part contains an infinite number of non-zero terms
3. Define Removable singularity

Solution:
A singular point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is called a removable singularity of f(z) if
lim𝑧=𝑧0 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦.
4. State Cauchy’s integral theorem.

Solution:
If a function f(z) is analytic and its derivative 𝑓 1 (z) is continuous at all points
inside f on a simple closed curve c,then 𝑓(𝑧)dz=0.
4
5. Find the residue of 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 at a simple pole
𝑧−2
4
Solution: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 Poles are given by 𝑧 3 𝑧 − 2 = 0
𝑧−2
⇒ 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 and z = 2
4
Res f(z) = lim ( z- 2) 𝑧 3 𝑧−2
4
= lim 𝑧3
4 1
=8 = 2
6. Evaluate 𝐶
𝑒 𝑧 dz where C is 𝑧 = 1
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 . Since 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic everywhere in the complex plane,
It is analytic in 𝑧 = 1, by Cauchy’s integral theorem 𝑓(𝑧)dz=0
Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Chennai – 130
1
7. Identify the types of singularities of 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧−1
1
1 1 1
Solution: 𝑒 𝑧−1 = 1 + 𝑧−1 + 2! 𝑧−1 2 + 3! 𝑧−1 3 + ..
1
𝑒 𝑧−1 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 1
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
8. Evaluate 𝑐
𝑑𝑧 , 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 ⃓𝑧⃓ = 2
(𝑧−3)
Solution:
𝑓(𝑧)
We know that Cauchy’s integral formula is 𝑐
𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑎)
𝑧−𝑎
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
Given 𝑐
𝑑𝑧
𝑧−3
Here 𝑓 𝑧 = 3𝑧 2 + 7𝑧 + 1
Here a = 3 lies outside the circle
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
There fore by Cauchy integral formula 𝑐
𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑧−3
9. State Cauchy’s residue theorem.

Solution:
If f(z) be analytic at all point inside and on a simple closed curve c, except for a finite
number of isolated singularities z1, z2 ,....zn inside c, then
 f ( z)dz  2i [sum of the residues of

C
f ( z ) at z1 , z2 ,..., zn
n
 2i  Ri where Ri is the residue of f ( z ) at z  zi .
i 1
10. State Cauchy’s integral theorem.

Solution:
If a function f(z) is analytic and its derivative f(z) is continuous at all points inside and on
a simple closed curve C, then  f ( z )dz  0 .
C
 1 
11. Identify the type of singularity of function sin .
1 z 
Solution:
z = 1 is the only singular point in the finite plane.
z = 1 is an essential singularity.
It is an isolated singularity.
12. State Taylor’s series.

A function f(z) ,analytic inside a circle C with centre at a, can be expanded in the series

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𝑓 11(𝑎 ) 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎 )
f(z)=f(a)+𝑓 1 (a)(z-a)+ (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 +……………….+ (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛 +…………∞
2! 𝑛!
Which is convergent at every point inside C.
13. Evaluate 𝐶
𝑒 𝑧 dz where C is 𝑧 = 1
Solution:
Let 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 . Since 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic everywhere in the complex plane,
It is analytic in 𝑧 = 1, by Cauchy’s integral theorem 𝑓(𝑧)dz=0.
𝑧
14. Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate 𝑐
𝑑𝑧 where C is a circle
𝑧−2
3
𝑧−2 =
2
Solution:
Singular points is given by z – 2 = 0 ⟹ z = 2
3
Let 𝑓 𝑧 = z. C is 𝑧 − 2 = 2
∴ z = 2 lies inside C. Hence 𝑓 𝑧 is analytic on and inside C.
𝑧
𝑐
𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 2 = 2𝜋𝑖 (2) = 4𝜋𝑖
𝑧−2
15. Expand 𝑒 𝑧 in a Taylors series about z = 0.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 ; 𝑓 0 = 𝑒0 = 1
𝑓′ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 ; 𝑓′ 0 = 𝑒0 = 1
𝑓 ′ ′ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 ; 𝑓 ′′ 0 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑓 ′′′ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 ; 𝑓 ′′′ 0 = 𝑒 0 = 1
∴ Taylors series about z = 0 is

𝑓 ′′ 0 2 𝑓 ′′′ 0 3 𝑓 𝑛 0 n
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 0 + 𝑓′ 0 z − 0 + z−0 + z−0 +⋯ z−0 +
2! 3! n!
… to ∞
1 2 1
𝑓 𝑧 = 0 + z + 2! z + 3! z 3 +…
z
16. Evaluate  dz, where C is (a) | z | 1, (b) | z | 3.
Cz2
Solution:
z
Let I   dz,
Cz2

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Singular point are given by z – 2 = 0  z = 2.
Case i: C is |z| = 1, Since |2|=1
So, z = 2 lies outside C.
z
By Cauchy’s integral theorem, I   dz  0.
Cz2
Case ii: C is |z| = 3, Since |2|=3
So, z = 2 lies inside C.
z
By Cauchy’s integral theorem, I   dz  2if (2), here f ( z )  z.
Cz2
I  4i
______________________________________________________________________________
3z 2  7 z  1 1
17. Evaluate  dz, where C is z  .
C z 1 2
Solution:
3z 2  7 z  1
Let I  z  1 dz
C
Singular po int is given by z  1  0  z  1
1
C is z 
2
1
put z  1.  1  1 
2
So, z  1 lies outside C.
3z 2  7 z  1
 f ( z)  is analytic inside and on C.
z 1
  f ( z )dz
C
18. Find the residue of 1  e

2z
4
at z  0.
z
Solution:

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1  e 2z
Let f(z) 
z4
 (2z)2 (2z)3 (2z)4 
1  1  2z     ..... 
 2! 3! 4! 
  
4
z
1  22 23 2 2 4 3 
  2  z z  z  ..... 
z 3  2! 3! 4! 

 4 
  2z  3  2z  2  z 1  .... 
 3 
4
z  0 is a pole of order 3 and R(0)  Coefficien t of z 1  
3
19. Find the residue of the function f ( z )  4 at a simple pole.

z z  2
3
Solution:
Here, z  2 is a simple pole .
4
Re s f ( z )  lim ( z  2)
z 2 z 2 z 3 ( z  2)
4 4 1
 lim  
z 2 z 3 8 2
20. Find the residue of ze2 / z at z  0.

Solution:
The residues are the co-efficient of 1 / z in the Laurent’s expansion of f ( z ) about z  0
 2  2  2  2 3 
ze2 / z  z 1         ....
 z z z 
 
4 8
 z  2  2 z  3 z  .......
z z
4 8
 z  2   2  .............
z z
Re s f ( z ), 0  Co  efficient of in Laurent' s exp ansion

1
z
Re s f ( z ), 0  4 by definition of residue.

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zdz
21. Evaluate  , where C is the circle z  1 .
c z  2
Solution:
z
Let f ( z ) 
( z 2)
Here, z  2 lies outside z  1
 f(z) is analytic inside and on C.
f ' (z) is continuous inside C
Hence, by Cauchy' s integral theorem  f(z)dz  0
C
z2
22. Find the residue of the function f ( z )  at z  2.
z  2z  12
Solution:
Here, z  2 is a simple pole .
z2
Re s f ( z )  lim ( z  2 )
z 2 z 2 z  12 ( z  2 )
z2 4
 lim  .
z 2 z  12 9
z4 1 1
23. Evaluate  z 2  2 z dz where C is the circle z  .
2 3
C
Solution:
z4
 dz
C z2  2z
Consider , z ( z  2)  0
z  0, z  2  0, z  0, z  2
(i ) z  0
1 1 1 1 1
Given z   0   
2 2 2 2 3
 z  0 lies outside.

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(ii ) z  2
1 1 5 1
z  2     2.5 
2 2 2 3
 z  2 lies outside
By Cauchy ' s Integral formula.
z4
 dz  0
C z2  2z
z
24. Find the residue of f ( z )  1  e at z  0.
3
z
Solution:
1  ez
Given : f ( z ) 
z3
 z z2 z3 z4 
1  1      ..... z z2 z3
1    ....
 11 2! 3! 4!  2! 3! 4!
 
z3 z2
Here, z  0 is pole of order 2.
b1 
1
Lt
d m1
(m  1)! z  z0 dz m1

( z  z0 ) m f ( z) 
Re sf ( z ) 1
  Lt
d 2
at z  0  1! z  z0 dz
z f ( 
z )  Lt 
d 

z  z0 dz 
1 
z z2 z3

2! 3!

4!

 ....

