Module2/Lesson3

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
Example 2.1
When the stress tensor at a point with reference to axes (x, y, z) is given by the array,

4 1 2
1 6 0 MPa
2 0 8

show that the stress invariants remain unchanged by transformation of the axes by 450
about the z-axis,
Solution: The stress invariants are
I1 = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 MPa
I2 = 4 6+6 8+4 8-1 1-2 2-0 = 99 MPa
I3 = 4 48-1 8+2 (-12) = 160 MPa

The direction cosines for the transformation are given by

x y z

x 1 1 0
2 2
y 1 1 0
-
2 2
z 0 0 1

Using Equations (2.21a), (2.21b), (2.21c), (2.21d), (2.21e), (2.21f), we get

1 1 1
x 4 6 0 2 1 0 0
2 2 2
6 MPa
1 1 1
y 4 6 0 2 1 0 0
2 2 2
4 MPa
z 0 0 8 1 0 0 0
8 MPa

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1 1 1 1
xy 4 6 0 1 0 0
2 2 2 2
1 MPa
1
yz 0 0 0 0 0 2
2
2 MPa
1
xz 0 0 0 0 0 2
2
2 MPa
Hence the new stress tensor becomes

6 1 2
1 4 2 MPa
2 2 8
Now, the new invariants are
I1 6 4 8 18 MPa
I2 6 4 4 8 6 8 1 2 2 99 MPa
5
I3 6 30 1 10 2 160 MPa
2
which remains unchanged. Hence proved.

Example 2.2

The state-of-stress at a point is given by the following array of terms

9 6 3
6 5 2 MPa
3 2 4
Determine the principal stresses and principal directions.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation
3 2
– I1 + I2 - I3 = 0
Here I1 9 5 4 18 MPa
2 2 2
I2 9 5 5 4 9 4 6 2 3 52 MPa
I3 9 5 4 9 4 5 9 4 36 2 6 2 3 27 MPa
The cubic equation becomes

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3 2
- 18 + 52 - 27 = 0
The roots of the cubic equation are the principal stresses. Hence the three principal
stresses are

1 = 14.554 MPa; 2 = 2.776 MPa and 3 = 0.669 MPa

Now to find principal directions for major principal stress 1

(9 14.554 ) 6 3
6 (5 14.554 ) 2
3 2 ( 4 14.554 )

5.554 6 3
= 6 9.554 2
3 2 10.554

9.554 2
A= =100.83 - 4 = 96.83
2 10.554

6 2
B= = -(-63.324 - 6) = 69.324
3 10.554

6 9.554
C= = 12 + 28.662 = 40.662
3 2

A2 B2 C2
2 2 2
= 96 .83 69 .324 40 .662

= 125.83
A 96 .53
l1 = = = 0.769
A2 B2 C2 125 .83

B 69 .324
m1 = = = 0.550
A2 B2 C2 125 .83

C 40 .662
n1 = = = 0.325
A 2
B 2
C 2 125 .84

Similarly, the principal stress directions for 2 stress and 3 stress are calculated.

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Therefore, l2 = 0.596 l3 = - 0.226

m2 = - 0.800 m3 = - 0.177
n2 = 0.057 n3 = 0.944

Example 2.3
At a point in the structural member, the stresses (in MPa) are represented as in Figure
2.18. Employ Mohr’s circle to determine:
(a) the magnitude and orientation of the principal stresses
(b) the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shearing stresses and associated
normal stresses.
In each case show the results on a properly oriented
element. Y y 27.6
Solution: Centre of the Mohr’s circle = OC
xy 20.7
27 .6 55 .2
= = 41.4 MPa x 55.2
2
(a) Principal stresses are represented by points A1 and B1. X
Hence the maximum and minimum principal stresses,
referring to the circle are Figure 2.18
1 2 2
1,2 =41.4 55.2 27.6 20.7
4
1 =66.3 MPa and 2 =16.5 MPa

The planes on which the principal stresses act are given by

20.7
2 p =tan-1 56 .30 0
13 .8
and 2 p 56.30 180 236 .30 0
Hence, p 28.15 0 and p 118 .15 0
Mohr’s circle clearly indicates that p locates the 1 plane.
(b) The maximum shearing stresses are given by points D and E. Thus
1 2 2
max = 55.2 27.6 20.7
4
= 24.9 MPa
The planes on which these stresses act are represented by
s 28.15 0 45 0 73.15 0
and s 163 .15 0

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y x
y 0
x 73.15
0
28.15

66.3 max 24.9 41.4

1
2 16.5

B(27.6, 20.7)
Y
. . D

O B1
. C
2 s
..
F
A1

.E . 2
A(55.2, 20.7)
p

X
Figure 2.19 Mohr’s stress circle

Example 2.4
The stress (in N/m2) acting on an element of a loaded body is shown in Figure 2.20.
Apply Mohr’s circle to determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane
0
defined by = 30 .
Y 6
y 14 10
Solution: The Mohr’s
circle drawn below
describes the state of 6
stress for the given x 28 10
element. Points A1 and 0
B1 represent the 30 X
stress components on the
x and y
faces, respectively. Figure 2.20
The radius of the circle

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10 6
is 14 28 21 10 6 . Corresponding to the 300 plane within the element, it is
2
necessary to rotate through 600 counterclockwise on the circle to locate point A . A 2400
counterclockwise rotation locates point B .

