Lab Manual - Electrical Lab PDF

Basic Electrical Engineering Er. T.
Siva- Teaching Assistant

1
Laboratory Course Manual on

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Compiled and Edited by

Er. T. Siva- Teaching Assistant
College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

TAMIL NADU Dr. J. JAYALALITHAA FISHERIES UNIVERSITY
Madhavaram, Chennai- 600 051

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University B. Tech- Food Technology
Basic Electrical Engineering Er. T. Siva- Teaching Assistant
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CONTENTS
Expt.no Date Name of the Experiment Pag Marks Signature

e.no

4
CONTENTS
Expt.no Date Name of the Experiment Page. Marks Signature

no

5

6
Circuit Diagram: For star connected load:
B
Vph
R
IL
Y
A
VL
R
B
Y
P.f. meter
meter
KWH
Watt
B
Y
R
ph,440V
supply
50Hz
AC
B
Y
3-
R

7
Exp. No. STAR CONNECTION STUDY OF VOLTAGE AND

Date: CURRENT RELATION FOR RLC CIRCUITS.
Aim: To study the balanced three phase system for star connected load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
SL.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Auto Transformer 0 to 440V AC Three 1
Phase
2 Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 2
3 Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
4 Three Phase RLC Load 3KW 1
5 Connecting wires ------ As required
THEORY:
Star Connection:
In a 3-phase AC circuit, line voltage is equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage and line current is
equal to the phase current.
i.e.
VL = √3 VPh;
ILine = IPh

8
Observation Table: - For Star connected load:
Sr Line Phase Phase current Ratio of Power by calculation

Voltage Voltage
No Iph W= √3VL IL cos(Ø)
VL/ Vph
VL Vph
(volts) (watts)
(volts) (volts)

9
PROCEDURE:
1) Connections are made as shown in the connection diagram.
2) The supply is switched on, keeping the autotransformer in the minimum position.
3) The autotransformer is then varied to get the rated voltage.
4) The load is then switched on and the ammeter reading adjusted for a small value of current.
5) The corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted down.
Result
Thus the relation between Voltage and Current for Star connection was
determined.

10
Circuit Diagram: For Delta connected load:
B
A Iph
R
IL
Y
A
VL
R
B
Y
P.f. meter
meter
KWH
Watt
B
Y
R
ph,440V
supply
50Hz
AC
B
Y
3-
R

11
Exp. No. DELTA CONNECTION STUDY OF VOLTAGE AND

Date: CURRENT RELATION FOR RLC CIRCUITS.
Aim: To study the balanced three phase system for delta connected load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
SL.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Auto Transformer 0 to 440V AC Three 1
Phase
2 Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3 Ammeter (0-10) A MI 2
4 Three Phase RLC Load 3KW 1
5 Connecting wires ------ As required
THEORY:
Delta Connection:
In a 3-phase delta connection line current is equal to 1.732 times of the phase current and line voltage
is equal to phase voltage.
i.e.
IL = √3 IPh;
VLine = VPh

12
Observation Table: - For Delta connected load:
Sr No Line Line Phase current Ratio of Active power by

Voltage current calculation
Iph IL / Iph
VL IL W= √3VL IL CosØ
(Amp)
(Volts) (Amp) (watts)

13
PROCEDURE:
10) The corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted down.
Result
Thus the relation between Voltage and Current for Delta connection was
determined.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Exp. No. MEASUREMENT OF POWER IN 3 PHASE CIRCUIT BY

Date: WATTMETER AND ENERGY METER:
Aim
To calibrate the given 3-Phase static energy meter at unity power factor by direct loading for
(a) FOR BALANCED LOADS,
(b) FOR UNBALANCED LOADS.
Apparatus Required
SI.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

APPRATUS
1 Autotransformer 440 V, 6A 3phase 1
2 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1
3 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1
4 Wattmeter 250V, 10A UPF 1
5 Energy Meter 240V, 10A 3 Phase Static 1

3200
imp/kWhr
6 3-Phase Load - Resistive -
Principle
The conventional mechanical energy meter is based on the phenomenon of “Magnetic Induction”.
It has a rotating aluminium Wheel called Ferriwheel and many toothed wheels. Based on the flow of
current, the Ferriwheel rotates which makes rotation of other wheels. This will be converted into
corresponding measurements in the display section. Since many mechanical parts are involved, mechanical
defects and breakdown are common. More over chances of manipulation and current theft will be higher.
Electronic Energy Meter is based on Digital Micro Technology (DMT) and uses no moving parts. So the
EEM is known as “Static Energy Meter” In EEM the accurate functioning is controlled by a specially
designed IC called ASIC (Application Specified Integrated Circuit). ASIC is constructed only for specific
applications using Embedded System Technology. Similar ASIC are now used in Washing Machines, Air
Conditioners, Automobiles, Digital Camera etc.

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Tabular Column (For Balanced and Unbalanced Loading)
SI. Volt Amm Wattmeter Time for Actual True energy %Error
No meter eter Reading 5 Energy
Readin Readi
. g ng (W) Revol
(V) (A) (Secs) (kwhr) (kwhr)
W1 W2 W

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Procedure
5) The corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down.
6) The time for three impulse of the energy meter disc is also noted.
7) The experiment is repeated in steps adding loads till the rated current of the energy meter is reached.
8) The true energy and indicated energy is evaluated and the error found out. The error curve and calibration
curve are then plotted as shown.

18
Sample Graph
Error Curve Calibration Curve

19
Result
Calibrated the given three phase static energy meter at unity power factor by direct loading.

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21
Exp. : LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

Date: INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To draw the performance characteristics of 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor by conducting
load test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of apparatus Range Type Qty.