  1 2 z 3z 3  1 1
 Lt     ......    
z  z0  2! 3! 4!  2! 2
zdz
 z  1z  2 , where C is the circle
1
25. Evaluate z  .
c 2
Solution:
z
Let f ( z ) 
z  1( z  2)
1
Here, z  1 lies outside z 
2
1
z  2 lies outside z 
2
 f(z) is analytic inside and on C.
f ' (z) is continuous inside C
Hence, by Cauchy' s integral theorem  f(z)dz  0
C

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1
26. If f (z)   2[1  z  1  z  1  ........], Find the residue of f(z) at z 1 .
2
z 1
Solution:
1
The residue of f (z ) at z  1 is equal to the coefficient of in the Laurent’s series of f (z )
z 1
about z  1 that is equal to -1.
zdz
 z  1z  2 , where C is the circle
1
27. Evaluate z  .
C 2
Solution:
Let f ( z )  z
z  1z  2
1
Here, z 1 lies outside z 
2
1
z  2 lies outside z 
2
 f (z ) is analytic inside and on C.
f ' ( z ) is continuous inside C.
Hence, by Cauchy’s integral theorem  f ( z )dz  0
C
e2z
28. Calculate the residue of f ( z )  at its pole.
z  12
Solution:
e2z
Given : f ( z ) 
z  12
Here, z   1 is a pole of order 2.
d m1
We know that, Res z  z 0   Lt
1
[( z  z 0 ) m f ( z )]
z  z0 m  1! dz m 1
Here, m  2
1d  e2z 
z  1
2
Res[ z  1] = Lt
z 1 1! dz
 z  12 
 Lt
z 1
d 2z
dz
 
e  Lt 2e 2 z  2e 2
z 1

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29. Expand f ( z )  1 z 2 as a Taylor series about the points z = 2.

Solution:
Taylor’s series about z = a is
f ( z )  f (a) 
f ' (a)
z  a   f ' ' (a) z  a 2  f ' ' ' (a) z  a 3  .......
1! 2! 3!
Function Values at z = 2
f ( z )  1 z 2  z 2 f (2)  1 / 4
f ' ( z )  2 z 3 f ' (2)  1 / 4
f ' ' ( z )  6 z 4 f ' ' (2)  3 / 8
 z  2  z  22  .......
1 1 3
f ( z) 
4 4 16
30. Evaluate the residue of f ( z )  tan z at its singularities.

Solution:
sin z
Let f ( z )  tan z 
cos z
Singular points of the function f(z) are got by equating the denominator to zero.
cos z  0

z  2n  1 , n  0,  1,  2,  3,.....
2
cos z  0
 3 5
z , , ,....
2 2 2

z lie inside C
2

z lie inside C
2
Other points lie outside C

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 
 
   z  sin z
R1  f ( z ),     ,
2
Here f ( z )  
 2    z  cos z
 ' 
2
i.e.,   z   sin z   z   cos z   ' z    sin z
   
   1  '    1
2 2
 
 '  1
 2
  1
R1  f ( z ),    1
 2  1
   1
R2  f ( z ),     1
 2 1
By Cauchy’s residue theorem
 f ( z ) dz  2 i Sum of the residues 
C
 tan z dz  2 i R1  R2  2 i  1  1  4 i

C

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PART - B
𝑧 2 −1
1. Find the Laurent’s series of f(z)= valid in the region 2< 𝑧 < 3.
𝑧 2 +5𝑧+6
Solution:
𝑧 2 −1 𝑧 2 −1
Given f(z)=𝑧 2 +5𝑧+6 = 𝑧+2 𝑧+3
2
𝑧 −1 5𝑧 + 7
=1−
𝑧2 + 5𝑧 + 6 𝑧+2 𝑧+3
By Partial Fraction
5𝑧 + 7 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑧+2 𝑧+3 𝑧+2 𝑧+3
5z+7=A(z+3)+B(z+2)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2 then -10+7=A(1) => A=-3
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −3 then −15 + 7 = −𝐵 => B=8
5𝑧 + 7 −3 8
= +
𝑧+2 𝑧+3 𝑧+2 𝑧+3
3 8
f (z)=1+ 𝑧+2 − 𝑧+3
3 2 −1 8 𝑧 −1
=1+𝑧 1 + 𝑧 -− 3 1 + 3
3 2 2 2 8 𝑧 𝑧 2
= 1+𝑧 ⌊1 − 𝑧 + −⋯⌋−3 1−3 + +⋯
𝑧 3
____________________________________________________________________________
1
2. Evaluate f(z)= 𝑧+1 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ′ 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑧 > 3
𝑧+3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 < 𝑧 < 3.
Solution:
1 𝐴 𝐵
Given f(z) = 𝑧+1 = 𝑧+1 + 𝑧+3
(𝑧+3)
1 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 1)
−1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −3 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 1 = −2𝐵 , 𝐵 = −
2
1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −1 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 1 = 2𝐴, 𝐴 =
2
3
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 > 3, 3 < 𝑧 , => 𝑧 <1
1 1 1 1
f(z)=2. 1 −2 3
𝑧 1+ 𝑧 1+
𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1 2 1 3 3 2
=2𝑧 1 − 𝑧 + − 2𝑧 1 − 𝑧 + −. .
𝑧 𝑧

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4−3𝑧 3
3. Using Cauchy’s integral formula evaluate 𝑑𝑧, 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑧 = 2
𝑧 𝑧−1 (𝑧−2)
4−3𝑧
Given 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑧−1 (𝑧−2)
4−3𝑧 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + 𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧−1 (𝑧−2) 𝑧 𝑧−1
4 − 3𝑧 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐶𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 1, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = −1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 2, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 , −2 = 2𝐶, ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 0, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 4 = 2𝐴, 𝐴 = 2
4−3𝑧 2 1 1
= − z−1 − z−2
𝑧 𝑧−1 (𝑧−2) 𝑧
1 1
4 − 3𝑧 1 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑧−1 𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 2) 𝑧
3
Here the point z=0 lies inside the circle 𝑧 =2
3
Here the point z=1 lies inside the circle 𝑧 = 2
3
Here the point z=2 lies outside the circle lies outside the circle 𝑧 =2
4−3𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 2 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 0 − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 1 − 0 =4πi 1 -2πi 1 =2πi
𝑧 𝑧−1 (𝑧−2)
𝑧𝑑𝑧 1
4. Evaluate 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑧 − 2 = 2using Cauchy’s integral formula.
𝑧−1 (𝑧−2)
Solution:
1 1
Given 𝑧 − 2 = 2 is a circle with centre 2 and radius2.
1
Z=1 lies outside 𝑧 − 2 =2
1
Z=2 lies inside 𝑧 − 2 =2
𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−1 𝑧−2 𝑧−1 𝑧−2
𝑧
Here f(z)=𝑧−1is analytic inside c.
𝑓(𝑧)
Hence by Cauchy’s integral formula dz=2𝜋𝑖𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)
(𝑧−𝑎)
𝑧𝑑𝑧
= 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 1 (2)==2πi (-1) = -2πi
𝑧−1 (𝑧−2)
2
𝑒𝑧
5. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶 cos 𝜋𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 = 1
Solution:
2
𝑒𝑧
Let 𝑓 𝑧 = cos 𝜋𝑧
Singular points of 𝑓(𝑧) are got by equating cos 𝜋𝑧 to zero.
cos 𝜋𝑧 = 0

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𝜋
𝜋𝑧 = 2𝑛 + 1 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
2
2𝑛 + 1
𝑧= , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
2
1 3 1 1
𝑧 = ± 2 , ± 2 , … of which 𝑧 = 2 , 𝑧 = − 2 above lies inside C.
1
1 𝜑 2
𝑅1 𝑓 𝑧 , =
2 1
𝜓′ 2
2
𝑒𝑧 𝜑 𝑧
𝑓 𝑧 = =
cos 𝜋𝑧 𝜓 𝑧
2
𝜑 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝜓 𝑧 = cos 𝜋𝑧
𝜓′ 𝑧 = − sin 𝜋𝑧 𝜋 = −𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑧
1 1 1
𝜑 = 𝑒 4 , 𝜓′ = −𝜋 1 = −𝜋
2 2
1
1 𝑒4
∴ 𝑅1 𝑓 𝑧 , =
2 −𝜋
−1 1 1
−1 𝜑 2 𝑒4 𝑒4
𝑅2 𝑓 𝑧 , = = =
2 −1 −𝜋 −1 𝜋
𝜓′ 2
By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,
1 1
𝑒4 𝑒4
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2𝜋𝑖 + = 2𝜋𝑖 0 = 0
−𝜋 𝜋
𝐶
z2
 dz, where C is the circle z  3
6. Evaluate C z  12 z  2 .
Solution:
z2
Let f ( z ) 
z  12 z  2
Here, z 1 lies inside z  3
z   2 lies inside z  3
z2 A B C
    (1 )
z  1 z  2
2 z  1 z  12 z2
z 2  Az  1z  2  Bz  2  C z  12

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Put z  1 we get put z  2, we get Equating z 2 on bothsides

