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Seismic Inversion
Amílcar Soares
CERENA-IST
asoares@ist.utl.pt
01 - Introduction
Seismic
Data
Recap: basic concepts
Acoustic Impedance
Velocity X Density = AI
Recap: basic concepts
Layer 1 impedance
Reflected wave = Velocity(1) x Density(1)
Incident wave = Z1
Layer 2 impedance
= Velocity(2) x Density(2)
Transmitted wave
= Z2
“Since reflections are caused by changes in velocity and density, these two parameters are
combined into a parameter called “impedance”. This is the product of velocity and density “
Recap: basic concepts
Reflection coefficient
Reflected wave
Reflected wavelet amplitude
Incident wave R=
Incident wavelet amplitude
Z2 - Z1
R=
Z2 + Z1
Transmitted wave
“ The ratio of the incident amplitude to the reflected amplitude is called the “Reflection Coefficient” .
Reflection coefficient can be seen a measure of the impedance contrast at the interface.”
Recap: basic concepts
Reflection coefficient
Layered Impedance Reflection
earth Coefficients
Recap: basic concepts
Wavelet
Land dynamite
Marine air gun
Time
C-2
Recap: basic concepts
Wavelet
Minimum phase
Time (Sec.)
Zero phase
Time origin
Recap: basic concepts
Wavelet
Low
velocity
density
High
velocity
density
Recap: basic concepts
Wavelet
Zero phase
Lithology Impedance wavelets
High
velocity
density
Low
velocity
density
High
velocity
density
02 – Seismic Inversion
Convolution
Layer 1 impedance
Reflected wave = Velocity(1) x Density(1)
Incident wave = Z1
Layer 2 impedance
= Velocity(2) x Density(2)
Transmitted wave
= Z2
02 – Seismic Inversion
Convolution
Reflection coefficient
Reflected wave
Reflected wavelet amplitude
Incident wave R=
Incident wavelet amplitude
Z2 - Z1
R=
Z2 + Z1
Transmitted wave
Convolution
Layered Impedance Reflection
earth Coefficients
Principle of Seismic Inversion
Earth
Convolution - Forward exercise
Earth Impedance
Convolution - Forward exercise
1500.0000
1000.0000
* =
500.0000
amplitude
0.0000
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-500.0000
-1000.0000
ms
Typical Inverse Problem: one whish to know the acoustic impedances which
give rise to the known real seismic.
Typical Inverse Problem: one wish calculate the parameters ( high
resolution grid of acoustic impedance) that give rise to the solution we
know (the real seismic)
In this problem there is not a unique solution. One whish to find the set of
solutions that accomplish the spatial requisites of the acoustic impedance
grid: spatial continuity pattern, global CDfs, ...
Geostatistical Seismic Inversion
•The numerical model reflects the spatial continuity and the global
distribution functions .
Geostatistical Seismic (Trace-by-Trace) Inversion (Bertolli et al, 1993):
it is an iterative process based on the sequential simulation of trace values of acoustic
impedances.
1500.0000
1000.0000
500.0000
Optimization
amplitude
*
algorithm
=
0.0000
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-500.0000
-1000.0000
ms N Sinthetic
1- Choose randomly trace
a trace to be realizations 3-Compare with the real
2- Convolution
generated. seismic, choose and
with a known retain the best
Simulation of N wavelet realization
realizations of AI of
that trace
Part I - Theory
GSI – Global Stochastic Inversion
1500.0000
1000.0000
500.0000
amplitude
* -20 -15 -10 -5
0.0000
0 5 10 15 20
-500.0000
-1000.0000
ms
3 – Comparing the synthetic amplitudes a*(x)
with the real seismic a(x) obtaining local
correlation coefficients cc(x)
•In a last step, porosity images are derived from the seismic
impedances and the uncertainty derived from the seismic quality
is assessed based on the quality of match between synthetic
seismogram obtained by seismic inversion and real seismic.
The use of Direct Sequential Co-Simulation for global
transformation of images.
Let us consider that one wish to obtain a transformed image Zt(x), based on
a set of Ni images Z1(x), Z2(x),…ZNi(x),
with the same spatial dispersion statistics, e.g. variogram and global
histogram: C (h) , (h) , F (z)
Ni
Z t ( x0 ) * mt ( x0 ) x0 Z t ( x ) mt ( x ) i x0 Z i ( x0 ) mi ( x0 )
i 1
Colocated data of Ni
secondary images
Variable Z1(x)
12 (0)*
12 (h) 12 ( h)
12 global
(0) * global
Simulation of variable Z2(x)
Variable Z1(x)
Remarks:
Assumption: to estimate Zt(x0) the collocated value Zi(x0) of a specific image Zi(x),
with the highest correlation coefficient t,i(0), screens out the influence of the effect
of remaining collocated values Zj(x0), j i.
...
n iterations
A new CC map (Best Correlation Map, BCM) and the
corresponding AI secondary image (Best AI, BAI) are
created:
AI from wells
The highest CC of the N CC maps is allocated to each
x0 location.
2 – CR & SY
3 – CC
Direct Sequential Simulation
4 – BCM &
BAI
5 – DSco-S
AI …N…
Simulated cubes of AI
Algorithm Description
1 – DSS
AI …N…
2 – CR
Ai (t 1) Ai (t )
& SY Cr (t )
Ai (t 1) Ai (t )
3 – CC Coefficient of
CR …N…
Reflection cubes
4 – BCM
& BAI
Convolution Sy(t ) Cr (t ) wave( z) 120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
5 – DSco-S
0
-135 -117 -99 -81 -63 -45 -27 -9 9 27 45 63 81 99 117 135
…N…
-20000
SY -40000
Wavelet
Synthetic cubes
Algorithm Description
SY …N…
1 – DSS
2 – CR
& SY
3 – CC
Cov( X , Y )
x, y
x y
4 – BCM
& BAI
CC
cube Real
5 – DSco-S
seismic
cube
CC …N…
1 – DSS
2 – CR
& SY
3 – CC
4 – BCM
& BAI
5 – DSco-S
…
…
N N
…
…
BCM BAI
Algorithm Description
3 – CC
Direct Sequential co-Simulation
4 – BCM
& BAI
5 – DSco-S
AI …N…
Simulated cubes of AI
Algorithm Description
N stochastic simulations
of AI based upon well data and variograms.
n iterations
A new CC map (Best Correlation Map, BCM) and the
corresponding AI secondary image (Best AI, BAI) are
created:
AI from wells
The highest CC of the N CC maps is allocated to each
x0 location.
Interpreted Horizons to
quality control
Variograms
Histogram, basic statistics and Wavelet
Wells
Wells
04 – Results
Wells
04 – Results
Acoustic Impedance
04 – Results
1
0.9
0.85 0.87 0.88
0.8
0.80
0.7
Correlation
0.6 0.62
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Iterations
04 – Results