Physical Education

Physical Education Project
Topic : Indoor and Outdoor

Sports
Name – Kunal Agrawal
Roll No. – 25
111
Indoor and Outdoor Sports
Index
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Types of Sports
 Table Tennis (indoor)
 Boxing (indoor)
 Cricket (outdoor)
 Football (outdoor)
 Bibliography
2
JAIPURIAR SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
of class XI-A has satisfactorily completed

‘Physical Education Project’ for the year 2018-19.
Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner
3
Acknowledgement
I would like to express gratitude to my physical education
teacher as well as the Principal of my school who gave me
opportunity to do this interesting project.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me to complete the project.
4
Introduction
Sport includes all forms of competitive physical
activity or games which, through casual or organised
participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability
and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in
some cases, entertainment for spectators.
Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single
contestants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous
participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In
certain sports such as racing, many contestants may
compete, simultaneously or consecutively, with one winner;
in others, the contest (a match) is between two sides, each
attempting to exceed the other.
5
Types of Sports
Sports are classified into two types on the basis of area and
place of play:
1. Indoor sports - Indoor games and sports are a variety of
structured forms of play or competitive physical activity,
typically carried out either in the home or in specially
constructed indoor facilities. For example, table tennis,
boxing, badminton, squash etc.
2. Outdoor sports – Outdoor games and sports are a
variety of structured forms of play or competitive
physical activity, typically carried out in a large play area
outside homes. For example, cricket, football, baseball,
beach volleyball etc.
6
Table Tennis
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is an indoor sport in
which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth
across a table using small rackets. The game takes place on a
hard table divided by a net.
Table tennis is governed by the worldwide
organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF),
founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 226 member
associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in
the ITTF handbook. Table tennis has been an Olympic
sport since 1988, with several event categories.
7
History:
The sport originated in Victorian England, where it was
played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour
game. The name "ping-pong" was in wide use before British
manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The
name "ping-pong" then came to describe the game played
using the rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other
manufacturers calling it table tennis.
In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded, and in
1926 renamed the English Table Tennis
Association. The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
followed in 1926. London hosted the first official World
Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table
Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was
formed. Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at
the Olympics in 1988.
Equipments:
1. Ball
2. Table
3. Racket / paddle
8
Rules:
1. The table shall be made of any material and shall yield a
uniform bounce of about 23 cm when a standard ball is
dropped from a height of 30 cm above the surface.
2. The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each
end to an upright post 15.25 cm high, the outside limits
of the post being 15.25 cm outside the side lines.
3. The ball shall be spherical, with a diameter of 40 mm.
The ball shall weigh 2.7 gm.
4. The racquet may be of any size, shape, or weight but the
blade shall be flat and rigid.
5. Service shall start with the ball resting freely on the
open palm of the server's stationary free hand.
6. If, in attempting to serve, a player fails to strike the ball
while it is in play, his opponent will be awarded a point.
7. A rally is a let if in service, the ball, in passing over or
around the net assembly, touches it, provided the serve
is otherwise good or is obstructed by the receiver or his
partner.
8. Unless the rally is a let a player shall score the point if
his opponent fails to make a good service or a good
return.
9. A game shall be won by the player or pair first scoring 11
points unless both players and pairs score 10 points,
when the game shall be won by the first player or pair
subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points.
9
Procedure:
1. Ping pong is played over a pre-agreed number of games
and the first to 11 points wins each game.
2. The toss of a coin or another form of lot-drawing
determines which of the players shall serve first.
3. Each table tennis player serves twice in turn and serves
must be made from an open palm, the ball tossed six
inches then struck so it bounces on the service side,
clears the net, then bounces on the receiver’s side.
4. Points are decided as described above and games must
be won by two clear points. At 10-10 each player serves
once only, in turn, until one player established a two
point lead and wins the game.
5. After each game the players rotate both the end of the
table from which they are playing as well as who serves
and receives the ball first.
6. In the deciding game of a match the players swap ends
after either player reaches five points.
10
Boxing
Boxing is a combat indoor sport in which two people, usually
wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other for a
predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring. Amateur
boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport
and is a common fixture in most international games—it also
has its own World Championships. Boxing is overseen by
a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals
called rounds.
The result is decided when an opponent is deemed incapable
to continue by a referee, is disqualified for breaking a rule, or
resigns by throwing in a towel. If a fight completes all of its
allocated rounds, the victor is determined by judges'
scorecards at the end of the contest.
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History:
The earliest known depiction of boxing comes from
a Sumerian relief in Iraq from the 3rd millennium BC. Later
depictions from the 2nd millennium BC are found in reliefs
from the Mesopotamian nations of Assyria and Babylonia,
and in Hittite art from Asia Minor.
Various types of boxing existed in ancient India. The earliest
references to musti-yuddha come from classical Vedic
epics such as the Ramayana and the Rig Veda. In Ancient
Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed
consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first
introduced in the 23rd Olympiad, 688 BC. Boxing was a
popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. Fighting events
were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of
boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators
who gathered at such events.
Equipments:
1. Gloves
2. Hand wraps
3. Head gear
4. Abdominal boxing protector
12
Rules:
1. The opponents in any one contest must be engaged at
the same weight.
2. In all contests the number of rounds shall be specified.
No contest shall exceed 12 rounds nor be less than 8
minutes of actual boxing. Rounds shall be of 3 minute
duration with an interval between each round of 1
minute.
3. All contests shall be decided in a four-rope ring no less
than 16 foot and no more than 20 foot square.
4. Boxing gloves are 8 ounces in weight for contests from
flyweight to welterweight and 10 ounces for contests
from light-middleweight upwards.
5. Should a boxer go down to the floor as the result of a
legitimate blow, the timekeeper will count off the
seconds strictly in accordance with his watch - 20
seconds unassisted if the boxer falls out of the ring, 10
seconds unassisted from off the canvas.
6. You cannot hit below the belt, hold, trip, kick, head
butt, wrestle, bite, spit on or push your opponent.
7. You cannot hit with your head, shoulder, forearm or
elbow.
13
Procedure:
1. A boxing match typically consists of a determined
number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 9 to 12
rounds. A minute is typically spent between each round
with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving
advice and attention from their coach and staff. The
fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring
to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on
their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters,
and rule on fouls.
2. A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds
passes is decided by the judges, and is said to "go the
distance". The fighter with the higher score at the end of
the fight is ruled the winner.
3. If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined
by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the
ring with any part of their body other than the feet as a
result of the opponent's punch and not a slip, as
determined by the referee, the referee begins counting
until the fighter returns to his or her feet and can
continue.
4. Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down
boxer is ruled "knocked out" (whether unconscious or
not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner
by knockout (KO). A "technical knock-out" (TKO) is
possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor,
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or a fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely

continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged
unable to effectively defend themselves.
5. When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must
immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest
neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either
ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.
15
Cricket
Cricket is an outdoor bat-and-ball game played between two
teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a
20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each
comprising two bails balanced on three stumps.
The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the
wicket with the bat, while the bowling and fielding side tries
to prevent this and dismiss each player (so they are "out").
Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits
the stumps and dislodge the bails, and by the fielding side
catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hit the
ground. When ten players have been dismissed, the innings
ends and the teams swap roles.
16
History:
It is generally believed that cricket originated as a children's
game in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime
during the medieval period.
Although the main object of the game has always been to
score the most runs, the early form of cricket differed from
the modern game in certain key technical aspects.
The ball was bowled underarm by the bowler and all along
the ground towards a batsman armed with a bat that, in
shape, resembled a hockey stick; the batsman defended a
low, two-stump wicket; and runs were called "notches"
because the scorers recorded them by notching tally sticks.
The last two decades before the First World War have been
called the "Golden Age of cricket". It is a nostalgic name
prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the
war, but the period did produce some great players and
memorable matches, especially as organised competition at
county and Test level developed.
Equipments:
1. Ball 6. Gloves
2. Bat 7. Other protective gear
3. Stumps
4. Bails
5. Helmet
17
Rules:
1. Each team has 11 players on the field. One of a team's
11 players is the team captain.
2. Umpire is the final authority in play decisions.
3. The bowler bowls the cricket ball to the striker. If the
latter hits it and misses, the ball is considered
completed. After the bowler delivers six balls, he has
completed an "over."
4. Teams may agree to play two innings and limit the
number of hours they will be on the field.
5. Should fielders neglect to throw the ball back; the
batsmen will continue taking runs. If the ball rolls to the
boundary of the field, the runs already completed are
added to the automatic four-run score a boundary hit
earns.
6. Cricket recognizes that a batsman's ability to hit the
fence with a bowled ball should equal four runs. If the
ball goes beyond the boundary fence, the batsman
scores six runs.
7. In order to curtail time wasting, a new batsman is out of
the game if it takes him longer than two minutes to take
the field after a wicket fall.
8. The team captain may choose to place team members in
a number of field positions. Each captain uses this
strategy to the advantage of the team and to throw off
the strategy of the opposing team.
18
Procedure:
1. Two batsmen from the batting-side and 11 players from
the fielding-side take positions. Two umpires also join
them on the field. One stands at the pitch and the other
on leg-side.
2. Suppose A and B are two teams playing a limited over
cricket match. Captain of A wins the toss and elects to
bat first.
3. The game starts with bowler from B team bowling to
the first batsman of A team. They are usually
called opening-bowler and opening-batsman. The first
two batsmen are called openers as they start the
innings of their team.
4. The batsmen hits the balls bowled at them and score
runs. Fielders attempt to stop the balls that were hit
and even catch them to get the batsmen out.
5. Each bowler bowls 6 legal deliveries to call it an over.
6. The bowling and batting ends change after every over.
The non-striker at the end of every over becomes the
striker of the next over.
7. The wicket-keeper has to change ends after completion
of each over. In general, the keeper stands far from
stumps when a fast bowler is bowling and closer to
stumps when a spinner is in action.
8. Once a batsman is out, he has to walk out of the field
and a new batsman comes to the crease. An innings is
19
regarded as complete if all the batsmen of team A are

