1

Title: Enumeration of Pteridophytes in Mount Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL),

Southern Mindanao, Philippines

Authors: Christine Dawn Obemio*1,2, Inocencio Buot Jr. 1

Institutional Addresses :
1
University of the Philippines-Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031
Philippines
2
Mindanao State University-General Santos City, Fatima, General Santos City,
9500 Philippines

Corresponding Author’s Contact Details : Email address: cgobemio@up.edu.ph

ABSTRACT

Mount Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL) is one of the few protected areas in Southern
Mindanao, Philippines. It holds in its bosom significant diversity of ferns and fern allies but has
remained largely unexplored. An enumeration of pteridophytes thriving in this landscape was
done with reference to literature reviews and recent assessments. Results showed a list of about
186 monilophyte species belonging to 26 families and 83 genera. Majority of these ferns are of
Asia Tropical distribution, while some species have been introduced to other biogeographic
regions. Some ferns however are restricted to certain areas in the globe while several others are
confined in the Philippines or in some parts of it as per recent distribution accounts. Meanwhile,
eighteen (18) species in the protected landscape are recognized as economically important
either as medicinal, ornamental, industrial and food resource. About twenty (20) species are
already in the threatened list which indicates that their population is already dwindling and are
in need of conservation interventions.

Key Words: Checklist, Ferns, , Southern Mindanao

Introduction

In the South Cotabato-Sarangani and General Santos (SOCSARGEN) region of Southern

Mindanao, one majestic landmark, Mount Matutum, has been an important source of floral
diversity. It is also a key watershed supplying 25% of the water requirements in the region
(DENR–PAWB, 2006). Declared as protected area in 1995 by Presidential Proclamation 552,
Mount Matutum was included in the rooster of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) (Conservation
International - Philippines, Haribon Foundation and the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (Birdlife International, 2018) making it a
priority site of conservation initiatives. It has a forest reserve of 14,000 ha, of which c.3,000
ha is reported to still be a primary forest (DENR–PAWB, 2006). It holds in its bosom vast forest
and agricultural wealth and harbors significant natural resources that are in danger of loss with
the increasing human population in the surrounding communities.
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A significant understory flora growing in the forest reserves are ferns. These plants are
widely distributed both in the tropic and temperate regions especially at higher elevations, and
they flourish in moist, shaded habitats (Delos Angeles & Buot, 2012). Ferns are shown to have
high economic value as ornaments and medicine, and are noted for its high ecological
importance as environmental quality indicators. These plants are also host to diverse faunal
species.

Forest wealth, which foster significant natural resources such as the pteridophytes face
a danger of loss of these resources with threats from fragmentation aggravated further by
increasing human population in its surrounding communities. Pteridophytes (ferns and
lycophytes) are found to be greatly impacted by fragmentation being among the vulnerable
components of the understory. Studies (Da Silva and Schmitt, 2015; Nettesheim et al., 2014)
revealed indication of stresses in fern communities as a result of fragmentation such as decrease
in species richness with edge effect and morphological changes like the shrinkage in fronds and
decrease in the number of spores. Hence, the inventory of forest riches, and for this study, that
of ferns and lycophytes is a perennial part of conservation and sustainable management
initiatives. It is also a significant step in order to account for what is existing at present, which
may or may not anymore be observed in the future. Likewise, appropriate conservation
measures can be implemented for species that are already recognized as threatened.

Considering that though MMPL may have remarkable species diversity, it lacks
comprehensive floristic study as most have been limited to trees. Also, most research studies in
the area were unpublished and for pteridophytes, published outputs are yet to be realized. Thus,
this undertaking is pursued to generate species composition of pteridophytes in MMPL through
a checklist. This checklist has been developed integrating earlier biodiversity studies in MMPL
and in fulfillment of preparing for a comprehensive account of the species in the protected
landscape.

Review of Related Literature

Pteridophytes or the ferns and lycophytes belong to what can be considered a primitive
group of vascular plants, making up just 4% of the entire vascular flora but have greatly
contributed to the richness of the floral community in tropical and sub-tropical mountains
(Sharpe et al., 2010; Bhattarai et al., 2004). Biogeographic studies have discovered much more
species of pteridophytes in the tropics, primarily because of a wider range of habitats that
enabled the growth of variety of growth forms – from tree ferns, to epiphytes and climbers
(Sharpe et al., 2010; Mehltreter et al., 2010).

Ferns and lycophytes have herbaceous and perennial growth forms shaped by long
evolutionary history. Believed to have emerged some 300 million years ago, they have
established population in many parts of the world being dispersed by small spores at distant
areas (Bhattarai et al., 2004). They have survived millions of years by adapting successfully to
a multitude of natural and sometimes even more catastrophic changes. Their ability to survive
and persist until the modern day period have been a mystery to many realizing that they lack
the kind of reproductive paraphernalia that flowering plants possess. As pteridophytes have
survived since Paleozoic, they have undergone series of disruptive adaptive changes of
environment than any other vascular plants (Goswami et al., 2016). Hence they have been
widely distributed, occupying nearly all types of ecosystems, with mountainous tropical islands
as centers of diversity (Sharpe et al., 2010). Blanketing the understory, they provide aesthetic
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and delicate subcanopy, thriving in wide-ecological ranges,most at higher elevation, with lower
endemism and speciation.

However, the richness of pteridophyte flora has been challenged by many geogenic and
anthropogenic factors. Many of this plant group community have been impacted greatly by
fragmentation. Those in close association with woodland community such as the epiphytes
showed significant decrease in diversity and richness with fragmentation. Loinaz et al. (2012)
further disclosed that woodland ferns were negatively affected by patch size, possibly due to
the reduction of habitat quality. Unfortunately, many specialists have been replaced by more
generalist species in small patches. In effect, the natural biodiversity has been disengaged.

Another consequence of fragmentation is the negative impact on fern’s richness at the

edge of forest remnants. The edge effects have been noted to impact species richness and
composition as a result of environmental changes (Silva and Schmitt, 2015; Pacencia and Prada,
2005). In their study, Silva and Schmiit (2015) and Pacencia and Prado (2005) observed that
the edges in the forest ecosystem had lost their characteristic floristic identity with the greater
number in the interior than the exterior which greatly reduced species richness.

In the light of conservation and forest resource management, special attention should be
paid to the conservation of forest specialist species, especially ferns and herbs (Loinaz et al.,
2012). A comprehensive account of their diversity and ecology is one way to fulfil a well-
integrated approach to fern conservation (Mehltreter et al., 2010).

