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Bijay - Sarkar-Analysis of Isolated Footing Subjected To AF and High BM-ICJ-June 2014 PDF
Bijay - Sarkar-Analysis of Isolated Footing Subjected To AF and High BM-ICJ-June 2014 PDF
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Bijay - Sarkar-Analysis of Isolated Footing Subjected To AF and High BM-ICJ-June 2014 PDF
Bijay - Sarkar-Analysis of Isolated Footing Subjected To AF and High BM-ICJ-June 2014 PDF
Uploaded by
Syed Fahad AliCopyright:
Available Formats
POINT OF VIEW
Analysis of isolated footing subjected to axial load
and high biaxial moments and numerical
approach for its solution
Bijay Sarkar
& &
&&
In this paper a rigid isolated foundation of square or area
& coincides with the centre of the footing. The
rectangular shape is analyzed on the action of a vertical
Parameters = P, ;,= =
and ; . =
dimensions
. of the foundation
load and high biaxial moments at centre. The pressure == with
along ;its ; sectional
=
= .
. properties are known and we get
intensity corresponding to any given set of above loads on =
pressure ; = . the foundation at any location
, distribution
, , , under
footings resting on elastic soils has been found through a (X,
Y) with respect to centroidal axis of the footing by
,, , ,
general method of analysis and solution is made through using
, ,following
bending equation :
a comprehensive numerical procedure. The common = ± = ×± ± × ×± ×
assumption of linear contact pressure in footing-soil == ±± ××±± ×× ;
interface is adopted for the solutions. Special attention has = ± × ± ×
been given where there are inactive parts of foundation, ∴ =
∴ −
= × − ×× − × × − × ×
×
without contact with soil and necessary equations on
∴
∴ == −− ×× ×× −− ×× ×
×
∴ = − × × − × ×
case to case basis are deduced. Flow Chart for computer
procedure is also provided at end. The solution for these
−= −− −…………….….……..
∴ =∴ …………….….……..(1) (
cases is not yet given in any Indian Standards.
∴∴== −− −−
…………….….……..
…………….….……..(1)
(1)
∴ = − − ... (1)
…………….….…….. (1)
Introduction
× ×
When a rectangular/square isolated footing of size L x B
××
×
where × ×
is subjected to a set of forces comprising of compressive
L=
××Length
of the footing
axial load P and bi-axial moments Mx & My at centre of ×
B = Breadth
ofthe footing
footing, load P alone may equivalently beconsidered
&
X
= Perpendicular distance from the Centroidal
at eccentricities in X & Y directions from origin
at the
the point
&
; Y-axis of on the Cross-Section at which pressure
following location from centre of footing : to
= ; = is . be determined.
Y = =
Perpendicular = distance from the Centroidal X-axis of
= ; = .
, ,
the
=point
= on the Cross-Section at which pressure is to be
= = =
determined.
, When pressure at any location under the footing is
P ==Vertical
=
Force Acting on the section at centre.
compressive in nature, Centroid of the effective
footing = ×
×
= ± × ± ×
×
± × ± × ×
60 The Indian
Concrete Journal ×
June 2014 − −− >= − , or,>= , or, + <=
+ <=
∴ = − × × × ×
−
=
=
±
± ×
× ±
± ×
×
×= ±× −× =
± × ±
× × ×
×
∴±= −×= −×
×= ± ± ∴×× × − × ± ×
×
± POINT ×
∴ = − × × − × × + = , assuming =
OF VIEW
∴
= − ×
× −
× ×
= ∴
− ∴ =
−
=
− ×
× ×
−
× − ×
× × ×
= ∴−×
∴−
× × =
−× −−− ∴× …………….….……..
× ×
− ×
=× …………….….…….. × −(1)
(1)
×
×
−×−× × × ×
× ×
A = Compressive area of the section = BL Due to
uplift of the footing area from soil, Neutral Axis
M y = Bending ∴ = − − …………….….…….. (1) and yaxis at .
= − Y-axis …………….….…….. (1)from
moment about∴the Centroidal −= as calculated (1) equation (1), do not
remain at the
× ∴ ∴ =
= −
− −
−
…………….….……..
…………….….…….. (1)
P × e
∴ (1)
−(1) − …………….….……..
calculated location, however, it gets shifted to other
= − −x …………….….…….. …………….….…….. =
− −
(1)
…………….….……..
(1) location to adjust the phenomena of uplift
−
− −
…………….….…….. (1) ×
× redistributing
M x×Bending
× moment about the Centroidal X-axis = P × e the base pressure under the footing − for on xaxisan
obtaining and −
× ×
y
× Ix = Second moment of × about Centroidal
area X- equilibrium.
×
axis
= ×
× ×
× Iy = Second moment ofarea × about Centroidal Y-axis = First we divide the whole footing into four equal quadrants.
Assumed, biaxial moments are such that vertical load P
e =
x = Eccentricity of Load along
X-Axis alone may be considered acting at in the upper
= =
rightmost quadrant wrt centre. Thereby, the lower
e y = Eccentricity of Load
along Y-Axis = left most corner of the footing will experience the least
= = =
= =
= pressure. When + > , the lower left most
= =
× × =
= = corner of the footing starts to uplift i.e. the neutral axis
= However, above equation remains valid till
= × whole starts to enter into the footing area from lower left most
− − >= ,
×
×
+
× +<= <= corner intersecting the footing sides. Depending on the
− − >= , or, or,
× cross-sectional area
× of footing remains
intersection of
neutral
+
axis with the sides of the footing,
− − >= , or, <=
underneath foundation is
under compression i.e. − − >= , , or,
or, the
+ bearing <= pressure
scenario
− − >= − −− − >= >= , or, + + <= <=
different cases :
divided into five
, or,
+ =
, +
assuming − <=
= −
, = >= , or, +
<=
>= + ,or,
<=
+ = which
, or,
, or, , assuming
can = be , =
>= >= ,or, + +<=<= represented
as
a
general
+
= , assuming 1. When= , NA = lies outside the footing area. Effective
+ = , assuming = , = = , =
form of straight
line
and yaxis
equation
at
+
= , assuming
.+ = , ,assuming assuming = , = shape remains rectangular and equation (1) is
+
assuming = , assuming
= , = = , =
and yaxis at +.
= ,
assuming = , =
ng = , = applicable.
Issue is already discussed above
ssuming = , = i.e. intersecting the x-axis at and
yaxis at .
(Case – I).
and yaxis at .
and at at . .
− on xaxis and yaxis
and yaxis
axis atand −yaxis
y-axis .ataton xaxis
. and − −and
Considering yaxis.
the
on on yaxis.
yaxis
opposite at .
quadrant, . the adjacent two sides of
.
2. When NA intersects
xis at . − and
x-axis on and − lower
xaxis left most corner of the footing. Contact area
on yaxis.
we can get the co-ordinates − on onxaxis and − on yaxis.
reduces to apentagonal =Issue
= ;shape. is. discussed
− −on xaxis
on xaxisand and − −
on yaxis.
on yaxis.
−axisand on −xaxis onyaxis.
and −
on yaxis.
− Connecting
on xaxis and −
we
on yaxis. under Case – II.
nd − on on y-axis.
yaxis. these co-ordinates,
xis and − on yaxis.
geta diamond
shaped bounded zone around the centre 3. When NA intersects the + shorter +
of the footing which is called “KERN” or “Central Core”
= + two opposite +
sides of the footing. Contact area
− reduces to a non- −
of the footing. So as the load is located
within this zone, rectangular shape. Issue is discussed under
whole cross-sectional
area
is effective in transferring Case – III.
loads to soil as compression.
4. When NA intersects the two opposite longer sides
Problem Definition Contact area reduces to a non-rect-
of the footing.
When the eccentricities are such that the load location angular shape. Issue is discussed under Case – IV.
crosses the boundary of the “KERN”, equation (1) shows
a negative pressure i.e. tensile pressure at some zone 5. When NA intersects the adjacent two sides of up-
under the footing. As underneath soil can not resist such per right mostcorner of the footing. Contact area
tensile forces, the footing area in that zone gets detached reduces to a triangular shape. Issue is discussed
& uplifted from soil and thus the above equations for under Case – V.
base pressure calculation do not remain anymore valid.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 61
POINT OF VIEW
Analysis of the foundation By assuming,
For Case – II to Case – V, analysis of footing has been +
= +
done and general equations on case to case basis are = − = Constant for given section and
+−
deduced here. In all the cases, aim is to find out the =
effective area, CG of the effective area, sectional properties loads −
of +
the effective > , +
of the area wrt centroidal axes system i.e. through = +
CG
effective area. As we
are not
using principle = − = Constant for given section and
+
> , +
> , +−
+to calculate
axis > , the sectional properties,
we are to
=
the
calculate product moment of area of the effective loads −
footing also and use all such data in General Form of =
=
Equation
Bending and assembling all the cases into a
graph. Assumed that a set of forces P, M , M are acting = = Constant for given section and loads
b l
at the centre
of a rectangular i s o l a t e d
,
footing of size (L x B). P is acting in the vertically , We can write, Am + Bn + C = p. This is the General Form
+ +
Equation
of =pressure + underneath foundation = subjected to
downward,
M is acting along B (from down to top ,
of =
b
high
Bi-Axial +
Eccentricity.
− −
+ + −
This is a straight line equation.
this paper)
and M l is acting along L (from left to ∴ = + +
+ +
∴ = +
Further, it can be observed − that
at some combinations of
of this paper)
right respectively. When a portion of
and n,pressure
+ +
remain
− constant.
+
footing area is lifted, CG of the effective compressed ∴ =
m +
pmay
++ +
= − =
.area shifts away from the
footing centre
and as CG is
= +
+
∴ = Now, ………………………..(3)
+ we know
+ that pressure
+−− at+neutral
axis is equal − to0.
changed, the equivalent eccentricity of load also changes ∴ = Therefore,
+
for +
………………………..(3)
from = . el , e;b to say, . . Therefore, +−
−any valueof Co-Ordinate
+− (m, n) being on
−
= .
∴ = the +neutral axis,weget, + Am + Bn + C = ………………………..(3)
. Moments
Revised
acting at revised CG location are 0. This is nothing
but a straight = −
= line equation representing the
− =
= ; = . = ; = . Neutral
= ; Axis.
∴
General Form
=
+ofTwo
.
Dimensional
+ Bending
Stress
= + + = ( − ) × = where = −
……………………..(2)
= ( −Substituting
) ×
Equation be
will −
: − ,,
= thewhere valuesof= − , , for moments in
+
+ + +
= + + + = + + = (−+ ) × =
……………………..(2) equation (2), we get ……………………..(2)
where = −
= + − + − −...(2)
……………………..(2) − + + +
+
− − = =∴ = ++
where =
+ ∴ + = + +
= =∴ =where =
where,
−−
= = where =
p = Pressure
at co-ordinate (m, n Centroidal
) wrt
+ +
Axis = + × = where
= + + +
+
= ∴ =× = +where + = ∴
+ ……………………
P
= Vertical Load at centre of
the footing = + − +
∴+ = − + ………………………
+
...(3)
−
+
Ar = Revised Effective area of the foundation = × =
where
−
= −
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about = − × equations = where = −
= −General
× = where for Sectional
= Properties,
− Eccentricities
Revised Centroidal Axis YY & co-ordinate of Maximum Pressure Location wrt Revised
= − × = where = −
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about Centroidal Axis are found out and used in the above
Revised Centroidal Axis XX = (−− =)on
+equation
= + = (×
)××
case==to case
wherewhere
basis
+=finding
= + for
(= − − )× = where
= − out the location
I y
where
= × = where =
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area +of Neutral Axis as wellas Maximum
+ Bearing Pressure :
about Revised Centroidal Axis YY = × = where =
I x =
Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area = = =-II
CASE
=× =
where
where
where
= = = where =
=
=
= ×
= where
=
about Revised Centroidal Axis XX NA cuts AB and AD.
I xy
When
Here uplift portion is APQ
= Product Moment of Inertia of the effective area
= × = where =
and + portion is PQDCBP.
effective considered that
+++is
m = X-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure NA = + ×× == where
where ==This × = where =
=
cuts AB at
= × = where = P & AP = yB
and
=
NA
cuts AD at Q & AQ
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis
= × =
xL = where =
n = Y-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure
= × = where =
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis = − × = where = =− − = where
= − × = where = −×
62 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
+ ++
= +
= ++ − −
==
= −
+ −−
−
= + +
POINT OF = = VIEW = +−
= + − −
+
= = + −
Therefore, uplift == fraction
− in side
AB is y & in AD is x and
= − −
neglecting the = =
ineffective triangular uplifted portion APQ,
, =
all the sectional properties of effective portion PQDCBP
PQ is the location of NA
,
=
=
AP = yB ; PB = vB = (1-y)B ; v = 1-y
of the foundation
= area are calculated as follows :
, ∴
+
+ +
AQ = xL ; QD = uL = (1-x) L ; u = 1-x
= +
, , O is the origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY
1.