1. Ammeter (0-20) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V, 10A, MI 2
UPF
4. Tachometer 1
5. 3-Ф autotransformer 0 to 440V AC 3-Ф 1
FORMULAE USED:
1) % slip= [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100
2) Input Power = (W1+W2)watts
3) Output Power = 2πNT/60 watts
4) Torque = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R N-m
5) % efficiency = (o/p power/i/p power)* 100
W  W2
6) pf  1
3VL I L
PRECAUTIONS-
1. TPST switch is kept open initially.

2. Autotransformer is kept at minimum voltage position.
3. There must be no load when starting the load.
PROCEDURE-
1.Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2.Do the fuse calculations and find the rating for the required apparatus.
3.3-Ф induction motor is started with DOL starter.
4. If the pointer of one of the wattmeter readings reverses, interchange the current coil (M&L) terminals
and take the reading as negative.
5.The no load readings are taken.
6. The motor is loaded step by step till we get the rated current and the readings of the voltmeter,
ammeter, watt meters, spring balance are noted.

22
MODEL GRAPH
Speed
Speed Efficiency
Efficiency
Torque
p.f p.f
% slip
% slip
Torque
Output power
TABULAR COLUMN:
MF = MF =
S. VL IL W1 (Watts) W2 Input S1 S2 Torq Speed Outpu % %
N (VOLTS) (A) (Watts) powe (kg) (kg) ue (rpm) t η s p.f
O r (Nm) power
OBS ACT OBS ACT (Watt (Watt
s) s)

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VIVA QUESTIONS
1.What are the types of ac motors?

2. What is called induction motor?
3. What are the types of 3 phase induction motor? Compare them.
4. Why 3 phase induction motor is self starting?
5. Why is it called rotating transformer?
6. What is cogging?
7. What is crawling?
8. What is the need of starter for 3 phase induction motor?
RESULT
Thus the performance characteristic of a 3-Ф squirrel cage induction motor by conducting load test has
been drawn.

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Exp. No. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED

DC SHUNT GENERATOR
Date:
Aim:
To perform a test on the given self-excited DC shunt generator and to plot its open circuit
characteristics and load characteristics curves
Apparatus Required:
S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Tachometer ( 0 – 10,000)rpm 1
2 Rheostat (250, 1.5A) Wire 1
(1000, 1A) wound 1
3 Voltmeter ( 0 – 300 )V MC 1
4 Ammeter (0 – 1)A MC 1
(0 – 10)A MC 1
5 Load 20A Resistive 1
Formulae Used for
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:
RC   E0 I f in ohms
where,
RC is the critical resistance in ohms
 EO is the incremental open circuit emf taken from OCC characteristics in volts
 If is the incremental field current taken from OCC characteristics in amps

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Table 1. Open Circuit Characteristics:
S.No. If (Amp) Eg (Volts)
Table 2. Load Characteristics:
Sl. No. VL (Volts) If (Amps) IL (Amps) Ia (Amps) Eg (Volts)

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Load Characteristics
1. Ia = IF + IL
2. Eg = Ia Ra + VL
Ia Armature current in ampere
If Field current in ampere
IL Load current in ampere
Eg Generated emf in volts
VL Load Voltage in Volts
Ra Armature resistance in ohms (Disconnect all the

connections and measure Ra using multimeter)
Precautions:
1. The motor field should be kept at minimum resistance position at the time of starting and
stopping of the machine.
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping of the machine.
3. SPST switch has to be kept open while starting and stopping of the machine.
Procedure: Open Circuit Test
1. Connections to be done as per the circuit diagram.

2. By closing DPST switch 1, the supply is given to the motor. Using the three point starter, the
motor is started.
3. By varying the motor field rheostat, the motor has to be brought to its rated speed.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted down when the SPST switch is kept open.
5. Now, the SPST switch is closed. The generator field rheostat is varied and its corresponding
voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted down.
6. The above procedure is repeated until 120% of the rated voltage of the generator has
reached.

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Model Graph for open circuit and Load Characteristics:
Scale
X-axis:1cm=-------A
Y-axis:1cm=-------V
Procedure: Load Test
1. The generator field rheostat is brought back to its initial position (i,e) maximum.
2. Now, the DPST switch 2 is closed.
3. By varying the generator field rheostat, the generator has to be brought to its rated
voltage.
Corresponding reading of voltmeter and ammeter are noted down.
4. By varying the load gradually, the corresponding reading of voltmeter and ammeter are noted
down at regular intervals.
5. The above procedure is repeated until the rated current of generator has reached.

THEORY
These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by the current supplied by themselves. In
these type of machines field coils are internally connected with the armature. Due to residual magnetism
some flux is always present in the poles.
When the armature is rotated some emf is induced. Hence some induced current is produced. This
small current flows through the field coil as well as the load and thereby strengthening the pole flux. As
the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more armature emf, which cause further increase of current
through the field. This increased field current further raises armature emf and this cumulative
phenomenon continues until the excitation reaches to the rated value.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State the working principle of a DC generator?
2. Why field winding of shunt generator is made thinner and has more number of turns?
3. List out the conditions to be satisfied for voltage build up process in a generator.
4. Define critical resistance of a generator
5. Define critical speed of a generator
6. What is the role of SPST Switch in this experiment?
7. List out the methods available to give mechanical input for the DC generator
8. Why the shunt generator has drooping external characteristics?
9. Why the magnitude of field current in dc shunt generator is lesser as compared to armature
current?
RESULT :
3- Point Starter
Exp. No.
STUDY OF DC MOTOR STARTERS
Date:
Aim
To study the working of

i)3 point starter
ii)4 point starter
Necessity of Starter:
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experience a force. Hence
a Torque is developed. Once the rotor starts rotating, the current carrying conductor cuts the flux
and hence emf is induced in the conductor which opposes the supply voltage and hence the name
back emf.
Armature current of motor is equal to,