Materials and Methods

The checklist of Pteridophytes in MMPL was generated from research reports of various
biodiversity studies beginning 1995 to 2015. This was done at the Plant Systematics Laboratory
of the Plant Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences of UPLB. The first research to
focus on pteridophytes in MMPL was done by Dr. Anang Gonzales of Central Mindanao
University in 2000. Two other unpublished studies were fulfilled by Mindanao State
University-General Santos City in 1995 and 2013.
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Figure 1. The Mount Matutum Protected Landscape in Southern Mindanao, Philippines

© Mindanao State University-General Santos City

Organization of the checklist was done by family, presented in alphabetical order. Genera
comprising the family followed the circumscription of Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I (PPG
1). Moreover, each species is presented with publication details, distribution and conservation
status. These supplementary information were taken from several sources – International Plant
Names Index (IPNI), Plant List (2013), Catalogue of Life (www.catalogueoflife.org), Flora of
China (2013), Flora Malesiana (www.floramalesiana.org), Co’s Digital Flora
(www.philippineplants.org), Pteridophytes of Mount Makiling (Price, 1975), Fern Flora of the
Philippines (Copeland, 1958). Ferns with economic importance are also presented in this
checklist with reference to several works (Oloyede, 2012; Upreti, 2009; Mannan et al., 2008;
Benjamin and Manickam, 2007; Wiersema and Leon, 1999).

Results and Discussion

A total of 198 species make up the pteridophyte composition MMPL area. This
represents 83 genera in 26 monilophyte and 2 lycophyte families, with family Polypodiaceae
as the largest followed by Pteridaceae (Figure 2). With reference to currently accepted names,
several species found in Mount Matutum were marked as unresolved. This means that name
given has not yet been established either as accepted name or synonym and is currently being
reviewed (Plant List, 2013). In this checklist, unless otherwise noted as unresolved, names are
treated as an accepted name.

Checklist: Monilophyta

I. Family Aspleniaceae
Asplenium colubrinum Christ. Bull. Herb. Boissier II. 6. 999. 1906 1906.
(Unresolved) Distribution: Malesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN)

Asplenium cymbifolium Christ. Herb. Boissier II. 6. 999. 1906 1906. (Unresolved)
Distribution: From Sumatra to Samoa, widespread in the Philippines.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium decorum Kunze. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 176 1848. (Unresolved).

Distribution: Java, NE-India (Manipur), peninsular Thailand, Vietnam,
Philippines, Moluccas (Seram), Sulawesi, Sri Lanka, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali),
Sumatra. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium epiphyticum Copel Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 184. 1905 1905. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Endemic, throughout the Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3)
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Figure 2. Number of Genera and Species Represented in the Families of Pteridophytes in MMPL

Asplenium haenkei Copel. Gen. Fil. [Copeland] 165 1947. (Unresolved).

Distribution: Probably endemic, from Central Luzon to Mindanao. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium laserpitiifolium Lamarck Encycl. 2(1): 310 1786. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Australia (NE-Queensland), Seychelles, Philippines, Indonesia many
parts of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3)

Asplenium longissimum Bl. Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 178 1828. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Java, Sulawesi, Vietnam, peninsular Thailand, peninsular Malaysia,
Singapore, Bangladesh, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Flores), Chagos Arch.
(Diego Garcia) Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium militare Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl. 4): 254 1906. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu, etc.), Java, Moluccas (Seram, Tidore),
Philippines (Mindanao), Sulawesi Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)
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Asplenium musifolium Merr. Aspl. 86. n. 3. 1859 1859. (Unresolved)

Distribution: New Guinea and throughout Philippines. Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium nidus L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1079 1753. Distribution: East Africa to Hawaii,
Throughout the Philippines Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Asplenium normale Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 7 1825. Distribution:
Central:South:Southeast:East Asia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium persicifolium J. Sm. J. Bot. (Hooker) 3: 408 1841. (Unresolved).

Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu, etc.). Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)
Asplenium phyllitidis Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 7 1825. Distribution: India to
Polynesia, throughout the Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium polyodon Fl. Ins. Austr. 80 1786. Distribution: Africa to Polynesia,

throughout the Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium schizocarphum Copel. Gen. Fil. [Copeland] 165 1947. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Mindanao Conservation Status: Not Listed and NYA (IUCN 2017-
3)

Asplenium setisectum Bl. Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 187 1828. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Java, Borneo (Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, etc.), Philippines (Luzon), New
Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea), Sulawesi, peninsular Malaysia.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium steerei Harr. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 28 1877 [1878 publ. 1877].
(Unresolved) Distribution: Philippines (Luzon), Moluccas (Seram), Solomon Isl.
(Guadalcanal), New Guinea, New Caledonia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3)

Asplenium tenerum Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. 80 1786. Distribution: Southeast Asia,
Malesia, Polynesia, throughout the Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3)

Asplenium tenuifolium Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 8 1825. Distribution: Southeast

Asia. Conservation Status: Near Threatened (IUCN 2017-3).

Asplenium unilaterale Lam. Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5 6: 434 1851.
Distribution: Africa (widespread), Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Micronesia,
Polynesia, New Caledonia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Economic Importance: Ornamental

Asplenium wildii F.M. Bailey Queensland Department of Agriculture Bulletin No.

13. Botany Bulletin 1891 (Dec. 1891). (Unresolved) Distribution: Australia
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)
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II. Athyriaceae

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. J. Bot. (Schrader) 1801(2): 312 1803.

Distribution: Southeast Asia. Conservation Status: Least Concern. Economic
Importance: Food

Diplazium forbesii C.Chr. Index Filic. 232 1905. (Unresolved) Distribution:

Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu, etc.), Java, Sumatra. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3)

Diplazium pariens C. Chr. Index Filic. 663 1906 (1905). (Unresolved)

Distribution: Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu, etc.), Philippines (Bukidnon, Negros, Davao
Oriental, North Cotabato [Mt. Apo]), Moluccas (Seram). Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Diplazium pallidum T.Moore Index Filicum Part 16 1857 (1857-1862).