. A
x

Y . .. . 60
0
X
.
6 O C 6
B1( 14 10 ,0) A1(28 10 ,0) 6
x 17.5 10
B
y

(a)

y x
0

. x 30
6
A 18.186 10
. .
xy
0
60
X
C 6 6
A1(28 10 ,0) 6 3.5 10
x 17.5 10 y

(b)

Figure 2.21 Mohr’s stress circle

From the above Mohr’s circle,

x 7 21 cos 60 0 10 6 17.5 10 6 N / m 2

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y 3.5 10 6 N / m 2

xy 21 10 6 sin 60 0 18.86 10 6 N / m 2

Example 2.5
A rectangular bar of metal of cross-section 30mm 25mm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 180KN. Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose
normal has the following direction cosines:
1
(i) l m and n 0
2
1
(ii) l m n
3
Solution: Let normal stress acting on the cross-section is given by y .
Axial load
y
cross sectional area
180 10 3
30 25
240 N / mm2
Now, By Cauchy’s formula, the stress components along x, y and z co-ordinates are
Tx x l xy m xz n
Ty xy l y m yz n (a)
Tz xz l yz m z n
And the normal stress acting on the plane whose normal has the direction cosines l, m and n
is,
T x l T y m Tz n (b)

Case (i) For l 1

m and n 0
2
Here x 0, xy 0, y 240 N / mm 2
xz 0, yz 0, z 0
Substituting the above in (a), we get
240
Tx 0, T y y m , Tz 0
2
Substituting in (b), we get

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240 1
0 0 120 N / mm 2
2 2
Resultant Stress on the plane is
2 2 2
T Tx Ty Tz

2
240
= 0 0
2

T 169.706 N / mm2
But shear stress can be determined from the relation

T2 2 2

or T2 2

2 2
169 .706 120

120 N / mm2
1
Case (ii) For l m n
3
Again from (a),
240
Tx 0, T y y m , Tz 0
3
240 1
Normal Stress = 0 0 80.00 N / mm 2
3 3
Resultant Stress on the plane is
2 2 2
T Tx Ty Tz
2
240
T 0 0
3
113.13 N / mm2
2 2
Shear Stress = 138 .56 80
113.13 N / mm2

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Example 2.6
A body is subjected to three-dimensional forces and the state of stress at a point in it is
represented as
200 200 200
200 100 200 MPa
200 200 100
Determine the normal stress, shearing stress and resultant stress on the octahedral
plane.
Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are
1
l m n
3
Here x 200 MPa
y 100 MPa
y 100 MPa
xy yz zx 200 MPa
Substituting the above in Cauchy’s formula, we get
1 1 1
Tx 200 200 200 346 .41 MPa
3 3 3
1 1 1
Ty 200 100 200 173 .20 MPa
3 3 3

1 1 1
Tz 200 200 100 173 .20 MPa
3 3 3
Normal stress on the plane is given by
Tx .l Ty .m Tz n
1 1 1
346 .41 173 .20 173 .20
3 3 3
400 MPa
2 2 2
Resultant Stress = T Tx Ty Tz
2 2 2
346 .41 173 .20 173 .20
T 424 .26 MPa
2 2
Also, Tangential Stress = 424 .26 400
141 .41 MPa

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Example 2.7
The state of stress at a point is given as follows:
x 800 kPa, y 1200 kPa, z 400 kPa
xy 400 kPa, yz 600 kPa, zx 500 kPa
1 1
Determine (a) the stresses on a plane whose normal has direction cosines l ,m
4 2
and (b) the normal and shearing stresses on that plane.
Solution: We have the relation,
l2 m2 n2 1
2 2
1 1
n2 1
4 2
11
n
4
(a) Using Cauchy’s formula,

1 1 11
Tx 800 400 500 414 .60 kPa
4 2 4

1 1 11
Ty 400 1200 600 202 .51 kPa
4 2 4

1 1 11
Tz 500 600 400 506 .66 kPa
4 2 4

(b) Normal stress,

Tx l T y m Tz n

1 1 11
= 414 .60 202 .51 506 .66
4 2 4

215 .20 kPa

2 2 2
Resultant Stress on the Plane = T 414 .60 202 .51 506 .66
= 685.28 MPa
2 2
Shear Stress on the plane = 685 .28 215 .20

