Sri G.V.

G VISALAKSHI COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

[AUTONOMOUS]

ASSIGMENT

NAME: Raja Kaviya.N

DEPARTMENT: B.S.C Physics

ROLL.NO:17BP6187

TOPIC: “ELECTRONIC DEVICES(TELIVISION)”

 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
-Telivision

TELIVISION INTRO:
Television (TV), sometimes shortened to tele or telly, is a telecommunication medium
used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or in colour, and in
two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a television set, a television program
("TV show"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass
medium for advertising, entertainment and news.
Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s, but it would still
be several years before the new technology would be marketed to consumers. After World War
II, an improved form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States
and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions.
During the 1950s, television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion.[1] In the
mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other developed countries.
The availability of multiple types of archival storage media such as Betamax, VHS tape, local
disks, DVDs, flash drives, high-definition Blu-ray Discs, and cloud digital video recorders has
enabled viewers to watch pre-recorded material—such as movies—at home on their own time
schedule. For many reasons, especially the convenience of remote retrieval, the storage of
television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of
the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity. Another
development was the move from standard-definition television (SDTV) (576i, with
576 interlaced lines of resolution and 480i) to high-definition television(HDTV), which
provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various
formats: 1080p, 1080i and 720p. Since 2010, with the invention of smart television, Internet
television has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet
through streaming video services such as Netflix, Amazon Video, iPlayer and Hulu.In 2013,
79% of the world's households owned a television set.
MECHANICAL:
The first demonstration of the live transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and
A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 seleniumcells, individually wired to a
mechanical commutator, served as an electronic retina. In the receiver, a type of Kerr
cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a
rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated
synchronization. The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just
sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was
transmitted "several times" each second. In 1921 Edouard Belin sent the first image via radio
waves with his belinograph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TELIVISION

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TELIVISION

CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT) TELEVISIONS:

Old-style, cathode-ray tube (CRT) TV sets take the incoming signal and break it into its
separate audio and video components. The audio part feeds into an audio circuit, which uses
a loudspeaker to recreate the original sound recorded in the TV studio. Meanwhile, the video
signal is sent to a separate circuit. This fires a beam of electrons (fast-moving, negatively
charged particles inside atoms) down a long cathode-ray tube. As the beam flies down the tube,
electromagnets steer it from side to side so it scans systematically back and forth across the
screen, line by line, "painting" the picture over and over again like a kind of invisible electronic
paintbrush. The electron beam moves so quickly that you don't see it building up the picture. It
doesn't actually "paint" anything: it makes bright spots of colored light as it hits different parts
of the screen. That's because the screen is coated with many tiny dots of chemicals
called phosphors. As the electron beam hits the phosphor dots, they make a tiny pinpoint of
red, blue, or green light. By switching the electron beam on and off as it scans past the red,
blue, and green dots, the video circuit can build up an entire picture by lighting up some spots
and leaving others dark

HOW A CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT) TV WORKS:

 1. An antenna (aerial) on your roof picks up radio waves from the transmitter. With
satellite TV, the signals come from a satellite dish mounted on your wall or roof. With
cable TV, the signal comes to you via an underground fiber-optic cable.
2. The incoming signal feeds into the antenna socket on the back of the TV.
3. The incoming signal is carrying picture and sound for more than one station (program).
An electronic circuit inside the TV selects only the station you want to watch and splits
the signal for this station into separate audio (sound) and video (picture) information,
passing each to a separate circuit for further processing.
4. The electron gun circuit splits the video part of the signal into separate red, blue, and
green signals to drive the three electron guns.

5. The circuit fires three electron guns (one red, one blue, and one green) down a cathode-
ray tube, like a fat glassbottle from which the air has been removed.
6. The electron beams pass through a ring of electromagnets. Electrons can be steered
by magnets because they have a negative electrical charge. The electromagnets steer
the electron beams so they sweep back and forth across the screen, line by line.
7. The electron beams pass through a grid of holes called a mask, which directs them so
they hit exact places on the TV screen. Where the beams hit the phosphors (colored
chemicals) on the screen, they make red, blue, or green dots. Elsewhere, the screen
remains dark. The pattern of red, blue, and green dots builds up a colored picture very
quickly.
8. Meanwhile, audio (sound) information from the incoming signal passes to a
separate audio circuit.
9. The audio circuit drives the loudspeaker (or loudspeakers, since there are at least two
in a stereo TV) so they recreate the sound exactly in time with the moving picture.