Ia =( V- Eb) / Ra
At starting there is no back emf and hence
Ia =V/ Ra (Eb = 0)
Since Ra is very small, so motor will draw large armature current. To limit the armature current in
safe value we add some external resistance in armature circuit. A mechanism which adds resistance
during starting only is known as starter.
Theory
There are two types of starters which are commonly used for d.c. shunt motor
1) 3-point starter
2) 4 - point starter
3- POINT STARTER
Three point starter is shown in the figure 1. When motor is started, starting arm is moved slowly
towards the ON position
As soon as arm touches the stud no. 1 full starting resistance get connected in the armature
Field current receives supply directly The starting armature current is equal to, Ia = V / (Ra + Rst) The
arm is moved against the spring force towards the ON position. When the arm travels towards ON position
, the starting resistance is gradually removed from armature circuit . since motor takes full speed, motor
develops full back E.M.F. the starting arm carries a soft iron piece which is held by attraction of the hold
on coil. starter remains in ON position because the electromagnetism formed by NO VOLT COIL
FUNCTION OF HOLD ON (NO VOLT COIL)
1) In case of supply failure NO VOLT COIL gets de-energized and the starting arm will be released to
OFF position. This is automatically done by spring action.
2) It hold the plunger in ON position
3) It gives the protection against field failure
FUNCTION OF OVERLOAD RELEASE COIL
Overload coil is a electromagnet connected in series with armature. when current exceeds
beyond certain predetermined value the electromagnet will become strong and it attracts plunger.
Due to this voltage across NO VOLT COIL becomes zero. this will make hold on coil de –
energized due to which arm gets to OFF position and motor gets disconnected from supply.
LIMITATIONS OF THREE POINT STARTER
1) When motor is in ON position the starting resistance gets remove form armature circuit at the
Same time it gets attached to field circuit, which is dangerous to the motor.
2) When we control speed of motor by field control method, resistance in field circuit reduces Field
current which increases the speed of motor at the same time there is chance under ON Condition
motor could disconnect from supply due to de energization of HOLD ON COIL, due to Less field
current.
4- POINT STARTER
A 4 Point Starter is almost similar in functional characteristics like 3 Point Starter. In the absence of
back EMF, the 4 Point Starter acts as a current limiting device while starting of the DC motor. 4 Point
Starter also acts a protecting device.
The basic difference in 4 Point Starter as compared to 3 Point Starter is that in this a holding coil is
removed from the shunt field circuit. This coil after removing is connected across the line in series
with a current limiting resistance R. The studs are the contact points of the resistance represented by 1,
2, 3, 4, 5 in the figure below.
The above arrangement forms three parallel circuits. They are as follows:-
1. Armature, starting the resistance and the shunt field winding.

2. A variable resistance and the shunt field winding.
3. Holding coil and the current limiting resistance.
With the above three arrangements of the circuit, there will be no effect on the current through the
holding coil if there is any variation in speed of the motor or any change in field current of the motor.
This is because the two circuits are independent of each other.
The only limitation or the drawback of the 4 point starter is that it cannot limit or control the high
current speed of the motor. If the field winding of the motor gets opened under the running condition,
the field current automatically reduces to zero. But as some of the residual flux is still present in the
motor, and we know that the flux is directly proportional to the speed of the motor. Therefore, the
speed of the motor increases drastically, which is dangerous and thus protection is not possible. This
sudden increase in the speed of the motor is known as High-Speed Action of the Motor.
Nowadays automatic push button starters are also used. In the automatic starters, the ON push button is
pressed to connect the current limiting starting resistors in series with the armature circuit. As soon as
the full line voltage is available to the armature circuit, this resistor is gradually disconnected by an
automatic controlling arrangement.
The circuit is disconnected when the OFF button is pressed. Automatic starter circuits have been
developed using electromagnetic contactors and time delay relays. The main advantage of the
automatic starter is that it enables even the inexperienced operator to start and stop the motor without
any difficulty.
Viva Questions
1.What is the necessity of starters?

2.What is the purpose of OLR and NVR coil in starters
3.What is the disadvantage of three point starters?
4.What is back emf?
5.What is the working principle of DC motor.
6.Why four point starters are preferred for speed control applications?
RESULT : Thus the three point starter and four point starter operation are studied.
Exp. No.
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
Date:
Aim:
To control the speed of a given DC shunt motor using
a. Field control method
b. Armature control method
Apparatus Required:
S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Voltmeter ( 0 – 300 )V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0 – 2)A MC 2
3 Rheostat (250, 1.A) Wire 1
(50, 5A) wound 1
4 Tachometer ( 0 – 10,000)rpm 1
Precautions:
1. Motor field Rheostat should be kept at the minimum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the motor.
2. Motor armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the motor.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Now, DPST switch is closed.
(i) Armature Control:
1. The field current is kept constant and the armature voltage is varied in steps with the help of
motor armature rheostat and the corresponding speeds are noted down,
2. The above procedure is repeated for different values of field current.
3. The motor field rheostat and motor armature rheostat are brought to the initial position.
Table 1. Armature Control Method
If1 = If2 =
Sl.No. V N V N
Volts Rpm Volts RPM
Table 2. Field Control Method
Va1 Va2
Sl.No. If N If N
RPM RPM
A A
(ii) Field Control:
1. The armature voltage is kept constant and the field current is varied in steps and the
corresponding speeds are noted.
2. The above procedure is repeated for different values of armature voltage.
3. The motor field rheostat and motor armature rheostat are brought to the initial position.
4. The DPST Switch is opened.
Theory:
Armature Control Method:
This method is used when speeds below the no load speed are required. As the supply
voltage is normally constant the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable
resistance in series with the armature circuit. As the controller resistance is increased, the potential
difference across the armature gets decreased so the armature speed also decreases. So, in this method
speed can be varied up to the rated speed.
Field Control Method:
It is known that the speed of DC shunt motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole,
when the armature voltage is kept constant. By increasing the flux, the speed can be decreased and
vice – versa flux per pole of DC motor can be changed by changing the filed current. The field current
can be changed by the help of shunt field rheostat since the shunt field current is relatively small, the
shunt field rheostat should carry only a small amount of current.
Model Graphs:
If1
If2
Speed N
Speed N
If3
(rpm)
(rpm)
Va1
Va3 Va2
If (Amps)
Va (Volts)
Armature Control Field Control