1  3B 4  9C 1 AC
1 9 5
B C A
3 4 9
z2 5/ 9 1/ 3 4/ 9
(1 )    
z  1z  2 z  1 z  1 z  2
2
z2 5 1 1 1 4 1
 dz   dz   dz   dz
C z  1 z  2
2 9 C z  1 3 C z  12 9 C z  2
5 1 4
 2 i f (1)  2 i f ' (1)  2 i f (2)
9 3 9 by Cauchy’s integral formula
5 1 4
 2 i (1)  2 i (0)  2 i (1)
9 3 9
5 4
 2 i     2 i
9 9 
z 1
7. Evaluate using Cauchy’s integral formula:  dz where C is the circle
C  z  3 z  1
|z| =2.
Solution:
z 1
Let  dz
C  z  3 z  1
Singular point are given by (z – 3) (z – 3) = 0  z = 3, 1.
C is |z| = 2, Since |1| = 2
So, z = 3 lies outside C.
z 1
By Cauchy’s integral theorem,  dz  0
C  z  3  z  1
Case ii: C is |z| = 2, Since |1|=3
So, z = 1 lies inside C.
By Cauchy’s integral theorem,
z 1 z 1
I dz 2if (1), Here f ( z)  .
C z  3 z  1 z 3
I  4i
z4
8. Using Cauchy’s integral formula evaluate z
C
2
 2z  5
dz where C is the circle

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z 1 i  2
Solution:
Given : z  1  i  2
i.e., z   (1  i)  2 is a circle whose centre is  (1  i) and radius is 2.
i.e., centre is (1,  1) and radius is 2.
z 2  2 z  5  z  (1  2i )z  (1  2i )
 1  2i i.e., (1,2) lies outside C
 1  2i i.e., (1,2) lies outside C
 z4 
 z  (1  2i ) 
z4
 2 dz     dz
C z  2z  5 C z  ( 1  2i )
Hence, by Cauchy' s integral formula

f ( z)
 z  a dz  2 if (a), we get
C
z4   1  2i  4 
 dz  2 if  1  2i   2 i  
C z  2z  5  (1  2i )  (1  2i ) 
2
 3  2i   3  2i 
 2 i    2 i  
  1  2i  1  2i    4i 

 (3  2i )
2
z 1
9. Evaluate  z
C
2
 2z  4 
2
dz, where C is the circle z  1  i  2 by Cauchy’s integral
formula.
Solution:
z 1
 z 1 i  2
C z  2 z  4
dz,
2 2
Consider , z 2  2 z  4  0
 2  4  16  2   12  2  i 2 3
z    1  i 3
2 2 2
 z 1  z 1
 2  dz  
   
dz
C  z  2 z  4  2
C z  ( 1  i 3 ) z   1  i 3
2

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(i ) z  1  i 3
Given z  1  i  2
z 1 i  1 i 3 1 i

 i 1 3  0  1 3  2  1  32
 
z   1  i 3 lies outside
(ii ) z  1  i 3
z 1 i  1 i 3 1 i

 1  i 3  i 1  3  0  1 3   2  1  3  0.7  2
z  1  i 3 lies inside of order 2.

z 1

z 1
dz  
z   1  i 3 
2
z   1  i 3 2 z   1  i 3  C z   1  i 3 
2 2
dz
C
byCauchy ' s Integral formula

f ( z) 2 i n
 n 1
dz  f (a)
C ( z  a) n!
here n  1
 z 1  2 i '
  dz  f (1  i 3 )  2 i (0)  0
C z  2z  4 
2 1!
( z 1)
10. Evaluate  dz , where C is the circle z  1  i  2 using Cauchy’s integral
Cz
2
 2z  4
formula.
Solution:
Given z  1  i  2
z   1  i   2 is a circle ,
where centre is -1,-1 and radius is 2.
(i.e) centre (-1, -1) and radius is 2.
z 2  2z  4  0
 2  4  16  2  2 3i
z   1  3i
2 2
   
z 2  2 z  4  z   1  3i z   1  3i 
 1 3i i.e.,  1, 3  lies outside C.

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 
 1 3i i.e.,  1,  3 lies inside C.
( z 1)   
( z  1) / z  1  i 3
 2
Cz  2z  4
dz  
C   
z  1  i 3
dz ,
( z 1)
Here,  2 dz is analytic inside C.
C z  2z  4
Hence, by cauchy’s integral formula
f(z)
 dz  2if ( a ), we get
C za
 2
( z 1)
 
dz  2i f  1  i 3 = 2i  1  i 3   i 3 
  2i    i .
C z  2z  4  1  i 3 1  i 3    2i 3 
tan  / 2
11. Evaluate  dz , where  2  a  2 and C is the boundary of the square whose
C z  a 2
sides lie along x  2 and y  2 .
Solution:
tan  / 2
Let f ( z ) 
z  a 2
z = a is a pole of order 2 which lies inside C

Re s f ( z ) at z  a  Lt 1 d ( z  a) 2 f ( z )
z a 1! dz

1 d  2 tan z / 2  
 Lt ( z  a ) 
z a 1! dz 
 z  a 2 
 Lt
d
tanz / a   Lt sec2 z / 2 1  1 sec2 a / 2
z  a dz z a 2 2
 f ( z )dz 2i [ sum of the residues ] ( By Cauchy' s Re sidue theorem )
C
 2i sec 2 a / 2  i sec 2 a / 2

1
2

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z dz
 z  1z  2
1
12. Evaluate 2 where C is z  1  by using Cauchy’s integral formula.
C 2
Solution:
1 1
Given z  2  is a circle with centre is 2 and radius .
2 2
1
z  1lies outside z  2 
2
1
z  2 lies inside z  2 
2
 z 
zdz  z  1
   dz
C ( z  1)( z  2) C ( z  2)
2 2
z
Here, f ( z )  is analytic inside C.
z 1
f ( z) 2 i n
 ( z  a) n 1 dz  n!
f (a)
C
 z 
 z  1 2 i '
 ( z  1) 2 dz  1! f (2)..........(1) [ Here, n  1, a  2]
C
z
f ( z) 
z 1
( z  1)(1)  z (1)
f ' ( z) 
( z  1) 2
1 2
f ' (2)   1
1
z
 (1)   dz  2 i (1)  2 i
2
C ( z  1)( z  2)
z 1
13. Evaluate  z  1 z  2 dz , where C is the circle
C
2
z  i  2 using Cauchy’s
residue theorem.

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Solution:
z 1
Let f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
Singular points of the function f ( z ) are got by equating the denominato r to zero,we get
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)  0
z  1is a pole of order 2 lies inside c
z  2 is a simple pole lies outside c

C is the circle z  i  2 with centre (0,1) and radius r  2.
R[ f ( z ),  1]  lim
1 d
z  1 ( 2  1)! dz

( z  1) 2 f ( z ) 
d  ( z  1) 
 lim ( z  1)
2

z  1 dz  ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 
d  z 1 
 lim
z  1 dz  z  2 
( z  2)(1)  ( z  1)(1)
 lim
z  1 ( z  2) 2
(3)  (2)  1
 
9 9
 By cauchy ' s residue theorem
(1)  2 i
 f ( z)dz  2 isum of the residues   2 i 9

9
C
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
14. Evaluate  dz, where c : z  3 .
C  z  1 z  2 
Solution:
Cauchy’s integral formula is
f ( z)
 z  a dz  2 if (a)
C
sin  z 2  cos  z 2
Given integral is I   z  1z  2 dz
C
The singular points are z  1 and z  2
The circle is z  3 with centre 0, 0 and radius = 3

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If z  1, then z  1  3 and if z  2, then z  2  2  3
 z  1, z  2 lie inside C. Here f(z)  sinπ z 2  cos π z 2 is analytic on and inside C.

1 A B
Let  
z  1z  2 z  1 z  2
 1  A z  2   B z  1
put z  1.  1  A1  2 
 A  1
putz  2. 1  B2  1
 B 1
1 1 1
  
z  1z  2 z 1 z  2
 f ( z) f ( z) 
 I     dz
 z  1 z  2 
C
 by (1), I  2 if (1)  2 if (2)
 2 isin   cos    2 isin 4  cos 4 
 2 i0  1  2 i 0  1
 2 i  2 i  4 i
z4
15. Evaluate z
c
2
 2z  5
dz , where C is the circle z  1  i  2, using Cauchy’s integral
formula.
Solution:
Given : z  1  i  2
i.e., z   (1  i)  2 is a circle whose centre is  (1  i) and radius is 2.

i.e., centre is (1,  1) and radius is 2.