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= 650.61 kPa
Example 2.8
Given the state of stress at a point as below
100 80 0
90 60 0 kPa
0 0 40
Considering another set of coordinate axes, x y z in which z coincides with z and x
is rotated by 300 anticlockwise from x-axis, determine the stress components in the new
co-ordinates system.
Solution: The direction cosines for the transformation are given by
X y z
x 0.866 0.5 0
y -0.5 0.866 0
z 0 0 1

Zz

y
0
30
Y

0
X 30
x
Figure 2.22 Co-ordinate system

Now using equations 2.21(a), 2.21(b), 2.21(c), 2.21(d), 2.21(e) and 2.21(f), we get

2 2
x1
100 0.866 60 0.5 0 2 80 0.866 0.5 0 0
x 129.3 kPa

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2 2
y 100 0.5 60 0.866 0 2 80 0.5 0.866 0 0
y 89.3 kPa
2
z 0 0 40 1 20 0 0
z 40 kPa
xy 100 0.866 0.5 60 0.5 0.866 0 80 0.866 0.866 0.5 0.5 0 0
xy 29.3 kPa
yz 0 and zx 0

Therefore the state of stress in new co-ordinate system is

129 .3 29.3 0
29.3 89.3 0 (kPa)
0 0 40

Example 2.9
The stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
50 20 40
20 20 10 ( kPa )
40 10 30
Determine the stress-vectors on the plane whose unit normal has direction cosines
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
Solution: The stress vectors are given by
Tx x l xy m xz n (a)
Ty xy l y m yz n (b)
Tz xz l yz m z n (c)
Substituting the stress components in (a), (b) and (c) we get
1 1 1
Tx 50 20 40 = 45 .35 kPa
2 2 2
1 1 1
Ty 20 20 10 = 0.858 kPa
2 2 2
1 1 1
Tz 40 10 30 = 48 .28 kPa
2 2 2
Now, Resultant Stress is given by

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T 45.35 iˆ 0.858 ˆj 48.28kˆ kPa

Example 2.10
The Stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
40 20 30
20 30 40 ( kPa )
30 40 20

Calculate the deviator and spherical stress tensors.

1
Solution: Mean Stress = m x y z
3
1
40 30 20
3
30 kPa

x m xy xz

Deviator stress tensor = xy y m yz

xz yz z m

40 30 20 30
= 20 30 30 40
30 40 20 30

10 20 30
= 20 0 40 kPa
30 40 10

m 0 0
Spherical Stress tensor = 0 m 0
0 0 m

30 0 0
= 0 30 0 kPa
0 0 30

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Example 2.11
The Stress components at a point in a body are given by

x 3xy 2 z 2 x, xy 0

y 5 xyz 3y yz xz 3xy 2 z 2 xy

z x2 y y2z
Determine whether these components of stress satisfy the equilibrium equations or not
as the point (1, -1, 2). If not then determine the suitable body force required at this
point so that these stress components are under equilibrium.
Solution: The equations of equilibrium are given by

x xy xz
0 (a)
x y z

xy y yz
0 (b)
x y z

xz yz z
0 (c)
x y z
Differentiating the stress components with respective axes, we get

xy
x
3y 2 z 2, 0, xz
3xy 2
x y z
Substituting in (a), 3 y 2 z 2 0 3xy 2
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 11 which is not equal to zero
Similarly,
y yz
5xz 3, 3xy 2 0
y z
(ii) becomes 0 5xz 3 3xy 2
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 5 1 2 3 3 1 1 16 which is not equal to zero
yz
And z
y2, 6 xyz 2 x, xz
3y 2 z 2 y
z y x
Therefore (iii) becomes 3 y 2 z 2 y 6 xyz 2x y 2

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2
At the point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 1 2 2 1 6 1 1 2 2 1 1 = -5 which
is not equal to zero.
Hence the given stress components does not satisfy the equilibrium equations.
Recalling (a), (b) and (c) with body forces, the equations can be modified as below.

x xy xz
Fx 0 (d)
x y z
xy y yz
Fy 0 (e)
x y z
xz yz z
Fz 0 (f)
x y z
Where Fx, Fy and Fz are the body forces.
Substituting the values in (d), (e) and (f), we get body forces so that the stress components
become under equilibrium.
Therefore,
3 1 2 2 3 1 1 Fx 0
Fx 11
Also, 5 1 2 3 3 1 1 Fy 0
Fy 16
and 3 1 2 2 ( 1) 6 1 ( 1) 2 2 1 ( 1) 2 Fz 0
Fz 5
The body force vector is given by