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Write the speed relation equations of DC shunt motor

2. What are the factors that control the speed of a DC motor?
3. State Fleming‟s Left Hand Rule.
4. Which type of starter is used to start a DC series motor?
5. Define Stalling Current
6. Why the armature control method is not employed above the rated speed in DC shunt
motors?
7. Why the field control method is not employed below the rated speed in DC shunt motors?
8. Why the field control method is superior as compared to armature control method for DC
shunt motors?
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
1. DOL STARTER :
2. AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER :

Exp. No. STARTING OF THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR AND THEIR COMPARISON.
Date:
Aim:
To study the effect of different methods of starting of three-phase squirrel cage induction
motor using
i) DOL starter.
ii) Auto-transformer starter.
iii) Star-Delta starter.
Apparatus Requried:
S.No Description Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0 – 600)V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A MI 1
3 Induction Motor Squirrel Cage 1
4 Autotransformer (0-440) V, 1KVA Three phase 1
5 Star-Delta Starter Three phase 1
THEORY :
1. DIRECT ON LINE (D.O.L.) STARTER :
In this case of starting full supply voltage is connected to the motor. This starter doesn’t
provide any reduction in starting current or starting torque. For small size motor (less than 2 HP)
where starting torque is about twice the full-load torque and starting period lasts only a few seconds,
this type starter is used.
2. AUTO-TRANSFORMER STARTER :
In this method reduced voltage is obtained by three-phase auto-transformer. Generally 60 to
65% tapping can be used to obtain a safe value of starting current. The full rated voltage is applied to
the motor by star connected auto-transformer. When the motor has picked up the speed upto 85 % of
its normal speed auto-transformer is taking out from the motor circuit as shown in Fig.
3. STAR-DELTA STARTER :
In this method reduced voltage is obtained by star-delta starter. This method of starting is based
up to the principle that with 3 windings connected in star, voltage across each winding is 1/ 3 i.e. 57.7
%. Of the line to line voltage whereas the same winding connected in delta will have full line to line
voltage across each. The star-delta starter is connected to the stator winding in star across the rated
supply voltage at the starting instant. After the motor attain the speed up to 85 % of its normal speed the
CURRENT TOEQUE
Initial Max Steady State VOLTAGE SPEED SLIP RATIO
CONNECTION Value Value V N s Tst
Isc If (volt) (rpm) (%)
(amp) (amp) Tf
D.O.L.
Auto-transformer (25 %)
Y Δ
Star-Delta
OBSERVATION TABLE:
same stator winding is reconnected in delta through a change over switch across the same
supply voltage as shown in Fig.
PROCEDURE :
1. Direct On Line Starting.
a) Make the connection as shown in Fig.
b) Connect the motor in Delta and switch ON the DOL starter and instantly note down the initial
current.
c) When motor attain the rated speed note down the voltage, current and speed of the motor.
d) Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the motor.
2. Auto-transformer starting.
b) Connect the motor in Delta and switch ON the power supply.
c) Put the knob of starter on 25 % tap position and instantly note down the initial current.
d) When motor attain the rated speed note down the voltage, current and speed of the motor.
e) Follow the same procedure for 50 % tap and 100 % tap.
f) Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the motor.
3. Star-Delta starting.
b) Switch ON the power supply.
c) Put the handle of starter on start position and instantly note down the initial current.
d) When motor attain the speed up to 85 % of its normal speed put the handle of starter on run
position and note down the voltage, current and speed of the motor.
e) Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the motor.
RESULT : Calculate the sleep and ratio of starting torque and full load torque for each step.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR PERFORMING SPEED CONTROL OF SLIP-RING INDUCTION MOTOR
OBSERVATION TABLE:
VL IL W1 W2 S1 S2 Speed Input Torque Output %Eff
Sl. in in In In In kg In kg in Power in NM Power
No Volts Amps Watts Watts RPM in in
watts watts
1
5
Exp. No. SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
BY ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL
Date:
Aim:
Speed control of three-phase slip ring induction motor by rotor resistance control
Apparatus Requried:
3 Induction Motor Squirrel Cage 1
4 Autotransformer (0-440) V, 1KVA Three phase 1
5 Rotor Resistance Three phase 1
THEORY :
Slip ring induction motors are usually started by connecting starting resistance in the
secondary circuit, which are shorted out as the motor speed up. If the ohmic values of these
resistances are properly chosen and if the resistors are designed for continuous operation, they can
serve dual purpose i.e. starting and speed control. This method of speed control has characteristics
similar to those of dc motor speed control by means of resistance in series with armature.
When the speed is very near to synchronous speed Ns i.e. when sip is very low the value of the
term s X2 22 is very small and can be neglected as compared to R22 and torque developed become s
proportional to . So it is obvious that for a given torque, slip s can be increased or speeds can be
R2
reduced by increasing the rotor resistance. In this method speed can be control only below the rated
speed. If step of external resistance is larger speed control is smoother. In this method efficiency is
largely reduced at low speed. The curve of speed vs. resistance is shown in Fig below.
PROCEDURE :
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Ensure variac (Auto Transformer) position in zero output voltage and switch on 3-Φ mains
supply
3. Increase the voltage by using variac till rated voltage is impressed across stator winding.
4. Take no load readings of wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter, speed and spring balance
readings.
5. By increasing load on the motor by tightening brake drum in steps, & take the readings of
all the readings.
6. Repeat step-5 till 100-115% of rated current is reached.
7. Replace the load on motor, reduce voltage & switch off mains supply.
Calculations:
Radius of the Brake drum r = …….. Mtrs
Torque (T) = (S1- S2) r.g N.mtr
%Efficiency = (Output / Input) X 100.
Expected Graphs:
1. % Efficiency Vs Output Power

