Definition of Explanation Text

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to

forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural
phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of
the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science,
geography and history text books.
Generic Structure of Explanation Text
– General statement
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which
are to be explained.
– Sequenced of explanation
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which
explain the phenomena.
Purpose of Explanation Text
– Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to
forming of natural, social, scientific, and cultural
phenomena.
– To explain how or why something happens.
According to Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson (1997:
82) says that the explanation text type is often used to tell
how and why thing (phenomena) occur in nature
Tsunami is a natural disaster caused by the increasing waves of the sea to land with
a high swiftness as the consequence of the quake which is centered under the
ocean. The quake can be caused by land erosion, sifted plate, an erupted volcano as
well as a meteoroid that falls in the ocean. Tsunami usually happens if the size of
the earthquake exceed until 7 on the Richter scale. This tsunami is quite dangerous,
mainly for those who live around the beach. With great force, it will sweep out
whatever around it. From all causes of tsunami, earthquake is the major cause.

An earthquake on the bottom of sea gives rise to an affliction of the sea water that
caused by the change of the profile of the ocean floor that generally occurs because
of a tectonics earthquake and perpendicular (vertical) ground motion with the
surface of the sea water or earth surface. If the movements of the ground are
horizontal on the surface of the sea, there will not happen tsunami.

Even though the movement of the ground is horizontal, but the energy of the
earthquake is big, and it can cause the collapse of cliffs/hill on the sea
automatically in which the movement is perpendicular to the surface of the sea.
Although there is no earthquake that hits the land directly which results vertical
movement, the condition of a cliff and hill in the sea has been unstable and because
of the force of gravity and ocean currents that led to landslides, it causes tsunami.

Earthquake causes perpendicular layers motion of earth. As a result, the sea bottom
is suddenly up and down, so that the balance of sea water was disturbed on it,
similarly with cosmic objects or meteors that fall from above. If the size of a
meteor or landslide is quite big, mega tsunami can happen with hundreds of meters
high.

Vertical movement of the earth crust because of a volcanic eruption, an

earthquake, the avalanche or a meteor falling to earth can cause the sea floor
becomes up or down suddenly therefore it disturbs the balance of water on it. This
makes the occurrence of energy flow of sea water on the beach become large
waves so that tsunami happens. Billows can spread to all directions. Energy which
conceives in the wave of the tsunami is fixed on the function of the altitude. The
height of waves in the sea is only about 1 meter. Thus, the rate of a wave cannot be
felt by a ship that was in the middle of the sea. When it approaches the coast, the
speed of the tsunami of decline until about 30 miles per hour, but its height has
increased to reach tens of meters. When it reaches the coast, tsunami enters the
land until hundreds of meters, even kilometer s.

The victim of tsunami is not a little. The casualties are hit by sluggish water
flow and material that carried away by the tsunami. Besides the victim,
tsunami also has a negative impact on the building, herbs, and pollution to
agricultural land, and water.
1 The phenomenon of the tsunami, you can find on ……… paragraph .
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
2 Vertical movement of the earth crust because of a volcanic eruption, an
earthquake, the avalanche or a meteor falling to earth can cause the sea floor
becomes up or down suddenly therefore it disturbs the balance of water on it
A. State
B. Accomplish
C. Bring about
D. Gain
E. Dare
3 The sea bottom is suddenly up and down, ……. the balance of sea water was
disturbed on it .
A. however
B. otherwise
C. consequently
D. although
E. even though .
4 From the text , we can make conclusion , that tsunami is ………….
A. Advantages for human being
B. Bad for human kind
C. Created by human kind
D. Created b creator
E. We must thank to God
 Floods are caused by many things. Many times it rains too much, other times a dam breaks;
however, the effects of floods devastating. Floods can cause environmental losses as well and
economical losses, land is washed away, homes are ruined, and people sometimes even die. This
essay is about the causes and effects that flood have on our world.