Effective
Area
of the + and
Section Revised+ −
Centre +
of
,=
∴ +
, :
Gravity +
− + ++
+
Y
,,∴
= +
+ +
+ +
B C
∴∴ = =
Considering ∴ =
an
++ +axis
orthogonal
+
+system −
+origin
+
++
located at ………………………..(3)
∴ = + − − +
+
CG
+
at
+of the
−effective
foundation
+ + area
−
∴A,∴ co-ordinate
= = + of O+ +
+ + + +
+
−
+
………………………..(3) X
O
X
∴∴
=
=
+
calculated −
PQDCBP is as − + : +−
follows R
∴ = + + + + −
S
− + + ………………………..(3) P
∴∴ = = + +
………………………..(3)
+− + + +− ………………………..(3)
=
(i)∴Effective
Area
+(Rectangular
− − PBCS) + : − − ………………………..(3)
+ +
∴ = + + − + −
+ + + +
………………………..(3)
∴ = +
∴ = = (+− ) ×− = + where
− = −………………………..(3)
………………………..(3)
A Q Y D
−− −
−
= (− ) × = where = −
( )
= of
Centre ×
−Gravity from = AB where = −
:
(( ))
= = − −= ×× = =
= wherewhere
where= =
= − − Figure 1. Effective area of the section and revised centre of gravity
( )
= − × = where = −
( () )
= −
= =
−
×=
= where
× = where
= = −
= − = × = where =
( )
= − × = where
= = +where
where
=
= −
+
= = × = = where =
= ofGravity
Centre = from AD where
where := (ii) × = where =
=& (iii),
+ +
= × From
= (i),
where =
=
==
= × where= where = =
= × = where =
= +where = +
= = ==+ where
× = == where TotalEffective × = where =
= + where = + + =
== + × × ==×where where
= where = = = Area,
= where =
= − × = where + = =− × = = ×
+= = where
× (Rectangular + =: where =
(ii)
= Effective Area
×−
++ = ×= where
=× QRSD)
+
− = + + = − = × Where = −
= =
where
= where + =
=
== ××
== where = × = where =
where
= =
= − +× = =
×
=
where where = = −
= = −× ×
− = =
× =
where = =
where
where −
+− = + + = − = × Where = −
= where = = + + = − = × Where =
−
= +− × = where +=−
= Centre
−= × = ×= = × =
where
where
where = =
− = + +
−
== of +××
−−Gravity
=
from= AB:
=+
where
where
=
=+ −− ==
+ + =
= = ××=Where
−
×
from = −
=+
+ × = +where =
= +−
+ =
× Where =
Therefore,
−
Distance
of revised
Centre
− of Gravity AB
= = + ×=× =×==where where
where = = += :
+ + −
+= = =× × =
= = × = Where + +
+ = + where
where = +−= = − = −
= × = − ×
= × = × =
= +× = where = + + − + −− −
== +=×××===where where == =+
where + + = − × = ×
==AD: +
+ === − × = × Where, == = −
Centreof Gravity
from
where
= = ××= where
= − × = ×
= = × × = =where where = = −
− −
= × = where
+ = + + −
===××× =+ where
where −
+ + −
= =
= where = =
= = × =
×
Similarly,
= =
distance
− of revised
Centre = of Gravity × = AD
from −
×:
=
= × = ×
− =
= × = where = −
− − +
−
(iii)Effective = × =
=(Triangular
= + −
= × Area =
where
where
+ PQR) :
= = × = ×
+ −
−
× = ×
= × = = =
== where
−
= × = where = −
−
= ×
= × = where = + where
+
=
= − −
=
= × = × Where,
=
= +
× − −
× − × −
− −
Centre of Gravity from AB:
= + × − − × − × −
= + × − −
× − × −
= × = where = = +
−
− Centroidal
2.=Second
Moment
ofInertia
− wrt − revised
= = × +=
where
=
+
× − −
×
− × Axis
−
× − − × − ×
XX −
:
from AD:
=
− −
Centre of Gravity
+
−
− − − −
=
×= = + where = = + −
APQ
Putting the value of and simplifying,
×
− −
× − ×
−
Ix = MI
of Area
ABCD XX-axis
about
–MI
of
Area
=
× = where = =
+ − − − −
= + − − − − Putting about XX-axis
(and
Putting the value
ofand value
the
simplifying, of )
− simplifying,
= + + = − = × Where
= − = − +
− =−− Putting
The −
Indian Journal
= + = + = +
− −= ×− Where the value of and Concrete
simplifying, June 2014 63
Putting thevalue
of and simplifying,
( − )
= + + = − = ×−− Where = −
−
−
= × Where = −
+ + − −
+ == +++ ++−
=+ + +
= −− × = × = −
− = −−−
== =+ +
+
×
===−−
= =
× − ×
=
−××
=
=×
×× =
= ×
× =
= =
−
−
POINT OF VIEW − −
−−=
=
+
+−
−−−= − × = × −
−
=
= × = × = − −
− − −
× = × = − −
−
− 4. − Product Moment of Inertia (PMI) of the effective
+ +
= −
==
× = ×
=
+ × − − − × − × − section wrt revised Centroidal Axes :
−
+ +
− −
− =
× = = −
× = × = If NA lies outside the section, Centroidal Axes are
× = −
−
− =
=
×=
=−+
+
××− ×−−× −−
×××
−
−
− −
×× −
− symmetrical at the centre of the footing. As in such
= + = + × + −
−
− −
−
× −
× − − − × × −
− −
+ ×
− −
× −
× − condition, Centroidal axes are the principle axes, Product
Moment of Inertia of the section becomes zero. But, when
of −
−simplifying,
==
−
−and − × − NA lies within the footing area, the Centroidal Axes may
×++value
−
=+ Putting + the − × −− −
=− −−
= +
+
− − − −−
− −
− −
−
= − − −
+ not be symmetrical or in other words, the Vertical and
Putting
× −
Horizontal
the valueaxes of atCentroid and simplifying, are no more the principle axes
= +
− and
− ( ×− )− × −
of the section. Principle axes may be in other orientation
value
he ×Putting
Putting
of−Putting
the
the =×and
value
value
simplifying,
of −
of
of +simplifying,
simplifying,
Putting
Putting = the the
Putting
the
the
value +value
value
value
ofand
of
−
of
simplifying,
and
and
and −simplifying,
− − −
simplifying,
simplifying, thanthe vertical and horizontal axes. Therefore, when we
Putting
the value
of and
simplifying, Putting the
= considering
are
of and
value − Vertical +
( −
simplifying,
×and Horizontal
)
( )
axes at centroid
=
=
+ =
(+
− ×−
)
+
−
(
−
( −− ) −
−
(
−
) ) − −
− Putting −− ==
−−− −+
+ and
+ −(− )
of the effective section, we must consider the Product
the
value of −
simplifying,
=
− + −−
−− − ( − ) Moment of Inertia of ( − ) contact
the effective
area which
= −
+=
× −
Putting + × = =
Putting
willsimplifying, × the
−value of + ×
and simplifying,
Putting take
thecare of of
value as if pressures are
and simplifying, − being calculated with
− thevalue of − and
of and simplifying,
Putting
× ==
=
thevalue
= ×
× ( − ) respect to Principle Axes.
−××
= = ×
mplifying,
+
(−−−))
)
− − ×
− ( (
=
−
=
−
×
=+ − (+ + =
×
)
− − ×
− Putting
the value of and
= simplifying, − +
= =Moment −− of Inertia + ×× of the Revised
=×−− Where,
×−− = − +Product
= −
− +− × +×
×
+ (PMI) Effective
) =
Where,
=−
= + − +
×
− −−−
−
−
× −
Footing Area,
=
−
− ( − )
− =
−
− = −= + −Where, + = =× × − + ×
× −Ixy ABCD
Where,
=
−
+ ×
×
= =PMI
×of −
wrt
revised CG −
- PMI of APQ wrt
= =× + × − − × − × × −
− Ixy revised = PMI of ABCD wrt revised CG PMI of APQ wrt revised CG
Inertia
CG
3.
Second Moment of
wrt
−
Centroidal Axis YY: − −
− = − + × =
×
Where, =
− − + ×
= + × = − + × −
− Where,
×
− Where,
−
+ −I×= =MI −++of
××− − ABCD
× −−− PMI
×× of × −−
− ×× ofrevised
××
−
CG
− Ixy
=
=PMIAPQ
of ABCD −
− wrt CG − CG
revised − −PMI × wrt+revised
of APQ × CG×
y== − ×
=
== +
Whole
+
+ Area ×
− Ixy − about
= − YY-axis
ABCD
× – MI
wrt
− ×
× × PMI − of wrt revised
×
× APQ − − × × −−
×− − −
−
−
−about
+ × ×
Triangular Area
YY-axis
Where, = − + ×
−
=
− − −
− ×
+wrtrevised
× ×C
=
− −
−Putting
−Ixy ×, =PMI in above +
of ABCD ×and
wrt − CGPMI
× revised
simplifying, − of APQ
×−
=== −+ ++
− − −− − −
= −−
× ABCD− wrt of ofAPQ revised wrt revised CG
−
−×−− ×PMI −− = PMI revised CG CG
Ixy of Ixyrevised CG PMIABCD wrt wrt PMI
of APQ
+
= =
=
+ ++
−
−
−
− − − −−−
−
in above and
simplifying,
=
+ × −
Putting − × , in −
above ×
Ixy
=
and
×
=
simplifying,
PMI −
of−
ABCD
Putting Putting
= wrt
−
,
= =
G
revised
x
−
, G CG
− −
in −
PMI
−
above
×
of
and
−APQ
− −
+wrt
simplifying,
+ −
−
revised
× −−−
×
CG
× −×
−
+ +
− −
× ×
− × − × × −
y
= + − − − −
= − = − + − =Putting =−
×−
,
−
−−in −
above and
and
− + + −× ×− − − −
−×simplifying,
= + − − − Putting − , in above Putting
and
simplifying,
,
in above
simplifying,
− − −
valueofofand
− −
Puttingthe thevalue andsimplifying,
simplifying, ,
Putting of F =
× =
== ×
−
− −
+ − + − − −
+ −− − −
Putting the value and simplifying, Putting in above
and simplifying,
gx = − =
− + −
−
− + ×( − )
( − )
= −
== − + × = − = − + − −
= − −− +
×
−− − −
+ − − − − −
−
− = == ×
× ; =
and
− −
−
−
== ×× − = −×
Where,
=
−
=
−
=
− + −
and = = = −
; and
−
+= −−
;
−
+ −− − −
− − − −
− + × − −
and along B and L respectively
was calculated based on Centroid b
Where, ==
Where,
Where, − + ×
=
−
−
+ − − −−
−
−−
− isrelocated
−
= due
to uplift −
= of some =−
; portion of the
footing
area, eccentricit
and = on the and
;and new =
Centroid tofind
− ; the
out =
revised
−
moments :
− and along − B
− L
and respectively
was− calculated based on Centroid
and along B and L respectively was calculated
(i) Revised
based on Centroid
Eccentricity along B : being at centre of the footing. As Cent
is relocated due to uplift is−
relocated due
to −
uplift of some portion of the footing area, eccentric
andof some portion
= ofthe; footing
= area,eccentricities are required to be recalculated ba
:
on
− the
new Centroid − tofind out the revised moments
= + − = + − × = + −
Ixy
Ixy = PMI
= PMI of ABCD
of ABCD on
wrt
wrtJune the new
revised
revised Centroid
CG PMI to
of find
APQ out
wrtthe revised
revised CG moments :
64 The Indian Concrete Journal 2014 CG PMI of APQ wrt revisedCG
(i) Revised Eccentricity
and along B : (i) Revised and Eccentricity
was along Band along B:
L respectively was calculated
based on Cen
and along
along B and L respectively Bcalculated
and L respectively was calculated
based on Centroid based
being at centre on of
Centr
the
ABCD=wrt CG − of− APQ wrt− −revised ×CG + × × − −
= PMI
ofPutting ,revised
in above PMI and
simplifying, == + +− − = + +− −××
=
− = =
= Putting −
, in − − −
and simplifying, × + × × − (ii) =
− +Eccentricity
Revised Where,
Eccentricity −along =L := − ; = −
= ×
above
(ii) Revised
= Eccentricity
==+ + +−along (ii) =LRevised
: ++=−Eccentricity
−Eccentricity
− ×× ;= =
= −
+ + L −−
− −:
−
Where, (ii)
Revised
along
along
−−L
:
(ii)
==
Revised
==
++
++
Where, Where, along
L : == −−−−
= ;;; ; ====
Where,
Where, =
− = −−−−−
=== ++Where, Where,
Where, = − ;
= −
Putting
, − − −and
in above simplifying,
× + × × − − +
= −=−; ; = = −
POINT
, in above and = OF VIEW
−
−
− + − − −
+− = += =−
− == + − ×× +
= + −−
=− =×
ng − − =Where, − −
= simplifying,
−++ −−
+ Where,
=− − − −+ +
− =
= = + − +
+− −
=
× = + + = − − == −−; ;
=+ = − + − ×
=
== ++
(ii) Revised Eccentricity L:
along
Co-ordinate
Where,
Where,
ng , in above = and
simplifying, − − + − − Centroidal
−
System :
= ×
= =− ×−
+
−
− − − −
−−
and; =
=
+ − × = (i)
Co-ordinate
= =
+
point
Where,
= −
− ;the ;
footing =
= −
= ; +
Where,
=is==
+of PWhere, whereNA
and intersecting
− + − − =
+ = −
=−++
− ;
Where, = −
Where, − =
= −= × − + − −
− side =AB − :
= −
× where
= − −
Revised = − of − + − − − ==−=−−
= − × where =−− −−
= ×5. = = −
− × × where = = −
Eccentricities = −−−−−
= − − + Load wrt.
revised
Centroidal
= −
− − = − × where =
−
= −− = − ×
where
where
=
= − ×
where
− =
−
−
Axes :
= −
= = − −
×= − −
×
where
where
where =
=
= + Where, = −
=
−− where
= × = − − + − − −= ;
= =− = − ×−
− = − × − where
=
and along −B and Lrespectively −
was calculated based
on Centroid
−
being = at− ×
centre ( −
(of the ) where
footing.
) As =Centroid −
−−
××××((( −−−− )where
= = − − = = − − × × = ==
=Earlierand
−eccentricities
−− e +and
=
; e − = − B − −
= −
= × −
where
where
where
==based−−− −
and is relocated = due − tob uplift; =
l ofalongsome and
− portion L respectively
of the footing
==
eccentricities ==
=
−− −−
−
area,
are
= =
=
==required
× ( −
to
be ) ) )
where
where
recalculated
where ==
where
= −
−
−
−−
( ( ) ) where − −
was calculatedon the
new
based −
Centroid o to n find
Centroid
out −
the being
revised
at centre
moments
of : =
=
− −
= ×
= − × −
where
where =
= −−
− −
= − − − + − −
− −
==−− ==−−××= =
where −
=−
×=×(= ( −−− −
)
) where
theand footing.