2. Speed Vs Output Power in
3. Torque Vs Output Power
4. Load Current Vs BHP.
RESULT :
Exp. No.
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Date:
Aim:
To perform load test on the given single phase transformer and to draw its performance
characteristics.
Apparatus Requried:
3 Wattmeter (300V, 5A) UPF 1
4 Autotransformer 230/230V, 1KVA Single phase 1
5 Transformer 230/230V, 1KVA Single phase 1
Formulae:
1. % Efficiency, = Ws
100
Wp
V V
100
No load Load
2. % Regulation =
V No Load
Precautions:
1. Auto Transformer should be kept at minimum position.

2. The transformer should be kept under no load condition.
3. The „M‟ and „C‟ terminal of primary and secondary side watt meters should be shorted.
4. The AC supply is applied and removed from the transformer under no load condition.
Tabular Column
Vp Ip Wp (Watts) Vs Is Ws (Watts) % %
(Volts) (Amps) OBS *ACT (Volts) (Amps) OBS *ACT Regulation
*ACT=OBS × Multiplication Factor,
Vwattmeter I wattmeter Power factor

Where, Multiplication factor 
Full Scale Deflection used
Model Graphs:


R
Regulation R
Efficiency 
%
Output Power (Watts)

Procedure:
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.

2. DPST switch is closed.
3. Under no load condition, ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings on both primary side
and secondary side are noted down.
4. The load is gradually increased and for each load intervals, corresponding reading of
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter on both primary and secondary sides are noted down.
5. The experiment is repeated until the rated current of the transformer (take the minimum
rated current of the transformer side) has reached.
6. The transformer is brought to the no load condition. The auto-transformer is brought to its
minimum position and then the DPST switch is opened.
Theory:
When the transformer is loaded, the iron core causes hysteresis and eddy current loss, as it is
subjected to alternating flux. While designing the transformer the efforts are made to minimize
these lossess by
1. Using high grade silicon steel to reduce hysteresis loss.

2. Manufacturing core in the form of laminations or stacks of thin laminations to reduce eddy
current loss. Apart from this there are some iron loss and copper loss in practical transformers.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State the working principle of the transformer.

2. What is the function of the transformer?
3. State the properties of ideal transformer.
4. Define down and up voltage regulation in a transformer?
RESULT:
Exp. No. OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Date:
Aim:
To perform open circuit and short circuit test on the given single phase transformer and
1. To draw its equivalent circuit

2. To predetermine its efficiency and regulation
Apparatus Required:
( 0 – 30)V MI 1
3 Wattmeter (300w, 5A, LPF) 1
(75W, 5A, UPF) 1
4 1-phase auto transformer 1KVA 1
5 1-phase transformer 1KVA 1
Formulae Used:
Open circuit test (or) No load Test
W0
Cos o 
VI 0
Iμ  I 0 sin 0
Iw  I 0 cos 0
where, Iµ is Magnetic current (ampere)
cos0 is No load power factor
Wo is No load power (watt)
Io is no load primary current lamps

R0  V0 in ohms
Iw
V
X 0  0
Iu
in ohms
Short circuit test (or) Impedance test
WSC  I SC
2
RSC
Z  VSC
SC I SC
 Z2 R
2
X
SC SC SC
output power = VL IL cos (watts)
core loss = Wo (watts)

copper loss = I2RSC
(watts) Precautions:
1. Auto Transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position at the time of closing &
opening of DPST Switch.
Procedure:
Open Circuit Test:
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram (Normally the High Voltage (HV)
side is kept open and the test is performed at the Low Voltage (LV) side).
3. Auto transformer is varied gradually until the rated primary voltage of the transformer has
reached.
4. Corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings on the primary side are noted
down.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to its minimum position and then the DPST switch is
opened.
Tabular Column:
Open Circuit Test:
Vo Io Wo (Watts) core loss
(Volts) (Amps) OBS *ACT
Short Circuit Test:
VSC ISC WSC (Watts) Cu loss
(Volts) (Amps) OBS *ACT
*ACT=OBS × Multiplication Factor,
Vwattmeter I wattmeter Power factor

Where, Multiplication factor 
Full Scale Deflection used
For lagging and leading power factors:
S. Line Line Core Copper Output Input % %  in

No Voltage Current Loss Loss power Power Reg Reg %
in in W0 2 VLIL in Lead Lag
IL *RSC
(volts) (amps) in in cos in (watts) P.F. P.F.
(watts) (watts) (Watts) in % in %
Short Circuit Test:
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram (Normally the Low Voltage (LV) side
is kept open and the test is performed at the High Voltage (HV) side).
3. Auto transformer is varied until the rated primary current of the transformer has reached.
4. Corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings on the primary side are noted
down.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to its minimum position and then the DPST switch is
opened.
Theory:
Open Circuit Test:
The purpose of this test is to determine the core loss and shunt branch parameters of the
equivalent circuit of transformer one of the winding is connected to supply at rated voltage, while
other winding is kept open – circuited. Meters are connected in low voltage winding. With normal
voltage applied, normal flux will be set up in the core. As Io is small copper loss is also small. So
wattmeter reading represents core loss.
Short Circuit Test:
The purpose of this test is to determine the copper loss and R 01 and X01. The low voltage
winding is short circuited. Meters are connected on the high voltage winding. A low voltage is applied
to the primary and is cautiously increased and full load currents are flowing both in primary and
secondary. Since the applied voltage is small, the flux is also small. Hence the core losses are
minimum. Hence wattmeter readings represents copper loss.
For Unity power factor.
S. Line Line Core Loss Copper Output Input %  in

No Voltage Current W0 Loss power Power Reg %
in in (amps) in (watts) IL2*RSC in VLIL cos in Unity
(volts) (watts) in (Watts) (watts) P.F.
in %
MODEL GRAPH
(I) 

 % UPF
% 
LP
F
O/P in Watts
LAG O/P in
Watts
%
UPF
LEAD
IL in Amps
Model Calculation :
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
RO1
XO1
IO
IW
I

VP RO XO VL
input power = output power + core loss + copper loss
Efficiency,=output power / input power
Where, ISC is short circuit current, amps
Z is impedance in ohms
XSC is reactance, in ohms

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why the S.C. test is performed on HV side?