(Unresolved) Distribution: Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu, etc.), Philippines (Bukidnon,
Negros, Davao Oriental, North Cotabato [Mt. Apo]), Moluccas (Seram).
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

III. Blechnaceae
Blechnum orientale L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1077 1753. Synonym: Distribution: Asia-
Temperate: Asia-Tropical:, India; Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka) Burma: Japan: Nepal: SE
Asia: northern Australia: Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3). Economic
Importance: Medicinal

Blechnum egregium Copel. Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 187. 1905 1905. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Southeast Asia: widespread in the Philippines . Holotype: Mindanao
Isl. Prov. Davao, Sibulan River, on shady ground near brooks, 500 m, Copeland
1314 (MICH). Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11)

Blechnum patersonii (R.Br.) Merr. Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 64, t. 4, f. 4–10 1856.
Distribution: Australia, Tahiti, Sri Lanka (introduced). Conservation Status:
Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11)

Dipoblechnum fraseri (A. Cunn.) De Vol. Distribution: Indigenous. New

Zealand: North and South Islands, Malesia and Taiwan. Conservation Status:
Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11)

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Ferns Brit. India (Suppl.): 26, t. 201 1876.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Micronesia (Palau), Polynesia (Tonga,
Western Samoa), Australia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Economic Importance: Food, Medicinal, Ground cover

Stenochlaena milnei Underw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 38 1906. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Asia-Tropical - Bismarck Archipelago (Bismarck
Archipelago); Maluku (Maluku) Malesia: Philippines, Moluccas (Ceram), New
Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago; the Solomon Islands (in New Guinea
apparently restricted to along the north coast). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).
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Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Naboi Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39(461): 103 1925.
Distribution: Southeast Asia: (Japan, Philippines (Luzon), Pakistan, Taiwan,
China, Myanmar), Tibet, New Guinea. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-
3).

IV. Cibotiaceae

Cibotium barometz (L.) Sm. London J. Bot. 1: 437 1842. Distribution: Southeast
Asia Conservation Status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Economic Importance:
Medicinal

V. Cyatheaceae

Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex. Hook) Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 4(1): 60 1909.
Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand (widespread), Laos, Vietnam, India,
Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isl. Conservation Status:
Endangered (DAO 2017-11).

Cyathea smithii Hook.fil. Fl. New Zealand 2. 8 t. 72. 1854 1854. (Unresolved)
Distribution: New Zealand, Chatham Isl., Auckland Isl. Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Cyathea cinerea Copel. Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1681 1913. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Philippines (Agusan, Misamis Occidental), Malaysia. Conservation
Status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

Cyathea elmeri Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 4: 54 1909. Distribution: Philippines

(Mindanao, Leyte, Negros, Biliran), Moluccas, Sulawesi. Conservation Status:
Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

VI. Davalliaceae

Araiostegia hymenophylloides (Bl.) Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 34: 240 1927.

Distribution: South and Southeast Asia. Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao).
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Leucostegia immersa Wall ex. Presl. Tent. Pterid. 95, pl. 4, f. 11 1836.
Distribution: Central: East: South: Southeast Asia: Melanesia (New Guinea).
Widespread in the Philippines Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Davallia solida (G. Forst) Sw. J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 87 1801. Distribution:
South Asia: Southeast Asia: different parts of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3); Other Threatened Species (DAO
2017-11).

Davallia brevipes Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl. 2): 147, t. 2 1906. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao), Sulawesi, Seram, New Guinea, Bismarck
Arch. (New Ireland), Solomon Isl. (Bougainville). Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).
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Davallia solida (Forst) Sw. J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 87 1801. Distribution:

South Asia: Southeast Asia: different parts of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia,
Australia (NE-Queensland, Christmas Isl. (Austr.)). Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).

Davallia trichomanoides Bl. (Unknown) (Unresolved) Distribution: Southeast

East, Asia, Australia, Madagascar, Philippines (Luzon, Sulu Arch). Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Davallia wagneriana Copel. Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 180. 1905 1905. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Seram. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Davallia vestita Enum. Pl. Javae fasc. 2: 233 1828. Distribution: South: East and
Southeast Asia: Africa, Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. Widespread in the
Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

VII. Dennstaedtiaceae

Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore Index Fil. 93 1857. Distribution: Many

countries in South America, Australia, Central:East:South:Southeast Asia, islands
in Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia, many regions of East:West:South:NE Africa.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Microlepia hirsuta (J.Sm.) C. Presl. Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5 6: 457
1851. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, Sumatra, New Guinea,
Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isl. (Bougainville, Kolombangara), Goodenough Isl.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bot. Ost-Afrika 3(3): 11 1879. Distribution:

Many parts of Europe and Asia – Eurasia, Middle East, Western Asia, Southeast
Asia. Introduced in Egypt and Australia. Conservation Status: Least Concern
(IUCN 2017-11). Economic Importance: Medicinal

VIII. Diplaziopsidaceae

Diplaziopsis javanica (Bl.) C. Chr. Index Filic. fasc. 4: 227 1905. Distribution:
several parts of Polynesia, Melanesia, East, South and Southeast Asia.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

IX. Dipteridaceae

Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Bl.) Presl. Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5 6: 549
1851. Distribution: China (Hainan, Guizhou), Japan (Honshu), Thailand,
Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Borneo, Java, Vietnam.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Dipteris conjugata Reinwardt Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 3 1828. Distribution: Southeast,
South and East Asia Australia, Melanesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).
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X. Dryopteridaceae

Subfamily Dryopteridoideae
Arachniodes aristata (Forst.) Tindale Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb. 3(1): 89
1961. Distribution: Many parts of South, East and Southeast Asia, several regions
of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia: New Zealand. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Dryopteris hirtipes (Bl.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 1891. Distribution:
Malaysia, S-India, Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka,
Fiji and Western Samoa. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Dryopteris sparsa (Don) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 1891. Distribution:
Central, East, South and Southeast Asia, Australia, Micronesia, Melanesia.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Dryopteris sparsa (D. Don) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 1891. Distribution:
Central, East, South and Southeast Asia, Australia, Micronesia, Melanesia.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Dryopteris subarborea (Baker) C. Chr. Index Filic. 295 1905. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Fiji
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Dryopteris varia (Linn.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 814 1891. Distribution: East,
South and Southeast Asia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Polystichum aquilinum Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 81: 20 1952. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar [Burma], Thailand (widespread),
Java, Sulawesi, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isl., Vietnam, Taiwan. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Polystichum elmeri Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 81: 21 1952. (Unresolved) Distribution:

Philippines (Mindanao). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Subfamily Elaphoglossoideae
Bolbitis cuspidata (Presl.) Ching Index Filic., Suppl. 3, 48 1934. Distribution:
South, East and Southeast Asia, several parts in Melanesia, Polynesia Micronesia
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Bolbitis tenuissima Copel. Fern. Fl. Philip. 2: 259. 1960. 1960. (Unresolved)
Distribution: East, South and Southeast Asia, some regions in Melanesia and
Polynesia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Elaphoglossum callifolium (Bl.) Moore Index Fil. 7 1857. Distribution: East and
Southeast Asia, Melanesia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
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Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urb Symb. Antill. 4: 61 1903. Distribution:

Some parts of North, Central and South America and Carribean Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

XI. Gleicheniaceae
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34(5): 250 1907.
Distribution: South and East Asia, Australia, South, West East and Central Africa,
several Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia islands. Introduced in SE-Brazil.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Gleichenia hirta Blume Enum. Pl. Javae 250 1828. Distribution: Moluccas,
Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao), Thailand, Sulawesi. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Sticherus loheri (Christ.) Copel. Gen. Fil. (Copeland) 27 1947. Distribution:

Philippines (Luzon). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Sticherus truncatus (Willd) Nakaii Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. 29: 20 1950. Distribution:
Southeast Asia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Dicksonia mollis Holttum Kew Bull. 16: 64 1962. (Unresolved) Distribution: NE-
Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines (Mindanao to S-Luzon). Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-3), Endangered (DAO 2017-11).

Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore Index Fil. 190 1860. Distribution: Sumatra,
Java, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isl... Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

XII. Hymenophyllaceae

Subfamily Trichomanoideae
Crepidomanes brevipes (Presl.) Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 67: 60 1938. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Thailand, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Southern
Marianas, Micronesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Crepidomanes humilis (Forst.) Bosch. Distribution: Australia, East Asia,

Southeast Asia, some Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia islands. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 67(1): 59 1938.

Distribution: South, East and Southeast Asia, some islands in Melanesia, Polynesia
and Micronesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Subfamily Hymenophylloideae
Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosent Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2,
2: 25 1911. Distribution: Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo), S-India, Thailand, Java,
Sulawesi, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).
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Hymenophyllum badium Hook & Grev. Icon. Filic. 1(4): t. 76 1828. Distribution:
South, East and Southeast Asia and Melanesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Hymenophyllum emarginatum (Sw.) Copel. Schrad. Journ. 1800 [2]. 101. 1801
1800. (Unresolved) Distribution: Sumatra, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isl.,
Philippines, Malaysia, Borneo, Society Island. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Cephalomanes thysanostomum (Makino) K. Iwats J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect.

3, Bot. 13(5): 546 1985. Distribution: Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, Sulawesi,
Ryukyu Isl. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

XIII. Hypodematiaceae

Leucostegia immersa (Wall) Presl. Tent. Pterid. 95, pl. 4, f. 11 1836. Distribution:
South, Central, East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).

XIV. Lindsaeceae

Lindsaea adiantoides J. Sm. J. Bot. 3: 415 1841. (Unresolved) Distribution:

Philippines (Mindanao, Negros, Mindoro, Luzon, Panay, Leyte, Samar, Dinagat),
Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isl., New Guinea. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).
Lindsaea cultripinna Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 81: 6 1952. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan), Sulawesi, S-Moluccas,
New Guinea, some Melanesia and Polynesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Lindsaea fissa Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 38: 143 1929. (Unresolved) Distribution:
Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, Panay, Negros, Mindoro, Biliran, Mindanao).
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3(5): 144 1913.
Distribution: South, Central, East and Southeast Asia, East Africa, some islands in
Melanesia, Polynesia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Tapeinidium gracile (Blume) v.A.v.R. Suppl. Ferns Brit. Ind. 315 1909.
Distribution: SE-Vietnam, W-Java, Lesser Sunda Isl., Borneo, Sulawesi,
Moluccas, Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

XV. Lygodiaceae

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 106 1801. Distribution:

Asia-Temperate: China, Hongkong; Ceylon, Malaysia south and south-east to
Melanesia and northern Queensland. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Economic Importance: Medicinal
 13

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.)Sw. Syn. Fil. 153 1806. Distribution: Ceylon,

NE. India to southern China, Siam and Nicobar Isl. to Micronesia, the New
Hebrides and Solomons; throughout Malaysia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3). Economic Importance: Fiber (bags and other handicrafts)

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. J. Bot. (Schrader) 106 1802. Distribution:

South, East and Southeast Asia and New Guinea. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3). Economic Importance: Medicinal

XVI. Marratiaceae

Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Dansk Bot. Ark. 9(3): 30, t. 3, f. 7–8 1937.
Distribution: Southeast Asia Conservation Status: Other Threatened Species
(DAO 2017-11).

Ptisana sylvatica (Blume) Murdock Taxon 57(3): 747 2008. Distribution:

Southeast Asia and some islands of Melanesia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

XVII. Nephrolepidaceae

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Scott. Gen. Fil. pl. 3 1834. Distribution: Many parts
of North, Central and South America USA Australia, several parts of Polynesia,
Melanesia, South, East and Southeast Asia South, East, West and Central Africa.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3). Economic Importance: Ornamental

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C Presl. Tent. Pterid. 79 1836. Distribution: South,

East, Central and Southeast Asia, several islands in Polynesia, Micronesia,
Melanesia, Australia. Introduced in some parts of East Africa, Carribean, North and
South America. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3). Economic
Importance: Medicinal

Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Scott Gen. Fil. pl. 3 1834. Distribution: in many parts
of North and South America, Introduced in Australia and some parts of Europe,
East and North Africa Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl Tent. Pterid. 79 1836. Distribution:
Southeast and East Asia, some Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia islands
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

XVIII. Oleandraceae

Oleandra benguetensis Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 46: 217 1931. (Unresolved)

Distribution: South and Southeast Asia, Australia. Philippines (Luzon)
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Oleandra pilosa Hook. Gen. Fil. , t. 45B 1840. Distribution: Many parts of central
and south America. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C. Chr. Index Filic., Suppl. 3, 132 1934. Distribution:
NE-India, Nepal, Tibet. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
 14

XIX. Ophioglossaceae

Subfamily Mankyuoideae
Ophioglossum intermedium Hook Icon. Pl. 6: t. 995. 1854; HB. 446. NPfl. 469
1854. (Unresolved) Distribution: Endemic in Malesia: Central Sumatra, West Java,
Northand WestBorneo, and Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro). Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Ophioglossum pendulum L. Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 2: 1518 1763. Distribution: Old World
Tropics from Madagascar through tropical Asia to Polynesia. Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN); Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
Subfamily Botrychioideae
Botrychium daucifolium Wall. ex Hook. Grey Icon. Filic. 2(9): t. 161 1830.
Distribution: China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Vietnam Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN), Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11)

XX. Osmundaceae

Osmunda banksiifolia (Presl.) Kuhn. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi 4:

299. 1869. (Unresolved) Distribution: China, Taiwan, Java, Kamchatka, Japan,
Ryukyu Isl., Borneo, Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Mindanao), Sulawesi,
Bonin Isl. Conservation Status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11).

