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EXPERIMENT -10
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

AIM: TO STUDY TIME DIVISION MULTILPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING.

APPARATUS:

• Data generator using IC7400

• 8 to 1 MUX using 74LS15174LS151
• 3 Bit address generator IC74163
• 1 to 8 DEMUX using IC74138
• Clock generation using IC555
• MATLAB software2017

• KIT SCINTECH ST 2102

OBJECTIVES
• To generate and plot a sine wave
• To generate and plot a sine wave
• To generate and plot a sine wave
• To multiplex the generated signals and plot its figure
• to de-multiplex each signal and plot its figure

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THEORY:

MULTIPLEXING
The term “Multiplexing” is one kind of technique for combining multiple signals like analog as well
as digital into one signal over a channel. This technique is applicable in telecommunications as
well as computer networks.

Figure 10.1

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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
The Time division multiplexing (or) TDM is one kind of method for transmitting a signal over a
channel of particular communication with separating the time edge into slots. Like single slot is used
for each message signal.

Figure 10.2

TDM is mainly useful for signals, in which several channels with low speed are multiplexed into high-
speed channels used for transmission. Depending on the time, every low-speed channel will be
assigned to an exact position, wherever it works in the mode of synchronized. Both the ends of MUX
and DEMUX are synchronized timely & at the same time switch toward the next channel.
Types of Time Division Multiplexing

The different types of TDM include the following.

• Synchronous TDM
• Asynchronous TDM

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SYNCHRONOUS TDM

Time slots are preassigned and are fixed. Each source is given its time slot at every turn due to it.
This turn may be once per cycle, or several turns per cycle, if it has a high data transfer rate, or
maybe once in a no. of cycles if it is slow. This slot is given even if the source is not ready with data.
So, this slot is transmitted empty.

Figure 10.3

INTERLEAVING

The TDM can be imagined like two speedy rotary switches on the multiplexing & demultiplexing
surface. These switches can be rotated & synchronized in reverse directions. Once the
switch releases at the surface of multiplexer ahead of a connection, then it has a chance of sending
a unit into the lane. Similarly, once the switch releases at the surface of de-multiplexer ahead of a
connection a chance to receiving a unit from the lane. This procedure is named as interleaving.

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ASYNCHRONOUS TDM

In this method, slots are not fixed. They are allotted dynamically depending on speed of sources,
and whether they are ready for transmission.

Figure 10.4

Bit stuffing is the insertion of non-information bits into data. Note that stuffed bits should not be
confused with overhead bits. Overhead bits are non-data bits that are necessary for transmission
(usually as part of headers, checksums etc.).

Figure 10.5

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APPLICATIONS OF BIT STUFFING –

1. Synchronize several channels before multiplexing

2. Rate-match two single channels to each other
3. Run length limited coding

DISADVANTAGES OF BIT STUFFING –

The code rate is unpredictable; it depends on the data being transmitted.

Example of bit stuffing –
Bit sequence: 110101111101011111101011111110 (without bit stuffing)
Bit sequence: 110101111100101111101010111110110 (with bit stuffing)
After 5 consecutive 1-bits, a 0-bit is stuffed. Stuffed bits are marked bold.

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Parameter Synchronous TDM
Working In Synchronous TDM data flow of
each input connection is divided
into units and each input occupies
one output time slot.
No. of Slots In Synchronous TDM no. of slots in
each frame are equal to no. of input
lines.
Buffers Buffering is not done, frame is sent
after a particular interval of time
whether someone has data to send
or not.
Addressing Slots in Synchronous TDM carry data Slots in Statistical TDM contain both
only and there is no need of
addressing. Synchronization and
preassigned relationships between
input and outputs that serve as an
address.
Synchronization Synchronization bits are used at the
beginning of each frame.
Capacity Max. Bandwidth utilization if all
inputs have data to send.
Data Separation In Synchronous TDM de-multiplexer
at receiving end decomposes each
frame, discards framing bits and
extracts data unit in turn. This
extracted data unit from frame is
then passed to destination device.
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Asynchronous TDM
In Statistical TDM slots are allotted
dynamically. i.e. input line is given
slots in output frame if and only if it
has data to send.
In Statistical TDM, No. of slots in
each frame are less than the no. of
input lines.
Buffering is done and only those
inputs are given slots in output
frame whose buffer contains data
to send.
data and address of the
destination.
No synchronization bits are used
The capacity of link is normally is
less than the sum of the capacity of
each channel.
In Statistical TDM de-multiplexer at
receiving end decomposes each
frame by checking local address of
each data unit. This extracted data
unit from frame is then passed to
destination device.
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FEATURES:
• The 555 timers can be operated at a wide range of power supplies ranging from 5 V to
18 V.
• It is available in 3 different packages: 8-pin Metal Can package, 8pin DIP and 14-pin DIP.
• Timing can be anywhere from microseconds to hours.
• It can operate in both astable and monostable modes.
• High output current.
• It has an adjustable duty cycle.
• It is TTL compatible due to its high output current.
• The output can source or sink a current of 200mA to the load.
• It has a temperature stability of 0.005% per 0C.