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z 2  2 z  5  z  (1  2i )z  (1  2i )

 1  2i i.e., (1,2) lies outside C
 1  2i i.e., (1,2) lies outside C
 z4 
 z  (1  2i ) 
z4
 2 dz     dz
C z  2z  5 C z  ( 1  2i )
f ( z)
 z  a dz  2 if (a), we get
C
z4   1  2i  4 
 dz  2 if  1  2i   2 i  
C z  2z  5  (1  2i )  (1  2i ) 
2
 3  2i   3  2i 
 2 i    2 i  
  1  2i  1  2i    4i 

 (3  2i)
2
z2 1
16. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f ( z )  in 2 | z | 3 and | z | 2.
( z  2 )( z  3 )
Solution:
z2 1
Given that f ( z )  in 2 | z | 3.
( z  2 )( z  3 )
z 2  5z  6 1
z2 1
z 2  5z  6
 5z  7 z2 1 5z  7
1  (1)
z 2  5z  6 z  3z  2
5z  7 A B
   (2)
z  3z  2 z  2 z  3
5 z  7  Az  3  Bz  2
Put z  2, we get

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 10  7  A(1)  A  3
 15  7   B
B 8
5z  7 3 8
(2)   
z  3z  2 z  2 z  3
 3 8  3 8
f ( z)  1     1 
 z  2 z  3 z 2 z 3
   
3 1  8 1   2 z 
1     2 | z | 3, 2  z z  1, z  3, 3  1
z 1  2  3 1  z   
 z  3
1 1
3  2 8  z
1  1    1  
z  z 3  3
3  2 2 2  8   z   z 2 
2 3
 1  1         ....  1        .....
z  z  z   z   3   3   3  
3  (1) n 2 n 8  (1) n z n
f ( z)  1     .
z n 0 z n 3 n  0 3n
z
(ii) Given region | z | 2  1
2
 3 8  3 8
f ( z ) 1     1 
 z  2 z  3 z 2 z3
   
3 1  8 1   2 z 
1     2 | z | 3, 2  z z  1, z  3, 3  1
2 1  z  3 1  z   
 2  3
1 1
3  z 8  z
1  1  1  
2  2  3  3
3 z z z  8   z   z 2 
2 3
 1 1         ....  1        .....
2  2  2   2   3   3   3  
3  ( 1 )n z n 8  ( 1 )n z n
f ( z ) 1    .
2 n 0 2n 3 n  0 3n

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z2
17. Find the residues of f ( z )  at its isolated singularities using Laurentz’s
z  2z  12
series expansion.
Solution:
z2
Given f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
The poles of f ( z ) are given by ( z  1) 2 ( z  2)  0
 z  1, 1, z  2
z  1is a pole of order 2 and
z  2 is a simple pole.
The given circle is z  3
 z  1  z  1  3,
 z  1lies inside C.
and z  2  z   2  3,
 z  2 lies inside C.
R(1) 
1
lim
d
(2  1)! z 1 dz

( z  1) 2 f ( z ) 
d  z2 
 lim  ( z  1) 2

z 1 dz 
 ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 
d  z2 
 lim  
z 1 dz  z  2 
 
 ( z  2) 2 z  z 2 .1 
 lim  
z 1
 ( z  2) 2 
z 2  4z 1 45
 lim   .
z 1 ( z  2) 2 (1  2) 2 9
R(2)  lim ( z  2) f ( z )
z 2
 z2 
 lim ( z  2) 
z 2
 ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 
 z2  4 4
 lim    .
z  2  ( z  1)  ( 2  1)
2 2 9
 
Hence by Cauchy ' s theorem ,
z2 5 4
 dz  2 i R (1)  R ( 2 )   2 i  9  9   2 i
C ( z  1) 2
( z  2 )

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18. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of

z
f(z) in 1 | z | 2 and | z  1| 1.
( z  1 )( z  2 )
Solution:
z
Given that f ( z )  in 1 | z | 2 and | z  1| 1.
( z  1 )( z  2 )
f ( z ) is not analytic at z  1 and z  2 .
1 A B
       ( 1 )
z  1z  2 z  1 z  2
1  Az  2  Bz  1
Put z  1, we get
1  A1  2   B0   A  1
Put z  2, we get
1  A0   B1
B 1
1 1 1
(1)  f ( z )   
z  1z  2 z 1 z  2
(i ) | z | 2 i.e., 2 | z |
2 1
1 1
z z
1 1
1 1 1  1 1  2
f ( z)      1    1  
 1  2 z  z z  z
z 1   z  z  
 z  z
1   1   1   1   1   2   2 2 
2 3
 1           .....  1        .....
z   z   z   z   z   z   z  
1 3 7
 2  3  4  ....
z z z

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(ii ) | z  1| 1
Let u  z  1, z  u 1 i.e., | u | 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
f ( z)         1  u 
u u 1 u 1 u u
1  1
   1  u  u 2  u 3  ....    1   z  1   z  1  ...
2
u   z 1
 1 
 1   z  1   z  1  .... .
2
 
 z 1 
19. Evaluate f ( z )  1 in Laurent series valid for the regions z  3 and

z  1z  3
1  z 3 .
Solution:
1 A B
Given : f ( z )    ...........(1)
( z  1)( z  3) z  1 z  3
1  A( z  3)  B( z  1)
put z  3, we get put z  1 we get
1  2 B 1  2A
1 1
B A
2 2
1 1  1 1 
 (1)  f ( z )     .........(2)
2  z 1 2  z  3 
(i ) Given region is z  3
3 z
3 1
1 1
z z
1 1 1 1
 (2)  f ( z )  
2  1 2  3
z 1   z 1  
 z  z

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1 1
1  1 1  3
 1  1
2 z  z  2 z  z 
1   1   1     3   3 2 
2
  1        .......   1        ...... 
2 z   z   z    z z
 



1   1   3 
n n
   (1) n      (1) n   
2 z n  0 
  z   n  0  z  
(ii ) Given region is 1  z  3
 1  z and z  3
1 z
i.e.,  1, 1
z 3
1 1 1 1
 (2)  f ( z )  
2  1  2(3)  z
z 1   1  3 
 z
1 1
1  1 1 z
 1  1
2 z  z  6  3 
1  1 1  1   z   z 2 
2
 1      ....  1        .....
2z  z  z   6   3   3  

1  1 
n n
n 1  z
 
2z n 0
( 1)  
z
 
6 n 0
(1) n  
3
20. Expand the function f ( z )  z2 1 in Laurent’s series for z  3.

z 2  5z  6
Solution:
z 2 1
Let f ( z) 
z  2z  3
z2 1 A B
  1 
 z  2  z  3 z 2 z 3
 z 2  1   z  2  z  3  A( z  3)  B( z  2)
put z  2, 4  1  A(2  3)  A  3
put z  3 9  1  B(3  2)  B  8

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z2 1 3 8
  1 
 z  2  z  3 z 2 z 3
Given z 3
This region is annular about z  0 where f(z) is analytic.
1 1 2 2 3
Now z 3     1 and 1
z 3 z 3 z
 the laurent's series is
3 8
 f(z)  1  
 2  3
z 1  z 1  
 z  z
1 1
3 2 8 3
 1  1    1  
z z z z
3 2 2 2  8  3  3  2  3 3 
2 3
 1  1         .....  1         .....
z  z  z   z   z  z  z   z  
   
 1  3 z 1  2 z  2  4 z  3  8 z  4  ..........  8 z 1  3z  2  9 z  3  27 z  4  ......
 1  5 z 1  18 z  2  60 z  3  192 z  4  ..........
z2 1
21. Obtain the Laurent’s series expansion of f ( z )  in 2 | z | 3.
( z  2)( z  3)
Solution:
z2 1
Given that f ( z )  in 2 | z | 3.
( z  2 )( z  3 )
z 2  5z  6 12
z 1
z 2  5z  6
 5z  7

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z2 1 5z  7
1      ( 1 )
z  5z  6
2 z  3z  2
5z  7 A B
        ( 2 )
z  3z  2 z  2 z  3
5 z  7  Az  3  Bz  2
 10  7  A( 1 )  A  3
 15  7   B
B 8
5z  7 3 8
(2)  
z  3z  2 z  2 z  3
 3 8  3 8
f ( z ) 1     1 
 z  2 z  3 z 2 z3
   
3 1  8 1   2 z 
1       2 | z | 3, 2  z  1, z  3,  1
z 1  2  3 1  z   z 3 
 z  3
1 1
3  2 8  z
1  1    1  
z  z 3  3
3  2 2 2  8   z   z 2 
2 3
 1  1         ....  1        .....
z  z  z   z   3   3   3  
3  ( 1 )n 2 n 8  ( 1 )n z n
f ( z ) 1    .
z n 0 z n 3 n  0 3n
z2
22. Find the residues of f ( x)  at its isolated singularities using
z  12 z  22
Laurent’s series expansions. Also state the valid region.
Solution:

Chennai – 130
z2
Given: f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2
A B C D
     (1)
z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2 ( z  2) 2
z 2  A( z  1)( z  2) 2  B( z  2) 2  C ( z  2)( z  1) 2  D( z  1) 2
put z  1, we get
1  9B
1
B
9
put z   2, we get
4  9D
4
D
9
equating the coefficien t of z 3 , we get
0  AC
 A  C  C   A
put z  0, we get
0  4 A  4 B  2C  D
1 4
 0  4 A  4   2( A) 
9 9
8
 0  6 A 
9
8 4 4
 6A   A  C 
9 27 27
4 1 1 1 4 1 4 1
 (1)  f ( z )    
27 z  1 9 z  1 27 z  2 9 ( z  2) 2
2
Both z 1, z   2 are isolated singularit ies of f ( z )

