Log Interpreation Charts PDF

Baker Hughes INTEQ
Log Interpretation Charts
Reference Manual
750-500-083 Rev. A April 1998
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Technical Communications Group
P.O. Box 670968
Houston, TX 77267-0968
USA
713-625-4694
This manual is provided without any warranty of any kind, either expressed
or implied. The information in this document is believed to be accurate;
however, Baker Hughes INTEQ will not be liable for any damages, whether
direct or indirect, which results from the use of any information contained
herein.
© 1997 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
MWD Formation Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Chapter 2
General Charts
Data Density vs. ROP for RWD Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Data Density vs. ROP for RWD Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Estimation of Static Formation Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Estimation of Formation Temperature
and Geothermal Gradient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Resistivity of Brine (Saline) Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Resistivity (Salinity) of Brine Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Determining Rxo in Clean Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Determination of Rxo (Clean Formation-Archie Equation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Determination of Rxo (Clean Formation - Humble Equation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Chapter 3
Natural Gamma Ray
Natural Gamma Ray Correction for Potassium-Based Muds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Tool: 6-3/4” Service: DG, DDG, DPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Tool: 6-3/4” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Tool: 7-3/4” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Tool: 8-1/4” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Tool: 9-1/2” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Tool: 6-3/4” Service: Mod FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Reference Guide i
750-500-083 Rev. A / April 1998 Confidential
Table of Contents FEMWD Chart Book
Natural Gamma Ray Correction for Borehole Diameter and Mud Density. . . . . 3-15
Tool: 6-3/4” Service: DG, DDG, DPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Tool: 6-3/4” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
Tool: 7-3/4” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Tool: 8-1/4” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Tool: 9-1/2” Service: RGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
Chapter 4
Short Normal Resistivity
Correction for Borehole Diameter and Mud Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
DHA: 6-3/4” Configuration: RGD (Standard Insulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
DHA: 6-3/4” Configuration: RGD-XI (Extended Insulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
DHA: 9-1/2” Configuration: RGD-XI (Extended Insulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Chapter 5
Dual Propagation Resistivity
Borehole Diameter and Mud Resistivity
Correction Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Borehole Diameter & Mud Resistivity Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 8-1/2”: Resistivity: Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 8-1/2” Resistivity: Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 9-7/8” Resistivity: Phase Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 9-7/8” Resistivity: Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 10-1/2” Resistivity: Phase Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 10-1/2” Resistivity: Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 12-1/4” Resistivity: Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 13-1/2” Resistivity: Phase Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
ii Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential 750-500-083 Rev. A / April 1998
FEMWD Chart Book Table of Contents

DHA: 7-3/4” Borehole:17-1/2” Resistivity: Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
DHA: 8-1/4” Borehole: 16” Resistivity: Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
DHA: 8-1/4” Borehole: 16” Resistivity: Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
DHA:9-1/2” Borehole: 16” Resistivity: Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47
Reference Guide iii

Sub-Section 5.2 - Bed Thickness Correction Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57

Dual Propagation Resistivity Bed Thickness Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
Rshoulder = 0.2 ohm-m Resistivity: Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Rshoulder = 0.2 ohm-m Resistivity: Attenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
Rshoulder = 10.0 ohm-m Resistivity: Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-68
Rshoulder = 10.0 ohm-m Resistivity: Attenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-69
Sub-Section 5.3 - Invasion Correction Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-74
Dual Propagation Resistivity Invasion Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-74
Rxo = 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-76
Rxo = 0.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-77
Rxo = 0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-78
Rxo = 0.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-79
Rxo = 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-80
Rxo = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-81
Rxo = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-82
Rxo = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-83
Rxo = 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-84
Rxo = 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85
Rxo = 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-86
Rxo = 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-87
Rxo = 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-88
Rxo = 1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-89
Sub-Section 5.4 - Dielectric Constant Correction Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-90
Dual Propagation Resistivity Dielectric Constant Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-90
Resistivity: Phase Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-91
Resistivity: Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-92
Sub-Section 5.5 - Eccentering Correction Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-93
Correction for Eccentered Tools within Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-93
Tool: 6-3/4” Stabilizer: 8-1/2” Rm: 0.02 Ωm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-95
Tool: 6-3/4” Stabilizer: 8-1/2” Rm: 0.1 Ωm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-96
iv Baker Hughes INTEQ

