DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CASSAVA PEELER AND GRATER

BANGOY, GERSON PAUL BAGUIO

CADUGO, DONA MAE NASILUAN
CANOY, LOURY JOY BANAC
CASILE, DANNELLE SUMANDI
ENGHOG, JERRY CASUNGCAD
ENGHOG, KRISTINE BENITO
PALIGUTAN, CLEAH MARIE GUMATA
SUBITO, ANNA LOURDES VERONICA NAVARRA
TAMBO-ONG, MAEBELLE ACUESTA
VALDESCO, JESSA MAE TUGADI

An Undergraduate Project Study Submitted to the College of Engineering,

University of Southern Mindanao Kidapawan City Campus,
in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

DECEMBER 2019
 INTRODUCTION

Cassava is a widely known root crop in the Philippines. It is abundant in North

Cotabato and is widely used throughout the province. It is one of the primary ingredients

in making native delicacies such as cassava cake, suman, landang, kab-kab, puto de

cassava and many more. In some rural areas, cassava is the substitute to rice — which

provides carbohydrates that is needed of the body in its day-to-day activities.

The uses of cassava have expanded throughout the decades. Cassava is

processed to produce chips, starch, flour, glue, and many more. In small industries,

processes like peeling, extracting, and grating are done manually. Cassava processing is

labor intensive, and does require greater manpower. As an aftermath, it is unsanitary, is

unwholesome, and consumes time that results in less productivity.

The researchers developed a design of a cassava peeler, grater, and extractor to

form easy and efficient machine that is necessary in doing the process faster, and cleaner

using electrical motor mechanism.

Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study are the following:

1. To design and fabricate a two-in-one machine; a Cassava Peeler and

Grater.

2. To determine the efficiency for Cassava Peeler and Grater

3. To determine the capacity rate for Cassava Peeler and Grater

Expected Output

At the end of the study, the design project or machine will be workable or functional.

The researchers also will achieve the objectives stated above. Furthermore, researchers

will expect that the machine is effective, efficient and functional.

Place and Time of the Study

The designed project Cassava Peeler and Grater Machine will be located at

University of Southern Mindanao, Kidapawan City Campus on the month of December,

2019.
Conceptual Framework

INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

1. Ideas 1. Planning
2. Books and 2. Designing
3. Construction CASSAVA PEELER,
reference
3. Supplies of 4. Testing GRATER AND
materials EXTRACTOR
4. Tools and
equipment
5. Time and
effort

Fig. 1 Conceptual Model of the Study

This conceptual model includes the input, throughput and output process as shown

in figure 1. The input consists of the ideas coming from the researchers, teachers, family

and friends who shared their valuable ideas, time, and effort. There are also ideas coming

from the different sources such as books, internet and other related studies that serves

as a guide in constructing this study.

However, the throughput is consisting of the different steps of the process such as

planning, design construction and testing in order to accomplish the study.

Finally, the researchers consider the output as a complete Cassava Peeler and

Grater.
Significance of the Study

This project study is significantly useful for the process of peeling and grating of

cassava, root crop, desiring ease and efficiency in the operation, lessening the time and

effort of the workers during production.

The researchers can give a new idea for everyone to ponder their knowledge and

improve the study in creating better improvement of the existing project.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is limiting only to peeling and grating of cassava.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Cassava

Cassava is one of the major sources of carbohydrates in human diet; it is being

processed into cassava flakes, starch, and other food products and is used as a fatal and

typical constituent human food. Presently, other uses of cassava are being implored. The

tolerance of the cassava crop makes it more popular. The sweet varieties of cassava

could be boiled and can be used for human consumption.

For developing countries, cassava is sometimes classified as crop, and

consumption for rural people. However, cassava is grown as a substitute for rice on

extensive acreages in places where rice has been the sole source of carbohydrates.

In many tropical areas and countries, cassava is the principal and sole source of

carbohydrates, it occupies much the same level in the human diet as potatoes in parts of

the temperate areas. Because cassava consists largely of starch, it is not a balanced

food.

The cassava tuber is not a balanced food, consisting as it does largely of starch;

nonetheless, it is the most economic crop plant in hot climate areas, tolerating perhaps

more starch per hectare than any other refined crop with a minimal labor.

Amidst the Second World War, cassava assumed immense importance as a crop

in many parts of the world, particularly when rice supplies were cut off. Leaves and lender

shoots are accustomed in many equatorial areas as a cooked vegetable or in gravies, as

they are sumptuous in vitamins and have a lavish protein count.

 After reaping, cassava roots are exposed to spoilage and without any conserved

measures can only be reserved for about 48 hours before they begin to decay. Therefore,

the roots must be coursed as soon as possible after reaping to apprehend the

deterioration process. Other factors accommodating the processing of the cassava are

that the processed output can be stored for extended periods. Processing thereupon is

undertaken primarily to neutralize the cassava product, to amend its agreeable and

convert it to a consumable and deposited form.