Floods are caused by many things. One cause of a flood is when water exceeds the capacity of the
area it is in; thus causing it to overflow outside the waters boundary. Another cause is the amount of
rain that a certain area of land gets. When too much water has rained over a certain area, sewers
start getting flooded, creating a backup and water starts to flow on streets. One more way of flooding
is when dams break. Massive dams that hold water back prevent flooding. When the gate breaks, the
water flows out of it and creates a flood.

Climates and environments have a lot to do with flooding also. A higher altitude might be exposed
to more rain than a lower altitude. Also a damper, wetter climate creates it more susceptible for rain,
which causes it to flood (flash flood) more frequently than a hot and dry climate. Hurricanes also
effect floods to. When a hurricane reaches land, there is an enormous amount of water that is carried
along with it. This water dumped on land and as water levels rise, flooding is created.

The effects of floods are devastating. Many times floods can destroy everything. Houses can be
torn off their foundation because the water has made its structure weaker, tar can be been pulled off
road causing major pot holes, earth can be sunken in creating a different landscape, tons of trees
have the possibility of being ripped out. To see the effects after a flood is not a pretty site. Water has
to be pumped out of flooded civilian areas.

Another thing that floods effect is the environmental and economical situations. When floods
occur, there is a large amount of water that runs over the ground. Loose soil, rocks, and landscape
can be dramatically altered, leaving behind a rugged, changed terrain. Loose soil can create mud
slides, which create hazardous situations for living things nearby. The economy after the flood can be
one of the greatest effected. Billions of dollars have been donated by a countries government to
rebuild and payback what was lost. Many times these things include houses, roads, buildings, cars,
schools, etc. Another thing that people loose in the event of floods is their jobs; consequently, after
water damaging buildings and such, businesses can be run down, bankrupt and even, in existent.
This causes lots of people to be jobless, which in effect, creates no way of paying for daily needs.

During floods, humans can lose so much. One of the most dangerous things a person could lose
would be their life. If a person gets caught in a flood and is swept away, they have the risk of
drowning in the water. Many times people die not only from the flood itself; but the effects after the
flood such as starvation, hazardous objects floating in the water, and much more. Because of the
water, it is harder for medical services to help civilians. The people rely on the aid workers to bring
refugees food; consequently, if the aid workers have a hard time getting through the water, many
families starve to death.
 Floods are part of everyday lives. They are caused by too much rain, hurricanes, breaking of
dams, etc. Many times the effects are devastating. The environment and economy are destroyed, land
is washed away, houses are destroyed, and people lives are changed forever.

5 The text tells about …………

A. Rain

B. Flood

C. The effect of flood

D. The effect of rain

E. Cause and effect of flood

6 The difference of the second and fourth paragraph is ……………

A. Effect and effect

B. Effect and cause

C. Cause and cause

D. Cause and effect

E. Effect and cause

7 One cause of a flood ………….. when water exceeds the capacity of the area it is in; thus
causing it to overflow outside the waters boundary .

A. Are

B. Were

C. Be
 D. Being

E. is

8 Another thing that people loose in the event of floods is their jobs; ……………., after water
damaging buildings and such, businesses can be run down, bankrupt and even, in existent .

A. Because

B. Otherwise

C. However

D. If

E. Therefore .

9 Floods can cause environmental losses as well and economical losses, land is washed away
.. The underlined word means.

A. Dashed

B. Lasted

C. Recommended

D. Swept

E. Landed .

10. Difference between second and fourth paragraph is ………..

A. Effect and effect

B. Cause and effect

C. Effect and effect

 D. Effect and cause

E. Cause and cause .

11. When floods occur, there is a large amount of water that runs over the ground . The underlined
word means .

A. Save

B. Row

C. Bare

D. Remain

E. Take place

12. From the text we can make conclusion .

A. Thank to God

B. Help each other

C. Remain us

D. The bad effect for human kind

E. People must escape from the disaster

Environmental pollution is a broad concept which includes pollution of various biological and
physical components of the planet as a result of human activities. Going by this definition, it can
be categorized into various types. When we talk about the different types, we usually refer to the
pollution of air, water, and land. What we fail to understand, is the fact that this concept also
includes noise pollution, thermal pollution, and radiation pollution. We cannot afford to turn a
blind eye to this environmental issue any more, as the pollutants are being dumped in the
environment at a rate which far exceeds the rate at which it can accommodate them.