−(i) As
Revised
= Eccentricity
Centroid −
is ; along
relocated =B due
: to
uplift of some −where = − where
−−where =
( ( ) )
− −
= − = − ×
=
where =
− − = =
−
= − ×
× − wher
=
portion of the ; footing = area,
eccentricities are required to = =
− − = = ×× − −
where
where −
= =
− −
−
− −
be − = along
and
re-calculated
+ based
−
B and −on = new
L respectively
the
+ Centroid− was × calculated
to find = outbased + on− Centroid
the
(ii) Co-ordinate being at centre of point ofQthe footing. As Centroid the footing
where NA is intersecting
revised
=is relocated along ;due
Bto =: and
−−
and moments
− uplift
−
L respectively
of
some portionwas calculated
of the
footing based
area,on Centroid
side
eccentricities
= ==
AD
−=
being
−:
are
− −
at
centre
= × (
=
of
= × ( − ) where = −
required × (
tothe
be
−
footing.
)
recalculated As Centroid
) =
where based = −
(
(
)where ) wher
is
onrelocated
the new Centroid
and
due to uplift
along B and
of=some
to find
L
−the
out
respectively portion − × of
= revised
was
moments
the footing
calculated based
area, eccentricities
: where
on Centroid =
=
− =
are
− required
− = × (( − )) where
being = × ( to − −
(
be
−
at centre = of × the −
)
recalculated
footing.
where
where
) =
where
As
−
−
based
Centroid = =
=
−
=
×
−
− −
×
−
−
−
−
( )
on the new Centroid to find out the revised moments :
=
− −−
As(Centroid ) where
= = − − = = × × − − where
where = = −
(i) Revised Eccentricity along B : = =of the− = = × to− where
where −=
d along (i)isBRevised Eccentricity along B : portion
−are required
× −be
= −−−
( −×( )− where )
and L respectively
relocated due to uplift was calculated
of some basedof on Centroid being at centre footing.
(i) Revised Eccentricity along B : the footing area, −eccentricities
= −= = − × = recalculated
where = based = −− −
new = of Centroid + tofind =area, ;
− eccentricities : = are required = −×(−
= × ( −
))where
ocated due on to the of out the the
Where, revised moments
−
uplift some portion footing − to be recalculated
= based= − − − where
: ×(on
B = out
+respectively−the = along
+=calculated
−B −:×=based = −Centroid + )where
−being −
centre
= − −−
nd
e new along
Centroid (i) and Lfind
to
Revised Eccentricity
was
revised
= + − = + − × = + − − moments at
= =
=
− of
==−−−
the
be
=
− ==−
−
footing.
=recalculated
−−
×
××××
−
As
×−
Centroid
where
==××where
based
where
( (
where )
−− =−−−−
) where
==== −
where −
= =
ocated Eccentricity
evised due to uplift along of some B : portion
of the footing area,
eccentricities are
required == = − −
to
= =
= =−− −
×
where
where where
= − − −−
where −
−−−
−
he new Centroid =to find + out − the =
revised +
moments− × : = + − = − = =− −
=
× − ×
where where =
= −
××((−− −) −− −
)
− = along : × 7.
== −− of =maximum == − = =
where −
−location × −× = − where
where =
=Revised
+ Eccentricity
+ −B = +
−
Co-ordinate
−
= −
=
=
= = −
− × ( = = − −
−
× )
pressure
× =
where
where = −
−
=
=
= = C
× :
− (
×−
( −
=−=
− ) −) whe
where
= − = ( − ( ) )
= + Where,
= − ; = −
wherewhere
− −−
= − ; = −
= + − = = ++ ( )
− × Where,
= + − = − = −
(−− ) )
((×
= − = −
)
−−
=
====−−−− − ==
−−
=
−−
= =
= + Where, ; = − ; = = −
= − = ×−( − ) where = = −
−
−=−
( = − (( ) −
=
= − ×
−
× (
) )
) where where = = −
( ( ))
=
= −= −=
−=
where = =− − = =
−− =−−× − −
×
−
(
))
− where wher
(−−−− = − =
= + Where, = − ; =
−
=
= −
==−
=
−−− −
====
===
(
( =)=)
=
)
−
((−−) )
=
−
(−)−−
(
= = −
=−
− =
−
= ( − )
= ( −
)
= + Where, = − ; = = =
− −
−
= − = − × − where RELATIONSHIP
= =
((−−) ) KNOWN
= ((−− )BETWEEN
) = =
= =−−
==
− − −
(FOOTING ( − ) )
=
=
= −
ECCENTRICITIES
and
and and = ( −
)
&
− =
−AND = −
and
andand
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L
along L :: : = FRACTIONS −and = (− )y
:
= ( − )
x&
(ii) Revised Revised Eccentricity Eccentricity
(ii) LIFTED = − and
and ( ( −))
= −& = (− )
&
& = and
and
= − − = = −
&
= −L: = ( − +) − As
& &
(ii)
Revised Eccentricity along & and and lie on NA, Pressure
) Revised (ii) Revised
Eccentricity Eccentricity L :+along −− L××: = For points
& and
= = ++ −−along == + = + − &
= = ≠ , substitut
(i) for NA coordinate
NA & in and as
p is(i)0For at these = locations. =
for
Now &
coordinategeneral form
and
as
of
two ≠ substitu , subs
( )
= − = − (i)(i)(i)For For For ====
bending
====&
& for
for
for NANA
NA
coordinate
coordinate
coordinate and
and and asasas ≠ ≠≠
≠
,,, ,substitu substi
+ − = + − × = + − (i)For
dimensional
(i) For = =for NA coordinate and
and
pressure
for
NA equation
coordinate (3),
and as we as put the
≠ , substitu substitu
= and
+ − = =+along +−L :− =×+ = − ×
= − + − (i) (i)
Forco-ordinates For = and = =of for = NA for NA coordinate asand as ≠ one ≠ by, substitu
coordinate and , substituting a
=
+ ; = −− NA points ( &and
and
)for
== ++ Where, − an
evised Eccentricity (i) For += = −=
Where,
== −
− ; = − ∴ sectional
(i) For
− +of(
( = − )+) area
effective
(−−−coordinate
forNA
NA coordinate
coordinate
a
)))+++and
+ +
+
(
one and
other − properties
+ the
− of
(i) −−−
(&
− ∴ +and & & +For + = =
= =+++− − +as ≠ ≠
+ (i)
For
for for NA NA coordinate and as
−−
&equate the
++zero.
+
−−
∴∴
footing
∴∴
∴
+
+
+ +
+++
+
−
same
+
to
(
−
(
−&
)
−
)
+
++
+
+
+
+
(
−
(−
−
−
(substit
+ ++ + +
=== + Where, == ∴ ∴
−
−
−+
+ == −
Where,
+
+= −
× Where, ;==− −−= ;; ;
−−
+− −+ +
+ +
−
+ and
−−
( ( )
,)substitu
− (i)
(i) For =
For
= =
= for ∴ ∴
for
NA − + +
coordinate − + +
and and as
≠ ,
NA −− + + =as −−≠ NA
For NA coordinate
co-ordinate and as
=
=
=
(i) For =∴ ∴ + =+ for ++in NA (i)
(3), we simplify
(i)
coordinate For For and as for ≠−,−
forNA
coordin
coord
substitu
+ + +
& substituting all the
terms eqn
to get,
− −−
+
Where,
= − ; =
+ −
−++( ( −−))
=
=
−
− ∴ as ∴ +
+ ≠ +, substituting all −
+
( −
+ )
+− −
we
+simplify +
+
+ to (g
(i) For
for − NA coordinate and ∴
+ +
∴ ∴ the +terms
−− + +in
+ eqn (3),
+
+
== −− == −−×× where
where ==
−−
− −
−
6. Co-ordinate of points P & Q of NA intersecting the
==− −− + ( − )
= − = −
footing
=
= −
−
side
×
AB
== −− &
×
×
AD
where
wrt revised where −
+ = + −−
where
( − ) −
== ××((−−))where
∴
−−
+ + =
== −− − =
=
where −− − −
−−
( )
− − ∴ × + × + =
......…….……(4) ... (4)
−
= =− −
×
=
=
× −(
−
− =
=
where) ×
×
where
−
−
=
where
=
where
−
==
−
−
−
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 65
− − + ( − ) ( − )−
( − ) − − + ( −
=
( − ) −
+ −
∴ + −
+ +−
POINT OF
∴ × + ×
VIEW
+ = ......…….……(4) −
−
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(4) − ... (6)
= ∴ × + ;× + = = …….…….…(5)
− + ( − ) ( − ) − −
……………….(6
× + = ......…….……(4) −
Where Where = ; ; =
− −
∴ ×∴ × − +
×+
+ (......…….……(4) )
−= ......…….……(4) ( − ) − Where = ( − ) − =
−
=( =)
( − );− ( − ) ;(6), =it(may− )be
+ × + =
= ;
− × ++
Where −......…….……(4)
= In equation
, seen that all right hand side
−
; − = −
− − + ( − ) − ( − ) − terms
are in x & y only.
= + +
( −((−)− ) −) ( ( )−− )
− = = where, =
−+−+ −−
−......…….……(4)
Where +
∴ × (
Where
−
+
=
−
− )
× =
;+
+
= ( −− )
......…….……(4)
;
( − ) −
; = =
CASE
– III ( − ) − − +
=
= +
(×
− +) × + − (= )−+ −
+ ∴−= ......…….……(4) − +
−
− −
When NA cuts AB and DC.
Here −
uplift portion
is APQDA −
+
+ − = = where, = ; = − = wh
at−= =
and effective portion is PQCBP. This is considered that
( − )∴(ii) − Similarly,
× +
for NA
− −× ( −location
+
)= −
(−−()−) ) (−((−)−−))−−NA
......…….……(4) cuts AB at P where, AP = yB and NA cuts DC at Q
+
−
+ × Where
+(ii)
+ ;
(
==−=......…….……(4)
− )
− +
+
−
+
( (
( − −
) − ) ; = (
− +DQ
− ) −
+ ==xB − −
= = NA =;+ where,
Where Similarly,
= for
+
location − at
= +
+ =
=
for NA location − at
=
(
=
−
− − ) −
−
−
−
−
−
− +=(−− )
−
+ = = where,
;
=
− −
………
∴ + − + ( − ) + + ( − ) − Therefore,
considering
effective fraction in side AB is v
+ − ×
− )Where
+
+
(= −(−) ) − ( − ; )−=
= ......…….……(4) − − uplift part in AB is y & in CD is x,
( ) ( )
& in DC is u, and
= − + − ;
− ( − − = ) ( −
− )
−
− + −
(location ) ( )
+Similarly, +=at + =−++= = (−+ ) ; = = ( − ) , where x, u and y, v are
(ii) Similarly, and
NA
for
(ii)
∴
(ii)
− =Similarly
+
− at
for
=−
for NA
for
NA
=
NA
location
+
location
location
at at
(
−
−
) + =
( −
−
) −
we
have
+
=×
−
− −eqn(3),
−+
= −
parts of B & B respectively. We will now involve
substituting all the
×+terms
+ +in
we +get
fraction +
− ( +
) − ( − )−
− ∴
= …….…….…(5) −
+ − − onlythe effective
fractions u & v to ease formation of the
( − ) ( )
= =
nat ( − × )
−
− +
( − )( − )− (−−
;
(
− )
− )+−
−
+
−
( − −
)
− −
(+−+() − )
equations
+ as( −
follows = )which= can
bewhere, = in terms of
transferred
−
∴
= ∴
+=
(ii) Similarly,
∴ =
+ −
+ +
= for
× (
+
NA
−
+
+location ) −
−+ =
at
…….…….…(5) +
=;
+
==
+ − +
+−
+
+ x=& y + +
= =
× +Where
−
from above.