Figure 10.6

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PROCEDURE:
• Take the signal from the function generator and give it to the channels (CH 0 TO CH
3), present in the transmitter using patch chords. Note down the amplitude and
time period each signal. (as shown in figure 10.6,10.7 and 10.8).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 10.7 (Frequency 250Hz and 500Hz, CHANNEL 0 and 1 respectively)

FIGURE 10.8 (Frequency 1KHz, CHANNEL 2)

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FIGURE 10.9 (Frequency 2KHz, CHANNEL 3)

• Measure the amplitude and time period at the transmitter output point.
• Using the patch chords, connect transmitter output to receiver input.
TRANSMITTER:
• For synchronization purpose, connect the transmitter clock and receiver clock and
transmitter (CH 0 TO CH 3). See the output before the filter and after the filter for all the
channels connected.

Figure 10.10 (multiplexer waveform of four transmitting signal)

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RECIEVER:

Figure:10.11(receiver channel 1)

Figure:10.12(receiver channel 2)

Figure:10.13(receiver channel 3)

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Figure:10.14(receiver channel 4

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MATLAB CODE
clc; close all; clear all; % Signal
generation
x=0:.5:4*pi; % signal taken up to 4pi sig1=8*sin(x); % generate 1st sinusoidal signal
l=length(sig1);
sig2=8*triangle(l); %Generate 2nd triangular
Signal

% Display of Both Signal

subplot (2,2,1); plot(sig1);
title ('Sinusoidal Signal'); Ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->'); subplot (2,2,2); plot(sig2);
title ('Triangular Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->');

% Display of Both Sampled Signal subplot (2,2,3); stem(sig1);

title ('Sampled Sinusoidal Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->'); subplot (2,2,4); stem(sig2);
title ('Sampled Triangular Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time---
>');
l1=length(sig1); l2=length(sig2); for i=1: l1 sig (1, i) =sig1(i); % Making Both row vector to
a matrix
sig (2, i) =sig2(i); end

% TDM of both quantize signal

tdmsig=reshape(sig,1,2*l1);
% Display of TDM Signal figure stem(tdmsig);
title ('TDM Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Demultiplexing of TDM Signal demux=reshape (tdmsig,2,

l1); for i=1: l1
sig3(i)=demux (1, i); % Converting The matrix into row vectors sig4(i)=demux (2, i); end

% display of demultiplexed signal figure subplot (2,1,1) plot(sig3);

title ('Recovered Sinusoidal Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--
->'); subplot (2,1,2) plot(sig4);
title ('Recovered Triangular Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--
->');

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Waveforms:

Modulated signal Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

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Demodulated signal :

OUTPUT:

Figure 10.17

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Advantages of TDMA

1. The user gets full bandwidth of the channel in a particular time slot.
2. For burst signals, such as voice or speech TDMA gives maximum utilization of the channel.
3. Most suitable technique for digital transmission.

Disadvantages of TDMA

1. It is not much suitable for continues signals.

2. Extra guard time are necessary.
3. Synchronization is necessary.

Precautions

1. Connect the wires carefully.

2. Waveforms from the CRO should be analysed carefully.
3. MATLAB program should be executed with proper care.

RESULT
• Sine, Square and Triangular wavs are generated.
• Multiplexed signal is plotted
• De-multiplexed sine, square and triangular waves are plotted.
• Hence, Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing waveform have been generated
successfully.

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