QUESTION 1

(a) Define electronics and give examples 3 examples of applications of electronic devices in
Telecommunication, Power, Instrumentation and Control Engineering. [5]
(b) Fig 1 shows the atomic structure of copper-63 (atomic number: 29), discuss why it is a good
conductor and how its structure is different from germanium and silicon. [4]

Fig 1
(c) Define an intrinsic material, a negative temperature coefficient, and covalent bonding. [6]
(d) Using Bohr’s model of the atom with its constituent particles (electrons, protons and
neutrons), explain the energy band theory. [6]
(e) Describe the difference between n-type and p-type semiconductor materials [4]
(f) Using Bohr’s model, sketch the atomic structure of silicon [3]

QUESTION 2

(a) Explain the principles of AC blocking/DC bypass as applied to the inductor.

(b) Draw the circuit symbol and explain the characteristics and applications of Light dependent
resistors
(c) Explain the principles of AC blocking/DC bypass as applied to the inductor

(d) With the aid of diagrams explain the formation of a PN junction.

(e) Explain the Zener and avalanche effects.
(f) Sketch typical forward and reverse-bias static characteristics of a PN diode.
(g) Describe, with the aid of sketches, the operation of The centre-tap full wave rectifier
(h) Draw the input and output waveforms for the full full wave rectifier, assuming sinusoidal
inputs and a purely resistive load.
(i) For the series diode configuration of Fig. 1, determine VD, VR, and ID

Fig 1
(j) Determine ID, VD2, and Vo for the circuit of Fig. 2
 Fig 2.
(k) (a) For the Zener diode network of Fig. 3, determine VL, VR, IZ, and PZ.

fig 3
(l) Explain the operation of the zener diode.
(m) Draw the Zener diode characteristics to indicate the following parameters:
IZK, IZT, IZM, VZ, Z (or ZZT)
(n) Describe the basic construction and operation, including characteristics of a
Photoconductive cell (Light Dependent Resistor
(o) Describe the basic principles of operation of PNP transistor. (include a diagram)
(p) Draw the circuit symbols for these transistor configurations – CBC, CEC and CCC
(q) Derive the relationship between the DC amplification factors hFE (𝛽), and hFB (α)
(r) State the bias conditions for switching the transistor on and off
(s) State the JFETs’ advantages and disadvantages as compared to the BJT
(t) Describe, with the aid of a construction diagram, the operation of the JFET (N channel and P
channel devices).
(u) Sketch typical output and transfer characteristics of a JFET. Indicate the cut off, ohmic and
pinch off regions
(v) Draw basic circuits to illustrate the CGC, CSC and CDC FET configurations; circuit to show
proper bias voltages.
(w) With relevant sketches, explain the working mechanisms of depletion mode and
enhancement mode MOSFETs
(x) State the ideal properties of an Operational Amplifier
(y) Draw the circuit symbol and derive the expressions for a Summing amplifier with 3 inputs
(z) If the circuit of Fig. 4 has R1=100 kΩand Rf =500 kΩ, what output voltage results for an input
of V1=2 V?
 fig 4
(aa) State practical applications of the OP-AMP comparator.
(bb) Explain the need for bypass capacitors in AC Operational Amplifiers.
(cc) State the difference between DIAC and TRIAC
(dd) With the aid of a diagram, describe the construction and operation of the UJT

(ee)differentiate between analogue and digital signals

(ff) List the three basic logic function
(gg) Convert the binary whole number 1101101 to decimal. (show working)
(hh) Find the 2’s complement of 10110010
(ii) Define the following terms Bit, nibble, byte, word
(jj) Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:
1100101001010111
111111000101101001
(kk) Develop the truth table for a 3-input AND gate.
(ll) Determine the total number of possible input combinations for a 4-input AND gate.
(mm) Simplify the following Boolean expression:

(nn) Simplify the following Boolean expression:

(oo) Explain the difference between combinational and sequential logic.

(pp) Explain the operation of JK Flip Flop
(qq) Draw the labeled block diagram of the micro-computer.Explain the function of each
block.
(rr) Define the following:
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus
Memory
(ss) Compare and contrast RAM and ROM