=− …….…….…(5) for NA − −
(ii) Similarly,
−
location
at
−
=
= −
−
−
= = where, = ; = − =
− + ( −()− ) − ( − ) − − + ( 1. − Effective ) the Section and Revised Centre of
)−(− ( ) Area of
∴
Where
(ii)
) −
− ∴
Similarly,
=
++×
+−−+
for +NA ( + ×−
location =+)−at = =
+ ; −
…….…….…(5) (
− =
)
+
= + = − Gravity + ( :− )
location
+
× =
×
( )−…….…….…(5) ( )
; =−=
− −−
− +
−× +∴ = + at
…….…….…(5)
( −
+ =
+
) − − − + − + + ( − )−
arly, for NA
−
+ −
−∴ +
+ = axis system origin located at
= +
Considering
+ anorthogonal
− −
( ( ) =of
(−
) −
−
− + A, co-ordinate −
)−− ( )−
− CG atO of=the effective
where, = area
( − Where )− (= ( − ) −
)=
−
+
; ( −
;−= − )
= − +
+ −
)(is−calculated
(− −)−PQCBP
)
foundation
∴(location − +)= (
Where
=rly, for NA −
at ;= − −
− − + + + +
− + as=follows :
(−∴−)−=×+ × +−+−=−++…….…….…(5)
…….…….…(5)
−
+(
−
− ) + −+=
...(5)
= +− −
∴ × −++ ×
+ …….…….…(5)
− −
− −
……………….(6)
(
= − + ; (
) − −((×−−(+)−)−−=)−…….…….…(5)
− = )
− (−++(−)((−)− ) )
; −
=+
; − +− −
( ) ( ) ( ) +( − =) +
+ − × −+= ∴
Where × = − +
− − +
+ − =
−+ − + +
= −
−
Where Where
−
= − =
…….…….…(5)
+
+
; −
; =
+ − −− + PQ is the location of NA
− =
− − ; −
=− ……………….(6)
−
AP = yB ; PB = vB = (1-y)B ; v = 1-y
; =− −
−
−
( − )
(= (−−−) −
……………….(6)
= ( − ) ;
DQ = xB ; QC = uB = (1-x) B ; u = 1-x
,
− +
×( Where
− +)−−= = + ( − −) ; + (= − ) O is the origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY
+= (
…….…….…(5) ) ( )
− ; −
− =
−
+ − −
+ − ++ −−−
( ) ( − )+
=(−
= −
=) ; ( −− )
−
− = − = − ……………….(6)
+……………….(6)
= , ; =
; = ;
== = +
+
−
= − ……………….(6)
− −
( (− −)
where,
Y
−= ,
) − −
−
− −
−
+
( − ) −
( − ) − − + ( − ) B
= ; = C
(− =− ) − = = where,
−
=
++ (− − ) +
− = =
()−, − ), = − + − = − = = −
where, ; where,
−=)(;−= =)
= =
= (− )=where,
−− , =(
……………….(6)(
;+− =
; =
− −
……………….(6)
X
O X
−
= − ; = − ……………….(6)
P
S
( − )− = −= where, − = + ; (−−
= −) = where, = −
= where,
= =; = − where,
=
= −
= = − −
= Q
where, =
−−= =
+
where, where, +
=
− = = = −
where, = −= A
=−
( − );, ……………….(6) ……………….(6) D
(;− );− == −
Y
− = ( − ); =( − − ), = −
Solving −&(5),
=
(4) == =where,
where, = ; = ;=−− =− = =where, where, = −
= where, = = ; = = −where, =
=
where, = −
= −
ere, − = where, = == − where, =
= (; − ) ; == (− ) ,
……………….(6) Figure 2. Effective area of the section and revised centre of gravity
) −; =( − ) , ==
− where, =
e, = ; = =−=− − =
− = where, = − −= −
where,
=
=
= where, where, = ; =
=−
= where, = −
= = == ; = − = where, = −
66 The ==
where,
Indian
Concrete
==
Journal
where,
where,
June 2014
=) ; ==(− ) ,where,
=
= − −− −
− −
−
− + = + = + =
== ; ;; = == where,
+ = =
……………….(6)
……………….(6)
……………….(6)
=where, +
+
= + =
− −−
− −−
where, = = = =
−
=+ + (−++ ) +
( )
−
+
+ − =
− + = = =
; =POINT OF − ……………….(6)
VIEW where,
where, +
= + =+
= =
==(( = −
; = = ……………….(6)
++=
= (− − );) − ) = (
; =−=((− −), ) ,
− ) − = where, = =
= = −
( +) + + ++( − ) =
; ,
+where, − +
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular PBCS) : = == +
== =
=
−
, =
where, +
=
+
+
(
+ − )
+ +
+ − ) =
(
( ) =; === ( ) , = == where, = =
==
= =−
= −
−where, where,
where,
= = + ( − ) + + ( − ) =
where,
+ +
=++−
==
+
+
where,
where,
(
−
=)+
=
+ + (=− ) =
where, = == = == where,where,
where, = =
= ; ;; = ==−−−
====where,
−=
where,
===−−− +
= − )
= = + ( − ) + where, +=( − ) (=
=
where, where,
= = where,
=
(
−
+ −
)( − ) −
+ ( − )( − )
( ) ( )
= + − + −
+
−
=
++ (( ) ( )
where, 4. = Moment − of+the
here, = ; = − = where, = − Product
==+ −−of ( )
Inertia
−++ )
(PMI) + (
−−section
effective ) ==
= = where, = ; =
=− −−
− = ==where,
==− −− where, wrt
(revised
)(
− = −
− ) − Axes
+ ( − )( − ) =
: −
= =
= ==
where, =
where,
where,
+ ( − )+(i)
−Revised
=
Centroidal
+ ( − )
+ + ( − ) =
= +
( −
Eccentricity )
− along =B :
( − ) + + ((− − ) =
(ii) Effective Area (Triangular PQS)
= +
)
= (− −
)(− )−−− + (− )( − )
−
+; (Eccentricity −== ) +++(along ( −−=B+:))+++( +)(( −− ))
where, = − −
= = where, = == where, = = Revised
(i)
− + =
==
= + − −
× = + −
−
+ (
− ) + + ( − )
=
=
= = where, = ; ( − )
=−==( − where, )( −=)− ;−
+ ( )(− )
= where, == ;;
== =
= = = where, − −
−( ) ++ − along +×(B:=−) +
where, = ; − −
= = where, = = ;
= where,
== +
=+Revised −= −=
− − − −−))
(i) Eccentricity
− − = + ( ==)(( + −−+)()((−− −))−− ) =++
(( (
−− −− = −− =−− where, =5.Revised
−
= +
;
( −−=)()(−−+)
− ) −( − ) + ( − )( −
− − − − −−
= − − Where, =
−
= = where, == = ;== where, == Eccentricities of Load with respect to revised
== − =− where, = where, = ; (i)
where, == − − Eccentricity
Revised = along where,
=
( −
)(
= + Axes − : = + − × = + + −
= = where, B :
=
+ Centroidal
= ( +−
( − )
)( − ) − (; − =)( − ) =
= + = =
=
Where, = −+
−+
Revised ( − )
+ (B:− )( − ) =
(+ − −)(Revised ) − + along
− − − ++ = − = − (i) (i) Revised Eccentricity along B :
From =
−
=(i) &
where,
(ii), =
where, +
= = =
−
+ −== =
(i)
× − Eccentricity
Eccentricity
= −
=
= =+ + + = = +
=
= =
= +
along
= + = + + =
(i) Revised
Eccentricity B : +
= + = =where,
=
= +
Where, =
− ; =
+ Eccentricity
== ++ −−along =B= : ++ −−×× == ++ −−
Total Effective Area (i) Revised
+ == + + ++ where, =
+
where,
where, (i) Revised Eccentricity = along+ B − : = + − × = + −
+ =where, = + =
=+
= = =
where, +
= + +
=
= + = = − ; =
where, =
Where,
= + − = + − × = + −
+ +
++
++ + = = + ++ − ×Where,
+ = ++ = + + = =
+ −+= = = + = += = −−− ;; ==
, = where, = = = Where,
= =
+ =+ =
+
=
=
+
= =
==
=
+ = − =
where,
Where, ;
+
+
+ ++ ++ where,
=+ = + + = + Where, = − ; =
where,
where,
where, =
= == += =
+ +
where,
=+ = where, = =
=
+ = − ; =
Where, =
=
+ +
++
++=
= +=
+ + +
=
+
= = + =
+ == +
==
== +
=
=
, = where, = = = where,
= =
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along along LL ::
+
+ + + ++ where, = (ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
where,where,
where, = = == += = + where,
= = (ii) +
2. = +
Revised
− = + −along
Eccentricity =L : + − × = + −
Second
where, Moment
= of
Inertia
wrt revised CentroidalAxis
+ ( − ) +
+ (= +
− −)
= + − × = + −
XX : = =
− Eccentricity
= along
+ L−: = + − × = + −
+ + =−− + ( − )+ = ++−( −= ) + −
(ii) Revised
=× =
, = where, == ++ =(( −− )) ++ − ++ (( −− )) −
+ −
= +
+ ( − ( − ) + − + = ( +
− ( )−
=
) =
=
+
+ ( − ) =
) +
+ (
− )
+
= + Where,
=
= − ; = +
− = = + − +
= + ( − ) + + ( −= )
=
+ −
+ ×
Where, = −
= − ; =
=
+
−
( − ) + ( −− ) = = +
+ ( − ) + −−= ++ (( −−) )+
; + =
−
= −
+
=
==
++ ((
+
−−)) ++
−+ (( −− )) = ==+ (+−) Where,
=
Where,
Where,
= − ; =
−
= + ( − ) + − + + =( − + )
( =
− = )
+
+ ( − )
=
= + (− ) +
+ ( − ) =
− = − ; = +
=Axis (+ − ) =Where,
= ( − )( − ) −
+ ( − )( − ) =
3. Second Moment of Inertia wrt revised Centroidal = −
YY
: −
+ (=−) ++ ( −+ )(+ −=(()+−−
− = ( − ) = −
( −−)()
( ) +=((−− )() − ) =
( −−)()( −− ))
)
)
−− ( − )++ (( −− )()( −−
− = −=−
)) =−(==− )=+−() − )( − ) =
=((
== (
= (− )(
− )(
− ) −
−
) − ( − ) = + ( (
− − )( )(
+ ( − )( − ) =
− − ) −)
= ( − − )
(i)
B=: ( − − )
Revised Eccentricity =along −
( − ) (i) Revised
( ) B=: = ( − )
( (i) )( ) ( )( )
− 67
( )( ) ( )( )
Eccentricity The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
= ( =− )
− Revised − − + − − along
(i) Revised =
Eccentricity −
Eccentricity
along −
along B −
B :: + −
−
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii)(ii) Revised
Revised
Eccentricity alongL L: :
Eccentricityalong − + ( − − )
POINT ∴
= + OF
− VIEW = + − + + + +
= + − ×
= + − = + − × = + − −
= + − = + − × = + −
6. Co-ordinate
= (ii)+ Revised
(ii)
Revised
− of = + P &
Eccentricity
points
Eccentricity − Q ×NA
:=of
along
along = ××+
:−intersecting
+L:Eccentricity
L
−the
=
Wherefrom, we get
(ii) Revised Eccentricity
= = + + (ii)
−
−
along
(ii)
L=
Revised
Revised +Eccentricity − along=along
L:L+
:+ −−
footing side AB & DC wrt revised Centroidal Co-ordinate
+
System =+ ∴ × + × + = ......…….……(7) …(7)
=: = + +− Where, = − ;
== + = +− + = − +
Where, = = −+ +× = −−
−=
×× = ;=+ − = ++ −−
+
== ++=−− =+=
++ −Where, −××+=
= −+
= + −; − =
=
L : (i) = +
Co-ordinate of point P where
Where, NA is=intersecting
− ; the footing
++ − + ( − − )
== ++ Where, Where, == −− ; ; =Where =
= − Where − ;+ ( − − )
side
AB : + − ( −= − )
+ (
; ; − −
= − ; = + Where
+ Where
+ =
× = = −+ − + Where,
= −==+
+ +
− =
= + Where, Where,
= − =
−
; ;= = Where
( = =)
; ;
=
= =+ −+
Where,
= = − −
Where, −
−
= −
+ − −(− − ; )−
Where =
= ( − − = =−)− ( − − ) −
= ( − − )
− =
( ) ( )
= − − − − − −
=
= ( − − ) + − ( − − ) −
( )
− ; ===(−(− =
=
(ii)
= =
Co-ordinate
−Where =−− ofpoint
− −−
Q=where
+ )
) − −
NA is intersecting
the
−
−
+ ( − − ) ; =
=
Where =
− =−
−
;
( − − ) − −
( ) −
= ( − )
footing
side CD : − + − −
=−−++((−−−−)) ; ( ( − )− ) −
=
== ((−−==−(()−−
)
)
− )
−(−−= (− −))) − Where
−(−−− )
= (=
= ( − )
−
= ( = − Where = − = + +;
− −
( ) (− )
( )
Where
)
= ( − − =()( ) ) − − −
−
+
+ − −
− −
−
− − ; +
=
( −−
) −
(
= ( − − ) − −
− =
Where = =
+ − ; − −
+
= ( − − )
−
=
− −
= −
= ( − − )
− + ( − − −) − ) − (− − ) − −
==( (−)−−−−)) (
= (− ==(()−−)
( − −+ ) −
= +
= (= −( −) ) −
=
( ( − )−
− ) −
( − ) −
7. Co-ordinate of maximum pressure location C : == = = − −
=
+ − − −
( − − )=
− =
+
( ) −
= =((− −(−)− )− ) = = −
+ ( − − ) −
( )
−== −− = −
= ( − ) = ( −−− −)
= − − −
( − ) (NA ) + ( − −
at = ) = and
−
= ( =
) = + (ii) Similarly, for + − location
( ) (
in( eqn ) ( −)−
−
==(( ))
− − − + −
= ( −
)
∴
+ − terms +∴ − − + − −
+
(
)
−−
=
=
substituting
= all
the
( − ( ) ++− (3),
(
we
− ) +
− get
+ −
( ) (
− +)− ) −
= −
( )
− + −
− −
( −)+
∴
=
+
=
+ − −
= ( − )
= − −
=+ − + +
= − ( ) (
((−−) )) −
− − ∴
+
−
− −
==(()−=−= −
) ( − ) ( ) +(− ) (
= (−
( − −
RELATIONSHIP = (=
BETWEEN −(−DIMENSIONLESS) )
+ =
−
− ( − ) + )
−
−
+
(
−−
+ + − + + +
− −
∴
∴ +
= =
− + + …….…….…(8) −
∴ × =
AND ×
ECCENTRICITY
( )
RATIOS
= (
and
DIMENLESS −
= = ()
− −
FOOTING
)
= (=
LIFTED −(−FRACTIONS ) ) x & y :
∴= × =+ × + = …….…….…(8)
∴ × + ×
+ = …….…….…
( − ) + ( − − ) (− − ) + ( − )
and
∴ + and + + =
= = = +∴ =× ..(10)
( − ) + ( − − ) + × + =
− (− ));+ ( − − )
and
= = ( −= ) +…….…….…(8)
× + × +−
(
∴
As points & and
and and lie − on NA, Pressure Where =…….…….…(8) −
(( )+)−+ ( − − )
∴ × + × + = =
&
Now in general
& form of two ∴
+
−− Where
( (
) +− ( +
+)
( )
p is 0 at these locations. =
− −−
+ − −
& Where
+ ( − ∴) + +
( − −
)
+ ; +−
( ) ( )
dimensional bending and &&pressure equation (3), we put the ∴
− −
Wherefrom,
+
= we get − + −
Where − =
− −+ + −
Where ;
==and =and coordinate
and as ≠ ,
( ) ( )
=
NA
for NA
coordinate − + ∴ − − −
for
and and
and as
≠
,
= ( ≠ , ) + (− −)
co-ordinates of NA points & one by one
∴
× + × + == …….…….…(8) Where
for =
NA
coordinate and as
− −
;
and =allother
&
=
for NA properties
sectional
=&=& ==
coordinate
forforNA
ofand theaseffective ≠ , areaof
− =
( − − −
( − − ) + ( − )
footing and
equate the same to
NAcoordinate
zero.