To find the residue of f ( z ) at z  1,
we have, f ( z ) in series of powers of ( z  1), valid in 0  z  1  r
4 1 1 1 4 1 4 1
f ( z)    
27 z  1 9 z  12 27 ( z  1)  3 9 ( z  1)  32

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1 2
4 1 1 1 4  z  1 4  z  1
   1   1
27 z  1 9  z  12 81  3  
81  3 
n n
4 1 1 1 4  n  z 1 4   z 1
    ( 1)     (1) n   (n  1)  ( 2)
27 z  1 9  z  12 81 n  0  3  81 n  0  3 
z 1
expansion isvalid if  1 i.e., z  1  3
3
1 4
[ Residue of f ( z ) at z  1]  Co  efficient of in (2) 
z 1 27
z 1
The validity of the region is  1 i.e.,0  z  1  3
3
To find the residue of f ( z ) at z  2, we have,toexpand f ( z )
in series of powers of ( z  2), valid is 0  z  2  r
4 1 1 1 4 1 4 1
f ( z)    
27 ( z  2)  3 9 [( z  2)  3]2 27 z  2 9 ( z  2) 2
1 2
 4  z  2 1  z  2 4 1 4 1
 1  1   ........(3)
81  3  81  3  27 z  2 9 ( z  2) 2
z2
expansion is valid if 1
3
1 4
[ Residue of f ( z ) at z  2]  Co  efficient of in (3)  
z2 27
The validity of the region is 0  z  2  3
z
23. Expand as a Laurent’s series the function f ( z )  in the regions (1) |z| < 1,
z  3z  2
2
(2) 1 < |z| < 2, (3) |z| > 2.

Solution:
z z
Given f ( z )  2 
z  3z  2 ( z  1)( z  2)
1
Given that f ( z )  in | z | 1, 1 | z | 2 and | z | 2
( z  1)( z  2)
1 A B
   (1)
z  1z  2 z  1 z  2
1  Az  2  Bz  1

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Put z  1, we get
1  A1  2   B0   A  1
Put z  2, we get
1  A0   B1
B 1
1 1 1
(1)  f ( z )   
z  1z  2 z 1 z  2
(i) | z | 1 i.e., | z | 1
1
1  z
 1  z 
1 1 1
f ( z)    1  
1  z   z
 21  
2  2
 2
 
1 z z 
2
 1  z   z 2  z 3  .....  1        .....
2   2   2  
1 3z 3z 2
    .............
2 4 4
(ii ) 1 | z | 2
1
Let 1 | z |  1
|z|
|z|
| z | 2  1
2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 z
f ( z)      1    1  
 1  z z z 2 2
z 1    21  
 z  2
1  1 
2 3 2
1 1 1 z z
  1         ....   1      ... 
z  z z z  2
  2 2 

valid in the region 1 | z | 2.

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(iii ) Given | z | 2 i.e., 2 | z |
2 1
1 1
z z
1 1
1 1  1
1 1  2
f ( z)      1    1  
 1  2 z  z z  z
z 1   z  z  
 z  z
1   1   1   1   1   2   2 2 
2 3
  
      
1   .....  1        .....
z   z   z   z   z   z   z  
1 3 7
 2  3  4  ....
z z z
2
cos 3
24. Evaluate  5  4 cos  d using contour integration.
0
Solution:
cos 3
Let I  d
5  4 cos 
Consider the unit circle z  1 as contour C.
z  ei , then  ei and dz  ie i d

1
Put
z
1
z 2
d 
dz
, and cos   z  z 1
iz 2 2z
z 3  ei3  cos 3  i sin 3
cos 3  R.P of z 3
dz
z3
 I  R.P of  iz
 z2  1
C 5  4 
 2z 
 
1 z 3dz
i  5z  2 z 2  2
 R.P of
C
 1  z3
 R.P of    2
 i  C 2 z  5z  2

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z3
Let f ( z) 
2 z 2  5z  2
 1 
 I  R.P of    f ( z )dz
 i C
The poles of f(z) are given by
2 z 2  5z  2  0
 2z2  4z  z  2  0
 2 z ( z  2)  ( z  2)  0
 (2 z  1)( z  2)  0
2z 1  0 and z2 0
1
z and z  2
2
which are simple poles
 1
2z 2  5 z  2  2 z  z  2
 2
C is the contour z  1
1 1 1
 z  z   1  z  lies inside C
2 2 2
and z  2  z  2  1  z  2 lies outside C.
1  1
Now R   lim  z   f ( z )
 2  z 1 2
2
 1 2
 z  z
 lim 
2
z  2
1 1
2 
z  ( z  2)
 2
1
z3 8 1
 lim  
z  2 z  2  2
1 1  24
2   1
2 
by Cauchy' s residue theorem,
1  1  i
 f(z)dz  2 i R 2   2 i   24    12
C    
 1    i  
I  R.P of    
 i  12  12

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2
d
25. Evaluate:  .
0 13  5 sin 
Solution:
Formula :
1  1 1  1
z  e i cos   z  sin   z 
2  z 2i  z
1  z 2  1 1  z 2  1
dz  ie i d      
2  z  2i  z 
1 z2 1 z 2 1
d  dz  
iz 2z 2 zi
 z 2  1 26iz  5 z 2  5 5 z 2  26iz  5
13  5 sin   13  5  
 2iz  2iz 2iz
1 2iz 1
  dz, where C is | z |  1.
13  5 sin  C 5( z 2  26 i
z  1) iz
5
2 2z
 dz   f ( z )dz  2i [ Sum of the residues ]
C 5 (z2 
26i
z  1) C
5
( By Cauchy ' s Re sidue theorem )
2 1 2 1 
f(z)  
5 ( z 2  26i z  1 ) 5  ( z  a )( z  b ) 
5
26i
Consider , z 2  z 1  0
5
 5 z 2  26iz  5  0
where
 26i  ( 26i )2  4( 5 )( 5 )  26i   676  100  26i  24i
z  
2( 5 ) 10 10
 26i  24i  26i  24i
z or
10 10
i
z ( or )  5i
5
i
Let a  , | a | 1, z  a is a simple pole lies inside C, |z| = 1
5
b  5i , | b | 1, z  b is a simple pole lies outside C, |z| = 1

Chennai – 130
Re s f ( z ), z  a   lim ( z  a ) f ( z )
z a
2 1  2 1
 lim ( z  a ) 
z a  5 ( z  a )( z  b )  5 a  b
i i 24i 1 5
a b   ( 5i )   5i   
5 5 5 a  b 24i
Re s f ( z ), z  a  
2 5 1

5 24i 12i
By Cauchy' s residue theorem
 f ( z )dx  2isum of the resiues 
C
 1  
 2i    .
12i  6
2
cos 2
26. Evaluate  5  4 cos  d , using contour integration.
0
Solution:
Let
1
z  ei  dz  ie i d  dz  izd  d  dz
iz
1  1  1  z 2  1 z 2  1
cos   z   
2  z  2  z  2z
1  1  1  z 2  1  z 2  1
sin   z    
2i  z  2i  z   2iz 
 
2
z 2  ei  e2i   cos 2  i sin 2
Re( z 2 )  cos 2
 z 2  1  10 z  4 z 2  4 2 z 2  5 z  2
5  4 cos   5  4   
 2 z  2z z
1 z z
  2 
5  4 cos  2 z  5 z  2  5 
2  z 2  z  1
 2 
 
2
cos 2  z 1
 d  Re  z 2
  dz, where C is z  1
0 5  4 cos  C  2  z 2  5 z  1  iz
  2



Chennai – 130
 
1  z 2 
 Re    dz  Re  f ( z )dz
C 2!   z 2  5 z  1  C
  2


 Re 2 i[ sum of the residues]...............(1)
[ By Cauchy ' s residue theorem]
 
1  z 2  1 z2 
where f ( z )     
2!   2 5   2!  ( z   )( z   ) 
 
  
z z 1
2 
5
Consider , z 2  z  1  0
2
 2z 2  5z  2  0
5  (5) 2  4(2)(2) 5  25  16 5  3
z  
2(2) 4 4
5  3 5  3
z (or )
4 4
1
i.e., z   (or ) 2
2
1
Let      1, z   is a simple pole lies inside C , z  1
2
  2,   1, z   is a simple pole lies outside C , z  1
Re s f ( z )  1 z2 
  Lt ( z   ) f ( z )  Lt ( z   )  
at z    z  z   2i ( z   )( z   ) 
1  2 
   ..................(2)
2!     
2
 1  1
2    
 2  4

Chennai – 130
1 1 3
      (2)    2 
2 2 2
1
 2  
 1  2  1
       
4
    3   4  3  6
 
2
Re s f ( z )  1  1  1
(2)   
at z    2i  6  12i
2
cos 2   1    
(1)   d  Re 2 i     Re   
0 5  4 cos   12i   6 6
2
d
27. Evaluate  by using contour integration.
0 13  12 cos 
Solution:
Formula :
1  1 1  1
z  e i cos   z  sin   z 
2  z 2i  z
1  z 2  1 1  z 2  1
dz  ie i d      
2  z  2i  z 
1 z2 1 z 2 1
d  dz  
iz 2z 2 zi
 z 2  1 13z  6 z 2  6 6 z 2  13z  6
13  12 cos   13  12  
 2 z  z z
1 z 1
  dz, where C is | z |  1.
13  12 cos  C 2 13 iz
6( z  z  1)
6
1 z
C 6i ( z 2 
13
z  1) C
6
where

