INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology – criminology is the study of crimes, Community

criminals and criminal behavior. Criminology started in
Correction
Europe.

Crimen- the word crimen means accusation

Court Law inforcement

Logia- the logia means the study of

Paulo Topinard- used the analogous French term
criminology.
Nature of Criminology
Raffaele Garofalo –coined the word criminology
R.A 6506 known as “act creating the board of
examiners for criminologist in the Philippines and for
other purposes” Criminologist Licensure Examination.
Plaridel Educational Institute (PEI) today known as
Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr) is the first
college that offers criminology in the country.
Divisions of Criminology
1. Criminal Etiology – Studying or analyzing the
origin of crimes or causes of crimes.
2. Sociology of Law – Scientific study of Law and
how law was apply or application of Law.
Logomacy – “There is no crime if there is no
law”
3. Penology / Correction –Analyzing the prison
system, punishment means of correcting and
Law.
rehabilitation of the criminals.
Correction – institutional (imprisonment) non-
institutional (Probation, Parole, Pardon)
4. Criminalistics / Forensic Science – Study of
Criminal things or evidence, Application of the
instruments.
5 Pillars of the CJS
Prosecution
1. Applied Science – Crime is multidisciplinary /
application of several sciences.
2. Social Science – Crime is essential of a healthy
society, Crime exist in the society.
3. Dynamic – Crime is changeable, Crime depends
upon the society and the technology.
4. Nationalistic – Crime is based in the existing
law a territory.
Object of Interest
1. Crimes
2. Criminal
3. Criminal Behavior
4. Study of the victims / Victimology
Types of Crimes
-Crime is any act or omission punishable by the
Omission - Failure to perform a positive duty
punishable by the law. (Bagay na dapat mong
gawin pero hindi mo ginawa)
- Crime as Social act against the norms of the
society or act that is harmful to the norms of the
society. Crime is essential to a healthy society.
- Crime is any act cause by a person with
abnormal behavior. (Maladaptive, maladjusted,
abnormal behavior)

Specific terms of Crimes

1. Offensive - Crime is any act punishable by

special laws, Republic Acts, and memorandum.

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 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
2. Felony - Crime is any act punishable by Revise
Penal Code.
3. Misdemeanor – Crimes is ant act punishable by
City or municipal Ordinances.
4. Delinquency - Crimes is any act committed by
minor offenders. (CICL Child Conflict with the
Law) or delinquent
Criminological Classification of crimes
1. As a result of the crime.
Acquisitive Crime – when the offender
acquires something as a consequences of his
criminal act. (Theft, robbery, estafa)
Extinctive Crime – when the result of the
criminal is destructive or lost. (Homicide,
murder, infanticide, parricide, arson)
Homicide – it is unlawful killing of a person not
constituting murder, parricide or infanticide
Art. 246. Parricide. — Any person who shall kill
his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate
or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or
descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of
parricide and shall be punished by the penalty
of reclusion Perpetua to death.
Infanticide – it is committed by any of any
person who kills a child less than three (3) years
old. The deceased child was less than 72 hours
old or 3 days old, the offender is either the
parents, ascendants or even a stranger.
2. As to the time or period committed
Seasonal Crime – those committed only during
a certain period of the year (violation of tax law,
violations of the omnibus election code)
Situational Crime – Those committed only
when given situation is conductive to its
commission or the opportunity to commit crime
a rises. (Anytime of opportunity)
3. As a length of the time committed
Instant Crime – Those committed in the
shortest possible time.
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Episodic Crime – Those committed by a series
of acts undertaken in a lengthy space of time.
4. As the place of location of the commission
Static Crimes – Those committed in only one
place
Continuing Crimes – those that can be
committed in several places. (Piracy)
5. As to the use of mental faculties.
Rational Crimes – Those committed with
intention and offender is in full possession of his
sanity.
Irrational Crimes – those committed by
persons who do not know the nature and quality
of their acts on account of the disease of the
mind.
6. As to the type of offenders
White collar crimes – those committed by
persons of respectability and of upper socio-
economic class in the course of their
occupational activities (Adulteration of food by
manufacturer, fraud) (Taong nabibilang sa
mataas na uri ng lipunan na gumawa ng crimen
na kaugnay sa kanyang trabaho o propesyon)
Blue collar crimes – those committed by
ordinary professional criminal to maintain their
livelihood (petty thievery) (taong nabibilang sa
pangkaraniwang uri ng lipunan na nakagawa
ng crimen na kaugnay sa kanyang trabaho.)
7. As to the standard of living of the criminals
Crimes of the upper world – Falsification cases
(taong kabilang sa upper class of society na
nakagawa ng crimen)
Crimes of the underworld – bag snatching
(taong kabilang sa lower class of society na
nakagawa ng crimen)
Legal Classification of Crimes
Crimes against National Security and the Law of
Nations. (During the war only)
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Example: Treason- levying against the country,
Espionage (ispiya) Piracy- act of forcible
depredation in any Philippine water.
1. Crimes against the Fundamental Law of the
state
Example: Arbitrary Detention, Violation of the
Domicile
Arbitrary Detention
a. Any public officer or employee who,
without legal grounds, detains a person,
shall suffer the penalty.
(A public officer with power to arrest) (Legal
grounds are the following commission of crime,
violent insanity, ailment requires compulsory,
confinement in the hospital)
b. failure to deliver the legally arrested person
before the judicial authority within the
period prescribed by the law
Warrantless arrest
12 hours light felony- light penalty
18 hours less grade felony – correction penalty
36 hours grave – capital afflictive penalty
Note: holidays weekdays and night days only in
working hours.
Delaying release an agent with authority that
delayed the release of an offender.
Illegal Detention is committed by a private
person while arbitrary detention is committed
by a public officer or employee.
Section two – Violation of Domicile
a. Acts punishable under “Judicial order” refer
to a validly issued search warrant and
warrant arrest, entering without judicial
authority. Searching papers without the
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owner’s consent unless duly authorized by
the court.
To be punishable, acts must be committed by
authorized a public officer
b. Search warrant is maliciously obtained and
abuse in the service of those legally
obtained. ( search warrant last for 10 days
only)
Plain view Doctrine evidence that you see
even though it is not specified in that search
warrant.
c. Searching should be done with witness it
should be the owner, relatives of the owner,
2 residents presiding in the same barangay.
2. Crimes against Public Order Example:
Rebellion, Sedition, Coup d’état
Rebellion or insurrection
a. Committed by rising publicly and
taking arms against the government.
b. Act of over throwing away the establish
government with numerous number of
people, to remove alliance to the
government.
Sedition – the crime of sedition is
committed by persons who rise publicly and
tumultuously in order to attain by force,
intimidation or other means for a political
and social changes with multitude number
of people.
Coup d’état – rebellion is a sudden or swift
attack to public utility and offices to
paralyze the government, the principal
offenders are the PNP and AFP.
3. Crimes against Public Interest (panloloko)
Example: Forgery, Falsification, Fraud
Forgery – Applies to treasury banks notes
or similar instruments like checks for the
purpose of financial gain.
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Falsification – applies to public,
commercial and public documents and
wireless telegraph and telephone messages.
Example: changing the grade of a bar
examiners to make it appear as passing in
the records which are in the offenders
custody.
Fraud –
a. In a democracy there must be a free
competition which is referred to as the
law of the market, the law punishes the
monopolies acts that retrain free trade
and because these acts are truly
contrary to public policy where
customers would not be free to exercise
their bargaining power. Ex:
substituting and altering trade-mark,
trade names and sell the same.
b. Machinations in public occasion (kung
ikaw halimbawa ay nakuhanan ng
bangko ng bahay o narimata tapos ang
ginawa ng bangko ay betting for the
sake of high profit tapos tinakot mo ang
mga taong alam mo na kasama at kasali
sa betting)
4. Crimes against Public Morals Example:
Gambling and betting, offenses against decency
and good customs like scandals, obscenity,
vagrancy, and prostitution
Gambling a person engages in gambling if he
takes the risks something of value upon the
outcome of a contest of chance or future
contingent event not under his control or
influence, upon an agreement or understanding
that he or someone else will receive something
of value in the event of a certain outcome.
(Illegal na pagsusugal)
Betting the term bet is defined as the
hazard of money upon an incident by which
one or both parties stand to win or lose by
chance. It is an agreement to pay something
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of value. The parties must take opposite
sides in predicting the outcome of an
uncertain event. Example any person who
makes, offers or accept any bet upon the
result of any election, or upon the success
or failure of any person or upon the number
of votes to be cast, is guilty of gross
misdemeanor.
Offences against decency and good
customs like;
Scandals –act that is highly scandalous. A
private act that is open to the view of public.
(Sex)
Obscenity – the word “obscene” and the
term obscenity may be defined as meaning
offensive to chastity. (kalaswaan, o mga
salitang malaswa)
Vagrancy – a person having no permanent
means of subsistence who has the physical
ability to work and who leg lets to apply to
some lawful calling. (NOT A CRIME
ANYMORE)
Prostitution – woman engage sexual
intercourse for money or profit.
5. Crimes Committed by a Public Officer (no
man, even a public officer is above the law)
Example: Malfeasance , Nonfeasance,
Misfeasance
Nonfeasance neglect of duty (omission)
Malfeasance malicious delay of duty,
dishonest activity or misconduct, intentional
commission of prohibited acts. (Gratuity)
Misfeasance improper manner or action,
irregularly of performance of duty
(Malversation)
6. Crimes against Person Example: Murder,
rape, Physical Injuries
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Murder Art. 248. — any person who, not Incestuous rape- a person who rape any of
falling within the provisions of Article 246 her relatives (blood relation)
shall kill another, shall be guilty of murder
Statutory rape- 12 years of age of the
and shall be punished by reclusion temporal
demented (nang rape ng bata under 12
in its maximum period to death, if
years old and below na hindi nya kamag
committed with any of the following
anak)
attendant circumstances:
Homicide unlawful killing without the Fraudulent machination or grave abuse
presence of qualifying circumstances (hindi of authority
planado).
Physical Injuries
Qualifying circumstances are the
Art. 263. Serious physical injuries. — Any
circumstances that changes the nature of a
person who shall wound, beat, or assault
crime. Those act of killing by means of
another, shall be guilty of the crime of
poison, fire, motor vehicle, evident
serious physical injuries and shall suffer:
premeditation, Treachery ( evident
The penalty of prison mayor, if in
premeditation is that you have the time to
consequence of the physical injuries
think weather to do your plan of killing or
inflicted, the injured person shall become
not but still you do the act of killing) (
insane, imbecile, impotent, or blind;
treachery is that the opponent has no
Art. 265. Less serious physical injuries —
chance to protect herself/ himself)
Any person who shall inflict upon another
Rape two kids of rape (sexual intercourse
physical injuries not described in the
and sexual assault) that the offender is a
preceding articles, but which shall
man, that the offender had the carnal
incapacitate the offended party for labor for
knowledge of a woman. That the carnal
ten days or more, or shall require medical
knowledge was committed under of any
assistance for the same period, shall be
circumstances
guilty of less serious physical injuries and
a. By using force or intimidation or
shall suffer the penalty of arresto
b. When a woman is deprived of reason or
mayor.chanrobles virtual law library
otherwise unconscious
c. When the woman is under 12 years old
7. Crimes against Properties Example: Robbery
or demented even though none of the
and theft (any moveable objects exempting )
circumstances mentioned above be
Robbery – means taking personal property
present.
of another with intent to gain by means of
Attempted rape- not touching the lips of violence against persons or intimidation of
the vagina person using force upon anything. (For
entrance, pumasok sa kahit anong parte ng
Consummated rape- totally touch the lips
bahay not intended for entrace)
of the vagina
Two ways of committing Robbery
Marital rape- married person (ni-rape ng 1. By means of violence against or
asawa) intimidation of persons. Ex: robbery
hold-up, robbery snatching, robbery

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 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
extortion, robbery with homicide,
robbery with rape, robbery with arson
2. By using force upon things
Theft -just like in the crime of robbery the
subject, theft is also personal property only.
Under the law on property, personal
properties are those movable properties.
Thus, if the object involved is immovable or
real properties the accused may have
committed some other crime but not theft.
Taking is done with intent gain. Taking is
without the consent of the owner. Taking is
accomplish without of violence against or
intimidation of person or force upon things.
(For exit, not intended for exit)
8. Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security
Example: Illegal Detention, Kidnapping,
trespass to dwelling, Threat and coercion
Illegal Detention is the unjustifiable
imprisonment or the unlawful deprivation
of liberty of a person by way of arrest for a
wrongful cause or suspicion and the
continued restriction of personal freedom
by retaining such person in custody. This is
done by a private person.
Kidnapping
Art. 267. Kidnapping and serious illegal
detention. — Any private individual who
shall kidnap or detain another, or in any
other manner deprive him of his liberty,
shall suffer the penalty of reclusion
perpetua to death:
1. If the kidnapping or detention shall
have lasted more than five days
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2. If it shall have been committed
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3. If any serious physical injuries shall
have been inflicted upon the person
kidnapped or detained; or if threats to
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kill him shall have been made
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4. If the person kidnapped or detained
shall be a minor, female or a public
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If the offender shall voluntarily release the
person so kidnapped or detained within
three days from the commencement of the
detention, without having attained the
purpose intended, and before the
institution of criminal proceedings against
him, the penalty shall be prison mayor in its
minimum and medium periods and a fine
not exceeding seven hundred pesos
Trespass to dwelling any private person
who shall enter the dwelling of another
against the latters will shall be punish , any
person that will enter to the property
without the permission of the owner.
Threat statement that someone will hurt
or harmed if the person does not do
something in particular
Coercion (pamimilit)
9. Crimes against Chastity (private crimes)
Example: Concubine, Adultery, Seduction,
Abduction Acts of Lasciviousness Chastity
Concubinage any husband who shall keep
a mistress in the conjugal dwelling, or, shall
suffer intercourse, under scandalous
circumstances under scandalous
circumstances, with a woman who is not his
wife or shall be punished by prison
correctional in its minimum and medium
periods.
Adultery The woman is married, she has
sexual intercourse with a man not her
husband and as regards the man with
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
whom she has sexual intercourse, she must
know her to be married.
Seduction the seduction of a virgin over
twelve years and under eighteen years of
age, committed by a person in public
authority, priest , house servant, domestic,
guardian, teacher or any person in any
capacity, shall be entrusted with education
or custody shall be punish. Any person who
shall seduce his sister or descendant,
whether or not a virgin or over eighteen
years of age
Abduction Acts of Lasciviousness
Offender commits any acts of lasciviousness
or lewdness upon other person of either sex
under the circumstances. It is committed by
using force or intimidation, when the
offended party is deprived of reason or
otherwise unconscious, when the offended
party is under 12 years of age. The offended
party is another person of either sex.
10. Crimes against Civil Status of Persons
Example: Bigamy, and other Illegal Marriages
Bigamy and other Illegal Marriages
Bigamy shall imposed upon any person who
shall contract a second or subsequent
marriage has been legally dissolved, or
before the absent spouse has been declared
presumptively dead by means of judgment
rendered in the proper proceedings.
11. Crimes against Honor Example: Libel, Oral
Defamation
Libel public and malicious imputation of a
crime, or of a vice or defect, real or
imaginary, or any act, omission, condition,
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status, or circumstance tending to cause the
dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a
natural or juridical person, or to blacken the
memory of one who is dead. (Insulting by
writing it maybe in the social media)
Oral Defamation or slander - serious and
insulting nature in verbal (insulting by oral)
Slander by deeds – ipinahiya
sapamamagitan ng actions
12. Quasi-offenses or Criminal Negligence
Example: Imprudence and Negligence
Imprudence any act in which had been
intentional, would constitute a grave felony,
in damage to property of another.
(kapabayaan)
Negligence any act due to neglection of
duty. Voluntary but not intentional.
The Criminals
- A person who has committed a crime and has been
convicted by a court of the violation a criminal law
(legal definition) (nahatulan ng pagkabilanggo)
- a person who violated a social norm or one who did an
anti-social act. (social definition) (taong nilabag ang
batas ng lipunan)
- a person who violated rules of conduct due to
behavioral maladjustment.(psychological definition)
(taong nilabag ang batas ng wala sa tamang pag iisip)
Criminological Classification of Criminals
A. Based on Etiology
1. Acute Criminal (By emotions) one who
violates a criminal law because of impulse
or fit of passion: they commit passionate
crimes.(taong nakagawa ng krimen dahil sa
matinding emosyon na nararamdaman)
2. Chronic Criminal (by intent) is one who
commits crimes acted in consonance of
deliberated thinking they plan the crime a
head of time: they are targeted offenders
(taong nagcommit ng crime na naglaan ng
oras o nagplano sa paggawa ng krimen)
B. Based on Behavioral System
1. Ordinary Criminal (Situational) is
considered the lowest form of criminal in a
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
criminal career: does not stick to crime as a
profession but rather pushed to commit
crimes due to great
opportunity.(pinakamababang criminal na
gumagawa ng crime sat wing may
opportunity)
2. Organized Criminal (for financial) one
who associate himself with another
criminal to earn a high degree of
organization to enable them to commit
crimes easily without being detected by
authorities.(taong naghahanap ng kasama
upang makapagcommit ng crime ng hindi
nahuhuli ng mga authority)
3. Professional Criminal (livelihood) is a
person who engaged in criminal activities
with high degree(taong nagcocommit ng
crime gamit ang kanyang trabaho)
C. Based on activities
1. Professional Criminals (they been a
criminal because they made the crime for
they daily income or source of livelihood
this is just like the previous professional
criminal dalawa lang ang binagsagan pero
pareho ng meaning) this are those who
practice crime as a profession for a living:
criminal activity is constant in order to earn
skill and develop ability in their
commission.
2. Accidental Criminals are those who
commit crimes when the situation is
conductive to its commission.
3. Habitual Criminals are those who
continue crime because of deficiency of
intelligence and lack of self-control
D. Based on Mental Attitudes
1. Active Criminals are those who commit
crimes due to aggressiveness.
2. Passive Inadequate Criminals are those
who commit crimes because they are
pushed to it by reward or promise.
3. Social Delinquencies are criminals who
are normal behavior but defective in their
socialization process or development.
Legal Classification of Criminals
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1. Habitual Delinquent- elements with 10
years from the date of release/ last
conviction: serious/ less serious physical
injury, Falsification, estafa and robbery:
third time or oftener (criminal
2. Recidivist – crimes that is under legal
classification of crimes. Committing same
crime under the same tittle.
Criminal Behavior
– Is an intentional behavior that violates a
criminal code
– May also refer to the study the human conduct
focused on the mental processes of the
criminals: the way he behaves or acts including
his activities and the causes and influences if his
criminal behavior.
Victimology
– study of victims of crimes and contributory role,
if any, in crime causation.
– It also the scientific process of gaining
substantial amounts of knowledge on offender
characteristics by studying the nature of
victims.
Approaches And Theories Of Crime
-it deals of idea and explanation particular individual
commit a crime.
The Approaches In The Study Of Crime:
1. Subjective Approach
2. Objective Approach
3. Contemporary Approach
 Subjective Approaches- it deals mainly on the
biological explanation of crimes, focused on the
forms of abnormalities that exist in the
individual criminal before, during and after the
commission of the crime.
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
1. Anthropological Approach- study on
the physical characteristics of an
individual offender with non-discover
differences covering criminal behavior.
2. Medical Approach- the application of
medical examinations on the individual
criminal explain the mental and
physical condition of the individual
prior and after the commission of the
crime.
3. Biological Approach- the evaluation of
genetic influences to criminal behavior.
It is noted that heredity is one force
pushing the criminal to crime.
4. Physiological Approach- the study on
the nature of human being concerning
his physical needs in order to satisfy his
ants. It explains that the deprivation of
the physical body on the basic needs is
an important determiner of the
commission if crime.
5. Psychological Approach- it is
concerned about the deprivation of the
psychological needs of man, which
constitute the development of
deviations of normal behavior resulting
to unpleasant emotions.
6. Psychiatric Approcah- the explanation
of crime through diagnosis of mental
diseases as a cause of the criminal
behavior.
7. Psychoanalytical Approach- the
explanation of crimes based on the
Freudian Theory, which traces behavior
as the deviation of the repression of the
basic drives.
3 Elements Of Personality
 Id- pleasure
 Ego- reality
 Super ego- conscience
 Objective Approach- deals on the study of
groups, social processes and institutions as
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influences to behavior. They are primarily
derived from social sciences.
1. Geographic Approach- considers
topography, natural resources,
geographical location, and climate lead
an individual to commit crime.
2. Ecological Approach- it is concerned
with the biotic grouping of men
resulting to migration, competition,
social discrimination, division of labor
and social conflict as factors of crime.
3. Economic Approach- it deals with the
explanation of crime concerning
financial security of inadequacy and
other necessities to support life as
factors to criminality.
4. Socio – Cultural Approach- those that
focus on institutions, economic,
financial, education, political, and
religious influences to crime.
5. Contemporary Approach- this is
focused on the psychoanalytical,
psychiatric and sociological
explanations of crime in an integrated
theory- an explanatory perspective that
concepts drawn from different sources.
The Importance Of Theory
Theory- is any system of ideas arranged in rational
order that produce general principles which increase
our understanding and explanations.
Ideally, Theory Should:
Focus attention on a particular phenomenon
Fit the known facts about a particular phenomenon
Contribute to scientific paradigms
Provide a way it can be tested or falsified
Establish boundaries and domains by which laws
and truth statements can be generalized; and
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Enable propositions which can be added or
compared to those of other theories.
Pre Classical Era
Demenological Theory- before the development of
more scientific theories of criminal behavior one of
the most popular explanations was
DEMENOLOGY(HAGAN 1990)
-individuals were thought to be possessed by
good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil
behavior.
-maintains that criminal behavior was believed
to result of evil spirits and demons something
of natural force that controls his/her behavior.
Pre Twintieth Century Theories (18th
Century)
Classical School Of Criminology
-free will to choose between good and evil
therefore there’s a placed upon the criminal
himself; that every men is responsible for his
act.
Neo-Classical- argued that situations or
circumstances that made it impossible to
exercise freewill are reasons to exempt the
accused from conviction
-maintain that while the classical doctrine is
correct in general it should be modified in
certain details that children and lunatics should
not be regarded as criminals and free from
punishment it must take into account certain
mitigating circumstances.
Positivist/ Italian School (1836-1909)
-maintained that crime as any other act is a
natural phenomenon and is comparable to
disaster or calamity
- crime as a social and moral phenomenon
which cannot be treated and checked by the
imposition of punishment but rather
rehabilitation or the enforcement or individual
measures.
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Cesare Lambroso (1836-1909)
“Father Of Modern Criminology”
-leader of the positivist school
- CRIMES: ITS CAUSES and REMEDIES
- Ideas and the classification of the criminal
Born Criminals- criminal behavior inherited
Criminal By Passion- individuals who are easily
influenced by great emotions like fit of anger.
Insane Criminal- commits crime due to less
psychological stamina /self-control exempted from
criminal liability.
Criminoloid- commits crime due to less stamina/ self-
control.
Occational Criminal- those who commit crime due to
insignificant reasons that pushed them to give occasion
Pseudo Criminals- those who kill in self-defense.
Enrico Ferri
-his greatest contribution was his attack on the classical
doctrine of free will, that the criminals should be held
responsible for their crimes because they must have
made a rational decision to commit crime.
- he believe that the criminals could not be held morally
responsible for their crime because they didn’t choose
to commit crimes its just that they are driven to commit
that strict coherence to preventive measures based on
scientific methods would eventually reduce crime and
allow people to live together in society with less
dependent on penal system.
Rafalle Garofalo
-he rejected the doctrine of free will and supported the
position that the only way to understand crime was to
study it by scientific methods
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

-roots of criminal behavior not to physical features but
to their psychological equivalents, which he called
“moral anomalies” – according to this theory, natural
crimes are found in all human societies, regardless of
the view of lawmakers and no civilized society can
afford to disregard them.
Types Of Criminal By Rafalle Garofalo
1. Murderers- those who are satisfied from
vengeance/revenge.
2. Violent Criminals- are those who commit very
serious crimes.
3. Deficient Criminals- those who commit crime
against property
4. Lascivious Criminals- those who commit
crime against chastity
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
conduct lies not in the individual but in the group and
the social organization.
Durkheim Proposed Principles
 Crime is a natural thing in the society,
 The concept of wrong is necessary to give
meaning to right.
 Crime help the society for changes- it means
that a society to be flexible to permit positive
deviation must permit negative deviation as
well.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1969)
-Psychologists have considered a variety of
possibilities to account for individual differences-
defective conscience, emotional immaturity,
inadequate childhood socialization, maternal
POSITIVIST
deprivation, SCHOOL
poor moral development.

 Legal definition of crime  No-The Freudian

to legal view on criminal behavior was based
definition
 Punishment fit the crime onPunishment
the use of Psychology in explaining an approach in
fit the criminal
 Doctrine of free will understanding criminal behavior
Doctrine of determinism
 Death penalty allowed  Abolition of death penalty
Freud Psychoanalytical Theory
 No empirical research  Introductive method
 Definite sentence  Indeterminate
 Criminal sentence
behavior is a form neurosis, that
criminality may result from an over active
conscience.
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY  Crime is the result of the compulsive need for
-this became the Rise Of The Sociological punishment to alleviate guilt and anxiety.
Perspectives on crimes, criminals and behavior.  Criminal behavior is a means of obtaining
-it also includes the theories which promotes that gratification of need.
people’s behavior bears some relationship to their  Criminal conducts represent a displaced
biological and psychological constitution. hostility. Criminality is essentially a
representation of psychological conflict.
DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM (FRENCH, 1858-1917)
Robert Ezra Park (1864-1944)
advocate the “Anomie Theory” – theory that focused
on the sociological point of the positivist school which -is a strong advocate of the scientific method in
explains that the absence of norms in a society explaining criminality but he is a sociologist. He
provides a setting conductive to crimes and other anti- advocated the “Human Ecology Theory”.
social act, according to him, the explanation of human
Human Ecology Theory

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 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
- study of the interrelationship of people and
their environment.
-this theory maintains that crime is a function of
social change that occurs along with environmental
change.
-it also maintains that the isolation, segregation,
competition, conflict, social contract, interaction and
social hierarchy of people are the major influences of
criminal behavior and crimes.
Middle Twentieth Century
Ernest Kretschmer (1888-1964)
-he originated the idea of Somatotyping Theory, he is
a German Psychiatrist.
-he distinguished three principles of physique as:
 Asthenic- lean, slightly built, narrow
shoulders
 Athletic- medium to tall, strong, muscular,
course bones
 Pyknic- medium height, rounded figure,
massive neck, broad face
Kretschmer related this body physiques to various
psychotic behavioral patterns: Pyknic to manic
depression, asthenics and athletics to
schizophrenia.
William H. Sheldon (1898-1977)
-is an influenced of the Somatotype School as the
of Criminology, which related body built to
behavior.
-he became popular of his own Somatotyping Theory.
-his key ideas are concentrated on the principle of
“Survival of the Fittest” as a behavioral science.
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-he combines the biological and psychological
explanation to understand deviant behavior.
Sheldon’s Somatotyping Theory
-maintains the belief of inheritance primary
determinants of behavior and the physique is a reliable
indicator of personality
Classification Of Body Physique By Sheldon
a. Endomorphy - a type of with relatively
predominance of soft, roundness throughout
the regions of the body. They have low specific
gravity. Persons with typically relaxed and
comfortable disposition.
b. Mesomorphy- athletic type, predominance of
muscle, bone and connective tissue, normally
heavy, hard and firm, sting and tough. They
are the people who are routinely active and
aggressive and they are most likely to commit
crimes
c. Ectomorphy - thin physique, flat chest, delicacy
through the body, slender, poorly muscled. They tend
to look more fatigue and withdrawn.
Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)
-he was considered as the “Dean Of Modern
Technology”
-has been referred to as “the most important
criminologist of the twentieth century” because his
explanation about crime and criminal behavior can be
seen as a corrected extension of social perspective.
Differential Association Theory -he advocated the
DAT which maintains that the society is composed of
different group organization, the societies consist of a
group of people having criminalistics tradition and
anti-criminalistics tradition.
-and that criminal behavior is learned and not
inherited. It is learned through the process of
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
communication, and learning process includes
technique of committing the crime, motive and
attitude.
Sutherland’s Nine Propositions
1. Criminal behavior is learned.
2. Crime is learned by participation with others
in verbal and non-verbal communications.
3. Families and friends have the most influence
on learning process.
4. The learning process includes the techniques
of committing the crime and the specific
direction of motives, drive and attitude.
5. Not everyone in the society agrees that the
laws should be obeyed; some people define it
unimportant.
6. A person becomes delinquent because of an
excess definition favorable to the violation of
laws over to the definitions unfavorable to the
violation of laws.
7. Differential associations vary in frequency,
duration, priority and intensity. The extent to
which associations and definitions will result
in criminality is related to the frequency of
contacts and their meaning to the individual.
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by
association with criminal and anti-criminal
patterns involves all the mechanisms that are
involved in any other learning.
9. While criminal behavior is an expression of
general needs and value, it is not explained by
those general needs and values, since non-
criminal behavior is an expression of the same
needs and values.
Walter Reckless (1899-1988)
-A broad analysis of the relationship between personal
and social controls founded in his theory.
Containment Theory- this theory is a form of control,
which suggests that a series of both internal and
external factors contributes to criminal behavior.
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-this theory assumes that for every individual there
exists a containing external structure and a protective
internal structure, both of which provide defense,
protection or insulation against crime or delinquency.
According to Walter Reckless the outer structure of
an individual are the external pressures such as
poverty, unemployment and blocked opportunities
while the inner containment refers to the person’s self-
control ensured by strong ego, good self image, well
developed conscience, high frustration tolerance and
high sense of responsibility.
Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, Willem Bonger (1818-
1940)
-they are the proponents of the Social Class Conflict
And Capitalism Theory
Karl Marx And Frederick Engel- claims that the
ruling class in a capitalist society is responsible for the
creation of criminal law and their ideological bases in
the interpretation and enforcement of the law. All are
reflected in the ruling class, thus crime and
delinquency are reflected on the demoralized surplus
of population, which is made up of the underprivileged
usually the unemployed and underemployed.
Willem Bonger- a Marxist-Socialist, on the other
hand, placed more emphasis on working about crimes
of economic gain. He believes that profit- motive of
capitalism generates an egoistic personality. Crime is
an inevitable outcome.
Late 20th century: The Contemporary Pioneers
Robert King Merton (1910)
-is the premier sociologist of the modern days who,
after Durkheim, also related the crime problem to
anomie.
Strain Theory - which maintains that the failure of
man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to
commit crimes in order for that status/goal to be
attained.
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