& &
coordinate
and andasas ≠≠ , ,
∴ ×
(
−+ − × )++ )+(==−(…….…….…(8)
−) )
−( − ) +
(−− ) + + ( ( − − − − ) )
∴ =
(×= −
+ − × ) −
+ = − ...(8)
( ) ( − − ) ×+ × + …….…….…(8)
∴ = …….…….…(8)
− +
− − =
− −
( ) −
( − − ) −
∴ Where + = + = + + =
( ;
+) + ( )+
≠− + …….…….…(8) −
= =NA − −(=− − , −−× −
) ∴
( )
For = + =+
for for NAcoordinate
coordinate
and
as ,+≠ ,+
−×
==
(+
((−(−−−−−)−+)+)++) (−−− ))
∴
(i)
for NA
coordinate
=
co-ordinate
= + − and
=
and
as
and
− ≠as
as coordinate
−
≠
≠−
− −
=(
(−+get,
in ∴ for
+ for NA
++ NA −−− ))
coordinate and and as as , ,
−=)(−(− =
=−( ; ( − −
+
∴ + all
−−−
+ the terms to + −
substituting
∴ ∴ + + + +
eqn
(3),
−
we
simplify
Where + −
+
Where
+ +
=
(−− ) + (−−= −
−
(
() −+)
−
−
= =
)
+ −
+;
(
((−
− − − − −))+)
− −
=
=
=
(
(− −
Where
−
)
− +=) +−
− (
( − −
− − + )
)− −
(
−
−;
(− −− ) ( ) ( )
( )−−)) (−− ( )
−
+− (
−
+− ( −−
( −(+
Where Where =
(
− ) )
− ) −− )
−
=
+ ;
; − +
=(( )−)−
nate and as∴≠× − + + −
− −
∴
, = +++
× +++ = ......…….……(7) − + − −
+++ +− − −
−==−
+ ×
−
( −
×+∴ ) ( ) ( − − ) + ( )
∴ + +
( − −)+ ( − )
∴ +
∴ = ∴ − ......…….……(7)
+ + + +
+
− + +−
+
+
−= = −
∴ ×
− −−+
× + =......…….……(7)
− −
−
∴ ×
(− − − ) + ( −−−
)−)−+−(− )
=
− − + − − +
+ × + = ......…….……(7)
=
∴∴× × ++ × × ++ == ......…….……(7) ......…….……(7) −
= = ; −= =
−
= −( − ;) + (=−− )− ……………….(9)
−
+ ( − − ) ( − − ) − −
− ……………… −
∴ =+× + (
+ − ) +
=
( −
=......…….……(7)
− )
+
= (
− −
)
=
=
+
−
−(
−
+
) =
−; −=
− −
;
=
…………… −
− ∴ ×∴
+× ×+ + ×
×=
++ ......…….……(7) ......…….……(7)
−
−
−
−
∴
∴
× ( − ) + ( − − )
( − −
× + + × × + + = =
−
......…….……(7)
......…….……(7) − =
;
+ −
−
= ( − )+ −……………….(9) (−( − )+ ( − −(−)−
= (=− )
; = ( −− ) , −
= ;
= +
= ( − ) ; = ( − ), ) +− ( − − )
( −
− −
=
+−
= = ( − ) ; = (
− )
− +,
.....…….……(7)
= ( − ) ; = ( − )
, −
− − = ( ) = where, =
68 The Indian =Concrete Journal June 2014 ; = ……………….(9) = ( − ) ; = ( − ) ,
− −
= ..(10)
+−
∴ + + +
( − ) −
= − = −
( − − ) + ( − ) where, = − ; = = wh
= − −
= ==where, − where, = where, = −
POINT − + ( − − )
OF VIEW ( − − ) −
− = − = =−
= ; = = w
= + +
∴ × + × + = …….…….…(8)
−
+ ( − − ) ( −−− ) + ( − ) −
where,
− where, −
=− ; = = w
==where, ===− where, = =
− = ( − ) +(− (
) ( − − )+ ( − −) − − − where,
+
+ = − = ; = =
− − −
) + ( − )
+ −
=− =
+ = where, where, −
: = == where,
CG of A2
= Area
−
Where
= − ;
= = −
− −− − − −
Solving (7) & (8),
= =− − = = =
where, = = = −===;; −−where,
= =− == = where,
where, ==
where,
− = ; = = where,
where,
− ( − ) + ( − − ) ( − −
) ( )
−
= + (……………….(9)
−= − − ) + (
− ) + + =
+ −
= where,
∴=
−
; − =
−
……………….(9) − −
− + = ..(10)
−
... (9)
From
= (i) & (ii)
above, ;
= = where, =
− − −
− − −+
+
+ where
= = − −= −=where,
= =where, −+= === +where,
== = = where =
x = Effective Area ; = = where, =
In equation (9), see that all right hand side terms are in Total
& y.
, ∴ × + × +( − = ) + ( − − ) − − (− =−−+)+−= +(+−
…….…….…(8)
)= + =++
+ where
= ( −) ; = ( − ) ,
+ +
=
− = =
; = −
− − = where,
= = = where, ;
=
= = =
=
= =
where, = where, =
= w
CASE – IV + +
( − ) + ( − − ) = + = = where =
CG of total Effective Area
When NA = cuts BC and AD. Here uplift portion ;is ABPQA + : +
ere, =Where = = where, =
=
and effective portionis − This is considered
PQDCP. −that − +== =+ + + + + where +
= ( ) = where, = = = + ; = =
=
=
+ where,
where
==
= = ++
= =
+ where, =
NA cuts BC at P
− where, BP = yL and NA cuts
− AD at Q = ==
== where,
= =
where, AQ==xL − ; = ……………….(9)
( − − ) + ( − ) − ++ +
= + = = + == +where, === + ==
where,
where,
− effective
= + = where =
Therefore, considering fraction in side =BC
is + v =
= = + −
= + ( = −
+ ) + =+ − − ) = =
(where,
+ ( − ) + + ( −
& in AD is u, and uplift part in BC is y & in AD is x, = =
we have = ( − ) ; = ( − ),, where x, u and y, v are
of(L− &L )respectively.
+ ( − −We ) now
( + ) + (
+
+ ) =)where, +−
+==(
+
+ ==
(=−+ = − )
fraction parts will =involve − −
+ = +
−+ where,
= + = =
= = = + where,
only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
in − −( − ) ( −)
−
equations as follows which can be easily transferred
= ( ) = where, = = = + +(− (=− ) ++) + ( − +)+ (+ −− )+) (= =
−
terms of x & y from above.
+ +
+
= = == ) +++−((−= ) )(
( − ) ++=((− − ) )
−
( where,
)
1. Effective Area of the Section and Revised
Centre = of + − − + + + − = = =
− −
( − ) ( −() + −
= ; =
……………….(9)
= + ((−−=)()+(−− ) − )(+ (− −) )((−
) − ) +=
Gravity :
− − = −
−
= + ( − )==+) +(
( − ()−
Considering an orthogonal axis system origin located at
(+−−PQ (is+)the −() of ( −
) )= ( − ) =
+
A, co-ordinate of CG at O of the effective foundation = area
+ ( −
BP =yL ; PC )(
−+location
= vL
+ )NA
−− )
;v =1-y
+= (
− )( − )
= ( − ) ; = ( − ) ,
B : = (1-y)L
PQDCP is calculated as follows : QD = uL = (1-x)L( = 1-x)
; u−
= ( − )( − ) − ( )( )
AQ =BxL: ;
O is the
origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY + − −
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular QSCD) :
= + ( − B: )+ = +(+−−
( − ) (
)−Y−( =)×=
= −− =−−)
= ( ) = where, = = ( − )( − = ( )−
− )(
)
=
−
−
+
)+
+ ( −
)(
= + +
(
− ×+
−
)(
− ) =
B :
S C
= + B− = + − × = + −
P
CG of Area A1 : = − = where, = − ; =
= where,
( − )
=
X
B=: ( − )(− = ) −+ − += (+− − )(
B : X
O × − = ) + = −
= where, = − ; = = where, =
= − = where, = − ; = = where, =
− = + −− = = + + − − × = = + −+ × − = + −
= = = Q D
where,
PQS) :
B : A
(ii) Effective Area (Triangular
Y
− − −
=
where,
= where, =
=
= = + − = + − × = + −
= − − = where,
revised
centre
Figure and
3. Effective area of the section of gravity
−
− −
= where, − −
= == where, ; = = where, = The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 69
+ = = = where
= where,
= =
= where, = = = + Where, =− = −; ; = =
− − == − = = −
where,
+ Where,
; = = where, = − −
= + = + = = + where, =
=
= +
where
+
+ − − +− =where, − = + Where, = − ; =
= =where,
= =
where, =
=
POINT = OF + ; VIEW = + = where, = where, =
L=:L :+
−
= =
−
=+ =+ = where
= where,
+ = + − − +
+ = = = where, where,=
2. Second
= =
= where,
Moment of Inertia wrt revised Centroidal Axis
=
=
: =
=
+ − = + − × = + −
=+ −XX : − + + + + L
+ − = + − × = + −
==− += where,
+ −
+= = = where, where = = +
=
= + (; − =)= =−where, (−= −=
where,
; ) =
= + +− =
+
+ = = +where, =
−
−=where
+=
= where,
= =+ − = +
− × = + − +++
= = = ; + = =
= where,
+ = + == ++Where, Where,
Where, = − == −;−
; ; ==
= where, = = + =
=
− +
(− = ) ++ =+ + (= − )
+
+ +
where
= ++
=
= = ( − ) == +where = + +
+ ( where,
− ) + = + ( − )
+
where,
= +
+ =
Where, = − ; =
= = = =
=−( ) Where,
=+ ( − ) ==(L−+:= −)− − ; = +
+ ( − ) + − +
+
= += = ++ + =
where + = + + Where,
= = − ; =
+ +
Second = =Centroidal
where, where, = =
= Moment of =Inertia
=
Where, = −
= + +
3. =
wrt revised
+ Axis +
+ ( − +
(− )
) + − + ( − )
= =
( = (
6.
−
=) (
Co-ordinate
)
− )
where,= + = Where,
intersecting
= − ; =
YY : = = + − = + − × = + the
of points P & Q of NA
= − −
+ (+− ) += ( (− −)where,
−
= =
( −
= =
+
)(where,
−
+
()=−−=)
+
)++(==−)( − = )footing
(LL−:: =−(side
=
− )BC
−&
= AD
) wrt+revised
Centroidal
Where, = − ; =
Co-ordinate
= + ( − ) + ( − ) (=
)
+ System
:
+ + − + ( − )= =−
== + ( − = ) +
+ L :
= = = − L +
( − − )
where,
= −
+ + : + = −
( − ) = =
=
== where,
+ Where, = ; =
( − )( ) ( )( )
(i)
=
Co-ordinate
+ −ofpoint = Pwhere + − NA is
× =
intersecting
the + −
footing
(
+ −
) − ( − ) ( − )
+ + +
+
− −
=
+
= +
L : − =
+ − × =
+ −
= + − = + − × =
−
)= + + =(
+
B : −
−
)
=
= where,
= = side BC :
( − ) + ( − )( =−− ) = = + − = + − × = + −
= ( − )( − ()−− )
()−− − )= )+ − = + − × = +++ −
= ( −
== ++ (( − ) + + ( −− ))
==−
= =
= ( + Where, ; =
= + Moment − = + − =× = ( −+ )−
+ = (−
=(() −+) ) Where, = =
= − − ; =
4. Product + +
=
−
of Inertia (PMI) of the
effective
= + Where, = −
section (− −Axes ) (( − )() − ) = = ( − )= + Where,
)(+
(+−)()(wrt ))
= − +−−Centroidal
(
− + − ) + :
+= − = = ( − )
= − ;
=
B :
= ( −
)
= ( (−−−−=)) + Where, = − ; =
+ − = + − × = ( − (+)− )−
== (+− (−)( ) + ) − ++( (−−)
)(=(−− )footing
(ii) =
= (
Co-ordinate − − of)point
= = ( − − )
Q where NA is intersecting the
)
−
= + ( − )− + + = −(side − AD
=)()−
: = )
= + − = + − × =
( − ) + ( − ) +
and =
(
= ( −
−
and
)
−
= ) + ( −( )− ) (+
(( −− −−=(−))− −)=()− )
(
=
)( − ) =
=
− − + −
=
=
( − ) & & = ( − − )
B :
+ − = =
( + − −
)( ×
− =
) −
+
=
+−
(
−
(
−
)(
−
)(
)
−
−
( − )===+−−(−(= )(−(−−)(−)−) ) =
and )
= =
==( − =)(− − =−)
respect
= =
5. Revised Eccentricities
(
of Load
− ) with to revised
=
=
= Centroidal ( − )(Axes + −
− )−
: = +
+ ( − )( −
− × =
+ ) =7.Co-ordinate
− &
= of
− maximum
pressure location C :
= −
B : = =≠ , =≠ ( −
(i) Revised
= + − × = + −
along B:
Eccentricity = (
,
−
)
)
) = ( − )
= ((
)
= − −
= ( − ) ( − )
B :
= + − = + − × = + − ≠, and =
= + − = + − × =
(= +=−((−−
(
−−
− ))−+
)(+
()− ) ( −
−
∴ +
+ KNOWN +++
(− )
∴ +
= + − = + − × = + −
RELATIONSHIP
=
− −
BETWEEN
&
(FRACTIONS ) + x &( −y : ) ( − ) +
ECCENTRICITIES
− − AND FOOTING
∴ + LIFTED and + +
+ = and =
= + Where, = − ; =
− and
∴ As
+×
∴ points + ×
&
+
× ;+ × and
+
=
==......…….……(10)
+ lie on NA, Pressure p is 0
......…….……(10)
= + Where, == − + ; =Where,
=
≠
−
& and
at these
locations.