The factors which contribute to environmental pollution exist in plenty. While air pollution is
attributed to burning of fossil fuels, water pollution is associated with drainage of waste.
Similarly, noise pollution is caused when the level of noise crosses certain decibels, and soil
pollution or land pollution is caused as a result of contamination of soil due to the introduction of
chemicals in the same. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on agricultural land results
in contamination of soil. These chemicals stay in the soil for a long time and eventually come in
contact with our body through the food that we consume, which is grown in the polluted soil.
While thermal pollution is attributed to its use as coolant by power plants and industries,
radiation pollution is attributed to accidents involving radioactive substances as a result of
human error.

That, however, is just a brief explanation, and each of these causes of pollution are attributed to
numerous human activities. For instance, air pollution is caused when various harmful gases
are released in the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles. The concept of water
pollution includes the pollution of freshwater sources as well as oceans. On one hand,
freshwater sources are being converted to dumping grounds as a result of industrial water
pollution, and on the other, oceans are bearing the brunt of oil spills and marine transportation.
The rate at which waste is being dumped is these sources of water is quite threatening in itself,
and the same contaminated water is used by a large part of the population

There is no doubt about the fact that humans play a major role when it comes to pollution, but it
seems like we are not aware of the fact that we ourselves are not safe from the hazardous
effects of the same. All the biological and physical components of the planet are related to each
other, such that harm to any of these components has the tendency of triggering a domino
effect on various other components. The end result is large-scale destruction. The effects of
environmental pollutants on humans and other life forms on the planet have already started to
surface, and they are only going to worsen with time.
Air pollution can trigger a number of environmental hazards, including global warming, depletion
of the ozone layer, increase in ultraviolet radiations, acid rain, etc. Water pollution, on the other
hand, is resulting in habitat destruction for a number of species which inhabit various water
bodies. While some species have already been driven to extinction (the Pink Dolphin for
instance), others are battling for their survival. Other than agricultural crops, soil contamination
is affecting a number of plant species growing on the planet. The fact that we are dependent on
plants and animals for a large number of our daily needs only implies that our existence on the
planet is dependent on their existence.

It's high time we acknowledge the fact that we are the ones who are responsible for this mess,
and being the most intelligent species, the onus is on us to take the initiative to save our planet.
The need of the hour is to get into a damage-control mode to save the environment. That,
however, is only possible when we realize that the pollution of various biological and physical
components of environment is affecting us and threatening our existence

The effects of air pollution on humans are quite severe. It is considered the main cause of ever
rising cases of respiratory system problems and diseases, like asthma and cancer. As for the
effects of water pollution, these include a large number of water-borne diseases, ranging from
diarrhea and vomiting to gastroenteritis and typhoid. Heavy metals, pesticides, and other such
contaminants can also affect our body. They can cause hormonal problems and even damage
our nervous system. Pesticides enter our body through the food items that we consume,
especially those which are grown in contaminated soil. The health hazards associated with
consumption of fruits or vegetables grown in contaminated soil include constant headaches,
nausea, and serious damage to the brain, liver, etc. Similarly, the effects of noise pollution
include hearing problems, sleep disturbance, mental illnesses, etc.

A. It's high time we acknowledge the fact that we are the ones who are responsible for this
mess, and being the most intelligent species, the onus is on us to take the initiative to
save our planet. The need of the hour is to get into a damage-control mode to save the
environment. That, however, is only possible when we realize that the pollution of
various biological and physical components of environment is affecting us and
threatening our existence.

13 . The text tells us about .

A. Pollution
 B. Effect
C. Human error
D. Cause of pollution
E. Cause and effect of pollution

14 . The difference between the third and seventh paragraph .

A. Cause and effect

B. Cause and cause
C. Effect and cause
D. Effect and effect
E. Effect , cause and effect .

15 . There …………….. types of pollution .

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6

16. and soil pollution or land pollution is caused as a result of contamination of soil due to the
introduction of chemicals in the same . The underlined word means .

A. However
B. Therefore
C. Otherwise
D. Because of
E. Consequently .

17. The main idea of the first paragraph is ….

A. Source of pollution
B. Cause of pollution
C. Kinds of pollution
D. The effect of pollution
E. The history of pollution .

18. From the text , We make conclusion .

A. we realize that the pollution of various biological and physical components of

environment is affecting us and threatening our existence.
B. We must realize that pollution is belongs to govern issue
 C. We must attack the perpetrator.
D. We give the knowledge to perpetrator
E. We thank to God

There is absolutely no problem and nothing wrong with using social media. Some
people use it to check updates from their friends and to stay connected. Some
people use it for entertainment and to kill time.

The problem comes when someone becomes addicted to social media and
overspends their time on those platforms, as a result, their bad habit serious
affected their lives in a negative way. And this is obviously something that you
want to avoid.

Let’s take Facebook as an example. Facebook is the biggest social media and
used by the most people in the world. It has 1.13 billion daily active users and if it
represents a country, it will be the most populated country in the world.

More importantly, Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg said that on average,

people would spend about 50 minutes a day on Facebook, Instagram, and also
the messenger platform. Well, 50 minutes a day does not sound like much.

However, you should understand that there are only 24 hours a day, and an
average person sleeps about 8 hours, and this means that one-sixteenth of an
average person’s waking time is spent on Facebook.

Spending 50 minutes a day on Facebook will accumulate and become an

extremely time-consuming activity that will eat up most of your life.

Do you know that studies have shown that people read only about 19 minutes a
day on average and most people spend only about 17 minutes in sports or
exercise each day? It is unacceptable to see people spend more time on
Facebook than they do on exercise and reading for improvement.

And this is one of the main concerns and also the reasons social media addiction
has quickly becoming a hot topic lately.
If you overspend your time on social media like on Facebook, Instagram or
Twitter, you may have become a social media addict, it is just that you did not
know about it.

19 .What does the writer plan with the text?

A. To inform about the social media

B. To persuade the readers

C. To share about the benefit social media

D. To discuss two points of view social media

E. To discuss about negative of social media

20. The main idea of the fifth paragraph is __________

A. Disadvantages

B. Advantages

C. Discussion

D. Sharing problem

E. Purpose of social media

21 . Their bad habit serious affected their lives in a negative way.The underlined
word means .

A. Positive

B. Problem
 C. Impacted

D. Rejected

E. Killed .

I found a love for me

Darling, just dive right in and follow my lead
Well, I found a girl, beautiful and sweet

Oh, I never knew you were the someone waiting for me

'Cause we were just kids when we fell in love
Not knowing what it was
I will not give you up this time
But darling, just kiss me slow, your heart is all I own
And in your eyes you're holding mine

Baby, I'm dancing in the dark with you between my arms

Barefoot on the grass, listening to our favorite song
When you said you looked a mess, I whispered underneath my breath
But you heard it, darling, you look perfect tonight

Well I found a woman, stronger than anyone I know

She shares my dreams, I hope that someday I'll share her home
I found a love, to carry more than just my secrets
To carry love, to carry children of our own
We are still kids, but we're so in love
Fighting against all odds
I know we'll be alright this time
Darling, just hold my hand
Be my girl, I'll be your man
I see my future in your eyes

Baby, I'm dancing in the dark, with you between my arms

Barefoot on the grass, listening to our favorite song
When you saw you in that dress, looking so beautiful
I don't deserve this, darling, you look perfect tonight