Chennai – 130
1 1 1 1 
f ( z)   
6i ( z 2  13 z  1) 6i  ( z  a)( z  b) 
6
13
Consider , z 2  z  1  0
6
 6 z 2  13 z  6  0
 13  (13) 2  4(6)(6)  13  169  144  13  5
z  
2(6) 12 12
 13  5  13  5
z or
12 12
8 18
z (or ) 
12 12
2 3
z (or ) 
3 2
2
3
3
b , | b | 1, z  b is a simple pole lies outside C, |z| = 1
2
Re s f ( z ), z  a   lim ( z  a ) f ( z )
z a
1 1  1 1
 lim ( z  a )  
z a  6i ( z  a )( z  b)  6i a  b
2 3 2 3 49 5 1 6
a b        
3 2 3 2 6 6 a b 5
Re s f ( z ), z  a  
1 6 1

6i 5 5i
By Cauchy ' s residue theorem
C
 1  2
 2i    .
 5i  5
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
28. Evaluate 0 2+cos 𝜃
by contour integration.
1
Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝜃 ; 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑧

Chennai – 130
1 1 1 𝑧2 + 1 1 1 1 𝑧2 − 1
cos 𝜃 = 𝑧 + = ; sin 𝜃 = 𝑧− =
2 𝑧 2 𝑧 2𝑖 𝑧 2𝑖 𝑧
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝑧
= 2
2 + cos 𝜃 1 𝑧 + 1 𝑖𝑧
0 𝑐 2+2 𝑧
2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
= 2
=
𝑐 4𝑧 + 𝑧 + 1 𝑖𝑧 𝑖 𝑐 𝑧2 + 4𝑧 + 1
−4 ± 16 − 4
𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 1 = 0 ; 𝑧 = = −2 ± 3
2
Let 𝛼 = −2 + 3 = −2 + 1.7321 = −0.268 is a simple pole which lies inside c.

𝛽 = −2 − 3 = −2 − 1.7321 = −3.7321 is a simple pole which lies outside c.
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝑧
=
0 2 + cos 𝜃 𝑖 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝛼 (𝑧 − 𝛽)
1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝛼 = lim 𝑧 − 𝛼 = lim =
𝑧→𝛼 𝑧−𝛼 𝑧−𝛽 𝑧→𝛼 𝑧 − 𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
1 1
= =
−2 + 3 − (−2 − 3) 2 3
Hence by Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

𝑑𝑧
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = = 2𝜋𝑖
𝑐 𝑐 𝑧−𝛼 𝑧−𝛽
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 2 𝜋𝑖 2𝜋
= =
0 2 + cos 𝜃 𝑖 3 3
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
29. Using contour integration evaluate 0 13+5 sin 𝜃
1
Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝜃 ; 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1 1 1 𝑧2 + 1 1 1 1 𝑧2 − 1
cos 𝜃 = 𝑧+ = ; sin 𝜃 = 𝑧− =
2 𝑧 2 𝑧 2𝑖 𝑧 2𝑖 𝑧

Chennai – 130
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 1 1
0 13+5 sin 𝜃
= 𝑐 13+5 1 𝑧 2 −1 𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧
2𝑖 𝑧
2𝑖𝑧 1 2
= 𝑐 26𝑖𝑧+5𝑧 2 −5 𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐 5 𝑧 2 +26 𝑖𝑧−1
𝑑𝑧
5
2 1
= 𝑑𝑧
5 𝑐 𝑧2 +
26
𝑖𝑧 − 1
5
26
But 𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝑧 − 1 = 0
5
2
26 2626 24
− 𝑖± 𝑖 𝑖± 𝑖 +4 −
5 5
𝑧= = 5 5
2 2
13 12 𝑖
= − 𝑖 ± 𝑖 = −5𝑖, −
5 5 5
Let 𝛼 = −5𝑖 is a simple pole which lies outside C.

𝑖
𝛽 = − 5 is a simple pole which lies inside C.
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝑧
=
0 13 + 5 sin 𝜃 5 𝑐 𝑧−𝛼 𝑧−𝛽
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝛽 = lim 𝑧 − 𝛽 𝑓 𝑧
𝑧→𝛽
1 1
= lim 𝑧 − 𝛽 =
𝑧→𝛽 𝑧−𝛼 𝑧−𝛽 𝛽−𝛼
1 5 5
= = =
−𝑖 −𝑖 + 25𝑖 24𝑖
− (−5𝑖)
5
Hence by Cauchy’s residue theorem
𝑑𝑧
𝑐
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = = 2𝜋𝑖 [Sum of the Residues]
𝑧−𝛼 𝑧−𝛽
5 5
= 2𝜋𝑖 = 12 𝜋
24𝑖
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 2 5 𝜋
= 𝜋 =
0 13 + 5 sin 𝜃 5 12 6

Chennai – 130
2
sin 2 
30. Evaluate  d , a  b  0.
0 a  b cos 
Solution:
Let z  ei
dz  ie i d
 izd
1
d  dz
iz
1  1  1  z 2  1 1  1  1  z 2  1
cos   z     sin   z   
2  z  2  z  2i  z  2i  z 
sin 2  
1  cos 2
 R.P
1 z2  
2 2
2
sin 2  1 1 z2 1
 a  b cos  d  R.P 2   z  1 iz
2
dz
0 C
a  b 
 2 z 
where C is z  1
1 1 z2
 R.P.  2 dz
i C bz  2az  b
1 1 z2
 R.P.  dz  (1)
bi C z 2  2a z  1
b
2a
z2  z 1  0
b
2a 4a 2 2a a 2  b2
   4  2
b b2  a  a 2  b2
z  b b 
2 2 b
 a  a 2  b2  a  a2  b2
i.e., z  and z 
b b
 a  a2  b2  a  a2  b2
Let   and 
b b
 a  a 2  b2  a  a 2  b2 2 a 2  b2
   
b b
Given : a  b  0 Let a  2, b  1

Chennai – 130

Chennai – 130
 2  4 1
z  2  3  2  1.732  0.268
1
lies inside c
 2  4 1
z  2  3  2  1.732  3.732 lies outside c
1
 z  a lies inside c
Re s[ f ( z ),  ]  Lt ( z   ) f ( z )
z 
1 z2
 lim ( z   )
z  ( z   )( z   )
1 z2
 lim
z  z  
1 z2
 ...................( 2)
 
2
 a  a2  b2  a 2  a 2  b 2  2a a 2  b 2
2    
 b  b2
 
2a 2  b 2  2a a 2  b 2

b2
2a 2  b 2  2a a 2  b 2
1 2  1
b2
b 2  2a 2  b 2  2a a 2  b 2

b2
2 a 2  b 2  a 2  b 2  a 
2b 2  2a 2  2a a 2  b 2  
 
b2 b2
2 a 2  b 2  a  a 2  b 2 
   
b2 a  a2  b2
( 2)   
2 a2  b2 b
b
Hence, by Cauchy ' s residue theorem
 f ( z )dz  2isum of the residues 

C
a  a2  b2 
 2 i  
 b 
 

Chennai – 130
2  a  a 2  b 2  2
sin 2  1 a  a 2  b 2 
 (1)   a  b cos  d  R.P
bi
2 i 
 b

 b 
2 
0  
2
d
31. Evaluate:  .
0 13  5 cos 
Solution:
Formula :
1  1 1  1
z  e i cos   z  sin   z 
2  z 2i  z
i 1  z 2  1 1  z 2  1
dz  ie d      
2  z  2i  z 
1 z2 1 z 2 1
d  dz  
iz 2z 2 zi
 z 2  1 26 z  5 z 2  5 5 z 2  26 z  5
13  5 cos   13  5  
 2 z  2z 2z
1 2z 1
  dz, where C is | z |  1.
13  5 cos  C 5( z 2  26
z  1) iz
5
2 2z
C 5i ( z 2 
26
z  1) C
5
where

Chennai – 130
2 1 2 1 
f ( z)   
5i ( z 2  26 z  1) 5i  ( z  a)( z  b) 
5
26
Consider , z 2  z 1  0
5
 5 z 2  26 z  5  0
 26  (26) 2  4(5)(5)  26  676  100  26  24
z  
2(5) 10 10
 26  24  26  24
z or
10 10
1
z (or )  5
5
1
5
b  5, | b | 1, z  b is a simple pole lies outside C, |z| = 1
Re s f ( z ), z  a   lim ( z  a ) f ( z )
z a
2 1  2 1
 lim ( z  a )  
z a  5i ( z  a )( z  b)  5i a  b
1 1 24 1 5
a b   (5)  5  
5 5 5 a  b 24
Re s f ( z ), z  a  
2 5 1

5i 24 12i
By Cauchy ' s residue theorem
C
 1  
 2i    .
12i  6
 x 2 dx
32. Evaluate 
0 x 2

 9 x2  4  using contour integration.
Solution:

1 
x 2 dx x 2 dx
Let  2

0 x 9 x 4
2

  2
2  x  9 x 2  4    
1 z2
Consider,  f ( z ) dz   2
C 
2 C z  9 z2  4  
dx, where C is the upper half of the semi-circle  with
the bounding diameter  R , R.

