‫ﺇﺩﺍ ﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻨ ﻈﻤ ﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳ ﺔ ﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺰ ﺭ ﺍﻋ ﺔ ﻟ ﻸ ﻣ ﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻤ ﺘ ﺤﺪ ﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺣﻴﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ ﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣ ﺘﺤﺮ ﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺑ ﺮ ﻧ ﺎ ﻣ ﺞ ﻣ ﻌﻠ ﻮ ﻣ ﺎ ﺕ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧ ﻮ ﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﺎ ﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺰ ﺭ ﻋ ﺔ‬
‫)‪Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758‬‬

‫‪ .V‬ﺍ ﻟ ﻮ ﺿ ﻊ ﻭ ﺍ ﻹ ﺗ ﺠ ﺎ ﻫ ﺎ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ .I‬ﺍ ﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮ ﻳ ﻒ‬
‫‪ .VI‬ﻣ ﻮ ﺿ ﻮ ﻋ ﺎ ﺕ ﺃ ﺳ ﺎ ﺳ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍ ﻟ ﺼ ﻔ ﺎ ﺕ ﺍ ﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﻮ ﻟ ﻮ ﺟ ﻴ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﻋ ﺮ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟ ﺼ ﻮ ﺭ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ ﺭ ﺳ ﺎ ﺕ ﺍ ﻹ ﺳ ﺘ ﺰ ﺭ ﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﻟ ﺴ ﻤ ﻜ ﻰ ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺆ ﻟ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .VII‬ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﺮ ﺍ ﺟ ﻊ‬ ‫‪ .II‬ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﻈ ﺎ ﻫ ﺮ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﺧ ﻠ ﻔ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺎ ﺭ ﻳ ﺨ ﻴ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﻣ ﻮ ﺍ ﻗ ﻊ ﺫ ﺍ ﺕ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍ ﻟ ﺪ ﻭ ﻝ ﺍ ﻟ ﺮ ﺋ ﻴ ﺴ ﻴ ﺔ ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍ ﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ ﻭ ﺍ ﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﻮ ﻟ ﻮ ﺟ ﻴ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .III‬ﺍ ﻹ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎ ﺝ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﺩ ﻭ ﺭ ﺓ ﺍ ﻹ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎ ﺝ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﻧ ﻈ ﻢ ﺍ ﻹ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎ ﺝ‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍ ﻷ ﻣ ﺮ ﺍ ﺽ ﻭ ﺇ ﺟ ﺮ ﺍ ﺀ ﺍ ﺕ ﺍ ﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬
‫‪ .IV‬ﺍ ﻹ ﺣ ﺼ ﺎ ﺀ ﺍ ﺕ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﻹ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎ ﺝ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍ ﻟ ﺴ ﻮ ﻕ ﻭ ﺍ ﻟ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎ ﺭ ﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫‪Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758‬‬ ‫]‪[Cichlidae‬‬

‫‪FAO Names: En - Nile tilapia, Fr - Tilapia du Nil, Es - Tilapia del Nilo‬‬

‫ﺍ ﻟ ﺼ ﻔﺎ ﺕ ﺍ ﻟ ﺒﻴ ﻮ ﻟ ﻮ ﺟﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻁ ؛ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﻟﻄﻮﻟﻪ ؛ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ؛ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍ ﻟﻈﻬﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﺯ ‪،‬ﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻔﻚ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ؛ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻮﻣﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 33-27‬ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ )ﺷﻮﻛﺔ( ﺧﻴﺸﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ gill rakers‬؛(ﺍ ﻟﺨﻂ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺎ ﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ؛ﺍ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻨﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ؛ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻨﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 17-16‬ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ 15-11‬ﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎ ﺭﺧﻮﺍ ؛ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻨﻔﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺸﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 3‬ﺃﺷﻮﺍﻙ ﻭ ‪11-10‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ؛ﻳﺘﻠﻮ ﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎ ﻧﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺮﺓ ؛ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺼ ﻮ ﺭ‬

‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬

 ‫ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺰﺭ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻜﺮ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺰﻳﺎ ﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ (biofloc‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇ ﻧﺎﺀ ﻟﻔﻘﺲ ﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ )ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ( ﻭﻃﺒﻖ‬

‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (biofloc‬ﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻛﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺢ )ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﻳﻼ ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺰﻳﺎ ﻧﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺧ ﻠ ﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺎ ﺭ ﻳ ﺨﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ )‪ (Oreochromis niloticus‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻋﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍ ﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺓ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻬﺎ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4 000‬ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍ ﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻮﺯﻣﺒﻴﻘﻰ )‪Oreochromis‬‬
‫‪ (mossambicus‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍ ﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺜﻤﺎ ﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎ ﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺎﻳﻼ ﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪، 1965‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﻳﻼ ﻧﺪ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﺕ ﺩﻯ ﻓﻮﺍﺭ )ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺎﺝ( ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪، 1971‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1974‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1978‬ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺇ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1992‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .2003‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻠﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺰﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ‪،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﺱ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻛﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺁﺩﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬
‫)‪ (monosex‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎ ﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺋﻼ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ ﺙ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎ ﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺰﺭﻉ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺎ ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭ ﻝ ﺍ ﻟ ﺮﺋﻴ ﺴﻴ ﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺔ‬

‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻤ ﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻰ )ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬ ﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪. (2006،‬‬

‫ﺍ ﻟ ﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟ ﺒﻴ ﻮ ﻟ ﻮ ﺟﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺘﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺪ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ 42‬ﻡ ‪ o‬ﻭ ‪ 12-11‬ﻡ ‪، o‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ 36-31‬ﻡ‪ o (28-32‬ﻡ ‪- o‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ )‪ (omnivorous‬ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼ ﻧﻜﺘﻮ ﻥ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻔﻴﺘﻮ ﻥ‬
‫)‪(، periphyton‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼ ﻧﻜﺘﻮ ﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﻰ ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻔﻴﺘﻮ ﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 6-5‬ﺷﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 24‬ﻡ ‪ .o‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﻔﺮ ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻋﺸﺎﺵ ‪،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺧﺼﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻤﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺨﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻔﻘﺲ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻛﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻢ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺣﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺾ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻔﻢ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺴﺔ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻘﺎﺭ ﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺍ ﻷﻡ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﻎ ﻭﺯ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 100‬ﺟﻢ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 100‬ﺑﻴﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻦ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰ ﻥ ‪ 1000 - 600‬ﺟﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍ ﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻀﻌﻪ ‪1500 - 1000‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺶ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺍ ﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺎ ﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺮ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺮﺩ‬
‫)ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟ ﻸ ﻧﺜﻰ ﺃ ﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇ ﻧﺎ ﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻡ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻭﺍ ﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻭﺯ ﻧﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﺠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺭ ﺓ ﺍ ﻹ ﻧ ﺘﺎ ﺝ‬

‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬

 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﻧ ﻈ ﻢ ﺍ ﻹ ﻧﺘﺎ ﺝ‬
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
 ‫ﻹﻣ ﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ )‪(، asynchronous‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺒﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷ ﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪ ﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ )‪ .(hapas‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺎ ﺙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ‪، 1 :4 -1‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ‪ 1: 3-2‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 700-300‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺇ ﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ 300-200‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﺈ ﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺟﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 700‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ .2‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﺦ ‪ 2000‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪ 120‬ﻡ ‪ .2‬ﻭﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﺃﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺑﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %2-0.5‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻑ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺒﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 15-10‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍ ﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭ )‪6‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ(‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ ‪ 10-8‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺏ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺴﺔ ﺗﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 4-2‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪14‬ﻣﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ( ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 2.5-1.5‬ﺯﺭﻳﻌﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪/2‬ﻳﻮﻡ )‪ 60-20‬ﻳﺮﻗﺔ‪/‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺜﻰ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍ ﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻯ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻮﺍﻫﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﺃﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺎ ﺙ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺒﻮﻳﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ( ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃ ﻥ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺎ ﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻄﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍ ﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇ ﻧﺎ ﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎ ﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻘﺰﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ‪ %70‬ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ‪،‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺎ ﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷ ﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀﻩ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺇ ﻧﺎ ﺙ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻛﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺢ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺎ ﺙ ﻫﺮﻣﻮ ﻧﺎ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻳـﺎ )ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭ ﻥ )‪ (α- methyltestosterone 17‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻓﺈ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 3.2‬ﻣﻢ ﻹﺯﺍ ﻟﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 14‬ﻣﻢ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺃ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺎﺩﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ )‪ (Swim-up fry‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‪ %40‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 60‬ﻣﺠﻢ ‪/‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻳﺜﺎ ﻧﻮﻝ )‪ (%100 -95‬ﻭ ﺧﻠﻂ )ﺭﺵ( ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫ ﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻥ ﻣﻠﺘﺼﻘﹰﺎ ﺑﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ‪ 200‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍ ﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﻭ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮ ﺽ ﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍ ﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻁ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺠﻒ ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺨﺰ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻈﻠﻤﺔ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 4000 – 3000‬ﻳﺮﻗﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪20000‬‬
‫ﺯﺭﻳﻌﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﻤﺎ ﻥ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ % 30 -20‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ % 20-10‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ 4-3‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺎ ﻭﻃﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍ ﻟﻬﺎﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 0.2‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 3‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 0.4‬ﺟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ %100-95‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺤ ﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﺗﺨﺰ ﻥ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻮ ﻟﺔ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 25 - 20‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ‪،‬ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 3-2‬ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ‪ 40-30‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻮﺯ ﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃ ﻥ ﺗﻤ ﻸ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﺷﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ‪ 6000‬ﻛﺠﻢ ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﺬﻯ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺑﻌﻠﻒ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ )‪ %30‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ( ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ %15-8‬ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻮﺯ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳـﺘـﻨـﺎﻗﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻌـﺪﻝ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ % 9 - 4‬ﻋـﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬــﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜــﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ )> ‪4‬ﻡ ‪ ( 3‬ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬ ﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪3000‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 2 500‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 4‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 30- 25‬ﺟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 1500‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ‪ 60 - 50‬ﺟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 1000‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺈ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 50‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃ ﻥ ﺗﻐﺬﻯ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ‪ 4 - 3‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃ ﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍ ﻟﻨﺨﺎ ﻟﺔ ‪،‬ﻛﺤﻚ ﺍ ﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪(،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻷﻋﻼﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 5‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺭﻭ ﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍ ﻥ ﻳﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻔﺰ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻼ ﻧﻜﺘﻮ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍ ﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻭ ﺙ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭ ﻧﺔ ﺑﺮﻭ ﺙ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻂ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍ ﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻰ ﺗﺎﻳﻼ ﻧﺪ ‪،‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻭ ﺙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺟﻦ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 250 - 200‬ﻛﺠﻢ )ﺍﻟﻮﺯ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ( ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺎ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 28‬ﻛﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪/‬ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻭ‪ 7‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻓﺴﻔﻮﺭ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪/‬ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 4.5-3.5‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 150‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪3‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﻜﺎﺕ‪ /‬ﻡ ‪ 11-8) 2‬ﻃﻦ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻋﺎﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﺍ ﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮ ﻥ( ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﻝ ‪ 7,3‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻤﻜﺘﻴﻦ‪/‬ﻡ ‪، 2‬ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻭ ﺙ ﺍ ﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 750‬ﻛﺠﻢ )ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺟﺎﻑ(‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1,14‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻛﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻭﺯ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ 250 -200‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬
 ‫ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺘﺎ ﻥ ﻹﻗﻼﻝ ﺗﻜﺎ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺗﺎﻳﻼ ﻧﺪ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻤﻜﺎﺕ‪/‬ﻡ ‪، 2‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ 150 -100‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﺬﻯ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ %50‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 500‬ﺟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 14‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 21‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫ ﻟﻚ ‪،‬ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 3,4‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺟﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 500‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %5,1‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯ ﻥ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺭﺑﺤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺟﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺨﺰ ﻥ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 3-1‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﻭﺯ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ‪ 500 -400‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ‪ 8 -5‬ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ‪،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 8 -6‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺣﺼﺎﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 10‬ﻃﻦ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺎ ﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ %15-5‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ )‪ 900-600‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﻋﺎ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ )ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ %35‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ‪(،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ )ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺛﻼ ﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ‪(،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ )ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ %150‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ( ﻭﺍ ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ )ﺑﻤﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 20‬ﺣﺼﺎ ﻥ‪/‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻟ ﻸﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻧﺪﻭ ﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ ‪،‬ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ ‪،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺑﺎ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪،‬ﻭ ﻟﺬ ﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍ ﻥ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 9,1‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻥ ﻭﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺰﺍﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻭ ﻥ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺍ ﻷﻗﺰﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺧﺼﺎﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭ ﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺻﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭ ﻧﺔ ﺑﺄ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﻟ ﻸﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻄﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺤﺪﻭ ﺙ ﻭﺍ ﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﺍ ﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻭﺍ ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 4‬ﻡ ‪ 300 -200) 2‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪(3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ 100‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ )‪ 50 -25‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ .(3‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 50‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﻎ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪100‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﺇ ﻟﻰ ‪ 150‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 45 – 7,2‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻤﺎﻙ )ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍ ﻟﺠﻨﺲ( ﺃﻭﺯﺍ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪ 30‬ﺟﻢ ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 300-150‬ﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ‪ 8-6‬ﺷﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﻠﻒ ﻃﺎﻓﻲ )‪ %32-24‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ )‪(Streptococcus‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﺷﺔ ‪ .%65‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 350-160‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻴﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 116-76‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ .3‬ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ )‪ 1000-10‬ﻡ ‪ (3‬ﻭﺍ ﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ )ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻥ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺍ ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ( ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ‪ %0.5‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 180‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻄﻲﺀ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﺓ )‪) (nitrification‬ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍ ﻷﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺮﺍﺕ( ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪ ﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻹﺯﺍ ﻟﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ‪،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻊ‬
‫‪/‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ " )‪ (combined extensive-intensive‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻜﻴﻞ )‪ .(Dekel system‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻮ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻮ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪10:1‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 118:1‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷ ﻥ ﺍ ﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 185-160‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪، 3‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻤﻜﻲ )‪ (maximum loading‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪1.5-1.2‬‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ 10‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ ‪/3‬ﺷﻬﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻏﺎ ﻟﺒﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﻴﻮ ﻟﻮﺟﻰ ‪،‬ﻣﻮ ﻟﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮ ﻟﺪ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻷﻭﺯﻭ ﻥ ‪،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Dentirification‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺎﻭﻱ )ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻥ ﺃﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺇﺯﺍ ﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺛﻤﺎ ﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻷﺭﻛﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺰ ﺍ ﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍ ﻧﻲ )ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ( ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﺒﻮﺑﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺇﺯﺍ ﻟﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺃﺭﺿﻰ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺎﺵ )‪(، trickling filter‬ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻮ ﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ )‪rotating biological‬‬
‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬
 ‫‪ .(contactor‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪ ﺙ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺛﺎ ﻧﻰ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮ ﻥ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ )ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﻮ ﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻹﺣﻼﻝ ‪ %10-5‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 120-60‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪/‬ﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻟ ﻸﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻫﻰ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎ ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ )‪ .( production to capacity; P/C‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎ ﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .4.5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 3‬ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺑﺤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ P/C‬ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮ ﻥ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ ﻷﻣﻼﺡ( ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﺎ ﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﻟ ﻸﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻏﺎ ﻟﺒﺎ ﻋﺎ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﺬ ﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪،‬ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭ ﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻇﻢ ﺍﻟ ﺤﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻑ )ﺍ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻮ ﺽ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻭﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﺭ ﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺯ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻌﺰﻝ ﺍ ﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻭ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻟﻄﻌﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻃﻬﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺑﺪﻭ ﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮ ﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻭﻳﻒ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺛﻢ ﺷﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻭﺗﺬﻭﻗﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻄﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 7-3‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﻹﺯﺍ ﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻬﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻟ ﻸﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﻲ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﻠﺞ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ ﻟ ﻸﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 3.11‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ %86‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ‪ %66،‬ﺑﺪﻭ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭ ‪ %33‬ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﺪﻭ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴ ﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎ ﺝ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪ ﺙ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﺬ ﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 0.65 – 0.55‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪/‬ﻛﺠﻢ ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ 222 300‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .2004‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻛﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﺪﺓ ‪،‬ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻃﺎﺯﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﺬ ﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻮﻕ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍ ﻷ ﻣﺮﺍ ﺽ ﻭ ﺇ ﺟﺮﺍ ﺀﺍ ﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﺍ ﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻗﻼﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﺍ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﺍ ﺽ ‪،‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮ ﻕ ﺍ ﻟﻌ ﻼ ﺝ ﻭﺍ ﻟ ﻮ ﻗﺎ ﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧ ﻮ ﻉ ﺍ ﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍ ﻷﻋﺮﺍ ﺽ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻟﻤ ﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺮ ﺽ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ‪ 4-2‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯ ﻥ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﻳﻒ‬
‫‪ 10-4‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻋﺎ ﻧﻒ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺠﻠﺪ ‪،‬ﺟﺤﻮﻅ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻷ ﻳﺮﻭ ﻣﻮ ﻧﺲ ‪Aeromonas‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ )ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺴﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﻄﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫‪hydrophila‬ﻭﺃ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ( ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﺽ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ )‪ 50‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﺳﻤﻚ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 14-12‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺃﻋﺮﺍ ﺽ ﻣﺮ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ‬
‫‪Vibrio anguillarum‬ﻭﺃ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮﻳﻮﺳﻴﺲ‪Vibriosis‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺰﻋﺎ ﻧﻒ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻣﺮ ﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﺍ ﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﺍ ﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻓﻮﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ ﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﺭﺱ ‪Flavobacterium‬‬
‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
 ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ ﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﺭﺱ ‪Flavobacterium‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮ ﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪3-0.5‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎ ﻧﻒ ‪،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺎ ﻥ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﺡ‬
‫‪columnare‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺮﺍ ﺽ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺴﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻄﻦ ‪،‬ﺷﺤﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﺰﺭﻛﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻴﺲ‪ Edwardsiello-‬ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺳﻴﻼ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﻤﺮﺍ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺎ ‪،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺭﺩﺍ‪Edwardsiella tarda‬‬ ‫‪sis‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻟ ﻜﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺑﻘﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺠﻠﺪ ‪،‬ﺟﺤﻮﻅ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺘﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ)ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺳﻴﺲ‪Streptococco-‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﺍ ﻟﺨﻴﺸﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪(،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺜﺮﻭﻣﻴﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ‪Streptococcus‬‬
‫‪sis‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺝ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍ ﻟﺰﻋﺎ ﻧﻒ ‪،‬ﺗﻀﺨﻢ )‪ 50‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﺳﻤﻚ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪12‬‬ ‫‪iniae‬‬ ‫‪& Enterococcus sp‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍ ﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ ‪،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ‪،‬ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ )‪ 3-1‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪(،‬ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺮﻭﻟﺠﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻏﺰﻝ ﺍ ﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺭ ﺯ ﻳﺘﻴ ﻜﺎ‪Saprolegnia‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺮﻭ ﻟﺠﻨﻴﺎ)ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻲ(‬
‫ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ‪ 150‬ﻣﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪،‬ﻗﺮﺡ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪parasitica‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﻴﻮﻓﺜﻴﺮﺳﻤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻔﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺒﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Ichthyophthirius multifiliis‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫)ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﻭﺍ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻜﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪Trichodina‬ﻭﻃﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﻉ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻴﻮﺟﻴﺮﺱ ‪Dactylogyrus‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﻤﺎﺗﻮﺩﺍﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪spp‬ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻠﻄﺤﺔ )ﺗﺮﻳﻤﺎﺗﻮﺩﺍ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎ ﻧﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﺠﻴﺮﻭﺩﻛﺘﻴﻠﺲ ‪Gyrodactylus‬‬
‫‪spp‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻹ ﻧﺘﺎ ﺝ‬

