Chapters to deal with

◼ Cell Structure

◼ Biological Molecules

◼ Enzymes
Chapters to deal with
◼ Cell membranes & transport

◼ The mitotic cell cycle

◼ Nucleic acids & Protein synthesis

Chapters to deal with
◼ Transport in plants

◼ Transport in mammals

◼ Gas exchange & Smoking

Chapters to deal with
◼ Infectious diseases

◼ Immunity
The Cell

The basic unit of life

◼ All living organisms are made of cells.
◼ A cell is a small, membrane enclosed
structure filled with an aqueous solution
where organelles and other subcellular
structures are found.
◼ Cells are of different size and shape.
◼ The cell’s size and shape can be related
to its specific function.
3. Internal Organization
Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus

Organelles
Compare and Contrast

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell membrane Golgi apparatus
Contain DNA Lysosomes
Ribosomes Vacuoles
Cytoplasm Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
 Prokaryotic Examples

ONLY Bacteria
EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Two Kinds:
Plant and Animal
Eukaryotic Example
Section 7-2

Smooth endoplasmic
Vacuole reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Cell wall Nuclear
envelope

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus
Nucleus

Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Plant Cell
 Venn Diagrams

Compare and Contrast

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Wall
Centrioles Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Internal Organization
◼ Cells contain
ORGANELLES.
◼ Cell Components
that PERFORMS
SPECIFIC
FUNCTIONS FOR
THE CELL.
 Cellular Organelles
◼ The Plasma
membrane
◼ The boundary of the
cell.
◼ Composed of three
distinct layers.
◼ Two layers of fat and
one layer of protein.
The Nucleus
◼ Brain of Cell
◼ Bordered by a porous
membrane - nuclear
envelope.
◼ Contains thin fibers of DNA
and protein called
Chromatin.
◼ Rod Shaped Chromosomes
◼ Contains a small round
nucleolus
◼ produces ribosomal RNA
which makes ribosomes.
◼ The nucleus of eukaryotic cells is
contained by the nuclear envelope,
which is made of two membranes (inner
and outer) decorated with pore
complexes
◼ Inside the nucleus, chromatin (DNA +
DNA associated proteins) and a
nucleolus are present
Ribosomes
◼ Small non-membrane
bound organelles.
◼ Contain two sub units
◼ Site of protein synthesis.
◼ Protein factory of the cell
◼ Either free floating or
attached to the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
◼ Complex network of
transport channels.
◼ Two types:
1. Smooth-
2. Rough -
◼ Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
◼ It is a network of pipe-like
interconnected tubes.
◼ Functions of the SER include synthesis
of lipids/steroids, processing of sugars,
and detoxification of drugs and poisons
◼ Rough ER has ribosomes attached to
the outside. The RER is in fact an
extension of the outer nuclear
membrane. Functions of the RER
include anchorage of newly synthesize
proteins, and the finishing of proteins
 Golgi Apparatus
◼ A series of flattened
sacs that modifies,
packages, stores,
and transports
materials out of the
cell.
◼ Works with the
ribosomes and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Lysosomes
◼ Recycling Center
◼ Recycle cellular debris
◼ Membrane bound
organelle containing a
variety of enzymes.
◼ Internal pH is 5.
Lysosomes
◼ Digest material or microbes ingested by
the cell
◼ Remove old/damaged organelles
◼ Self destruct (autolyze/autophagy)
 Centrioles
◼ Found only in animal
cells
◼ Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.
◼ Role in building cilia
and flagella
◼ Play a role in cellular
reproduction (division)
 Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Mitochondrion
 Cytoskeleton
◼ Framework of the cell
◼ Contains small microfilaments and larger
microtubules.
◼ They support the cell, giving it its shape
and help with the movement of its
organelles.
Mitochondrion

◼ Mitochondria are
double membrane-
bounded organelles
present in nearly all
eukaryotic cells
(plant, animals, fungi,
etc.).
Mitochondrion

◼ Mitochondria process
macromolecules to obtain
energy through a process
termed aerobic
respiration. Mitochondria
have their own DNA
mitochondrial DNA,
mDNA) and ribosomes in
their matrix.
The Chloroplast
◼ Double membrane
◼ Center section contains
grana
◼ Thylakoid (coins) make
up the grana.
◼ Stroma - gel-like
material surrounding
grana
The Chloroplast
◼ Chloroplast are plastids that contain the green
pigment chlorophyll along with other
photosynthetic pigments.
◼ Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis
◼ In the stroma, chloroplast DNA and ribosomes
can be found
 The Vacuole
◼ The vacuole is a
membrane-bound
organelle containing
water and other
enzymes that function
during the life of the
plant.
◼ Structurally, the
central vacuole is
surrounded by a
phospholipid
bilayer.
 Cell Wall
◼ Extra structure surrounding its plasma
membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria.
◼ Cellulose – Plants
◼ Chitin – Fungi
◼ Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
The Plant Cell Wall
◼ The plant cell wall is the outermost layer
of plant cells
◼ It provides extra protection to the plant
and cohesiveness among neighboring
plant cells.
◼ Cell walls of adjacent plant cells are in
close communication through
plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
◼ Plasmodesmata are
narrow channels that
act as intercellular
cytoplasmic bridges to
facilitate
communication and
transport of materials
between plant cells.
Size of organelles
◼
◼ Nucleus- 5-10 Micrometers in diameter.
Nucleolus- Depends on metabolic needs of cell. Can be up
to 25% of nucleus.
Mitochondria- 0.5-1 Micrometers in diameter.
ER- Typically 1-2 Micrometers long, but can be up to 7
Micrometers.
Lysosome- 0.05-0.5 Micrometers in diameter.
Golgi- 2.5 Micrometers in length.
◼ Ribosome- 0.025 Micrometers in diameter.
◼ Chloroplast- 0.2-0.4 Micrometers in
diameter.
Centrioles- 0.5 Micrometers in length.
Cilia- Depends on the size of the cell. 0.25
Micrometers in diameter.
Flagella- Depends on the size of the cell.
0.02 Micrometers in diameter and can be up
to 2-3 times the length of the cell.