F 11iˆ 16 ˆj 5kˆ

Example 2.12
The rectangular stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system
are as follows.

x 20 N / mm 2 y 40 N / mm 2 z 80 N / mm 2

xy 40 N / mm 2 yz 60 N / mm 2 zx 20 N / mm 2
Determine the principal stresses at the given point.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation

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3 2
I1 I2 I3 0
The three dimensional stresses can be expressed in the matrix form as below.
x xy xz 20 40 20
xy y yz 40 40 60 N / mm 2
xz yz z 20 60 80
Here I1 x y z

= (20 40 80)
= 60
2 2 2
I2 x y y z z x xy yz zx

= 20( 40) ( 40)(80) 80(20) (40) 2 ( 60) 2 (20) 2

= -8000
2 2 2
I3 x y z x yz y zx z xy 2 xy yz xz
2 2 2
= 20(-40)(80)-(20)(-60) -(-40)(20) -80(40) +2(40)(-60)(20)
= -344000
Therefore Cubic equation becomes
3 2
60 8000 344000 0 (a)
Now cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos
3 1
Or cos3 cos cos 3 0 (b)
4 4
I1
Put r cos
3
60
i.e., r cos
3
r cos 20
Substituting in (a), we get
3 2
r cos 20 60 r cos 20 8000 r cos 20 344000 0
2 2
r cos 20 r cos 20 60 r cos 20 8000 r cos 20 344000 0

r 2 cos2 400 40 r cos r cos 20 60 r 2 cos2 400 40 r cos

8000 r cos 160000 344000 0
3 3
r cos 9200 r cos 168000 0

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1 168000
i.e., cos3 9200 cos 0 (c)
r2 r3
Hence equations (b) and (c) are identical if
9200 3
r2 4
9200 4
r
3
110 .755

and
cos 3 168000
4 r3
168000 4
cos 3 3
= 0.495
110.755
or cos 3 0.495
3 119.65 or 1 39.90

2 80.10 and 3 159 .90

I1
r1 cos 1
3
60
110 .755 cos(39.9)
3
104.96 N / mm2
I1
2 r2 cos 2
3
60
110 .755 cos(80.1)
3
2 39.04 N / mm2
I1
3 r3 cos 3
3
60
110 .755 cos(159 .9)
3
3 84 N / mm 2

Example 2.13
At a point in a given material, the three dimensional state of stress is given by

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 Module2/Lesson3

x y z 10 N / mm2 , xy 20 N / mm2 and yz zx 10 N / mm 2

Compute the principal planes if the corresponding principal stresses are

1 37.3N / mm 2 , 2 10 N / mm 2 , 3 2.7 N / mm 2
Solution: The principal planes can be obtained by their direction Cosines l, m and n
associated with each of the three principal stresses, 1 , 2 and 3 .

(a) To find Principal plane for Stress 1

10 37.3 20 10 27.3 20 10
20 (10 37.3) 10 20 27.3 10
10 10 (10 37.3) 10 10 27.3
27 .3 10
Now, A = 745.29-100
10 27.3
A = 645.29
20 10
B
10 27.3
( 546 100 )
B 646
20 27.3
C
10 10
= 200 + 270.3
C = 470.3

2
A2 B2 C2 645 .29 (646 ) 2 ( 470 .3) 2
1027 .08
A 645 .29
l1 0.628
A 2
B 2
C 2 1027 .08

B 646
m1 0.628
A2 B2 C2 1027 .08

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C 470 .3
n1 0.458
A2 B2 C2 1027 .08

(b) To find principal plane for Stress 2

10 10 20 10 20 20 10
20 (10 10) 10 20 20 10
10 10 (10 10) 10 10 20

20 10
A 400 100 300
10 20

20 10
B (400 100 ) 300
10 20
20 20
C ( 200 200 ) 0
10 10
2
A2 B2 C2 300 ( 300 ) 2 (0) 2 424 .26
A 300
l2 0.707
A2 B2 C2 424 .26
B 300
m2 0.707
A2 B2 C2 424 .26
C
n2 0
A2 B2 C2

(c) To find principal plane for Stress 3

10 2.7 20 10 7.3 20 10
20 (10 2.7) 10 20 7.3 10
10 10 (10 2.7) 10 10 7.3

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7.3 10
A 53.29 100 46.71
10 7.3
20 10
B (146 100 ) 46
10 7.3
20 7.3
C (200 73) 127
10 10
2
A2 B2 C2 46.71 (46) 2 (127 ) 2 142 .92

A 46.71
l3 0.326
A2 B2 C2 142 .92
B 46
m3 0.322
A 2
B 2
C 2 142 .92
C 127
n3 0.888
A 2
B 2
C 2 142 .92

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju