1) A vehicle weighting 1500 kg has a coefficient of rolling resistance of 0.015.

The transmission has

a final drive ratio 4.07: 1 and an overall mechanical efficiency of 85%.
If the engine develops a maximum torque of 100 Nm and the effective road wheel radius is 0.27 m,
determine the gearbox bottom gear ratio, if the vehicle to climb a maximum gradient of 4:1.
Solution:
RR = frW =fr mg = 0.015 x 1500 x 9.81 = N

GR = W sin θ =(mg) sin θ = 1500 x 9.81 x (1/4) = N

TR = RR + GR = 3899.475 N

ig = [(RR + GR) Rw] / ( Tmax if ηt)

ig = [3899.475 x 0.27] / (100 x 4.07 x 0.85) = 1052.86/345.95=3.04

2) The road load power required to project a motor car or truck in climbing at a given speed is given
by,
Power required = V (Cr W + CaAV^2 + 0.01 GW)/ 270

Where, Cr and Ca are coefficient for rolling and air resistance respectively.
W = gross weight N A = frontal area of vehicle , m^2
G = road grade, percent V = vehicle speed , Km/hr

Find out road power required to propel a motor of height 2000 Kg (19620 N) at a speed of 60 Km/hr to
Climb a grade of 3 present, when the rolling resistance is 30 kg (294.3 N) and air drag is 16.2 Kg (158.92
N). Find also Cr and Ca when frontal area is 3m^2.

Rolling resistance Rr = 294.3 N

Cr W = 294.3 and Cr = 294.3/ 19620 = 0.015.
Also, air resistance Ra = 158.92 N.
So that CaAV 2 = 158.92 N and Ca*3*(60) 2 = 158.92
Ca = 158.92/ 3*(60) 2 = 0.0147.
For finding Power required;
= V (Cr W + Ca A V2) + 0.01 GW)/ 270
= 60 (0.015 *19620 +0.0147 * 3 (60) 2 + 0.01* 3 * 19620)/ 270
= 231.48 KW.
The road load power required to for motor car or truck in climbing at a given speed is 231.48 KW.
Interpret given performance curves and select and justify the use of an appropriate one for light vehicle
application.

You have to ensure that you cover all the below mentioned topics.

Interpret the performance curves attached with to assignment brief and justify application

Engine Speed and Vehicle speed:

This graph shows that if the engine rpm is increased in a gear,

the speed of the vehicle will increase because it is proportional
to the increase in rpm.

Running Resistance and Vehicle Speed:

The vehicle while running it encounters rolling

effect, grade and air resistance. The relationship
between the combined resistances, running
resistance and vehicle speed is illustrated below
in the graph no.3 of running resistance curve

- Graph: 3
Running resistance is the sum of these three and
it is expressed by the equation:

Ka AV2 + KW +W sin θ = Running resistance Hence,

when the G.V.W. (W in the equation above) of the
vehicle is constant, the running resistance
increases as the grade (Ø) of the hill increases. The
air resistance grows at the rate of the square of the
speed. This relationship is shown in Graph 3 for
hills of various gradients -0, 3, 5, 10, 15... And 30%.
The ‘y’ axis shows the running resistance (kg) and
the ‘x’ axis shows the vehicle speed (km/h). If a

- Graph: 4

Vehicle is negotiating a 3% of grade at 60km/h, then it encounters running resistance will be

approximately 500kg (point 1 as shown in Graph 4). While the vehicle is running the running
resistance is not related with the gear in which vehicle is running.

If the curve slowly rises up so the speed get increases. At low speed, air resistance is insignificant;
but beyond about 100km/h, it gradually and audibly increases. But in the case of a passenger car,
subject to driving at high speed, the body is made aerodynamic to reduce the air resistance.

Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed:

Fig: Relationship between tractive effort and velocity. (- Graph: 5)

The engine torque is multiplied by the transmission gear ratio, which in turn is multiplied by the
rear axle ratio, and is finally transmitted to the driving tire. As indicated by the engine
performance curves, torque changes with the engine speed.

In any given gear, vehicle speed is proportional to

engine speed: the torque -tractive effort -is associated
with vehicle speed; this relation is shows in Graph 5.
The given graph shows the relationship between the
vehicle speed and tractive effort for each number of
gears. Every convex shape curves which shown in the
graph is corresponds to the engine torque curve. In
graph the ‘y’ axis shows the tractive effort (kg) and the
‘x’ axis shows the vehicle speed (km/h). - Graph: 6

As per the Graph 6, the (point 1) indicates that the

tractive effort is 594kg when the vehicle is running in 4th gear at 60km/h. According to the graph
if the vehicle is running in the 5th gear at the same speed of 60km/h, then the tractive effort will
be 452kg (point 2). The maximum point of each curve means the maximum tractive effort for
each gear.

For example such as, in first gear the maximum tractive effort is 3,033kg (point 3). This is also to
be considered the vehicle’s maximum tractive effort.

Analyse the above data to understand the implication of each factor and suggest the right
vehicle configuration for a 12 seater passenger vehicle.
Refer the results / learning of Tasks 1 and 2 and do secondary research to arrive at the above
configuration.

Vehicle Specifications for 12 seater passenger vehicle:

 Unladen Weights: The Unladen weight of vehicle is not to exceed above 2,500kg.
 Engine Capacity: Preferably above 2000cc for having a capacity of carrying 12-13
passengers without any trouble.
 Fuel: Diesel vehicle is suitable for commercial uses for generating power as well as
money.
 Seating Capacity: 13 excluding driver.
 Seating Configuration: Foldable Seats along the sides hand rest, supported from and
secured to vehicle floor properly and good leather seat which is easy to clean.
  Window: Power Window for less effort.
 Steering: Power steering to reduce the steering effort and provide good steering
ability.
 Air conditioning: For both front & rear compartments and of a reputable make with
local service capability.
 Reverse Sensor : 4 reverse sensors at rear of vehicle (two on the side and two on the
rear) for
 Holding/Support beam: To prevent passenger from falling or sliding during turns.

Engine and design Specification:

Vehicle Configuration for 12 seater passenger vehicle:

Engine Displacement 2497
Engine Cylinder 4 Stroke 4 cylinder Engine
Stroke Length 96 mm
Bore Diameter 91 mm
Compression ratio 17.1:1
Maximum Power 145/3800
Torque 33/2000
Idle RPM 800-900
FUEL TYPE DIESEL
Fuel Consumption 15-25km/L
Coolant Capacity 6L
Lubricant Capacity 68 L
Aspiration Turbo-charged
Transmission 5 Speed Manual Transmission with reverse
gear.
Emission Must Match EURO 4
Benefits 1. Low Maintenance and Service Cost.
2. Quality, of the parts and Engine.
Body Strong and durable body structure.
Speed limit 60km/h for safety reason.
Safety gears 1. Seat belts
2. Fire Extinguisher
3. First Aid kit
4. Safety stand and jack
5. Spare wheel.
Drive 4WD or All wheel drive
 Ground Clearance Need Good ground clearance in case of off-
road use
Un-laden weight Not exceed above 2,500 kg.

According to the requirement above vehicle configuration is best for 12 seater passenger
vehicle as per performances, comfort and money also.

A large passenger jet is flying at a velocity of 250.0 m/s. The area of the
airplane's wings facing the wind is A = 500.0 m2. The drag coefficient
is CD = 0.024. At the altitude the airplane is flying, the density of the air
is ρ = 0.4500 kg/m3. What is the force of air resistance acting on the
passenger jet?
Answer: The force of air resistance can be found using the formula:

F = 168750 N
The force of air resistance acting on the passenger jet is 168750 N.