2. Why the O.C. test is performed on LV side?
3. State the condition for maximum voltage regulation.
4. State the condition for zero voltage regulation.
5. What are the disadvantages of OC and SC test?
6. Under what value of power factor, the voltage regulation of transformer becomes
maximum?
7. Under what value of power factor, the transformer gives zero voltage regulation?
RESULT:
Exp. No. POLARITY TEST OF A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Date:
Aim:
To perform polarity test on the given single-phase transformer.
Apparatus Required:
1 Voltmeter (0 – 300) V MI 2
(0 – 600) V MI 1
4 1-phase auto transformer 1KVA 1
5 1-phase transformer 1KVA 1
Formulae Used:
We can categories the polarity of the transformer to two types,

1. Additive Polarity
2. Subtractive Polarity
Additive Polarity:
In additive polarity, the voltage (Vc) between the primary side (Va) and the secondary side (Vb) will be
the sum of both high voltage and the low voltage, i.e. we will get Vc = Va + Vb.
Subtractive Polarity
In subtractive polarity, the voltage (Vc) between the primary side (Va) and the secondary side (Vb) will
be the difference of both high voltage and the low voltage, i.e. we will get Vc= Va – Vb
In subtractive polarity, if Vc = Va – Vb, it is a step-down transformer and if Vc = Vb – Va, it is a step-up

transformer.
We use additive polarity for small-scale distribution transformers and subtractive polarity for large-scale
transformers.
Precautions:
1. Auto Transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position at the time of closing &
opening of DPST Switch.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown above with a voltmeter (Va) across primary winding and another
voltmeter (Vb) across the secondary winding.
2. If available, take down the ratings of the transformer and the turn ratio.
3. We connect a voltmeter (Vc) between primary and secondary windings.
4. We apply some voltage to the primary side.
5. By checking the value in the voltmeter (Vc), we can find whether it is additive or subtractive
polarity.
If additive polarity – Vc should be showing the sum of Va and Vb.

If subtractive polarity – Vc should be showing the difference between Va and Vb.
Tabular Column:
Additive polarity
Va Va Vc
(Vc= Va+ Vb)
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
Subtractive polarity
Va Va Vc
(Vc= Va - Vb)
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is Parallel operation of transformer

2. What is Polarity testing of transformers
RESULT:
Exp. : STUDY OF VARIOUS PROTECTION DEVICES
Date:
AIM:
To study and connect
(1) Different types of Fuses
(2) Circuit Breakers
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO NAME OF APPARATUS QUANTITY
1. DC Fuses, AC Fuses, Rewireable Fuses 1 No.
2. Cartridge Type Fuses or Totally Enclosed Type Fuses, D – 1 No.

Type Cartridge Fuse, High Rupturing Capacity (HRC)
3. Star Delta Starter 1 No.
4. Rotor Resistance Starter 1 No.
THEORY:
NECESSITY OF FUSES:
A Fuse or an Electric Fuse is an Electrical / Electronic device that protects the circuit from different
electrical faults like over current and overload. Fuses can be considered as a sacrificial element in the
circuit as they act as a weak link in the entire circuit.
Fuses are very simple and cheap devices that are being used for over hundred years as a protective
equipment. For electrical drawings and circuits, there are three symbols of fuses we can use. The
following image shows the symbols of fuse along with their standards.
TYPES OF STARTERS:
(1) DC Fuses
(2) AC Fuses
(3) Rewireable Fuses
(4) Cartridge Type Fuses
(5) D – Type Cartridge Fuse
(6) High Rupturing Capacity (HRC)
(1) DC Fuses
The main difference between the DC Fuses and AC Fuses is the size of the fuse. In a DC
circuit, when the current exceeds the limit, the metallic wire in the fuse melts and disconnects
the rest of the circuit from power supply.
Since DC is constant value and is always above 0V, there is a chance of an electric arc
between the melted wires, which will be difficult to avoid and turn off. Hence, usually, the
electrodes of the DC Fuses are placed at larger distance when compared to the AC Fuses.
This will minimize the chance of arc and since the distance between the electrodes is
increased, the size of the DC Fuses is comparatively large.
(2) AC Fuses
We know that AC current (and voltage) oscillates as 50 or 60 times per second and in this the
amplitude of the signal varies from minimum to maximum. At one point of this oscillations,
the AC Voltage touches the 0V and hence the arc between the melted electrodes can be easily
terminated.
As a result, the size of the AC Fuses can be much smaller when compared to the size of DC
Fuses.
(3) Rewireable Fuses
Rewirable or Kit – Kat Type Fuses are a type of Low Voltage (LV) Fuses. They are most
commonly used in house wiring, small industries and other small current applications.
Rewirable Fuses consists of two main parts: a Fuse Base, which contains the in and out
terminal, and a Fuse Carrier, which holds the Fuse Element. The Fuse Base is generally made
up of Porcelain and the Fuse Element is made up of Tinned Copper, Aluminium, Lead, etc.
The Fuse Carrier can be easily plugged in or removed from the Fuse Base without the risk of
any electric shock. When the fuse is blown due to over current, we can easily remove the
Fuse Carrier and replace the fuse wire. This is the main advantage of Rewirable Fuses.
(4) Cartridge Type Fuses or Totally Enclosed Type Fuses
As the name indicates, Cartridge or Totally Enclosed Fuses have a completely closed
structure with the Fuse Links enclosed in the container. This type of design and construction
will help in keeping the arc with in the container at the event of blown fuse.
Cartridge Type Fuses are a very important category of fuses that are used in almost all types
of applications like Low Voltage (LV), High Voltage (HV) and miniature fuses.
Cartridge Type Fuses are again further divided in to D Type Cartridge Fuses and Link Type
Cartridge Fuses.
(5) D – Type Cartridge Fuse
This type of fuses consists of a Cartridge, fuse base, cap and adapter ring. The cartridge with
the fuse element in it is fitted with the fuse cap and is inserted in to the fuse base through the
adapter ring and the connection is complete only when the tip of the cartridge touch the
conductor.
D – Type Fuses are non – interchangeable and have an advantage of being highly reliable.
(6) High Rupturing Capacity (HRC)
High Rupturing Time or HRC Fuses are a type of Cartridge Fuses. In HRC Fuses, the current
flows through the fuse element under normal conditions.
In case of a fault, the high current due to short circuit (or any other fault) will be allowed to
flow through the fuse for a short but known period of time. If the fault is cleared in this time,
the fuse will not blow or the fuse element doesn’t melt.
If the fault continues even after some time i.e. short circuit current for longer duration than
allowed, the fuse blows by melting the fuse element.
Since HRC Fuses are designed for high current rupturing, a special method must be used to
control the arc produced in the event of blown fuse. Usually, the body of the fuse is made up
of Porcelain or Ceramic and the fuse element chamber is filled with Silica Sand.
There are two types of HRC Fuses: Blade Type and Bolted Type. Blade Type Fuses are also
known as Plug – in Type Fuses.
The body of the Blade Type Fuse is generally made up of plastic and the two conducting
Blade Type Plates are fixed to the fuse element. Blade Type Fuses are generally used in
Automobiles.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