-he argued that crime is a means to achieve goals Frank Tennenbauin, Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker
and the social structure is the root of the crime (1822-1982)
problem.
Labelling Theory
-Merton’s explanation to criminal behavior assumes
-they advocates the it is when a person was described
that people are law abiding but when under great
or labeled as such.
pressure will result to crime.
Earl Richard Quinney (1934)
Albert Cohen (1918)
-he is a Marxist Criminologist who advocated the
-he advocated the Sub-Culture Theory Of
Instrumentalist Theory- he argued that the state
Delinquency
exist as a device for controlling the exploited class- the
-he claims that the lower class cannot socialize class that labors for the benefit of the ruling class. He
effectively as the middle class in what is considered claims that upper classes create laws that protect their
appropriate middle class behavior. Thus, the lower interest and at the same time the unwanted behavior
class gathered together share their common problems, of all other members of society.
forming a subculture that rejects middle class values.
Major Contribution Of Quinney:
He called this process as Reaction Formation. Much
of this behavior comes to be called delinquent -he proposed the shift in focus from looking for the
behavior; the subculture is called a gang and the kids causes of crime from the individual to the examination
are called delinquents. He put emphasis on the of the Criminal Justice System for clues.
explanation of prevalence, origins, process and
Other Theorists
purposes as factors to crime.
Charles Darwin’s Theory
Gresham Sykes (1922)
-in the Theory Of Evolution, he claimed that humans,
-he advocated the Neutralization Theory- it
like other animals, are parasite. Man is an organism
maintains that an individual will obey or disobey
having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on
societal rules depending upon his or her ability to
other animals for survival. Thus, man kills and steals
rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or
to live.
destruction. People become law abiding if they feel
they are benefited by it and they violate it if these laws Charles Goring’s Theory (1870-1919)
are not favorable to them.
-he concluded that there is no such thing a
Lloyd Ohlin (1928) physical chemical type. He contradicted the
Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be seen through
-he advocated the Differential Opportunity Theory-
features alone. He also accepted that criminals are
this theory explained that society leads the lower class
physically inferior to normal individuals in the sense
to want things and society does things to people.
that criminals tend to be shorter and have less weight
-he claimed that there is differential opportunity, or than non-criminals.
access, to success goals by both legitimate and
Earnest Hooton’s Theory
illegitimate means depending on the specific location
of the individual with in the social structure.

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 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

-anthropologist who found out that “ Tall thin

men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized
men are thieves and burglars, short heavy person
commit assault, rape and other sex crimes; where
mediocre (average) physique flounder around among
other crimes”.

- also he contented that criminals are originally

inferior; and that crime is the result of the impact of
environment.

Adolphe Quetelet

- “Carthographical School Of Criminology” he

discovered that crimes against persons increased
during summer and crimes against property tend to
increase during winter.

Daniel Glasser Differential Identification Theory –

copying the person being idolize

Thorsten Sellin “Conflict Of Culture Theory” - the

multiplicity of incompatible culture is the main source
of social organization.

Gabriel Tarde Theory Of Imitation - suggestion this

the conscious and unconscious copying

Alphonse Bertillon

-he is responsible for classifying criminals according

to the body measurements.

Giam Battista Dela Porta and Kasper Lavater –

Physiognomy study of facial features of the criminals

Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Spurheim –

Phrenology study of the shape of the skull of the
criminals

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