XXI. Plagiogyriaceae

Plagiogyria euphlebia Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. (Plagiogyria) 2: 274 1858.

Distribution: China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Isl., Japan, South Korea, Nepal, India,
Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines, Bhutan. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-
3)

XXII. Polypodiaceae

Subfamily Drynarioideae
Aglaomorpha cornucopia (Copel.) M.C. Roos Blumea 31(1): 153 1985.
Distribution: Philippines (Kalinga, Abra, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bukidnon,
Davao, Misamis Occidental, Cotabato, Zamboanga). Conservation Status:
Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

Aglaomorpha meyeniana Schott. Gen. Fil. , pl. 20 1834. Distribution: Philippines

(Luzon, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Cebu), Taiwan. Conservation Status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11).

Aglaomorpha pilosa (J. Sm.) Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 6C: 141 1911. Distribution:
Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Mindanao), Moluccas, Sulawesi. Conservation
Status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).
 15

Aglaomorpha speciosa (Blume) M.C. Roos Phylogen. Syst. Dryn. 244 1985.
Distribution: China, Thailand, Malaysia, Java, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra,
Borneo, Sulawesi, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Aglaomorpha splendens (J.Sm) Copel. Philipp. J. Sci., C 6: 141 1911.

(Unresolved) Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Mindanao), Sulawesi.
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. J. Bot. (Hooker) 3: 398 1841. Distribution:

South and Southeast Asia, Australia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-
3). Economic Importance: Medicinal, Ornamental
Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. Ferns Brit. India , pl. 314 1869.
Distribution: South and Southeast Asia, Australia, some Melanesia islands.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Christiopteris sagitta (Christ.) Copel. Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 188 1905. Synonym:
Polypodium sagittum Christ Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 199 1898. Distribution:
Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3), Vulnerable (DAO
2017-11)
.
Drynariopsis heraclea Ching Sunyatsenia 5: 262. 1940. 1940. Distribution:
Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Selliguea feei Bory. Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 6: 588 1824. Distribution: Sulawesi,
Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Flores, Lombok), Philippines, Moluccas
(Seram), China (Guangdong). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) ex M.G. Price Blumea 43(1): 57, f. 22 1998.
Distribution: Southeast Asia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Crypsinus enervis Copel Gen. Fil. (Copeland) 207 1947. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Southeast Asia and some parts of Melanesia Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3)

Genus Lepisorus
Belvisia glauca (Copel) Copel. Gen. Fil. (Copeland) 192 1947. Distribution:
New Guinea (Yapen Isl.), Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Agusan del Norte,
Bukidnon, Davao). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Belvisia mucronata (Fee) Copel. Gen. Fil. (Copeland) 192 1947. Distribution:
Southeast Asia Australia and several Melanesian islands, Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Belvisia revoluta (BL) Copel. Gen. Fil. [Copeland] 192 1947. (Unresolved)
Distribution: South, East, West and Southeast Africa; South and Southeast
Asia; some Melanesian and Polynesian islands. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).
 16

Belvisia squamata (C.Chr.) Copel Gen. Fil. [Copeland] 192 1947. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Southeast Asia and some parts of Melanesia. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Subfamily Microsoroideae
Lemmaphyllum accedens Donk ex Holttum Revised Fl. Malaya 2, 152, f. 66 1955
(Unresolved) Distribution: South and Southeast Asia; several islands in Melanesia
Micronesia; Australia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).
Colysis bolsteri Copel. Fern Fl. Philip. 3: 489. 1960. 1960. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Solomon Island, Bismarck Arch., Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia,
New Guinea. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Goniophlebium argutum (Wall. ex Hook.) J. Sm. ex Hook. Gen. Fil. , pl. 51 1842.
Distribution: China, Tibet, India, Jammu & Kashmir, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal,.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Schellolepis subauriculata (Blume) J. Sm. Ferns Brit. For. 82 1866.

Distribution: Australia, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, New Caledonia. Philippines
(Luzon). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Microsorum heterocarpum (Bl.) Ching Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 295 1933.
(Unresolved). Distribution: Southeast Asia. Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao).
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Microsorum longissimum Fee Mem. Foug., Gen. Filic. 268 1850-1852.

(Unresolved) Distribution: Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines (Luzon). Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Microsorum musifolium (BL.) Copel. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16. 112. 1929 1929.
(Unresolved) Distribution: peninsular Thailand, S-Myanmar, Sumatra, Borneo,
New Guinea, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isl. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16(2): 111 1929.
Distribution: South: West: Central Africa, several parts of Melanesia, Micronesia,
Polynesia, South:East:Southeast Asia. Introduced in Colombia. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Phymatosorus membranifolium (R.Br.) S.G. Lu Guihaia 19(1): 27–28 1999.

Distribution: Sri Lanka, south of India, Vietnam, Cambodia, throughout
Malesia to Australia and Polynesia. Conservation Status: Not Listed and NYA
(IUCN 2017-3). Economic Importance: Medicinal

Phymatopteris lagunensis (Christ.) Pec-Ser Webbia 28: 463. 1973. 1973.

(Unresolved) Distribution: Philippines (Luzon). Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).

Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm. Webbia 28(2): 457, 460 1973.
Distribution: Africa, East, South and Southeast Asia, many islands in
Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia, Introduced in Puerto Rico, Bermuda,
 17

Florida, USA. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3). Economic

Importance: Medicinal, Pest Control, Ornamental.

Phymatopteris taeniata (Sm.) Pic.Ser Webbia 28(2): 465 1973. Distribution:

peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines, New Guinea.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Thylacopteris papillosa (Bl.) J. Sm. Hist. Fil. 88 1875. Distribution: Malaysia,

Indonesia, Philippines, Indonesia, NE-India. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN
2017-3).

Subfamily Grammitidoideae

Genus Prosaptia
Ctenopterella blechnoides (Grev.) Parris Gard. Bull. Singapore 58: 235 2007.
Distribution: South and Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands, Micronesia,
Australia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Ctenopteris celebica (Bl.) Copel. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 225. 1942. 1942.
(Unresolved) Distribution: Sumatra, New Guinea, Borneo, peninsular
Malaysia, Philippines, peninsular Thailand, Java, Sulawesi, Taiwan.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Ctenopteris minuta (Bl.) Holtt. Rev. Fl. Mal. 2: 228. 1955. 1955. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Java, Borneo, Philippines (Luzon). Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).

Ctenopteris pediculata (Baker) Copel. Fern Fl. Philip. 3: 530. 1960. 1960.
Distribution: Borneo, Philippines (Mindanao). Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).

Grammitis solida Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 241 1941. Distribution:
Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Philippines, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Isl.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Grammitis obliquata (Blume) Hassk. Distribution: South and Southeast Asia.

Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Grammitis dolichosora Copel Philipp. J. Sci. 80: 188, f. 57 1952. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao), N-Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya,
Bismarck Arch., Sulawesi, Moluccas. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Subfamily Loxogrammoideae
Loxogramme scolopendrioides C.V. Morton Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 242 1974.
(Unresolved) Distribution: Southeast Asia, Solomon islands, New Guinea.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Subfamily Platycerioideae
 18

Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1(1): 45–46 1935.
Distribution: China, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Pyrrosia floccigera (Bl.) Ching Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1: 71. 1935. 1935.
(Unresolved) Distribution: Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl., Thailand, Laos.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) Morton. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36(5): 168 1946.
Distribution: South and Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands, Society island,
Australia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price. Kalikasan 3: 176 1975. Distribution:

South, East and Southeast Asia, Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Pyrrosia rasamalae (Racib.) K.H. Shing. Amer. Fern J. 73: 78 1983. Distribution:
Southeast Asia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Pyrrosia sphaerosticha (Mett.) Ching. Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1: 62 1935.

Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Isl. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Schellolepis percussa (Cav.) Pic. Serm. Webbia 28: 470. 1973. 1973. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Australia, Southeast Asia, New Guinea Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-3).

XXIII. Pteridaceae

Subfamily Parkerioideae
Acrostichum apiifolium (J.Sm.) Hook Sp. Fil. 5: 248 1864. Distribution:
Philippines (Bataan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Bohol,
Panay, Zamboanga). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-3).

Subfamily Vittarioideae
Adiantum capillus-veneris Sp. Pl. 2: 1096 1753. Distribution: Europe: East-
South-Southeast Asia: Australia: Africa: North-South America, several Melanesia
and Polynesia islands Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN 2017-11).
Economic Importance: Medicinal, Ornamental

Adiantum lunulatum Burm. fil. Fl. Indica 235 1768. Distribution: South and
Southeast Asia, South and Central Afria, several Melanesia islands. Introduced in
Cuba. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Adiantum diaphanum Blume Enum. Pl. Javae fasc. 2: 215 1828. Distribution:
Australia: East: Southeast Asia, Solomon Island. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-11).

Antrophyum latifolium Bl. Fl. Javae 2: 75 1829. (Unresolved) Distribution:

Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, Sulawesi.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
 19

Antrophyum reticulatum (Forst.) Kaulf. Enum. Filic. 198 1824. Distribution:

China, Tibet, India, Andaman Isl., Nicobar Isl., Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia
Society Isl., Australia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
Antrophyum sessilifolium (Cav.) Spring. Syst. Veg. 4(1): 67 1827. Distribution:
Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-
11).

Antrophyum subfalcatum Brack. U.S. Expl. Exped., Filic. 16: 65. 1854; HB. 392
1854. (Unresolved) Distribution: some Melanesia islands, Indonesia, Australia
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Antrophyum williamsii Benedict. Amer. Fern J. 1: 72 1911. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Antrophyum semicostatum Bl. Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 110 1828. Distribution:

Malaysia, Fiji, Philippines, Indonesia, Solomon Isl. (Guadalcanal, Kirakira Isl.,
Rendova). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vaginularia trichoidea F. 1852. (Unresolved) Distribution: Philippines, Java,

Sumatra, New Guinea, Malaysia, Moluccas, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Indonesia.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vittaria alternans Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl. 2): 157 1906. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Philippines (Negros, Mindanao), Sulawesi. Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vittaria elongata Sw. Syn. Fil. 109, 302 1806. Distribution: Australia, several
Polynesia and Melanesia islands, Southeast:East Africa, Central:South:Southeast
Asia. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vittaria ensiformis Sw. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 2: 134, pl. 7,
f. 1 1799. Distribution: Australia, South:Southeast Asia, some Melanesia,
Polynesia and Micronesia islands (Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vittaria pachystemma Christ. Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 174 1907. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-
11).
Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Schkuhr ex Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 381 1864.
Distribution: East Africa, Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vittaria stenophylla Copel.; Philipp. J. Sci. 40(3): 312–313 1929. (Unresolved)

Distribution: China (W-Sichuan, Yunnan), S-Tibet, Taiwan, (not India).
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Vittaria subcoriacea Christ. Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 175 1907. (Unresolved)

Distribution: Palawan, Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
 20

Subfamily Cryptogrammoideae
Coniogramme macrophylla (Blume) Hieron. Hedwigia 57: 291 1916.
Distribution: Central:South: Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Subfamily Pteridoideae
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link. Handbuch 3: 20 1833. Distribution:
North:South America: Carribean. Introduced in Australia, South and East Asia and
Melanesia, Micronesia and Africa Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Pteris biaurita L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1076 1753. Distribution: Mexico: South America:
Carribean Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Pteris glaucoverins Linden (Unresolved) (No distribution data was found)

Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J. Agardh Recens. Spec. Pter. 19 1839. Distribution:

South:East:Southeast Asia and some Melanesia islands Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Pteris tripartita Sw. J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 67 1801. Distribution: Australia,

South:Southeast Asia, several Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia islands, many
parts of Africa. Introduced in many parts of North and South America
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Pteris vittata L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1074 1753. Distribution: Many regions in Europe:
East:West:Central Africa, South:Southeast Asia, Some Melanesia islands,
Australia. Introduced in many parts of Polynesia, South and North America.
Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN 2017-11). Economic Importance:
Ornamental

Pteris whitfordii Copel. Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl. 4): 255 1906. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Philippines (Negros). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

XXIV. Tectariaceae

Tectaria athyriosora Price Kalikasan 3: 113 1974. (Unresolved) Distribution:

Philippines (Samar, Bohol, Mindanao). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-
11).