Chennai – 130
R
Now,  f ( z ) dz   f ( x ) dx   f ( z ) dz  (1 )
C R 
when R   ,  f ( z ) dz  0


Now,  f ( z ) dz   f ( x ) dx
C 

i .e.,  f ( x ) dx   f ( z ) dz  2i sum of the residues 
 C
by Cauchy' s residue theorem 
1 z2 1 z2
where f ( z ) 
 


2 z 2  9 z 2  4 2 z  3i z  3i  z  2i z  2i 
The poles of f(z) are the solution of z  3i z  3i z  2i z  2i  = 0
i.e., z = 3i is a simple pole lies inside 
i.e., z = 2i is a simple pole lies inside 
i.e., z = - 3i is a simple pole lies outside 
i.e., z = -2i is a simple pole lies outside 
Re s f ( z ), z  3i   lim ( z  3i ) f ( z )
z 3i
1 z2  1 3i 2 3
 lim ( z  3i )  
z 3i  2  z  3i z  3i z  2i z  2i   2 6i 5i i  20i
Re s f ( z ), z  2i   lim ( z  2i ) f ( z )
z  2i
1
 lim ( z  2i )
z2  1  3i 2 1
 
z  2i  2  z  3i z  3i  z  2i  z  2i   2  i 5i 4i  10i
By Cauchy' s residue theorem
C
 3 1   1  
 2i     2i   
 20i 10i   20i  10


 f ( x) dx  10 .
0

Chennai – 130

cos mx
33. Evaluate 0 x 2  a 2 dx, using contour integration.
Solution:
 
cos mx 1 cos mx  cos mx 
Let I   dx   dx  is an even function of x
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 x  a 2
 x  a  x  a 
eimz
Consider the integral  z 2  a 2 dz,
C
Where C is a simple closed curve consisting of the real axis from –R to R and the upper
semi-circle S, z  R taken in the anticlockwise sense and R is large.
eimz
Let f ( z ) 
z2  a2
R
Then  F ( z )dz   F ( x) dx   F ( z ) dz.............(1)
C R S
we shall evaluate  F ( z ) dz.
C
The poles of F ( z ) are given by z 2  a 2  0  z  ia which are simple poles .

Since a  0, z  ai only lies inside C.
R(ai)  lim ( z  ai) F ( z )
z ai
eimz eimz eim(ia) e  ma

 lim ( z  ai )  lim   .
z  ai ( z  ai )( z  ai ) z  ai z  ia ai  ai 2ai
By Cauchy ' s residue theorem ,
e  ma   ma
 F ( z ) dz  2 i R(ai)  2 i 2ia
 e
a
.
C
R

From (1) we get  f ( x)dx   F ( z ) dz  e  ma
R S a
By jordan' s lemma,  F ( z ) dz  0 as R  
S
R

 lim  f ( x) dx  e  ma
R   R a


 ma
  f ( x) dx  a e

1    ma
 I  . e  ma  e .
2 a 2a

Chennai – 130
 dx
34. Evaluate by using contour integration  .
0 (1  x2 )2
Solution:
 dx 1  dx
Given   
0 (1  x2 )2 2   (1  x 2 ) 2
Consider,
1 1
 f ( z )dz   2 dz where C is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the
C 2 C ( z  1) 2
boundary diameter [-R, R]
R
Now,  f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz (1)
C R 
When R  ,  f ( z )dz  0


(1)   f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx
C 

 f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz 2i [ sum of the residues ] ( By Cauchy ' s Re sidue theorem )
 C
1 1 1 1
where f ( z )  
2 ( z 2  1) 2 2 ( z  i)( z  i)2
The poles of f(z) are the solutions of ( z  i)( z  i) = 0

2
z = -i is a pole of order 2 which lies outside Γ

z = i is a pole of order 2 which lies inside Γ

Re s f ( z ) at z  i  Lt 1 d ( z  i) 2 f ( z )
z i 1! dz

1 d  1 
 Lt ( z  i )
2

z i 1! dz  2[ z  i ]2 [ z  i ]2 
1 d  1  1  2  1 1
 Lt    Lt   
z i 1! dz  2( z  i )  z i 2  ( z  i )  ( 2i )
2 3 3 8i
 1 
f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz 2i   
 C  8i  4
 
Hence,  f ( x)dx  .
 4

Chennai – 130

x2
x   dx, a  0, b  0.
35. Evaluate 
0
2
 a2 x2  b2
Solution:

x2
Let f ( x)   x 2  a 2 x 2  b 2 
0
Then f ( x)  f ( x)  f(x) is even function of x
   
1
  f ( x)dx  2  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
2  f ( x)dx
 0 0 
f (x) is a rational function with degree of Dr. 2 more that degree of Nr. And Dr ≠ 0 for any x.
z 2 dz
Consider  z 2  a 2 z 2  b 2 , where C is thesimple closed
C
Contour consisting of the real axis from –R to R and the upper semi-circle S : z  R taken in the
anticlockwise sense and R is large.
z2
Let f ( z ) 
z 2  a 2 z 2  b 2 
R
Then  f ( z)dz   f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz......(1)
C R S
We shall evaluate  f ( z)dz

C
The poles of f (z ) are given by
z 2  a 2 z 2  b 2   0
 z   a i, z  b i
Which are simple poles.
Since a  0,b  0, z  ia, z  ib lie inside C.
Now R(ia )  lim z  a i  f ( z)
z  at

Chennai – 130
z2
z  ai z  ai z 2  b 2 
 lim ( z  ai )
z  at
z2
 lim
z  at  z  ai  z 2  a 2  
a 2i 2 a
ai  ai a 2i 2  b 2   
 
2i b 2  a 2
b b
Similarly , R(ib ) 

2i a  b 2 2
 2i b

2
 a2 
So, By Cauchy ' s residue theorem
 
    
a b
C
f ( z ) dz  2 i R ( a i )  R (b i )  2 i 



2i b 2
 a 2

2i b 2
 a2

   
 ba  
 2 
2 ba
b  a 
R

 from (1), we get  f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz 
R S ba
z.z 2
lim zf ( z )  lim
But
 a 2 z 2  b2
z  z  z 2
 
1
 lim 0
z   a 2 
b 2
z 1  1  
 z  z 

So, by Cauchy' s lemma  f(z)dz  0 as R  
S

R
 
lim  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx 
R   R ab  ba

1 
 f ( x)dx  2 (a  b)
0

cos x
36. Evaluate 
0 x 2

 a 2 x2  b2  dx, a  0, b  0 using contour integration given a > b > 0.
Solution:

cos x
Let f(x) 
0 x 2

 a2 x2  b2  dx, a  0, b  0

Chennai – 130

cos x 1  cos x

0 x 2
 a2 x2  b2  dx  

2  x  a 2 x 2  b2
2
dx
 

1 e 1 imx

2
R.P  2

 x  a x  b
2 2 2
dx 

 f ( x ) dx
2  

1 eimx
Let us consider, R.P  f ( z )dz  R.P  2
C 2  x  a x  b
2 2 2
dx
  
where C consists of the semi-circle  :| z | R and the bounding diameter [-R, R]
R
Now,  f ( z )dz  R.P  f ( x )dx   f ( z )dz  (1 )
C R 
So, by Cauchy' s lemma  f(z)dz  0 as R  


(1)   f(z)dz   f(x)dx
C 

i .e.,  f(x)dx   f(z)dz
 C
By Cauchy ' s Re sidue theorem

 f ( x)dx  R.P  f ( z )dz  R.P2i [ sum of the residues ]  (2)
 C
1 eimx
where f ( z ) 

2 z 2  a 2 z 2  b2  
1 eimx

2  z  ia z  ia z  ib z  ib 
z  ai, bi is a pole of order 2 which lies inside 
z  ai,  bi is a pole of order 2 which lies outside 
Now Re s f ( z ) at z  ai   Rai   lim z  a i  f ( z )
z ai
1 eimz
 lim ( z  ai)
2 z ai  z  ai  z  ai  z 2  b2  
1 eimz

 
lim
2 z ai  z  ai  z 2  b 2
1 eimai e ma
 

2  ai  ai  a 2i 2  b 2 
4ai a 2  b 2  

Chennai – 130
1 e mb e mb
R(ib)  
   
