1901-1935

(The American Period)

“The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to
develop, civilize, educate, and to train in the
science of self-government”
WILLIAM MCKINLEY
 The American Colonial Government
A. The Taft Commission
B. Civil Government
C. Philippine Bill of 1902
D. Philippine Assembly
E. Resident Commissioners
F. The Filipinization of the Government
G. The Jones Law of 1916
H. The Wood-Forbes Mission
I. The OSROX Mission
 A. The Taft Commission

Created on March 16, 1900.

Also known as The Second Philippine Commission.

A. The Taft Commission

Headed by Judge William Howard

Taft.

Members:
Luke E. Wright
Henry C. Ide
Dean C. Worcester
Bernard Moses
 A. The Taft Commission

Luke E. Wright Henry C. Ide Dean C. Bernard C.

Worcester Moses
A. The Taft Commission
 A. The Taft Commission

Establish a civil government in the Philippines.

To train the Filipinos in self-government.

 Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900

by McKinley.
 A. The Taft Commission

Those instructions were drafted

by Secretary of War, Elihu Root.
 A. The Taft Commission
“bear in mind that the government which they
(the Commission) are establishing is designed
not for our selfish satisfaction...but for the
happiness, peace and prosperity of the people
of the Philippine Islands, and the measures
adopted should be made to conform to their
customs, habits...”
 A. The Taft Commission
 Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900.

 $1,000,000 for building, and repairing roads and bridges.

 From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than 400

laws.

In September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro-

American Filipino as members. They were:
 A. The Taft Commission

Trinidad H. Pardo Benito Legarda Jose Luzurriaga

de Tavera
 B. Civil Government
 Inaugurated on July 4, 1901.

 William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor.

 In 1905: Governor-General.

 Gov. Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions.

 His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular among
the Filipinos.

 Taft served until December 1903.

C. Philippine Bill of 1902
 also known as the Cooper Act.

 Sponsored by U.S. Representative Henry A.

Cooper of Wisconsin.

 On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902 was

passed by Congress. It created the Philippine
Assembly.
 C. Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

1. A bill of right for the Filipinos;

2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the

Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights;

3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two

years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely
restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of
the legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house.
 C. Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have
several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information,
Finance and Justice, and Commerce and Police.

5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos.

 D. Philippine Assembly
 On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in
the Philippines for members of all the Filipino lawmaking body.

 Hundreds of candidates campaigned under many new political

parties.

 80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista

Party.
 D. Philippine Assembly

Inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House.

D. Philippine Assembly

Sergio Osmeña: Speaker

 D. Philippine Assembly

Manuel L. Quezon: Majority Floor Leader

D. Philippine Assembly
 E. Resident Commissioners
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to be
represented by two Filipino resident commissioners in the United
States Congress.

 They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting
the Philippines.
 E. Resident Commissioners

Benito Legarda Pablo Ocampo

E. Resident Commissioners
 Manuel L. Quezon served from 1909 to
1916.

 Considered one of the greatest Filipino

resident commissioners.

 Spoke out strongly against those they

considered harmful to Filipino interests.
 F. The Filipinization of the Government
 America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to
government positions.

 A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions.

 In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the government

than Filipinos (2,697).

 In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans.

 F. The Filipinization of the Government

Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme

Court.
F. The Filipinization of the Government

Florentino Torres became Attorney General.

 F. The Filipinization of the Government

By 1908, Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and Justice.

 G. The Jones Law of 1916
 Signed by President
Woodrow Wilson on August
29, 1916.

 Also known as the Philippine

Autonomy Act.

 Sponsored by U.S.
Representative William

Woodrow Wilson Atkinson Jones of Virginia. William Atkinson

Jones
 G. The Jones Law of 1916
 It contained American’s promise to give independence to the
Philippines.

 Gave the Filipinos greater participation in the government.

 It defined the structure of the government, the powers and

duties of the officials, and provided for a bill of rights for the
Filipinos.
 G. The Jones Law of 1916
 Executive Power: Governor-General (an American)

 Appointed by the President of the United States.

 Legislative Power: exclusive to the Filipinos

 Created two houses: the House of Representatives (lower house) and the
Philippine Senate (upper house).

 Judicial Power: Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino and
American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States.
 G. The Jones Law of 1916
 On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine
Legislature.

 It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916.

 Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.

 Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.

G. The Jones Law of 1916
H. The Wood-Forbes Mission

Warren G. Harding
 H. The Wood-Forbes Mission

 Gen. Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes stayed in the
Philippines for four months.

 In October 1921, the mission submitted its report to the president that
the Filipinos were not yet prepared for independence and U.S. should
not yet grant independence to the Philippines.
 H. The Wood-Forbes Mission

Gen. Leonard Wood Gov. Gen. W.

Cameron Forbes
 I. The OSROX Mission
 In November 1931, the Philippine Legislature sent a mission to the
United States to work for the passage of an independence law.

 U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S.

Congress, with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting as
co-sponsors.

 The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert

Hoover, vetoed the bill.
I. The OSROX Mission

Harry B. Hawes
 I. The OSROX Mission
 The U.S. Congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933 known as the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.

 The Antis were those who sided with Quezon in opposing the law.

 The Pros were those who supported the law and backed Osmeña and
Roxas.
I. The OSROX Mission
 The law’s provisions on trade relations were
disadvantageous to the Philippines.

 He objected the provision limiting the

immigration of Filipinos to the U.S.

 He also objected to the retention by the U.S. of

military bases in the Philippines.
I. The OSROX Mission

 OSROX claimed that the

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
was the best independence
law that the Filipinos could
obtain from the U.S.
 I. The OSROX Mission

On October 17, 1933, the legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting

Act.

The U.S. Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by

Senator Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie.

 Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.

 SOCIAL PROGRESS

A. Education
B. Religious Developments
C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church
 SOCIAL PROGRESS
A. Education
Spain
1. Christianizing the pagan natives was more
important than giving them an education.
2. It was only in the closing of decades of Spanish
rule that some system of public school education
was introduced by Spain in the Philippines.
United States
1. “to educate, to train in the science of self-
government”
2. Americans made it a policy to teach English to the
Filipinos.
A. Education
A. Education
 A. Education
 In January 1901, the Taft Commission enacted Act No. 74 which
established the Philippine public school system.

 It provided free primary education and the establishment of a school to

train Filipino teachers.

 On August 23, 1901, the first group of 600 teachers from the United
States arrived in Manila on board the transport ship Thomas.

 These teachers came to be known as the Thomasites.

 A. Education
 Elementary schools: 7-year course

 High school: 4-year course

 Those who finished high school could take up higher education in a public
junior college or at the University of the Philippines which was created in
1908 by Act No. 1870 enacted by the Philippine Assembly and the
Philippine Commission.

 Filipino pensionados – bright young Filipino students

 A. Education

Philippine Normal School (1901)

 A. Education

Philippine Normal School (1901)

 A. Education

Philippine Normal School (1901)

 A. Education

Silliman University (1901)

 A. Education

Silliman University (1901)

 A. Education

Centro Escolar University (1907)

Founded by Librada Avelino and Carmen de Luna
 A. Education

Philippine Women’s University (1919)

Established by Francisca T. Benitez
 A. Education
“no people ever accepted the blessings of education with
more enthusiasm than the Filipinos”

Governor-General Frank Murphy, 1935

 By 1935, there were 1,229,242 students enrolled in 7,330 public schools throughout
the country.

 The private schools, which numbered about 400, had a total student population of
97,500.
 B. Religion
 Introduction of Protestantism
 The Protestants sought to win the Filipinos through friendly persuasion.
 Presbyterians (1899)

 Baptists (1900)

 The Disciples of Christ (1905)

 Methodist Episcopalians (1908)

 C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church
 On August 3, 1902, Philippine Independent Church was
established in Manila.

 Founder: Isabelo de los Reyes

 He founded the Democratic Labor Union in July 1901.

 Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

 De los Reyes proclaimed Father Gregorio Aglipay as the new

church’s Supreme Bishop.
C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

Philippine Independent Church

C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church
 On October 17, 1902, Aglipay agreed to head
the new church.

 On January 18, 1903, he was formally

consecrated as the Supreme Bishop.

 The new church known as Aglipayan Church.

 In 1939 census, 9.8% of the population, or

1,573,608 claimed to be Aglipayans.
 Economic Progress
A. American Economic Policy
B. New Prosperity
C. Population Explosion
D. New Land Policy
E. Agricultural Increase
F. Free Trade
G. Business Boom
H. New Industries
I. Improvement in Transportation and Communications
J. Better Budget
K. New Banks
L. International Exhibitions and Meetings
M. Economic Problems
 Economic Progress
 The Filipinos enjoyed a better life under America than as the
colony of Spain.

 Spain could not do for the Philippines in over 300 years, the
United States did in less than 50 years.

However, some problems with our economic life started during

this era.
 A. American Economic Policy
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 declared that all public lands and
natural resources of the Philippines are for “the benefit of the
inhabitants.”

 The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934.

 William H. Taft, the first American Governor-General, said that

the Philippines was for the Filipinos.
 A. American Economic Policy

 We had to serve the national interests of the United States.

 We could not make our own policy.

 B. New Prosperity
 The new prosperity of the Philippines as a colony of America was
shown in the following ways:

1. Population explosion 6. New Industries

2. New Land Policy 7. Improvement in transportation

3. Agricultural increase and communications

4. Free trade with America 8. Better government budget

5. Business Boom 9. New banks

10. Participation in international exhibitions

 C. Population Explosion
These statistics show the population explosion then:
Population
18,000,000
16,000,303
16,000,000

14,000,000

12,000,000
10,314,310
10,000,000
7,635,426
8,000,000
6,000,000
6,000,000

4,000,000

2,000,000

0
1898 1903 1918 1939
 D. New Land Policy

Three ways on how Americans improved land policy in the Philippines:

 Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers.

 Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up 24 hectares of public

land.

 All lands had to be registered, and their owners got Torrens titles.
 E. Agricultural Increase

 The Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive agriculture.

 The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)

 In 1903, the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to

import rice and carabaos from other Asian countries.

 Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced.
 E. Agricultural Increase
 The statistics are summed up as follows:

Copra,
Type Growth 9 9x increase

Total area of farms 3x 8

Forest Logs, Sugar,
Farm animals 3x 7 Farm Animals, Corn, 6x increase 6x increase
3x increase 4x increase Rice,
6
Abaca and tobacco 3x 5x increase
5 Total area of farms, Abaca and Tobaco,
Corn 4x 3x increase 3x increase
4
Rice 5x 3

Forest logs 6x 2

Sugar 6x 1
0
Copra 9x Total area Farm Abaca and Corn Rice Forest Sugar Copra
of farms Animals Tobaco Logs
 F. Free Trade with America
 Most important economic change

 A country has to trade with other countries abroad in order to develop.

 We were introduced to the big American market and American products

were bought by Filipinos.

 The Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th century.

 American products could enter the Philippines without paying customs

tariffs.
 G. Business Boom

 Retail trade inside the Philippines also doubled from, 1907-1935. Filipinos had
more money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported goods.
 H. New Industries

 The Philippines entered the Industrial Age.

 The Americans invented mass production in big factories.

H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
H. New Industries
 H. New Industries
 Manila: coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope, and textiles.

 Marikina: shoes

 Ilocos: blankets and towels.

 Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol, and Pangasinan: hats and mats

 Pampanga, Rizal, and Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture.

 Albay, Rizal and Laguna: pottery and bricks.

I. Improvement in Transportation and Communication

 The Filipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car (tranvia),

airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio, and movies.
I. Improvement in Transportation and Communication
I. Improvement in Transportation and Communication

 Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay.

 Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia.

 Manila became the center of air travel in Asia.

 The telephone and telegraph system in our country was the best in Asia.

 The best newspapers, radio stations, and postal services in Asia.

I. Improvement in Transportation and Communication
 J. Better Budget

 The Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great World
Depression in the 1930s.

 In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems.

 But the Philippines colonial budget had a surplus.

 K. New Banks

 In 1906, the Postal Savings Bank was introduced.

 Philippine National Bank was established in 1906.

 Rural credit groups for farmers helped to reduce usury in the provinces.
K. New Banks
 L. International Exhibitions and Meetings

 The Philippines was projected into the world’s limelight because of its
participation in international exhibitions, conferences, and meetings.

 The Philippine Army Band became the world-famous at the Golden Gate
Exposition, held at San Francisco, California in 1939.

 Filipino athletes were also able to join the Olympic Games.

 M. Economic Problems
 We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured
goods from America.

Colonial mentality became worse.

 Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s.

 American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies.

Thank you for listening!