Tectaria dissecta (Forst.) Lellinger Amer. Fern J. 58(4): 156 1968. Distribution:
South: Southeast: East: Asia and some Melanesia islands Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Tectaria aenigma (Copel.) Holttum Blumea 30(1): 4 1984.Synonym: Ctenitis

dubia Copel. Gen. Fil. (Copeland) 124 1947.; Dryopteris dubia Copel. Leafl.
Philipp. Bot. 1: 235 1907. Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Leyte,
Camiguin de Mindanao). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
 21

Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl.) Holtt. Kew Bull. 29: 347 1974. Distribution:
South and Southeast Asia, Melanesia (Fiji), and Micronesia (Palau) Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Pleocnemia macrodonta Holttum Kew Bull. 29: 348. 1974. 1974. (Unresolved)
Distribution: Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines (Luzon, Sibuyan, Mindoro), Papua
New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Sulawesi, ?Vietnam. Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-11).

XXV. Thelypteridaceae

Subfamily Thelypteridoideae
Christella parasitica H.L Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 475 1915 (Unresolved) Distribution:
S-India (Tamil Nadu). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11). Economic
Importance: Medicinal

Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy Brit. Fern Gaz. 10(6): 338 1973.
Distribution: Europe: Africa: South and East Asia, several Melanesia, Polynesia
and Micronesia islands, Australia, some states of USA Introduced in many regions
of South America. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Chingia christii (Copel.) Holtt. Kalikasan 3: 25 1974. Distribution: Philippines

(Mindanao, Negros, Mindoro). Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Parathelypteris beddomei (Bak.) Ching Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(4): 302 1963.
Distribution: South:Southeast:East Asia: New Guinea Conservation Status:
NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Sphaerostephanos diversilobus (C. Presl.) Holttum Kalikasan 4: 57. 1975. 1975.

(Unresolved) Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Panay), Sulawesi. Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
Sphaerostephanos sessilipinna (Copel) Holtt. Kalikasan 4: 53. 1975. 1975.
(Unresolved) Distribution: Philippines (Negros, Mindanao). Conservation
Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Sphaerostephanos unitus (Linn.) Holtt. J. S. African Bot. 40(2): 165–166 1974.

Distribution: Australia, East Africa, South:Southeast Asia, some Melanesia,
Micronesia and Polynesia islands Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Subfamily Phegopteridoideae
Macrothelypteris polypodioides (Hook) Holtt. Blumea 17(1): 29–30 1969.
Distribution: Australia, some Melanesia and Micronesia islands, Southeast Asia.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
Phegopteris subdigitata (Bl.) Bedd. Handb. Ferns Brit. India 295 1883.
Distribution: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Bhutan, New Guinea.
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
 22

XXVI. Psilotaceae

Tmesipteris zamorae Gruezo & Amoroso Asia Life Sciences, 21(2): 653–670 2012
Distribution: LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulog), Mountain Province (Mt Data),
Quezon (Mt Banahaw), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (Mt Kitanglad), Cotabato-Davao
(Mt Apo), Davao (Mt McKinley), Misamis Occidental (Mt Malindang), South
Cotabato (Mt Matutum), MINDORO: Mt Halcon. Conservation status: Not
Listed and NYA (IUCN 2017-11), Endangered (DAO 2017-11)

Checklist: Lycophyta

I. Lycopodiaceae

Phlegmariurus banayanicus (Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock In: PhytoKeys 20: 36

2013 Distribution: Philippines. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Phlegmariurus nummulariifolius (Bl.) Ching In: Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3: 298 1981.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands Conservation Status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-11).

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm. Webbia 23(1): 166 1968. Distribution:
Africa: South: Southeast Asia, several parts of Melanesia, Polynesia and
Micronesia, South America, USA. Introduced in Portugal, Sicily and Lebanon
Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11). Economic Importance: Medicinal

Phlegmariurus pinifolius (Bl.) comb. ined. Distribution: some Melanesia islands,

Southest Asia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Huperzia acerosa (Sw.) Holub Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 70 1985.

Distribution: South America Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis. Atti Soc. Crittog. Ital. 17: 247 1875.
Distribution: South:Southeast Asia, Some Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia
islands. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11); Endangered (DAO 2017-
11).

Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 247–248 1875.
Distribution: South:Southeast Asia, some Melanesia islands, Carribean, Mexico,
Australia Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11). Economic Importance:
Medicinal

II. Sellaginellaceae

Bryodesma indicum (Milde) Sojak Preslia 64(2): 154 1992. Distribution: China,
Tibet, India, Bhutan. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).

Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring. Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10(1): 231, no.
136 1843. Distribution: South: Southeast Asia, some Melanesia and Micronesia
islands. Conservation Status: NYA (IUCN 2017-11).
 23

Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10(1):
136 1843. Distribution: South:Southeast:East Asia Conservation status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-11), Endangered (DAO 2017-11)

Selaginella plana (Desv. ex. Poir.) Hieron Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 703 1901.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, Solomon Isl., Papua New Guinea. Introduced in
India Bangladesh, Philippines, Florida and several parts in South America.
Conservation status: Not Listed and NYA (IUCN 2017-11)

Selaginella remotifolia Spring. Pl. Jungh. 3: 276 1854. Distribution: China,

Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Indonesia. Conservation status: NYA
(IUCN 2017-11)

With regards to the distribution of fern species in this checklist it can be gleaned that it
is largely Asia-Tropical. However, current distribution accounts primarily from Catalogue of
Life showed that some species (e.g. Adiantum capillus-veneris, Adiantum lunulatum, Adiantum
diaphranum, Blechnum patersonii, Christella dentata, Dicranopteris linearis, Lycopodiella
cernua, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Nephrolepis hirsutula, Microsorum punctatum, Pteris
tripartite, Pteris vittata, Pityrogramma calomenos, Selaginella plana) have already been
introduced from one biogeographic region to another. On the other hand, some ferns are notably
restricted in its distribution, being found in few geographic regions or only in the Philippines.
Fern species in MMPL presently observed to be confined only in the country or in some of its
regions are the following: Phlegmariurus banayanicus, Tmesipteris zamorae,
Sphaerostephanos sessilipinna, Chingia christii, Pteris whitfordii, Vittaria stenophylla, Vittaria
pachystemma, Vittaria alternans, Antrophyum williamsii, Acrostichum apiifolium, Pyrrosia
rasamalae, Phymatopteris lagunensis, Microsorum longissimum, Belvisia glauca,
Christiopteris sagitta, Aglaomorpha splendens, Aglaomorpha meyenianam Aglaomorpha
cornucopia, Oleandra benguetensis, Ptisana sylvatica, Lindsaea fissa, Lindsaea cultripinna,
Sticherus loheri, Polystichum elmeri, Cyathea cinerea, Diplazium pallidum, Diplazium pariens,
Asplenium epiphyticum and Asplenium schizocarpum.

