Determination of dynamic soil properties is a critical task but an extremely important aspect in

geotechnical earthquake engineering problems. Dynamic soil properties include shear modulus,
modulus reduction and damping variations with cyclic strains. Field evaluation of dynamic soil
properties predominantly aids in the estimation of the shear modulus/shear wave velocity at low
strain level. Laboratory based evaluations helps in the estimation of a realistic range of dynamic
soil properties (e.g. experiments carried out in a specific strain-controlled environment) at varying
strain levels. Factually, the cyclic triaxial method has been the most widely used to measure the
strength, deformation and dynamic characteristics of soils. Such experiments can also help to
simulate and comprehend the liquefaction characteristics and evaluate the liquefaction potential
of the concerned medium. Various parameters like: relative density, confining pressure, soil
plasticity, strain amplitude, frequency and magnitude of cyclic loading influence dynamic soil
properties. This paper presents a review on the dynamic soil properties and their influencing
parameters. Earlier studies on dynamic soil properties are presented systematically to highlight
the importance of the each influencing parameter. Subjected to similar testing conditions, a
significant difference in the dynamic soil properties for characteristically different soils have been
observed by earlier researchers. It has been observed that the dynamic soil properties are
affected by many factors like: method of sample preparation in the laboratory (whether intact and
reconstituted samples), relative density, confining pressure, methods of loading,
overconsolidation ratio, loading frequency, soil plasticity, percentage of fines and soil type.

Eagle Point (Road Calc) is a design & analysis software which is globally used in road
projects. In Pakistan, all major companies are using this software for the designing and
analysis purposes of infrastructure. It is Windows based software that runs in association
with Autodesk AutoCad. Eagle point (Road Calc) is helpful for Engineers who are directly or
indirectly involved in road designing. The software has many advantages which come in
handy during the road designing. It can easily manage the design of simple to complex road
structures.

The software can produce plan & profile drawings, curve geometry data, coordinates &
elevation, Mass haul diagram sheets and cross section sheets as per defined intervals
and international standards. It is equally helpful for those engineers or surveyors who
are responsible for the execution of site work like cutting or filling for ongoing road
projects. It can calculate all required data like finished road levels (FRL), sub grade
levels and super elevation details etc.
Geometric Design of Road
By using Eagle Point, geometric design of road is developed. Eagle point develops it with
the accuracy by taking into consideration the necessary details. These details include
positioning of the physical elements of roadway according to standards, constraints and
other factors.
Geometric design is three-dimensional layout for a roadway. For its development the
following terms must be understood:
 Road Profile
 Cross Section
 Alignment
Road Plan
The Road Plan or plan view shows the actual location and length of the road measured
along the center line. Road plans can be generated using Eagle Point software.

Road Profile
Road profile is the vertical aspect of the road. This includes crest, sag curves and the
straight grade lines connecting them. The road profile is the cross-sectional shape of the
road surface in relation to the road corridor traversing the surrounding landscape. Road
profiles can be generated using Eagle Point software.

Alignment
The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and
curves. A true and workable alignment is generated by Eagle point software.

Cross Section of Road

The cross section of road shows drainage features, pavement structure and other items
outside the category of geometric design. The cross sections also show the detail about
the position, number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks along with their cross
slope. Cross sections detail at each and every point is easily generated in Eagle point
software which makes the inner details more clear.

Benefits of Using Eagle Point

The objectives of development of geometric design in Eagle Point are to:
 Enhance the efficiency and safety of the road structure.
 Minimize the cost and damage to the environment by implying the necessary
factors.
 Designing can be performed in a way to foster broader community goals, including
providing access to employment, schools, businesses and residences, accommodate
a range of travel modes such as walking, bicycling, transit, and automobiles, and
minimizing fuel use, emissions and environmental damage.
 A special heed is given to the output quality, neatness and the composition of
structure.
 This plays a significant role in carrying out the design with efficiency.
 Details can be corrected, revised, rearranged, moved, copied, scaled, and rotated
with little difficulty.
 There is an addition of a whole lot of features which makes your design flawless.
 Object corners can be precisely joined.
 Minute details are carried out so carefully in software.
 Automated dimensioning enables consistent dimension styles.
 It enables consistency in drawing appearance and readability.
 There are steps involved which constantly flow down throughout the whole
procedure.
 There is no possibility for sloppy work.
 It makes possible to tightly control symbology settings.
 Unlike AutoCAD, you simply cannot skip a step and proceed to the next without
provision of necessary data which enables you to correct your error along with the
proceeding.
 Its uses are not only limited to the design office but it is also very helpful for the
engineers or sub-engineers working on site.
 With Eagle Point, there is no need for the long cumbersome calculations for finish
road levels and super elevation details. The software does it for you itself.
 Eagle point users get a fair opportunity produce well-composed and neat drawings.
 There is the slightest chance for errors to appear after you are finished with
designing as it corrects you at each step.
 It requires a lot more details than AutoCAD which enhances the understanding of
user.
 It is a conceptual tool which helps to imagine the site and design proficiently.
Eagle point is a very useful software as discussed above. However proper training of
this software is needed to understand its functioning.