Baby, I'm dancing in the dark, with you between my arms

Barefoot in the grass, listening to our favorite song
I have faith in what I see
Now I know I have met an angel in person
And she looks perfect, no I don't deserve this
You look perfect tonight

22 What is the message of the song ?

A. It tells us a story of bad love
B. It tell us a story of sad and happy love
C. It tells a story of love since these two were kids and even now Ed
wants to spend his lifetime with this woman
D. The writer was sad when they met each other
E. It tells a story of love and ends it now
23 If He had gotten good opportunity , ______________________________
A. He got married with her
B. He gets married with her
C. He will get married with her
D. He is getting married with her
E. He would have gotten married with her

24 After we listen to the song, We know that the lady ______________ by him

A. Had been married

B. Was being married
C. Will be married
D. Having been married
E. Has been married

Why Is Reading Important?

1. Reading is fundamental to functioning in today's society. There are many adults who cannot
read well enough to understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. That is a scary thought -
especially for their children. Filling out applications becomes impossible without help. Reading
road or warning signs is difficult. Even following a map becomes a chore. Day-to-day activities
that many people take for granted become a source of frustration, anger and fear.
2. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. Many well-paying jobs require reading as a part
of job performance. There are reports and memos which must be read and responded to. Poor
reading skills increases the amount of time it takes to absorb and react in the workplace. A
person is limited in what they can accomplish without good reading and comprehension skills.

3. Reading is important because it develops the mind. The mind is a muscle. It needs exercise.
Understanding the written word is one way the mind grows in its ability. Teaching young
children to read helps them develop their language skills. It also helps them learn to listen.
Everybody wants to talk, but few can really listen. Lack of listening skills can result in major
misunderstandings which can lead to job loss, marriage breakup, and other disasters - small and
great. Reading helps children [and adults] focus on what someone else is communicating.

4. Why is reading important? It is how we discover new things. Books, magazines and even the
Internet are great learning tools which require the ability to read and understand what is read. A
person who knows how to read can educate themselves in any area of life they are interested in.
We live in an age where we overflow with information, but reading is the main way to take
advantage of it.

5. Reading develops the imagination. TV and computer games have their place, but they are
more like amusement. Amusement comes from two words "a" [non] and "muse" [think].
Amusement is non-thinking activities. With reading, a person can go anywhere in the world...or
even out of it! They can be a king, or an adventurer, or a princess, or... The possibilities are
endless. Non-readers never experience these joys to the same extent.

6. In line with the above, reading develops the creative side of people. When reading to children, stop
every once in awhile and ask them what they think is going to happen next. Get them thinking about
the story. When it is finished, ask if they could think of a better ending or anything that would have
improved it. If they really liked the story, encourage them to illustrate it with their own drawings or to
make up a different story with the same characters. Get the creative juices flowing!.

25 The purpose of the text is ……………

A. To explain that the importance of reading
B. Describe the positive effects of reading
C. To share information about the effects of the importance of reading
D. To persuade the readers the importance of reading
E. To present the reasons why reading is very important
26 .We compare the third and the forth paragraphs ?

A. The mind is a muscle. It needs exercise. Understanding the written word is one way the
mind grows in its ability : the forth tells that Books, magazines and even the Internet are
great learning tools which require the ability to read and understand what is read.
B. The mind is a muscle. It needs exercise. Understanding the written word is one way the
mind grows in its ability . the forth tells is a vital skill in finding a good job. Many well-
paying jobs require reading as a part of job performance.
C. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. Many well-paying jobs require reading as a
part of job performance . .the forth tells Amusement comes from two words "a" [non] and
"muse" [think]. Amusement is non-thinking activities.
D. Amusement comes from two words "a" [non] and "muse" [think]. Amusement is non-
thinking activities : the forth tells .
E. When reading to children, stop every once in awhile and ask them what they think is going to
happen next; the forth tells ,Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. Many well-paying
jobs require reading as a part of job performance .

27 . The students must read lots of books ___________ they can finish his/her assignments.

A. However
B. Moreover
C. Otherwise
D. Therefore
E. Yet

28 After we read the passage above, we make conclusion, that reading,

A. Students become happy

B. Students can solve his / her problem by reading books
C. The writer makes his/her library
D. The writer can sell books
E. The writer must study hard.

RACHEL WILLIAM

Hiring Manager
Stjob Ltd

120 Vyse Street , Birmingham

Dear Ms Williams

I was very excited to see your vacancy for a Sales Management Executive which was advertised
yesterday on the www.stjobs.sg website. I am a well qualified in sales management who would be an
excellent choice for this position.

I have an ability to grow with a job, handle responsibility and build positive relationships with
customers and work colleagues. My present employer is very satisfied with my work rate, and I am
confident that I can bring the same level of high performance to your company.

Beyond that which is already mentioned in my attached resume, I am someone who is able to
gather data and client’s objectives. I feel certain that my strong communication skills coupled with my
ability to develop new customers will be of immediate value to your company.

I very much hope that you will look favorably upon my application by recognizing my
enthusiasm, talents in the field of sales management and my future potential. I would dearly like to further
discuss the scope of this position, with you in person, and would welcome the chance of a meeting.

Thank you in advance for your time and consideration.

Yours sincerely,

Adam Aprilio

29 What is the text about ...

A. Offering letter
B. Ordering letter
C. Complaint letter
D. Application letter
E. Personal letter

30 How does Adam Aprilio know about the job vacancy ...
A. From Rachel William
B. From daily newspaper
C. From website
D. From his friend
E. From the magazine
FLOODS

Flood is a natural phenomenon which is the water from all the water sources on the earth over flaw on
resident living places. Flood is a dangerous disaster for human living. Sometimes, flood caused by the
human activities. Flood happens in all part of the world. How is the process of flood?

Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water such as a river, lake, or ocean.
Raining in high intensity and continually along day is the major case of flooding cause. Regions that have
two seasons (near the equator) tend to have raining longer than regions which have four seasons (about
six months).

Besides, soil density also influences the incident of flood. Water from the rain can’t be absorbed
perfectly by the soil. While this happens, the depth of water above the surface will higher and higher.
Then it drowns the surrounding area: office, houses, school, rice field, etc. Flood like this often occur in
urban areas.

Floods can be caused by two things, can result from human activity or natural phenomena result from
the extreme form of prolonged rain. The main cause of most of the flooding is the excessive rainfall. The
rain may occur seasonally-region covering large areas, or from local storm producing rainfall of high
intensity. Most floods are caused by the processes of the atmosphere or the ocean and high speed air
currents. Melting snow (happens in the 4-seasons State) is another major cause of flooding.
On the other hand, human activities can also be a potential disaster such as floods and forest logging
that is getting crowded. For the classically logging, though not exactly true, the main suspect of flooding
are farmers, who cut down forests in upstream watershed. Settlement and compacting the soil does not
give a chance of rain water to seep into the ground. Most water, then flow on the ground. Moreover,
the river is supported by an increasingly shallow and narrow river crowded with inhabitants, and the
blockage of water upstream area. Then came the flood. In fact, once the flood happens in an area, the
next flood will be easier again. Because the pore surface covered with mud so that the soil water is not
able to penetrate.
Floods can cause some losses, both moral and material. As property in the form of electronic devices
can not be used anymore because of submerged and other household equipment that is damaged.
Floods that are not too big do not give too bad impact to human lives. But if the flood disaster in a large
scale, it can also impact on human life.
Year to year, human always make development that cover the soil without green places in any urban
areas. Human only want to get much advantages from that without think about how the effect from
their do. Factory also has contribution in making flood. Factory and human littering the river that
obstruct water circulation.

So, what we can do ? We must cooperate with government in Increasing the green areas, make laws of
illegal logging and changing people's behavior to not make the river as a giant trash. Participation of all
elements of society must be organized and coordinated in order to run effectively. A community
organization should be formed to take early action and organize public participation in flood mitigation.