Table 1. Threatened Fern Species in MMPL

Conservation
Status Species Name Common/Local Name
Endangered (En) Cibotium barometz Golden fern
(DAO 2017-11) Cyathea contaminans Pakong buwaya
Dicksonia mollis
Huperzia squarrosa Rock-tassel fern
Tmesipteris zamorae Zamora whisk fern
Ophioglossum pendulum Old world’s adder tongue
Sellaginella tamariscina Little club moss
Aglaomorpha
Vulnerable (Vu) cornucopia
Aglaomorpha
(DAO 2017-11) meyeniana
Aglaomorpha pilosa
 24

Aglaomorpha splendens
Botychium daucifolium
Blechnum egregium
Blechnum patersonii
Dipoblechnum fraseri
Cyathea cinerea
Cyathea elmeri
Christiopteris sagitta cacam-cam
Other Threatened Davallia solida
Species(OTS) Angiopteris palmiformis pakong kalabaw
(DAO 2017-11) Osmunda banksiifolia
Near Threatened Asplenium tenuifolium
(IUCN 2017-1)

About 21 species were found to be under threatened category as per DENR-DAO 2017-
11 criteria while 1 species was considered to be Near threatened by IUCN (Table 1), the rest
fall under the Not Yet Assessed (NYA) category of IUCN. At the national level, DAO 2017-11
instituted by DENR presents threatened species list of plants known to exist in the Philippines.
This is a significant ordinance that reinforces that of IUCN, which focuses more on well-known
and economically important species (Langerber et al., 2006). Realizing that there are restricted-
range ferns with unknown conservation status as per current distribution notes, more extensive
assessments of its population are called for as they may already be in a threatened state and in
the long run would vanish if no conservation interventions are implemented.

On the economic utilization of ferns (Table 2), it can be realized most have been for
medicinal and ornamental purposes. More comprehensive accounts however as to the
consumption of ferns by the communities surrounding MMPL is still warranted. Little has been
realized on the use of ferns apart from serving as food. This is because the communities in
MMPL are more inclined on agroforestry and crop production.

Table 2. Fern Species Recognized to be Economically Important

Fern Species Uses References
 25

Adiantum capillus- Medicinal. Antibacterial, for Sen and Ghosh, 2011;

veneris cough, throat infections,
respiratory problems and
menstrual disorders; Analgesic,
Ornamental
Asplenium nidus Medicinal. Depurative, Sedative
Ornamental
Food
Blechnum orientale Medicinal. As poultice in boils;
antihelminthic; urinary disorders,
cuts and wounds, potential as
antioxidant, anti-cancer
Food. Young fronds eaten as
vegetables
Christella parasitica Medicinal. Treatment for gout
and rheumatism
Cibotium barometz Medicinal. Root as treatment for
lumbago
Diplazium esculentum Food. Young fronds are eaten as
fresh salads or cooked
Drynaria quercifolia Medicinal. For typhoid fever,
dyspepsia, cough, pthisis
Lycopodium cernua Medicinal. For cough
Lygodium circinatum Industrial. Fibers used for bags
and other handicrafts
Lygodium flexuosum Medicinal. For rheumatism,
sprains, scabies, ulcers, eczema,
cuts and wounds
Lygodium japonicum Medicinal. Expectorant
Basketry
Nephrolepis cordifolia Medicinal. For cough and cold
Nephrolepis exaltata Ornamental
Phymatodes Ornamental
scolopendria
Phymatosorus Medicinal. For chronic diarrhea
scolopendria Pest Control (against bed bugs)
Pteridium aquilinium Medicinal. Astringent,
Antihelminthic and for Diarrhea
Pteris vittata Ornamental
Stenochlaena palustris Food.Medicinal. For fever
Mannan et al., 2008;
Bresciani et al., 2003;
Nakane et al., 2000;
Oloyede, 2012
Sen and Ghosh, 2011;
Mannan et al., 2008; Upreti,
2009; Wiersema and Leon,
1999
Sen and Ghosh, 2011; Lai et
al. 2010
Benjamin and Manickam,
2007
Mannan et al., 2008
Upreti et al. 2009
Mannan et al., 2008
Mannan et al., 2008
Flora Malesiana
Mannan et al., 2008
Mannan et al., 2008; Flora
Malesiana
Mannan et al., 2008
Oloyede, 2012
Oloyede, 2012
Mannan et al., 2008
Upreti, 2009
Oloyede, 2012
Mannan et al., 2008

There were several species found to occur in MMPL that were marked by current
distribution accounts to be existing only in certain areas – region or country. The observance of
such species then in Mount Matutum may indicate a new record. Moreover, other ferns of
tropical distributon have now been observed in other non-tropical regions. This change in
biogeographic accounts happens by introduction highlighting the phenomenal impact of human
transport in the current distribution of species (Nathan, et al, 2008). Advances in transportation
in this modern era has provided means for humans to affect fern biogeography more than the
natural dispersal mechanisms.
 26

Conclusion: Within the span of twenty years (1995-2015), little has been known about the
biodiversity of pteridophytes in Southern Mindanao. In fact, for the fern flora in MMPL, this is
the first checklist generated. Hence, more explorations are warranted to further assess the status
of fern flora in the protected landscape and validate whether those species enumerated in this
study are still existing or may have vanished from the wild. There is also the need to develop a
more localized or community-based conservation status especially for pteridophytes that have
not been assessed by IUCN and yet as per current distribution accounts are seen only in the
Philippines and whose endemicity is still not established.

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Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 6(4): 611-618.

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elevational gradient, Nepal. Journal of Biogeography 31: 389-400.

BirdLife International Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mount Matutum Protected Landscape.
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 27

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 28

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Acknowledgment: The authors recognize the invaluable work of Dr. Anang Gonzalez, the first
inventory in MMPL focused on pteridophyte flora. Likewise, we are grateful to Dr. Gonzalez
for allowing us to utilize her data in order to develop a more comprehensive checklist for
Pteridophytes in MMPL. Further, this project will not be possible without the enablement of
Mindanao State University-General Santos City in developing and implementing biodiversity
and conservation programs in MMPL.