out or team B has bowled their full quota of overs.
9. Now, team B comes on to bat in the second innings to
chase the target set by team A.
10. Team B is accorded as winners if they achieve the
target else, A is victorious.
11. If the scores are level at the end of match, then it is
called a tie.
20
Football
Association football, more commonly known
as football or soccer, is an outdoor team sport played with a
spherical ball between two teams of eleven players. It is
played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and
dependencies, making it the world's most popular sport. The
game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with
a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by
moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal.
Association football is governed internationally by
the International Federation of Association
Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football
Association), which organises World Cups for
both men and women every four years.
21
History:
According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive
game cuju (literally "kick ball") is the earliest form of football
for which there is evidence. Cuju players could use any part of
the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball
through an opening into a net.
Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of
an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at
the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on
the UEFA European Championship Cup.
The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which
was founded by C.W. Alcock and has been contested by
English teams since 1872. The first official international
football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and
England in Glasgow.
Equipments:
1. Uniform 9. Gear bag
2. Practice clothes
3. Soccer cleats
4. Shin guards
5. Soccer socks
6. Ball
7. Goalkeeper gloves
8. Water bottle
22
Rules:
1. The pitch must be a rectangle, marked with touchlines,
goal lines and areas, a halfway line, a centre circle,
penalty areas, spots, arcs corner arcs and flag post. The
acceptable dimensions of a football field are 90-
120meters length by 45-90meters width.
2. The ball that will be used in a game must have a
diameter of 68-70 cm (27-28in), weight between 410-
450g (14-16oz) and must have an internal pressure of
between 0.6 and 1.1 atmospheres at sea level.
3. A football match consists of two teams of not more than
11 players each including a goalkeeper. An outfield
player may swap with the goalkeeper during a stoppage
of play.
4. All players must wear a shirt, socks, shorts, shin pads or
shin guards and football boots. Goalkeepers from both
teams should wear gloves and jerseys that distinguish
them from their own team, opponents and from the
officials.
5. Every game must be controlled by a referee whose role
is to ensure that all rules are followed and punish those
who do not adhere as well as stopping and starting the
game as is necessary.
6. A football match is played for two sessions, 45 minutes
each with a break of 15 minutes maximum in between.
Additional minutes or injury time may be added at the
23
end of the game to cater for time lost caring for injured
players.
7. A coin is tossed by the captains of the competing teams
and the team to start the game predetermined. A kick-
off between two members of a team then starts the
game at the centre circle. After halftime, the opposing
team begins the match.
8. A goal is scored when the ball has completely crossed
the goal line between the goalposts and under the
crossbar, provided that no other infringements have
taken place. The team with the most goals wins.
9. The referee decides on the deserving punishment
depending on how extreme a foul is. A foul has been
committed if a player trips, kicks, pushes, charges
another player recklessly, striking of any kind (punching,
head butting, elbowing, kneeing, choking including
biting), attempts to strike or spits at an opponent,
makes a tackle but connects with the player before the
ball, deliberately handles the ball (except for the
goalkeepers), obstructs an opponent or prevents them
from releasing the ball. These include issuing red and
yellow cards to those at fault and giving free kicks,
throw-ins or penalties to the opposing team.
24
Procedure:
1. Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the
ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and
under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that
has scored more goals at the end of the game is the
winner.
2. Players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately
handle the ball with their hands or arms during play,
though they must use both their hands during a throw-
in restart.
3. Players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities
through individual control of the ball, such as
by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by
taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the
opposing goalkeeper.
4. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by
intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in
possession of the ball; however, physical contact
between opponents is restricted.
5. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play
stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or
when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement
of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a
specified restart.
6. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player
positions other than goalkeeper, but a number
25
of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include

three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main
task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in
preventing their opponents from scoring;
and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and
keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on
their team.
7. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield
players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These
positions are further subdivided according to the area of
the field in which the player spends most time.
8. The number of players in each position determines the
style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer
defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-
minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more
defensive style of play. While players typically spend
most of the game in a specific position, there are few
restrictions on player movement, and players can switch
positions at any time.
26
Bibliography
 Lab Manual – Health and Physical Education by Dr. VK
Sharma
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.rulesofsport.com
27

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Physical Education

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Physical Education Project

Topic : Indoor and Outdoor

of class XI-A has satisfactorily completed

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

or a fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely

regarded as complete if all the batsmen of team A are

of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include

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