(1) Plain Air Circuit Breaker
(2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
(3) Vacuum Circuit Breaker
(1) Air Circuit Breaker
This circuit breaker will operate in the air; the quenching medium is an Arc at atmospheric
pressure. In many of the countries air circuit breaker is replaced by oil circuit breaker. About
oil circuit breaker we will discuss later in the article. Thus the importance of ACB is still
preferable choice to use an Air circuit breaker up to 15KV. This is because; oil circuit breaker
may catch fire when used at 15V
The two types of air circuit breakers are
 Plain air circuit breaker

 Air blast Circuit Breaker
Plain Air Circuit Breaker
Plain air circuit breaker is also called as Cross-Blast Circuit Breaker. In this, the circuit breaker
is fitted with a chamber which basically surrounds the contacts. This chamber is known as arc
chute.
Plain Air Circuit Breaker
This arc is made to drive in it. In achieving the cooling of the air circuit breaker, an arc chute
will help. From the refractory material, an arc chute is made. The internal walls of arc chute
are shaped in such a way that arc is not forced into close proximity. It will drive into the winding
channel projected on an arc chute wall.
The arc chute will have many small compartments and has many divisions which are metallic
separated plates. Here each of small compartments behaves as a mini arc chute and metallic
separation plate acts like arc splitters. All arc voltages will be higher than the system voltage
when the arc will split into a series of arcs. It is only preferable for low voltage application.
Air Blast Circuit Breaker
Air blast circuit breakers are used for system voltage of 245 KV, 420 KV and also even more.
Air blast circuit breakers are of two types:
 Axial blast breaker

 Axial blast with sliding moving contact.
Axial Blast Breaker
In the axial blaster breaker the moving contact of the axial blast breaker will be in contact. The
nozzle orifice is a fixed to the contact of a breaker at a normal closed condition. A fault occurs
when high pressure is introduced into the chamber. Voltage is sufficient to sustain high-
pressure air when flowed through nozzle orifice.
Axial Blast Circuit breaker
Advantages of Air-Blast Circuit Beaker
 It is used where frequent operation is required because of lesser arc energy.

 It is risk free from fire.
 Small in size.
 It requires less maintenance.
 Arc quenching is much faster
 Speed of circuit breaker is much higher.
 The time duration of the arc is same for all values of current.
Disadvantages of Air-Blast Circuit Breaker
 It requires additional maintenance.
 The air has relatively lower arc extinguishing properties
 It contains high capacity air compressor.
 From the air pipe junction there may be a chance of air pressure leakage
 There is the chance of a high rate rise of re-striking current and voltage chopping.
Application and Uses of Air Circuit Breaker
 It is used for protection of plants, electrical machines, transformers, capacitors and
generators
 Air circuit breaker is also used in the Electricity sharing system and GND about 15Kv
 Also used in Low as well as High Currents and voltage applications.
(2) SF6 Circuit Breaker
 In the SF6 circuit breaker the current carrying contacts operate in sulphur hexafluoride gas
is known as an SF6 circuit breaker. It is an excellent insulating property and high electro-
negativity. It can be understood that, high affinity of absorbing free electron. The negative
ion is formed when a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule; it is absorbed by that
gas molecule. The two different ways of attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules are
SF6 + e = SF6
SF6 + e = SF5- + F
SF6 Circuit Breaker

The negative ions which are formed will be much heavier than a free electron. Therefore, when
compared with other common gases overall mobility of the charged particle in the SF6 gas is
much less. The mobility of charged particles is majorly responsible for conducting current
through a gas. Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very
high dielectric strength. This gas good heat transfer property because of low gaseous viscosity.
SF6 is 100 times more effective in arc quenching media than air circuit breaker. It is used for
both medium and high voltage electrical power system from 33KV to 800KV.
Types of SF6 Circuit Breaker