THE ORIGINAL CRT :

Cathode-ray televisions like this were invented by Russian physicist and electronics
engineer Vladimir Zworykin, whose patent on the idea was filed in 1923 and granted five years
later. Here's a detail from one of the original drawings in that patent—and you can see just how
closely it resembles a "modern" CRT.

Artwork: Zworykin's black and white CRT design from the 1920s. Inside the cathode ray tube
(55, gray), there's a single electron gun, made up of an anode (56, dark blue), cathode (57, light
blue), and a grid (54, yellow) in between. In the middle, there are electric plates (58, 59, red)
and coils (69, 70, orange) for steering the electron beam with electromagnetic fields. The
picture is formed on a fluorescent phosphor screen (60) at the end of the tube. From US Patent:
2,141,059: Television System by Vladimir Zworykin, courtesy of US Patent and Trademark
Office.

RADIO—WITH PICTURES:
The basic idea of television is "radio with pictures." In other words,
where radio transmits a sound signal (the information being broadcast) through the air,
television sends a picture signal as well. You probably know that these signals are carried by
radio waves, invisible patterns of electricity and magnetism that race through the air at the
speed of light (300,000 km or 186,000 miles per second). Think of the radio waves carrying
information like the waves on the sea carrying surfers: the waves themselves aren't the
information: the information surfs on top of the waves.
 Television is really a three-part invention: the TV camera that turns a picture and sound
into a signal; the TV transmitterthat sends the signal through the air; and the TV receiver (the
TV set in your home) that captures the signal and turns it back into picture and sound. TV
creates moving pictures by repeatedly capturing still pictures and presenting these framesto
your eyes so quickly that they seem to be moving. Think of TV as an electronic flick-book.
The images are flickering on the screen so fast that they fuse together in your brain to make a
moving picture (really, though they're really lots of still pictures displayed one after another).
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELEVISION:
 1884: German student Paul Nipkow (1860–1940) invents a rotating disc with holes in
it (later known as a Nipkow disc) that can convert an image into a series of light pulses.
 1888: German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) demonstrates how to make radio
waves.
 1894: Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940), a British physicist, successfully transmits a
message by radio from one room of a building to another.
 1922: American electronics engineer Philo T. Farnsworth (1906–1971) gets the idea for
a TV scanning system as he watches his father's horse plowing a field into neat rows.
 1923: Russian physicist and electronics engineer Vladimir Zworykin (1888–1982)
files US Patent: 2,141,059 (granted in 1929) for a TV system that uses cathode-ray
tubes in both the transmitter and receiver.
 1924: Scottish inventor John Logie Baird (1888–1946) uses a Nipkow disc to transmit
a flickering TV image a few feet across a room.
 1925: Baird makes the first public demonstration of crudely scanned television images
at London's Selfridges department store, with a more sophisticated demonstration to an
invited scientific audience on January 26, 1926.
 1927: Farnsworth files US Patent: 1,773,980 (granted 1930) for his image dissector, the
world's first proper TV camera.
 1928: Baird demonstrates color TV and an early form of 3D TV.
 1932: BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) begins public TV service on August 22,
1932.
 1946: LP-record pioneer Peter Goldmark, of CBS, develops a color TV system that uses
a rotating wheel to alternate red, blue, and green pictures.
 1954: RCA (Radio Corporation of America) sells the first color TVs on March 25,
1954.
 1964: Donald Bitzer, Gene Slottow, and Robert Willson, of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, produce the first plasma TV, based on a high-resolution computer
display for a teaching system called PLATO.
 1988: The Japanese Sharp Corporation releases the first commercial LCD television.
 1990s: The first public HDTV (high-definition TV) broadcasts are made in the United
States and Europe.
 1999: Time magazine names Philo T. Farnsworth one of the 100 most influential people
of the 20th century.
 2000s: Many countries switch from analog to digital TV. In the United States, for
example, the changeover was completed in 2006, but some nations will not switch fully
until well into the 2020s.
  2007: Sony, another Japanese manufacturer, introduces the world's first OLED TV, the
XEL-1, mainly as a "proof of concept." Even though the screen is a mere 28cm (11in),
it sells for a whopping $2500.

BROADCAST SYSTEMS:

 Terrestrial television
 Cable television
 Satellite television
 Internet television

DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES & RESOLUTION:

DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES Display resolution
 Disk  LD

 CRT  SD

 DLP  HD

 Plasma  UHD
 LCD

 OLED

BY:

RajaKaviya.N