, Now and in &
general form
of two dimensional
+ equation & (3),
we put the co-ordinates of
+ L : Where, = − ; = ∴ × + bending ×= = +pressure
= = = ......…….……(10)
NA points & = one = by one and all other
Eccentricity along LL::
( − − ) + area ( − offooting ) and
L : Revised
(ii) sectional
properties = = of the effective
≠ ,
equate ∴ ≠ + ,
the same = to zero. = +
+
= + − = + − × = + − ≠
−
,
= + − = + − × = =+ − + =− + − × = ≠ + , −
≠ ,
(( ) + ( − )
) + ( − ) +
+
+ − = += − ×
+ =
+ −
Where, = − ; =
+ − − − −
+
∴
∴ ∴ × +
+
× +
= + ( − − +
......…….……(10)
) + +
+ (
−
; =∴+(
−
− ) +
− ( − )
= + Where, == − + ;
=Where,
= −
−
70
∴ +
− + +
( − −−) + ( − )
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
+
= ( − − ) − +
−
( − −∴ ) −+ −
− ++ (+− − )
& ∴ + & +
+ −
+
and = = ∴ − × + × + = …….…….…(11)
−
( − − ) + ( − )
POINT
= = OF VIEW = = =
( − − ) − −− + ( − ; − )
= Where
=
and
&
∴ +
∴ × + × + ++ …….…….…(11)
+
=
≠ , = = for NA co-ordinate and ∴ × +
≠ , ×
+ =
−
…….…….…(11)
( −
(
−
−
−
) −
)
−
; = −
−
− +
∴ + (−−) + (− − + ) +
(i) For
&
as
Where =
substituting all the terms in eqn (3), we simplify to get, =
−
= =≠ , ( − − ) − −
− +
( − − ) + (
∴
− )
× +
=
(
× − +−
(
=
Where
) −
−
)
=
…….…….…(11)
− + ) + (
− (
−
−)
+ (
; −
− (
=− ) ) + (
( − − ) − − +−(−
∴ +
Where
∴
+ + ;
=
−
−+=+
−=
−
− +
+(−−=− )+ ( − ) −(−
≠ , ∴ × + ×
…….…….…(11)
( − − ) + ( − ) (− − )− (− ) + ( − − − )+ ( − −+ )
=
) ∴ + ( − ) + ( − −− Where
)
= + + (;−
− = ) −
− + = −
+
( −
( ) ( )
+ + + −
− −
= − =
−− + −
+ −
−
+( −)− + − − +
( − )+ ( − =) × + × (+ =)+ ......…….……(10)
−
× + × −=−......…….……(10) ∴
∴ +
− −
=
−
− =
∴ + + +
Where
= −
+ =
−
;
= − =
; − =
− ………………
∴ we
× get,
+ × + = ......…….……(10) ( − − ) − − + ( − − )
− −
…(10)
Wherefrom
= − + ( − − ) − +
− = + − −
+
∴ (− ; ) − + (−
+
−
=
………………
= − − − ……………….(12) −
−
=
−
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(10) = ...(10) ; +
− =( − ); −=( −) ,−
−
( − − ) + ( − )
Solving (10) & (11),
Where = ( − − )+(−(−− ) )+ ; ( −− ) −
Where = Where = ; ; ; = × + × +……………….(12)
= −
− − − = ( ∴
−) ; = − ( − ) , = …….…….…(11)
= ( − ) ; = ( − ) , = = where, =
− −
) + ( − ) ( − ) + ( − − ) ( − − ) + = ( − ) ; = ………………
...(12)
= (;− (− ) + ((−− −) + ) ( −
− −
) − )
( − − )
=
) + ( −
Where ;
−
− = − −
=
− = −
= = where, = =
Where = ) ; = = (− where, ) , = = − = where,
Where ;
−
==( −
;
− − −
( − − ) ( − ) + ( − − )
In = (
equation −
= (see
) ;(12), − that ) , all right hand side terms are in
( )
(
( − ) − )(+ ( − ) ) = ( − ) + (
y.
− − )
= ( − − )+(−(−−))+ = )(− ) +
(−− ) (+−( −−where,
− + − −
( (= −−) + ) ) −
− − x &
−
− =
+
= =
= − − +
= ;
(=
−
− −
− ) +
( −
) +
=
−
− − ; − − −
=
+
where,
where, −
=
+
+ +
Where =
V
− CASE = – = where, =
− ) + )( =− )= ( − ) + (−= − )( − − ) +When (− )
NA cutsBC + and DC.
( − ) +
( − − )
Here uplift portion is ABPQDA +
+( − ) + ( − ) +(=− ) ( − − )
− = = ( = ) + = ( −−−) +
= − = − +
−
and
where,
− effective portion
+ is PQC. This isconsidered
− that NA
=
− −
cuts − BC
at P − − BP
where, =yL and NAcuts at−Qwhere,
DC
( − − ) −
− +
( =− )
=
∴ + ( − −
)
(− − +)−
− −
+ − DQ
+=xL( − −
=
−
+
=
− )
where,
(+− −
=
;
) −
………
+ for
∴ Similarly, at =+ =+
and + = +
)= =all∴
(ii) NA +location
− −
( − substituting (the
−terms )
+in
−(− −we )
− + + − −
=
( − − ) +
equ
(3), get
+ ( − ) +Therefore,
( − ) ( − − )
+ considering
effective
fraction in side BC is v
− − ) ( − − & ) − ( − − )
−
− ) − = −− +∴(+
+
in DC is u, and uplift+ part in isy+&in
− BC DC is x, we
+ + + =
; )= ( − ),
×( −= )
−− + (=
− −(−− )
+ + − −
+ = have
where x, u and y,
v are
∴ × + + −
− ∴ ×+
∴ × + + …….…….…(11)
= × …….…….…(11)
− +
fraction parts of B & L +respectively. = We will now involve
= +…….…….…(11)
+ ×
∴
+
−
−
only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
= = equations as transferred in
( ) + ( − − = ) = can be easily follows which where,
=
− − − ( −∴−);×− ) += −× ++ =terms
−
+ = = − −(+− ) from
−=…….…….…(11) = (− − +) − …….…….…(11) y
( − − )
( −
+
Where ( −−− −
of−x+&
above.
Where
∴ + =
×++ Where × +
= = ) −
…….…….…(11)
−
;
;
= −
( −
− )
− + + 1.−
∴
−
Area − ofthe + Section = and Revised Centre of
Effective
− −
) − Wherefrom ( ) ( − − )Gravity − : = − =−where, + ( − − )
− + − −
(((−
we =−−− ) )−−
get, Where = (+−−−−(− − ))− ) ; =
; − −+
) −= + (
− Where
…….…….…(11)
=
= − − −(−
− −
+ )− ;
−
Considering +
+(
−
an −
orthogonal ) axis
−
system origin located at
=
−
+ +
+
∴ × + ×= −= − +
+
− −
…….…….…(11)
…(11) −
− A,co-ordinate
of CG at Oof the effective foundation area
−
PQC is calculated as follows :
( − − ) − − + ( − − )
) − − − + + ( −(−− − ) )= + +
; + = ( − − ) − + − +
( −(−)− )
( ) +−
−
−
− − − −
− −
2014 71
= =− − + −
=
+ The Indian
Concrete
Journal June
=
Where
−
;−− = − ;
……………….(12) − −
− − = + Where, = − ; =
B : +
= + Where, = − ; =
= ( − ) ; = (− ) , L :
POINT
= ( − ) ; = (− ) ,
OF VIEW L : B :
= + − = + − × = + −
Total Effective Area : = + − = + − × = + −
L :
= = where, =
=
+= − + = − + =− +
× − = × += − + −
= = where, =
= + − == + − + × Where,
= + =−− ; = +
+
= + Where, = − ; = +
= − = where,
Where, = − ; +=
= =+ + Where, = − ; =
= − = where,
L : Where, = − ; = +
=( − − )
= − ; = − = where, = − = +
= ( L− : − )
= − ; = − = where, = − ==( − + )− = + − × = + −
2. Second ofInertia
− wrt − 6. Co-ordinate P & Q of NA intersecting the
= ( −−=(−) )
= −
Moment ; = = revised where, Centroidal =Axis of points
XX :
footing =
side + BC −
& DC=wrt+revised − ×
Centroidal= +
Co-ordinate
−
= = where, = System:
= − ; =
= − ; = − = where,
− = where, = −
= (−
)
where,
= −
= =
= −
= ; = − = =where,
( − )+ =− Where,
+
=
= − ; =
= ( − )
=
= where, =
(i) Co-ordinate of point P where NA is intersecting the footing
+
=; YY
= −
Moment
3. Second
=
;
−= =
−
of Inertia wrt
= where,
revised Centroidal
= == −
= −
side
BC
= =(
: + Where,
− −
) = − ; =
: =
where,
= −Axis =
where,
= =−(− )( )
= where,
=== − ; = − =
where, == ( − − )
− −
= where, ===− ; = − = where, = −
= where,
= = where,
− ; = − = =
−
= = where, =
where,
= ( − − )= ( − − )
= ( − )
==
= = where,
where,
= =
= 4.
= where, =
= = of where,
where, =
= == =the effective
Product Moment Inertia (PMI)
of
where, ==( −
section = =
wrt
==
revised
=
Centroidal
where,
where,
= :
where,
Axes
=
= =
=
= = where,
(ii)= Co-ordinate )
of point Q where NA is intersecting the
= where, =
footing side AD :
= ( − )
=
B: =
= =
where,
=
where, =
= = = =
where,
= where,
=
: = where,
= =
where, =
= where, ===((−− )
B = ==
− )
5. BRevised
: Eccentricities
of Load with
respect to
revised
= = where, :== where, =
−
= Centroidal
+ − = ( − − )
= + Axes − = + − × =
+
=
where, =
= + − = + − × ==
BB: :== + where,
=
=+
(i) Eccentricity − = along where,
+ B−:: ×= =
− =
Revised where, =
=
B: = + − = + −
× = + − +
== + + − =Where, + − =× + = −; + PQ is the locationof NA
B : = + Where, = =− − ; += −=+ − × = BP+ =yL ;−PC=vL= (1-y)L ; v = 1-y
B :
= + Where, B: = − ; = + DQ = xB ; QC = uB= (1-x)B ; u = 1-x
= + − × = + −
= + −
O is the origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY
+
= + − = + − × = + −
L:== + −+ = Where, + −
× = =− ;+ − =+
L: = + Where, =
= − + −
; = = + − × = + − +
= + Where,
= − ; =
+ − L : = + − × = + −
+
L: ==++− = Where, + −× = = − ;+ +−=
P
C
= =+ + −
Where, =
+
−
= × − =
;
+ = −
= ; + =− +
B
+
L := +
=
−
+ = Where,
+ − ×=
:
L =− + Where, = − ; =
+
O X
+ Where, = − ; =
L:=
+ − = + − × = + −
L : = + − = + − ×= +=− + = −+ −+× = + −
Q
= +
Where, =
− ;
= + +
L : = +
(ii) Revised = Eccentricity +
Where, along LL::= =− − ; ; = =
Where,
A D
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + −
+
===(+−
= +)Where,
−+ = Where, = − =
= = + −+ × = + − +
+ − × == =
+ ; −
+− − ;
(
+ − ===(−+−−−
) ×) = + −
= + Where,
= −4.
Figure
;
Effective =of the section
area and revised centre of gravity
= ( − )
+
= − −+ Where, = − ; + =
= =+=(− ) = − ; =
(( ) )
− )Journal
− Concrete Where,
Where,
+
( ) +
== =
72 The
Indian +
June 2014 = = −
−
−
= +
; Where, = − ; =
+
= ( − )
= ( − − ) ( − − ) + ( − ) ( − − () −
( − − ) + (−( ) ) (( =
− ( ( −(−) +)+
−)+− −
) ((−
) ) )+ ;
−(=−) ( (= (
−)+
)
= −+
−
− − Where
+
− − − −
∴ +× ++ × + = ......…….……(13) ∴
Where
+ =
=×
× ++
=
−
......…….……(13)
;
+
Where = ∴ ; +
−
− −−
−
POINT
= − OF VIEW
−
− − + − −−−− +−+ ( )
− − −
+−− − ( ) (( ()) ) ()( ( ()) ) ) (( ( ))
7. Co-ordinate of maximum −Where
−
pressure =
+ −
location C :
Where( =
Similarly,
(ii) − =
+
;
for−
NA −
= − )
−
location
+
(
at
−
=
)
and
+; =
= − +
( )( ( )
==
= +
= ∴ × + × + =+−
......…….……(13)
−−
+ −
( ) −
= − (
= − − )
substituting
all
the
− terms
in eqn
(3), we
get
= ( −
= (
)
= ( − ) = ( − )
−
)
((−− −− ))++ ((−− ) ( −− ( − ()+− )+
()+−( −()− − ) ) (− () −+
= ( − )
) =( −= ) −− ∴
(−−= )()− Where ; = ( − ) + ∴ (−++− ++)
== (
=
=
=
+
=
= += +
= ( − )
= =
−
−
− + +
= ( − )BETWEEN = ( − KNOWN )
RELATIONSHIP
−
ECCENTRICITIES AND FOOTING
y: ( )
− − + − − −+ + − ( ) ( ( ( ) ) )( ( ( −− − ) ))
LIFTED FRACTIONS
x &
==
−=
+ ( − ) − (∴
=
+
+×
+
= )+
− − − + +
× + = …….…….…(14) ( ) ( ∴
−× −
−
++
× + + + =
)
+
∴ + = +
and ∴ + and
+
− ∴ +
+ +
− −
−
As points and and
− −
lie on NA,
Pressure p is 0
= (
= −−and
& )
( ) (( )) (
at these
(
Now
locations.
)
andingeneral and
of
& form two dimensional (
− + −− − + −−−− + −
×
+× +
) × ( + = …….…….…(14)) + − + ()
∴∴∴ ++ + ( ) ( ) (
= −
bending = −
& (3),
equation
& we∴ = + + of
=co-ordinates
+= Where = …(14) −
+
− + − − −
pressure put the × + …….…….…(14)
= & = ∴ × = + × + = …….…….…(14) − =
Where
− ; −
=
NA points & one = by
for NA
one &andall other
−
sectional
(
= − = for
properties= )
NA
==
of
the
for =NA
effective for NA
area of footing and
= ( ) ( () ( ) ) ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) ) ( ( )( ( )
same
= to zero. − − + − −
= = × += ×for NA − = +…….…….…(14) ×− + − − − − +− −+
−
( )
equate the (i)
for For
NA for NA
=≠ −, ≠ ,∴∴ − + (
+ + − )− +
( ∴ Where ) = −
×−−−+
++ (
+
++
=…….…….…(14)
−
− − = ;
=− −−
(
Where =
; =
co-ordinate and≠Where as , ≠ =, , substituting all the terms in ; − = − + − −
≠ ,and
− −
and − −
≠ , to get, ≠ ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eqn (3), we simplify
− − + − − + − −
)( ( ( ) ( )() ( ( ) ) ) )( ( ( ) ( ) (((()( ))()() () (( ()() ) ( )) )) ( ) ) ( ( (
&
−∴ (
− + + +
− +−−−+ + − − −− ++ −
+ −
−
− + +−−−− −+−− +
− − = − − −
−;+
& ∴ −× −
+ − × + =
− − + +
− − − − = − −
…….…….…(14)
=
( () ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ()
=
∴ +
−
Where
+
=
−
+
−
+ −
Where
− −
;
+ =
−
+ =
−
( ) ) (
∴ +∴ ++
+ + −
+
−+
+
= − − +=+ − − = − −
+ + −−+
−
−+− + =
+
− =−
∴
and
−
∴
−− −
+ − +
+
+−−
++
−
−
+
−+−
+
−
−−
−
== == ∴ for + NA + − + + − =
for
NA
−
−
− ( − )+ −
∴ × + × +
=
( (
=
−
− ) )
......…….……(13)
+ + (( − − − − ) ) (
− (
−− (
−
−
) +−
)
+ )
( − ( − ) ) ( − −
&
=
+
+ +
( − ∴ ) ( − )+ ( −
× = )
≠≠×,, ∴ × ∴ +× × + +Where = =− ......…….……(13)
+ ......…….……(13)
−− ; =
∴ × + + ×
× ++
= =
......…….……(10)
......…….……(13)
+ × =+ = ......…….……(13)
− −
−
+ ∴
+ × + × + ∴ × ......…….……(13)
−(− − ) + ( − ) ( − ) + ( − − )
=
= = for Where =
NA
( − − (−)+− )
(−− )()−+ )( − ;− (−()−−)(+−)++()−+(−−−(−−−)−)+ ) ( − )
; =
Where ( =− ( −−)+=−−
()−++ )(
(−+ −
)
−
( (− =) + =( )− − ) (− ) + ( − − )
( − − =−) ( +)+=− ++)+ ( (− ) (−=−− ) ==
− Where
− ;
∴∴ ++ , =++
+
;−
− + + +
;−−−
Where ≠ = −
……(13) Where = − Where − ; − =
−
−
−
( )
( −)
(− − ) ( )−
Wherefrom, we get,
−− − + −
+
− −
(=− ( −)+− ()−+ )( − ) (+− )(+− ()−+ − ( ) )
+
(−) − ∴ )+
(− (×−)
( −
)+−+−− −)+)( )−( −)+−)…(13) (−(−− )
( −(−− ) + ( − − −
−+ ) +
−( +) )
( )++ (
−
+=
− (−)
( ) ( ) )+ = (− − )
−
∴∴
= ××+
++
+ =
− ×
−
+
=
(
=
−= −
......…….……(13)
......…….……(13) ) +
(
− +
− −
)
+
+
+ +
+
(
Solving =
−
−
−+
) +
(13) & ( − +
(14), − +
; − = −
=
−
+
− − +
− −
−
−
−
− −
−
(−− −−=) + = (− − ) (−− ) ++ ( −− −− )
+
=
; = ...(15)
………………
− −
=) ......…….……(13)
(−+ −∴
) × (−+(
Where
Where
= +
=
=
= −=
)×+) +=(=−=−−−=......…….……(13)
) ( − ) + ( − −
+
; ; ==
) −
−
= += +
= =
=
− − (− − )+ ( − − )
( − − ) + ( − )
) + ( − ) ( ( (+− )+− (− −
) ) ( ( ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ( (
) )
( − )(+ ( )−+ (−−)−) (++− (all )+−hand ()
side)(
− )
−
−
− −− −
∴ + + + +− −
− −
− +
+
In +
equation
−−
− −
+
−
(15), − +
see
−
that in =
= ; +∴
+−
+
=
− −right −+ terms are
=
=
Where ∴ =
+ ( ) +
( −(− − )
) +
;
(
(
)
x)−− +−(
(
())+
(
− ) ( −=− )+= ( −
−
) =(−− )
− ∴ + + + − +
+ +y + −− −−
+
−+−−
−−
−
− &
= ......…….……(13) ∴
− −
+
− −
+−
+
=
+ + ∴ − + +
+
+
−
+
−
Problem − −
− Lor − =
Solution
=
) + ( − ) ( −
−(∴ ) ( )
;
) + (==−
)+==∴ ∴ − )
+
× (× −+
×
+
( +
)−
+=
− ×
+
)
(
− +
− =
…….…….…(14)
= (…….…….…(14)
−+…….…….…(14) )
− ) +
( B.
= −
−
and
−
)
;
=
− −
……………
( − − ∴
) + ; ×=+(−−=− …….…….…(14)
−)
× +( − )
+ +
× + + (A)Method for − generating thewhole − for all cases
graph
−
×
+ +
∴ × + × + ∴
=
− ×
…….…….…(14) + × = + = −…….…….…(14)
:
−
( − ) + ( − − ) ( − − ) + ( − )
( −− )=++
(− )+)( ( −− −− )
−()−−+ ( −−)++− ++) ( − −
; (
( +)−+ (+
() ( )−
−) ) ==)of x and y which
−− =−− + −
) + ∴ ( −= ++)Where ( −
+−( −)
Where − − −
( = ) + =( ) (+− ( −) (− )
∴ = ++
) +−(−=−;−) = ( −−;−) +=(−− ) ) + ( − )
) − (=; ) (
(
+
−
Where
− −− −
; +
−
−
+
= −− are all
functions
−
−
…….…(14)Where = −
= −Where −
−
Where
; = −
(−− ) ( −− ) in ( −− )of+ L ( )−
−
turn are
the −fractions Lor or B. B. and are known
+ −
( − ) +∴∴ (××− ++−××) ++( (−==−=)…….…….…(14)
+)(+−
(
( ) −
− )
+ (
(−)+−+)
−
( )
L + or B. ((−−)−+−)(+)−+()(− − ) )
and
+
+ =)+
…….…….…(14) − + − − =−
) −
∴ +
(
+ =
− (
−
+
(
−
(
−
)
+ −−
)
(
)
−
−
− ( −− )
+ (
) − +
− +
(−
(
) +
− &− ()−
−
)+)
−
( −
−
+
( −)
=
− )++ ( − )
; =
=
−
+ −
−
+ + + −
− = +
= + −
The Indian Concrete Journal
− − −
−
−
June 2014
73
= − ; = − −……………….(15)
− −
−
−
−
= −
=
; =
−
= − ……………….(15) − ……………….(15)
= − = ; ; − = ……………….(15)
; − =
− − − ……………….(15)
− −
= ; = L or B. and ……………….(15)
− −
POINT
−− OF
∴ VIEW
= × −−
= ; L or B. = and ……………….(15)
− −
known (the )+ ( − )
( − ) + ( − )
parameters. Equations involving on
− right
− Where
−
= side and = + L or B. and + + +
terms
;
= y on
……………….(15)
hand involving
− L or B. and − x, the
right
hand −
−
……………….(15)
are deduced
for all the cases LB.or B.and and
side L or(Case – IItoL Case or B.– V).
and
, and
Right hand side parameters shall be calculated
on
L or B. and
Equations
involving
known
on the left hand side case to case basis
depending on the NA location. After
L or B. and , , and and
terms generating numerous sets
of dimensionless parameters
and involving x, y on the right hand side
&
are also
in Xaxis and
two
deduced for all the cases (Case – II toCase –V).These of x and y, and
, and against different sets , and
&
equations with two
unknowns x& y for one particular case
ininXaxis and
Xaxis and
L or B.
non-linear
and considering of
,
in X-axis and and Kmax
in Y-axis, we can
are
simultaneous equations and can
& be used
corresponding , and
plot and Kmax values.
for generating the graph as a whole & by assuming &
various
in Xaxis and x values,
, yand values
Kmax in Xaxis and
K
K
thex-curves,
max
After plotting manyof
max
get
such sets, we y-
& finding &
combination
of x & y and the
corresponding in Xaxis and
, and
Kmax & K -curves
& and
& ,
againstKmax , . 8 (Eight)
Kmax plotted
in K
curves Xaxis
max
and
& . However, for a particular max
in Xaxis and
and known &
,
be adopted K
example hand calculations
K for each case using the above
&shall
max
& efficient trial and error
& method
max Kmax
values,
& , Kmax , , in Xaxis and
decrease the number of theand & equations on casetoKcase K basis are placed ina tabular form
to iterations.
From
and
equations, , max
max
,
& ,
(Annexure Table
Kmax 1 for Case – II, Table 2 for
we
can see that though it is an
and
iterative
,
process to find , Case – III,
K
and , and ,
K V) atAnnexure-A.
,, 4 for Case –
max
&& Table 3 for Case – IV, Table max
and , and
and
, for whole , graph showing
out the values of x and y for known
values of Here, the curves NA locations
and , and , , K max
, however, in reverse, if we think and x and y are known
, contours
in ,respect
, are drawn
that and
Pressure of
& and ,
and , ,
and
parameters
and unknowns are Knowing and , , the problem
and
x, y, , and by , preparing a computer
, program and is, presented in
,
and , and
gets
much easier. For several such
Knowing known x, y, values
and of x
and, Figure.
5 above.
,
and
and ,, and and by using
y,we canfind out corresponding
and (6) for Case-II, (9) for Case-III,∴(12)
and
and (B)
To
( − out
find )
+ the maximum( − ) pressure
(for
intensity
,
,
− a ) +
equation Knowing
for = Case- x, y,+ and
, +
+
( − )+ (
) ( − )+ (− −)
given set of :
and − −
and
IV, (15) for , Knowing ∴ x,y,Knowing
x, y, = and x, y, + , ,
+ , + +
Case-V. Knowing we can
and
Knowing x, y, and
Knowing x,
, y,
and − ,
, : Onceafull −
1.
MANNUAL
METHOD with
graph is
calculate x,
Knowing corresponding
y, and maximum
, pressure on the base
, (we ) + ( − ) ( − )
of
footing
by
ready,
− can use this graph for our future
design
corner C the putting all known parameters
∴
∴ = × = +
+
of
+ ,
Knowing and x, y,
and , values
( − ) + ()−+pressure)+) (
off
( −
) ()quantity
− )+) (−
+
purpose by reading maximum
( −) (
with coordinates of C in pressure (3) − with ,K
with
along equation
∴ ∴= ∴= +×=
and (− −
(( coefficient
) ) ( ) ( − ( +− )).(1+
( −
NA
+
−
−
+
+
+ − + +
and −
uplift
( − ) + ( ) ( )
+ ( − ,)
simplifying : ∴
=
+ = , +
+
max
+
∴ − −+ −
+ − −
−−
∴
= x, y, and
+ ,
+ +
(
againstwith
−
)
given+
set
− (
−of )
)+
for
.(16)
+
design
,
with .−(
purpose
−
− ) +
( ) ( ) ( ) (
Knowing Where
= + +
− + − − − +−
−
=+(×+− ) (multiply − −) (get ,)+ (− −)
+ and to
+
∴ =
∴
this
,K with
max
, .
with
. + .(16)
−the maximum
Where − =
+
− +with
+
+
pressure under footing. with
= × −
∴ = ∴×
−
∴ = ∴ × = ×
( − ) + ( − ) (− (−)+PROCEDURE + ( (−) +: A)computer
, .
) ( −
2. COMPUTER − , .
( − )∴∴ == ×
+ (
− ) + (
− ) + = + +
+
with
.(16) + program
Where
∴+ += ( − )+ ( )+)be ( − ) ( − )+) (−
...(16) , .
( ( −)for (
− + .(16)
− −may
created−−, solution of +
the
non-linear
× −
Where = +
Where
=
+
( − ) +
(
( −
−
+ ) +
)
.
(+ −
)
+.
(
Pmax− − ) +
.
( +− ))+
( −
( − ) + ( − ) = + (− )+ − ( − ) +
Where =
Where +
−
equations for +
finding
out+ , the
uplift −
+
fractions −of the
− −
−
Where = + + +
+
& ∆y Once
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
of ∆x
− + −
−
footing
−against
+ − the
P
known
P − . .
values
, .
× +
+ +
max
max
∴
Where =
=
+
−
the uplift
fractions −
i.e.
the neutral
axis location is
Pmax.
Pmaximum
∆x∆x
&& ∆y∆y
known, we can calculate the Kmax and ∆n =. a
max
( − ) + ( − ) pressure
∆x −∆yunder + ( . A Flow
P−footing. )
Chart for ( )
( − )Where
= + (
−
) + (
− ) + +
&
the
P−max
∆n. ∆n
=
max
aany
in=
+
a computer
∆x &&
xprev ∆yyprev
+ +
framing a program
− + language is
∆x &Pmax .
− ∆y
∆n = a ∆x &xprev
∆y &&
xprev yprev
yprev
∆x & ∆y ∆n = a.