‫ﻃﻦ( ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺎ ﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺍ ﻟﻤﻮ ﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬﻳ ﺔ ﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻋ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺼﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻌ ﺎ ﻟﻢ‬
‫‪4M‬‬

‫‪2M‬‬

‫‪0M‬‬
‫‪1950‬‬ ‫‪1960‬‬ ‫‪1970‬‬ ‫‪1980‬‬ ‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬

‫‪Oreochromis niloticus‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻫﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰﺭﻉ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ‪ 806000‬ﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪، 2003‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﺍ ﻟﻰ ‪ 200000‬ﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺗﺎﻳﻼ ﻧﺪ ﻭﺍ ﻧﺪﻭ ﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ‪ 97000، 111000‬ﻭ ‪ 72000‬ﻃﻦ ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻓﻜﺎ ﻧﺖ ﻻﻭﺱ ‪،‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻹﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ‪،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍ ﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﺎ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ‪،‬ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ‪،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺯﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺈ ﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍ ﻟ ﺴ ﻮ ﻕ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺘ ﺠﺎ ﺭ ﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻟﺴﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺧﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻭﻣﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻛﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻌﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻝ ‪،‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪،‬ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻲ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻃﻬﻴﻪ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍ ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻟﻢ ‪،‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺎﺭﺏ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺤﺮﻯ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻜﻮ ﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍ ﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ ‪،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ﻵ ﻥ ﻓﺘﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍ ﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻛﺬ ﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺰﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺷﻴﻤﻲ )‪(، sashimi‬ﻛﺬ ﻟﻚ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺄﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮ ﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻷﻭﺯﻭ ﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺰﻭﻉ ﺍ ﻷﺣﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﺠﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻼﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺯﻫﻮﺭ ﺍ ﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮ ﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ )ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃ ﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ( ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎ ﻧﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻭﻙ ‪(،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ ﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪، 2004‬ﻗﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍ ﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰﺭﻉ ﻣﻦ ‪5,1‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﻥ ﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2003‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 5,2‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﻥ ﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪، 2010‬ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﺬ ﻟﻚ ﺃ ﻥ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻ ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻠﻄﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﻱ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ )‪ (genetically male tilapia‬ﺑﺪﻭ ﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮ ﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﺍ ﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻷﻋﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻰ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭ ﻧﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍ ﻷ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰﺭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃ ﻥ ﻳﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻼﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺬ ﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮ ﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻟ ﻸﻣﺮﺍ ﺽ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻷﺣﻮﺍ ﺽ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺩﻭ ﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﺭﺳﺎ ﺕ ﺍ ﻹﺳﺘﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﻟ ﺴﻤ ﻜ ﻰ ﺍ ﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺆ ﻟ ﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃ ﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪،‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟ ﻸﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﺍ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍ ﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻭ ﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﺸﺄ ﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻝ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫‪Abdel-Fattah, M. El-Sayed. 2006. Tilapia culture. Edited by CABI Publishing, Cambridge, USA.‬‬
‫& ‪Balarin, J.D. & Haller, R.D. 1982. The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks, raceways and cages.In J.F. Muir‬‬
‫‪R.J. Roberts (eds.), pp. 265-355. Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.‬‬
‫‪Beveridge, M.C.M. & McAndrew, B.J. (eds.). 2000. Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation. Fish and Fisheries‬‬
‫‪Series 25.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 505 pp.‬‬
‫‪Bolivar, R.B., Mair, G.C. & Fitzsimmons, K. (eds.). 2004. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium‬‬
‫‪on Tilapia in Aquaculture, September, 2004. Manila, Philippines.Bureau of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources,‬‬
‫‪Manila, Philippines. 682 pp.‬‬

‫‪FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department‬‬

Costa-Pierce, B.A. & Rakocy, J.E. (eds.). 1997. Tilapia Aquaculture in the Americas, Vol. 1.World
Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. 258 pp.
Costa-Pierce, B.A. & Rakocy, J.E. (eds.). 2000. Tilapia Aquaculture in the Americas, Vol. 2.World
Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. 264 pp.
Fishelson, L. & Yaron, Z. (eds.) 1983. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Tilapia in
Aquaculture.Tel Aviv University, Nazareth, Israel. 624 pp.
Fitzsimmons, K. & Carvalho Filho, J. (eds.). 2000. Tilapia Aquaculture in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the
Fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Ministério de Agricultura,
Departmento de Pesca e Aqüicultura, Brasilia, Brazil. 682 pp.
Fitzsimmons, K. (ed.). 1997. Tilapia Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on
Tilapia in Aquaculture, Orlando, Florida, USA. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service-106,
Ithaca, New York, USA. 808 pp.
Pullin, R.S.V. & Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (eds.). 1982. The biology and culture of tilapias.International Centre
for Living Aquatic Resource Management, Manila, Philippines. 432 pp.
Pullin, R.S.V., Bhukaswan, T., Tonguthai, K. & Maclean, J.L. (eds.). 1988. Proceedings of the Second
International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, ICLARM Conference Proceedings
15, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources
Management, Manila, Philippines, 623 pp.
Watanabe, W.O., Losordo, T.M., Fitzsimmons, K. & Hanley, F. 2002. Tilapia production systems in the
Americas: technical advances, trends, and challenges.Reviews in Fisheries Sciences 10(3-4):465-498.
‫ﻣ ﻮﺍ ﻗ ﻊ ﺫﺍ ﺕ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ‬

Aquafind
Aquatic Animal Pathogen and Quarantine Information System - AAPQIS
Aquatic Network
Database on Introductions of Aquatic Species - DIAS
European Aquaculture Society - EAS
FishBase
FAO FishStatJ – Universal software for fishery statistical time series
GLOBEFISH
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific - NACA
World Aquaculture Society - WAS

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department