Similarly,
2 2ai a 2  b 2 4bi b 2  a 2
So, By Cauchy ' s residue theorem
  
 e ma e mb 
 f ( z )dz  R.P  2 i  R(a i )  R(b i )   R.P  2 i  
C 
 

4ai a 2  b 2 4bi b 2  a 2      
 
  
e ma e mb
 R.P  2 i   



 4ai a 2  b 2
 
4bi a 2  b 2     
 
  e mb e mb  
 R.P  2 i
1
  


4i a  b 2
2
   b a  


cos mx  1  e  mb e  ma 
 dx     .
0 x 2
 a2  x 2
 b2  
2 a 2  b2   b a 
 dx
37. Evaluate by using contour integration  .
0( a
2
 x 2 )2
Solution:
 dx 1  dx
Given   
0( a
2
 x 2 )2 2   ( a  x 2 )2
2
Consider,
1 1
 f ( z )dz   2 dz where C is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the
C 2 C ( z  a 2 )2
boundary diameter [-R, R]
R
Now,  f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz (1)
C R 
When R  ,  f ( z )dz  0


(1)   f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx
C 

 f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz 2i [ sum of the residues ] ( By Cauchy ' s Re sidue theorem )
 C
1 1 1 1
where f ( z )  
2(z a )
2 2 2 2 ( z  ia )( z  ia )2

Chennai – 130
The poles of f(z) are the solutions of ( z  ia )( z  ia )2 = 0

z = -ai is a pole of order 2 which lies outside Γ
z = ai is a pole of order 2 which lies inside Γ
Re s f ( z ) at z  ia  Lt 1 d ( z  ia )2 f ( z )
z ia 1! dz
 
1 d  1 
 Lt ( z  ia )
2

z ia 1! dz  2[ z  ia ] 2 [ z  ia ] 2 
1 d  1  1  2  1 1
 Lt    Lt    3
z ia 1! dz  2( z  ia )  z ia 2  ( z  ia )  ( 2ia )
2 3 3
8a i
  1  
 f ( x )dx   f ( z )dz 2i  3  
 C  8a i  4a 3
 
Hence ,  f ( x )dx  .
 4a 3

x sin mx
 dx where a  0, m  0
38. Evaluate 0 x2  a2 .
Solution:

x sin mx 1  x sin mx  x sin mx 
Let I   dx   dx  x 2  a 2 is an even function of x
0 x a2 2 2  x 2  a 2  
z eimz
Consider the integral, I.P  dz,
z2  a2 C
where C is a simple closed curve consisting of the real axis from –R to R and the upper semi-
circle S, z  R taken in the anticlockwise sense and R is large.
zeimz
Let f ( z ) 
z2  a2
R
Then  F ( z )dz   F ( x) dx   F ( z ) dz.............(1)
C R S
we shall evaluate  F ( z ) dz.
C
The poles of F ( z ) are given by z 2  a 2  0  z  ia which are simple poles .

Since a  0, z  ai only lies inside C.
R(ai )  lim ( z  ai ) F ( z )
z ai

Chennai – 130
zeimz aie imz aie im(ia) e  ma

 lim ( z  ai )  lim   .
z ai ( z  ai )( z  ai ) z ai z  ia ai  ai 2
By Cauchy ' s residue theorem ,
 ma e ma
 F ( z ) dz  2 i R(ai)  2 i 2   i e .
C
R
From (1) we get  f ( x)dx   F ( z ) dz   i e  ma
R S
By jordan' s lemma,  F ( z ) dz  0 as R  
S
R
 lim  f ( x) dx   i e  ma
R   R

 ma
  f ( x) dx   i e

1  i  ma
 I  . i e  ma  e .
2 2

x sin mx 
Equating imaginary parts, we get  dx  e  ma .
0 x a
2 2 2

x2
39. Evaluate using contour integration 
 
dx
2 2
 x  1
Solution:
z2
Consider  f ( z )dz   ( z 2  1)2 dz where c is the upper half of the semi-circle  with the
C C
bounding diameter  R, R
R
Now, we have  f ( z )dz   f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz
C R 
The poles of f (z ) are the solution of z 2  1  0  2

 ( z  i )( z  i )2  0
 z  i, z  i
z  i is a pole of order 2 lies inside Γ
z  i is a pole of order 2 lies outside Γ

Chennai – 130
Res  f ( z ), i   lim
1 d
z i 1! dz

( z  i) 2 f ( z ) 
d  z2 
 lim z  12 
z i dz 
 z  i z  i 2 
d  z2 
 lim  
z  i dz   z  i 2 
 
 lim
z  i 2 (2 z )  z 2 2( z  i)
z i ( z  i) 4
( z  i )2 z  2 z 2
 lim
z i ( z  i)3
2 z 2  2 zi  2 z 3
 lim
( z  i )3
z i
2 zi 2 2 1
 lim   
z i ( z  i ) 3
(2i ) 3  8i 4i
by Cauchy ' s residue theorem ,
 f ( z )dz  2i[sum of the residues ]

C
 1  2 
 2 i    
 4i  4 2
R

i.e.,  f ( x)dx   f ( z )dz 
2
R 
If R  , then  f ( z )dz  0
C

x2 
  dx 

2
 x  1 
2 2

x2  x  2 5
40. Show that  dx  .
 x  10 x  9
4 2 12
Solution:
Given
 
x2  x  2 x2  x  2
 dx   dx
 x 4  10 x 2  9  ( x
2
 1)( x 2  9)

Chennai – 130
The integrand is a rational function with degree of Dr. two more than the degree of Nr. and Dr.
 0 for any real x.
z2  z  2
Consider  ( z 2  1)( z 2  9) dz, where C is the simple closed curve consisting of the real axis
C
from –R to R and the upper semi-circle S : z  R taken in the anticlockwise sense and R is large.
z2  z  2
Let f ( z) 
( z 2  1)( z 2  9)
R
Then  f ( z )dz   f ( x) dx   f ( z )dz  (1)
C R S
we shall evaluate  f ( z ) dz.
C
The poles of f ( z ) are given by ( z 2  1)( z 2  9)  0

 z   i, z  3 i,
which are simple poles .
But only z  i and z  3i lie outside C.
Now, R(i )  lim ( z  i ) f ( z )
z i
( z  i )[ z 2  z  2]
 lim
z i ( z  i )( z  i )( z 2  9)
[ z 2  z  2] i2  i  2 1 i  2 1 i
 lim   
( z  i )( z  9) 2i (i  9)
z i 2 2 2i (1  9) 16i
R(3i )  lim ( z  3i ) f ( z )
z 3i
( z  3i )( z 2  z  2) ( z 2  z  2)
 lim  lim
z 3i ( z 2  1)( z  3i )( z  3i ) z 3i ( z 2  1)( z  3i )
(3i ) 2  3i  2  9  3i  2 7  3i
  
((3i ) 2  1)(3i  3i ) (9  1)6i 48i
by Cauchy ' s residue theorem ,
 f ( z )dz  2 i[ R(i )  R(3i )]
C
1  i 7  3i  2 3(1  i )  7  3i 
 2 i   
 16i 48i  48
 10 5
 
24 12

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Agni college of Technology

2. Define Essential singularity

3. Define Removable singularity

4. State Cauchy’s integral theorem.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

9. State Cauchy’s residue theorem.

 f ( z)dz  2i [sum of the residues of

10. State Cauchy’s integral theorem.

12. State Taylor’s series.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

15. Expand 𝑒 𝑧 in a Taylors series about z = 0.

∴ Taylors series about z = 0 is

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

18. Find the residue of 1  e

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

19. Find the residue of the function f ( z )  4 at a simple pole.

20. Find the residue of ze2 / z at z  0.

Re s f ( z ), 0  Co  efficient of in Laurent' s exp ansion

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

29. Expand f ( z )  1 z 2 as a Taylor series about the points z = 2.

f ' ( z )  2 z 3 f ' (2)  1 / 4

f ' ' ( z )  6 z 4 f ' ' (2)  3 / 8

30. Evaluate the residue of f ( z )  tan z at its singularities.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

 tan z dz  2 i R1  R2  2 i  1  1  4 i

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Put z  1 we get put z  2, we get Equating z 2 on bothsides

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Hence, by Cauchy' s integral formula

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

z  1  i 3 lies inside of order 2.

byCauchy ' s Integral formula

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

 2i sec 2 a / 2  i sec 2 a / 2

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

z  2 is a simple pole lies outside c

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

If z  1, then z  1  3 and if z  2, then z  2  2  3

 z  1, z  2 lie inside C. Here f(z)  sinπ z 2  cos π z 2 is analytic on and inside C.

i.e., z   (1  i)  2 is a circle whose centre is  (1  i) and radius is 2.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

z 2  2 z  5  z  (1  2i )z  (1  2i )

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

18. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

19. Evaluate f ( z )  1 in Laurent series valid for the regions z  3 and

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

20. Expand the function f ( z )  z2 1 in Laurent’s series for z  3.

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

Both z 1, z   2 are isolated singularit ies of f ( z )

Prepared by Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Chennai - 130

(2) 1 < |z| < 2, (3) |z| > 2.