Pmax
74 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 xprev & yprev ∆n = a x∆x &∆y
yprev
prev&
∆n = a
POINT OF VIEW
Location of NA and maximum pressure chart of highly eccentric foundation
0.5000
0.4500
0.4000
0.3500
0.3000
Eh / B
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
0.0000 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500 0.4000 0.4500 0.5000
EL / L
Figure 5. Location of NA and maximum pressure chart of highly eccentric foundation
shown later in Figure 6. Following notes may be 2. As the final equations are dimensionless (as
read in conjunction with the flow chart : discussed above), L or B of the footing are not
necessary to use in a program and hence, equa-
1. Sets of Equations used in the Flow Chart are all tions in the given Equation Sets are provided as
taken from the above discussion in the paper and independent of L or B except for calculation of the
are provided at the end of the flow chart. Different Maximum Pressure Pmax.
variable names have been used in the Equation
Sets with that of the paper for use in VB Macro. 3. For each of the Equation Sets, different function
may be created and called as necessary by passing
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 75
POINT OF VIEW
FLOW CHART
START
Read Mx , My, P, B, L Case 2 : Calculate Eff.
Calculate E bB y B and
Calculate Eb/B = Mx /(P x B) Sectional Properties
E1B y L from Eqn. Set (A)
Calculate E /L = My/ (P x L) from Eqn Set (2)
1
Assume x = 1 ; Y=0.1
Initialise p=0, q=0, r=0, s=0, x & Y=a small value
Consider a less value of x & y for each new iteration
Y prev = Y
Yes Equal
if E 1B yL < E 1/ L
No
Increase y = y + y Decrease y = y - y
p=p+1 q=q+1
If p> 0 and q = 0 No
or
If p = 0 and q >0
Yes
Case = 2 Use Eqn. Set (2)
Yes To Calculate Eff.
If x < = 1 and y < = 1 x=x-0
y=y-0 Sectional Properties
y = y prev
No
Yes Use Eqn. Set (3)
Case = 3 To Calculate Eff.
If x > 1 and y < = 1 u=2-x Sectional Properties
v=1-y
No
Yes Use Eqn. Set (4)
If x <= 1 and y >1 Case = 4 To Calculate Eff.
u=1-x Sectional Properties
v=2-y
No
Yes
If x > 1 and y > 1 Use Eqn. Set (5)
Case = 5
u=2-x To Calculate Eff.
v=2-y Sectional Properties
No
ERROR
Mark -A Calculate E 1B L and Mark - B
EbB yB from Eqn. Set (A)
76 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
POINT OF VIEW
x prev = x
Mark - B
Mark -A
Yes Equal
If Eb By B < Eb /B
No
Increase x = x + x Decrease x = x - x
r=r+1 s=s+1
If r > 0 and s = 0 No
or
If r = 0 and s > 0
Yes
Yes Case = 2 Use Eqn. Set (2)
If x < = 1 and y < = 1 x=x-0 To Calculate Eff.
y=y-0 Sectional Properties
No
Yes Use Eqn. Set (3)
Case = 3
If x > 1 and y < = 1 To Calculate Eff.
u=2-x
Sectional Properties
v=1-y
No
Yes Use Eqn. Set (4)
Case = 4 To Calculate Eff.
If x <= 1 and y >1
u=1-x Sectional Properties
v=2-y
No
Use Eqn. Set (5)
Yes
Case = 5 To Calculate Eff.
If x > 1 and y > 1 u=2-x Sectional Properties
v=2-y
Calculate E1B yL and
EbB yB from Eqn. Set (A)
If E1ByL - E 1/L < n
No and x = x prev
If EbByB - E b /B < n
Calculate Pmax from eqn. Set (B)
Print Case No, x, y, K max, P max
END
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 77
POINT OF VIEW
parameters for necessary calculations and getting Case – III : Equation Set (3) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area1 = v ; cgx1 = 1 / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 - v / 2 ; Area2 = (u - v) / 2 ; cgx2 = 2 /
the result. 3 ; cgy2 = (3 - 2 * v - u) / 3 ; Area = Area1 + Area2 ;
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
Area2 * cgy2) / Area
4. The values of fractional part x & y have been var-
Icgx = v ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (u - v) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
ied from 0 to 2 (considering x= 0 to 1 for edge AD (CGY – cgy2) ^ 2
& x= 1 to 2 for edge DC and y= 0 to 1 for edge AB Icgy = v / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (u - v) / 36 + Area2 * (CGX
– cgx2) ^ 2
& y= 1 to 2 for edge BC). Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (u - v) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
* (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
X1 = -CGX
5. A check is to be kept on x & y so that calculated Y1 = 1 - v - CGY
eccentricity always falls on the first quadrant X2 = 1 - CGX
Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
(+ve) i.e. upper rightmost quadrant of the footing.
Case – IV : Equation Set (4) : Effective Sectional Properties
6. Different values of ∆x & ∆y may be chosen by Area1 = u ; cgx1 = 1 - u / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 / 2 ; Area2 = 1 / 2 * (v - u) ; cgx2 =
calling a function for the same. For each new itera- (3 - 2 * u - v) / 3 ; cgy2 = 2 / 3
Area = Area1 + Area2
tion, ∆x & ∆y shall be less than the ∆x & ∆y values
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
of the previous iteration to gradually converge Area2 * cgy2) / Area
into the solution. Icgx = u / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (v - u) / 36 + Area2 * (CGY
- cgy2) ^ 2
Icgy = u ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (v - u) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
7. Mark-A and Mark-B of one page of the Flow (CGX – cgx2) ^ 2
Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (v - u) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
Chart shall be considered merged with the same * (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
Mark of other page to study the Flow Chart. X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 - u – CGX ; Y2 = -CGY
8. Abbreviations Used in Flow Chart : P = Axial Case – V : Equation Set (5) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = v * u / 2 ; CGX = 1 - v / 3 ; CGY = 1 - u / 3
force, Mx = Moment about x-axis, My = Moment
Icgx = v * u ^ 3 / 36 ; Icgy = v ^ 3 * u / 36 ; Icgxy = Abs(v ^ 2 * u ^ 2 /
about y-axis, Eb/B = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.) 72)
along y-axis, El/L = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.) X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 – CGX ; Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
along x-axis, ElByL and EbByB = Ecc./fdn dimn
based on assumed x & y i.e. NA location to com- Equation Set (A) : Stress Equation on NA for calculating EbByB and
ElByL :
pare the same with the actual ones to reach at a Feccb = 0.5 – CGY ; Feccl = 0.5 – CGX ; a = 1 / Area
solution for x & y. ∆n = a negligible predefined P1 = (Icgx * X1 + Icgxy * Y1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q1 = (Icgy * Y1 +
Icgxy * X1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
number to verify whether a solution is reached or R1 = (a + Feccl * P1 + Feccb * Q1)
not. p, q, r, s = variables keeping record whether P2 = (Icgx * X2 + Icgxy * Y2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q2 = (Icgy * Y2 +
Icgxy * X2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
y or x is increasing or decreasing. xprev & yprev
R2 = (a + Feccl * P2 + Feccb * Q2)
are keeping the values of x & y which are being ElByL = (Q2 * R1 - Q1 * R2) / (P2 * Q1 - Q2 * P1)
changed in the later part of the program. EbByB = (P2 * R1 - P1 * R2) / (P1 * Q2 - Q1 * P2)
Set Of Equations for Use in Flow Chart :: Equations given below may Equation Set (B) : Max Pressure Equation at Corner of footing :
be directly used in computer program in excel sheet (VB macro) with X3 = 1 – CGX ; Y3 = 1 - CGY
the same variable names and suitable changes of operators are required a3 = (Icgy * Y3 + Icgxy * X3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; b3 = (Icgx * X3 +
for other languages :: Icgxy * Y3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
Max Pressure Coefficient Kmax = a + ((EbByB + Feccb) * a3 + (ElByL +
Case – II : Equation Set (2) : Effective Sectional Properties Feccl) * b3)
Area = 1 - x * y / 2 ; CGX = (3 - x ^ 2 * y) / (6 - 3 * x * y) ; CGY = (3 - x * Max Pressure = Kmax * P / (B * L)
y ^ 2) / (6 - 3 * x * y)
Icgx = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x * y ^ 3) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * y) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2)) References
Icgy = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x ^ 3 * y) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * x) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgxy = Abs((CGX - 0.5) * (CGY - 0.5) + ((x ^ 2 * y ^ 2 / 72) - (x * y / 2 * 1. “Foundation Design” by Wayne C. Teng published by Prentice Hall
(CGX - x / 3) * (CGY - y / 3)))) of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110001 Published in : 1979 pp
X1 = -CGX ; Y1 = (y - CGY) ; X2 = (x - CGX) ; Y2 = -CGY 130-133
78 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
POINT OF VIEW
Annexure Table 1. Calculation of pressure co-efficients Annexure Table 3. calculation of pressure co-efficients
CASE - II (Short Side & Long Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part is uplifted CASE - IV (both the long sides intersected by na)
Example No → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Notations used Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion, y<1 in BC portion, x>y to keep the
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion and y<1 in AB portion
in paper ↓ eccentricity in first quadrant.
x 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.900 0.800 0.700 0.300 x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
y 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
a1 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
d1 0.500 1.000 0.500 1.000 0.850 0.800 0.750 0.700 a1 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000
a2 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.070 0.120 0.150 0.280 c1 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950 1.000
c2 0.500 0.500 1.000 1.000 0.950 0.900 0.850 0.650 d1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d2 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.500 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 a2 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
a3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.500 0.315 0.240 0.175 0.060 c2 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867 0.967
c3 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.667 0.600 0.533 0.467 0.200 d2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d3 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.667 0.467 0.400 0.333 0.267 ar 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 0.050
ar 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.685 0.760 0.825 0.940
Fgx 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 0.967
Fgx 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.667 0.592 0.574 0.557 0.526
Fgy 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 0.667
Fgy 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.667 0.623 0.595 0.571 0.523
Fix 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 0.003
Fix 0.083 0.083 0.083 0.028 0.042 0.050 0.057 0.074
Fiy 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.083 0.083 0.083 0.028 0.051 0.058 0.063 0.073
Fixy 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
Fixy 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.019 0.019 0.017 0.009
Feccl -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 -0.467
Feccl 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.167 -0.092 -0.074 -0.057 -0.026
Feccb -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 -0.167
Feccb 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.167 -0.123 -0.095 -0.071 -0.023
x1 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 -0.067
x1 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.667 -0.592 -0.574 -0.557 -0.526
y1 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 0.333
y1 -0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.333 0.077 0.005 -0.071 -0.123
x2 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 0.033
x2 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.333 0.308 0.226 0.143 -0.226
y2 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 -0.667
y2 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.667 -0.623 -0.595 -0.571 -0.523
x3 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.333 0.408 0.426 0.443 0.474 x3 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 0.033
y3 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.333 0.377 0.405 0.429 0.477 y3 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 0.333
P1 -6.000 -6.000 -6.000 -24.000 -13.209 -11.326 -9.900 -7.543 P1 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 -2400.000
Q1 -6.000 6.000 -6.000 0.000 -4.132 -4.168 -4.195 -2.594 Q1 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 0.000
R1 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000 3.181 2.545 2.069 1.317 R1 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 1140.000
P2 -6.000 -6.000 6.000 0.000 0.630 0.039 -0.468 -4.047 P2 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 0.000
Q2 -6.000 -6.000 -6.000 -24.000 -14.519 -11.854 -10.094 -7.552 Q2 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 -240.000
R2 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000 3.182 2.436 1.952 1.344 R2 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 60.000
el/L 0.083 0.167 0.000 0.250 0.170 0.149 0.130 0.139 el/L 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.446 0.475
eb/B 0.083 0.000 0.167 0.250 0.227 0.206 0.187 0.103 eb/B 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.107 0.250
Kmax 2.000 2.000 2.000 6.000 4.108 3.560 3.143 2.496 Kmax 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 60.000
Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
Annexure Table 2 . calculation of pressure co-efficients Annexure Table 4. calculation of pressure co-efficients
CASE - III (both the short sides intersected by na) CASE - V (Long Side & Short Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part remains effective
Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions and x<1 for DC portion, y<1 in AB portion, x<y to keep the Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in DC portion, y<1 in BC portion
eccentricity in first quadrant
x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 0.800
x 0.000 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
y 1.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.200
u 1.000 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200
v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
v 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
a1 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
a1 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
c1 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d1 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
d1 1.000 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950
a2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
a2 0.500 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
c2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
c2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
d2 0.667 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867
ar 0.500 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 ar 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
Fgx 0.667 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 Fgx 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
Fgy 0.667 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 Fgy 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
Fix 0.028 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.0003426 Fix 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.028 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 Fiy 0.010 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fixy 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 Fixy 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Feccl -0.167 -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 Feccl -0.233 -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467
Feccb -0.167 -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 Feccb -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467 -0.433
x1 -0.667 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 x1 -0.533 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067
y1 0.333 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 y1 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
x2 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x2 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y2 -0.667 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 y2 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067 -0.133
x3 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x3 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y3 0.333 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 y3 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
P1 -24.000 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 P1 -53.571 -81.633 -133.333 -240 -500 -1333.333 -6000 -12000
Q1 0.000 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 Q1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R1 6.000 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 R1 16.071 26.531 46.667 90.000 200.000 566.667 2700 5700
P2 0.000 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 P2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Q2 -24.000 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 Q2 -61.224 -95.238 -160.000 -300.000 -666.667 -2000 -12000 -6000
R2 6.000 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 R2 19.898 33.333 60.000 120.000 283.333 900 5700 2700
el/L 0.250 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.10714 el/L 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475
eb/B 0.250 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.44643 eb/B 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475 0.450
Kmax 6.000 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 Kmax 10.714 14.286 20.000 30.000 50.000 100.000 300 300
Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 79
POINT OF VIEW
Bijay Sarkar holds a degree in Civil Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He is a Superintending
Engineer (Civil) in Engineering & Planning Cell of Project Department at DVC Head Quarters, Kolkata.
He has a long experience in civil construction and design for more than last 25 years in Damodar Valley
Corporation (DVC), a PSU under Ministry of Power, Govt of India. He is experienced in structural design
works for power house & boiler building structures, mill & bunker structures, coal conveying structures
of power plants for 500MW capacity & above owned by DVC. His keen interest is on preparing software
modules in respect of civil engineering aspects.
80 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
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