 Single interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 220
 Two interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 400
 Four interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 715V
(3) Vacuum Circuit Breaker
A Vacuum circuit breaker is a circuit which vacuum is used to extinct the arc. It has dielectric
recovery character, excellent interruption and can interrupt the high frequency current which
results from arc instability, superimposed on the line frequency current.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
In the principle of operation of VCB will have two contacts called electrodes will remain closed
under normal operating conditions. Suppose when a fault occurs in any part of the system, then
the trip coil of the circuit breaker gets energized and finally contact gets separated.
The moment contacts of the breaker are opened in vacuum, i.e. 10-7 to 10-5 Torr an arc is
produced between the contacts by the ionization of metal vapors of contacts. Here the arc
quickly gets extinguished, this happens because the electrons, metallic vapors and ions
produced during arc, condense quickly on the surface of the CB contacts, resulting in quick
recovery of dielectric strength.
Advantages
 VCBs are reliable, compact and long life
 They can interrupt any fault current.
 There will be no fire hazards.
 No noise is produced
 It has higher dielectric strength.
 It requires less power for control operation.
RESULT:
Hence various types of protection devices have been studied.
Exp. : STUDY OF VARIOUS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Date:
AIM:
To study and connect
(1) Permanent magnet moving coil instruments
(2) Moving-iron instruments
(3) Electrodynamometer wattmeter
(4) Single Phase Energy meter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO NAME OF APPARATUS QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter 1 No.
2. Ammeter 1 No.
3. Wattmeter 1 No.
4. Energy meter 1 No.
THEORY:
TYPES OF Instruments:
A PMMC meter (or D’Arsonval meters) is constructed of 5 main components:

 Stationary Part or Magnet System
 Moving Coil
 Control System
 Damping System
 Meter
Stationary Part or Magnet System
In the present time we use magnets of high field intensities, high coercive force instead of using U
shaped permanent magnet having soft iron pole pieces. The magnets which we are using nowadays are
made up of materials like alcomax and alnico which provide high field strength.
Moving Coil
The moving coil can freely moves between the two permanent magnets as shown in the figure given
below. The coil is wound with many turns of copper wire and is placed on rectangular aluminium which
is pivoted on jeweled bearings.
Control System
The spring generally acts as control system for PMMC instruments. The spring also serves another
important function by providing the path to lead current in and out of the coil.
Damping System
The damping force hence torque is provided by movement of aluminium former in the magnetic field
created by the permanent magnets.
Meter
Meter of these instruments consists of light weight pointer to have free movement and scale which is
linear or uniform and varies with angle.
Construction of Moving Iron Instrument
The basic construction of attraction type moving iron instrument is illustrated bellow
A thin disc of soft iron is eccentrically pivoted in front of a coil. This iron tends to move inward that is
from weaker magnetic field to stronger magnetic field when current flowing through the coil.
In attraction moving instrument gravity control was used previously but now gravity control method is
replaced by spring control in relatively modern instrument. By adjusting balance weight null deflection
of the pointer is achieved.
The required damping force is provided in this instrument by air friction. The figure shows a typical
type of damping system provided in the instrument, where damping is achieved by a moving piston in
an air syringe.
Construction and Working Principle of Electrodynamometer Type Wattmeter

Now let us look at constructional details of electrodynamometer. It consists of following parts.
There are two types of coils present in the electrodynamometer. They are :
Moving Coil
Moving coil moves the pointer with the help of spring control instrument. Limited of current flows
through the moving coil so as to avoid heating. So in order to limit the current we have connected the
high value resistor in series with the moving coil. The moving is air cored and is mounted on a pivoted
spindle and can move freely. In electrodynamometer type wattmeter, moving coil works as pressure
coil. Hence moving coil is connected across the voltage and thus the current flowing through this coil
is always proportional to the voltage.
Fixed Coil
The fixed coil is divided into two equal parts and these are connected in series with the load, therefore
the load current will flow through these coils. Now the reason is very obvious of using two fixed coils
instead of one, so that it can be constructed to carry considerable amount of electric current. These
coils are called the current coils of electrodynamometer type wattmeter. Earlier these fixed coils are
designed to carry the current of about 100 amperes but now the modern wattmeter are designed to
carry current of about 20 amperes in order to save power.
RESULT:
Hence various types of protection devices have been studied.

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Basic Electrical Engineering Er. T.

Siva- Teaching Assistant

Laboratory Course Manual on

Compiled and Edited by

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Expt.no Date Name of the Experiment Pag Marks Signature

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Expt.no Date Name of the Experiment Page. Marks Signature

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College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Circuit Diagram: For star connected load:

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Exp. No. STAR CONNECTION STUDY OF VOLTAGE AND

SL.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Observation Table: - For Star connected load:

Sr Line Phase Phase current Ratio of Power by calculation

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Circuit Diagram: For Delta connected load:

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Exp. No. DELTA CONNECTION STUDY OF VOLTAGE AND

SL.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Observation Table: - For Delta connected load:

Sr No Line Line Phase current Ratio of Active power by

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College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Exp. No. MEASUREMENT OF POWER IN 3 PHASE CIRCUIT BY

SI.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

4 Wattmeter 250V, 10A UPF 1

5 Energy Meter 240V, 10A 3 Phase Static 1

6 3-Phase Load - Resistive -

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Tabular Column (For Balanced and Unbalanced Loading)

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College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Exp. : LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

S.No Name of apparatus Range Type Qty.

1. TPST switch is kept open initially.

1.Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

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College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

1.What are the types of ac motors?

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

College of Fish Nutrition and Food Technology

Exp. No. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED

S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

2 Rheostat (250, 1.5A) Wire 1

(1000, 1A) wound 1

5 Load 20A Resistive 1

Formulae Used for

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

RC is the critical resistance in ohms

 If is the incremental field current taken from OCC characteristics in amps

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