Cassava is in full extent used in Nigeria as food. It is mostly devoured in the form

of flakes, tapioca, fufu, starch and lafun. In the Northern branch of the country, the sweet

assortment is eaten raw as snacks. Cassava is a consequential raw material for the non-

food industries. The low amylopsin, grandly amylopectin proportion of cassava starch

gives it the needed viscosity for high quality bonds and used in the paper and textile

industries. Cassava starch is likewise used for the production of any various water-soluble

gummy polysaccharides, which are accustomed in glues. Further industrial product made

from cassava is “Ethyl Alcohol” (Ethanol).

Cassava Peeler

Peeling affects the removal of a thin layer (customarily called the peel) from a

stock. The stock might be a tuber, fruit, and wood or metal. It is necessary to remove the

peels of cassava tuber as it has been generally accepted as something specified that the

concentration of cyanogenic glucose on hydrolysis responsible for cassava toxin is

highest in cassava peels. Cassava peeling is arguably the foremost unit operation in the

processing of cassava tuber to attain its various yearned products. It is the most difficult
of all unit of operation because of problems posed by the many variations in sizes and

shapes of harvested tubers. Thus to develop peeling machines that will satisfactorily peel

the tubers with reduce tuber loss, is still a big challenge.

The tubers of cassava cannot be stored longer after harvest before decaying, and

so processing follows immediately after harvesting. Cassava processing leading to size

reduction includes peeling, grating, dehydrating, milling and sieving.

Cassava Grater

A typical cassava processing plant should therefore consist of units produced to

achieve all the stages or steps mentioned above. The transformation of cassava tubers

into pulp form is called grating.

In these methods have low productivities and low hygienic solution to these

problems that led to the designing and construction of machines that can grate the

cassava of high quality in a short period of time and reduce human drudgery.

Oyesola (1981) reported that, the traditional method of grating involves placing of

the local grater, which is made of perforated metal sheet on the table where it is

convenient for effective use and brushes sheet metal. The cassava turns into pulp and

drop into container that is being used to collect the grated pulp cassava.

Adejumo (1995) in his design used a wooden grater in which the cassava forced

into a hopper is rubbed against the grater which is being electrically power. Enhanced

quantity of cassava can be grated using this method. However, the durability of grater is

low because of its wooden nature.

 Ndaliman (2006) described a pedal operated cassava grinder which is powered by

human efforts applied to pedal. The grinder pulverizes the cassava tubers into paste

which can pass through a wine sieve. The effective performance of the design was at

60%.

The machine assembly is powered mechanically or manually in case of electricity

failure. It can be use in rural settlements where electricity supply might not in existence.

Apart from faster rating rate, it required less in involvement. This overcomes the problem

faced in the wooden grating drum.

 METHODOLOGY

The methods and procedures involve in the design and fabrication of the

Cassava Peeler and Grater Machine will be discussed accordingly and systematically in

this chapter.

Research planning and Design

Research planning and designing starts with the ideas coming from the

researchers themselves, who share their valuable ideas and time. There are also some

ideas taken from various sources such as books, and related studies retrieved from the

internet.

Then the output consists of different steps of the processes such as planning,

designing, fabricating, testing and revising in order to accomplish the project.

Finally, the researchers consider the output as a complete “Cassava Peeler and

Grater”
Design

The following designs are formulated after thorough research planning and

importing ideas from different sources.

Figure 1a. Machine, Layout, Design, and Parts (Isometric View)

TOP, FRONT, LEFT-SIDE VIEW

Figure 1b. Machine, Layout, Design, and Parts (Front View)

FRONT VIEW
Figure 1c. Machine, Layout, Design, and Parts (Isometric View)

TOP, FRONT, RIGHT-SIDE VIEW

Figure 1d. Machine Layout, Design and Parts (Top View)

TOP VIEW
Figure 1e. Machine Parts (Peeler and Grater)

PEELER AND GRATER PARTS

Figure 1f. Machine Parts (Extractor)

EXTRACTOR PART
 LITERATURE CITED

Awulu J.O. et al., Journal of Harmonized Research in Engineering 3(2), University of

Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, 2015, 78-84

Adejumo S. O., Construction and Evaluation of an Engine Operated Bur, 1994.

Ndaliman M. B., Design and Construction of a Pedal Operated Cassava Grinder,

Unpublished Manuscript, 2006.

Oyesola G. O., Technology Processing Cassava and Utilization, Advisory Leaflet No. 3

Cassava and Garri Storage, NCAM, Kwara State, Nigeria, 1981.

Olukunle, O.J. et al., Theory of An Automated Cassava Peeling System, Federal

University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria, Volume 2, Issue 8, February 2013

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http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/2010_dufour-modeling_small.pdf

http://www.cassavabiz.org/postharvest/starch03.htm