FEMWD Chart Book Table of Contents

Tool: 6-3/4” Stabilizer: 8-1/2” Rm: 2000 Ωm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-100
Tool: 7-3/4” Stabilizer: 9-7/8” Rm: 0.02 Ωm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-101
Tool: 7-3/4” Stabilizer: 9-7/8” Rm: 2000 Ωm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-106
Tool: 8-1/4” Stabilizer: 12-1/4” Rm: 0.02 Ωm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-107
Tool: 8-1/4” Stabilizer: 12-1/4” Rm: 2000 Ωm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-112
Tool: 9-1/2” Stabilizer: 17-1/2” Rm: 0.02 Ωm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-113
Tool: 9-1/2” Stabilizer: 17-1/2” Rm: 2000 Ωm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-118
Chapter 6
Lithology Conversion for Neutron Porosity Measurements
6-3/4” Neutron Porosity Lithology Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Lithology and Porosity Determination from Neutron-Density Crossplot . . . . . . . . 6-3
6-3/4” Neutron-Density Crossplot
Fluid Density: 1.0 g/cc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Neutron Porosity Mud Density Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
6-3/4” Neutron Porosity
Mud Density Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Neutron Porosity Borehole Salinity Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Borehole Salinity Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Neutron Porosity Temperature and Pressure Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Water Density Calculated from Temperature and Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Neutron Porosity
Temperature/Pressure Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Reference Guide v
Chapter 7
Lithology and Porosity Determination from Bulk Density and Pe
Lithology and Porosity Determination from Bulk Density and Pe . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Determining Porosity from Bulk Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Porosity from Bulk Density
Chapter 8
Downhole Assembly Diagrams
Directional DHA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Directional-Gamma DHA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Directional Dynamics-Gamma DHA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Resistivity-Gamma-Directional DHA’s - (Standard Configuration). . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Dual Propagation Resistivity DHA’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Modular Neutron Porosity DHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Modular Density / Lithology DHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Chapter 9
Mnemonics, Glossary and Conversions
Baker Hughes Data Mnemonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Glossary of Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
General Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
vi Baker Hughes INTEQ

Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter describes the basics of the FEMWD Chart

Book.
Purpose
This edition of the Log Interpretation Charts and Technical Data describes
Baker Hughes measurement-while-drilling (MWD) sensors currently in use
and provides corrections to MWD measurements, under normal operating
conditions, for various borehole and formation environmental situations. The
enclosed tool charts were designed for natural gamma ray (Geiger-Mueller and
scintillator), short-normal resistivity, Dual Propagation ResistivitySM (DPR),
neutron porosity (MNP), and density (MDL) MWD sensors. Charts for special
situations are available upon request.
MWD Formation Evaluation

In recent years, available MWD services have expanded to offer measurements
that can be used for formation evaluation. The development of these new
MWD tools is rapidly narrowing the gap between information available from
conventional wireline services and information available from MWD.
Formation evaluation services available during the drilling of a well allow
critical geologic and engineering decisions to be made with information
acquired a few feet away from the drill bit. For more detailed formation
analyses, high density recorded-while-drilling (RWD) data can be retrieved
from the tool memory during a trip.
Applications
MWD formation evaluation logs can be used to evaluate formation
characteristics both qualitatively and quantitatively. Several applications of
these data are described below.
• MWD Quality Control Look (QCLook) Formation Evaluation - MWD
analysis of bulk volume, fluid saturation and formation porosity facilitate
Reference Guide 1-1

Introduction FEMWD Chart Book
timely decisions for further formation evaluation, completion designs,

geological mapping, and well planning.
• Detailed Correlation - Real-time data permits wellsite correlation as the
formation is drilled and provides information about the drilling
assembly’s location in the stratigraphic section.
• Lithology Identification - MWD measurements can be used in the same
manner as comparable wireline measurements to identify lithology. The
excellent vertical resolution of MWD logs permits recognition of
variation in lithology occurring over relatively small intervals.
• Coring Point Selection- Formation evaluation data that are available
during drilling can be used to select coring points. Accurate core depth
selection provides maximum geological control and results in fewer core
runs.
• Accurate Measurement - MWD measurements are normally taken before
major borehole washout or drilling fluid invasion has occurred.
Therefore, the accuracy of MWD formation evaluation data is not
generally compromised by extensive borehole corrections.
• Hydrocarbon Identification - MWD resistivity and neutron porosity
measurements can be used to identify pay zones soon after they are
drilled. Gas/oil/water contacts can be determined before they are masked
by the effects of invasion and prior to pulling the bit.
• Pore Pressure Analysis - Quantitative estimates of pore pressure can be
made from MWD resistivity data, providing real-time information for
use in hazard avoidance and mud density control.
• Thin Bed Detection - The vertical resolution of MWD data is generally
superior to that of comparable wireline logs. Beds as thin as 0.1 meters
can be detected on the phase difference resistivity (RPD) curve, and more
complete analysis can be performed on beds as thin as 0.5 meter using a
combination of MWD gamma ray, resistivity, neutron porosity, and
density measurements.
1-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Chapter 2
General Charts
This chapter describes the general charts used in the

FEMWD.
Data Density vs. ROP for RWD Measurements

MWD logging sensors are programmed to take measurements at regular time
intervals. As a result, MWD data density (number of samples per foot) varies
with drilling rate, and data points are irregularly spaced. Effective vertical
resolution of the resulting log is therefore a function of both data density and
the inherent vertical resolution of the particular sensor.
Standard downhole acquisition time (AT) intervals are five seconds for the
gamma ray, phase difference resistivity, and amplitude ratio resistivity
measurements and thirty seconds for the neutron porosity and density
measurements. Nonstandard acquisition times can be selected at the wellsite
for special applications, such as very slow drilling rates.
Chart GEN-1 provides sensor data density at standard acquisition time
intervals and various rates of penetration (ROPs). The data density values
calculated using this chart reflect the density of data stored in downhole
memory, or recorded-while-drilling (RWD) data. To determine RWD data
density, project a line upward from the appropriate value for ROP to the line
representing the acquisition time of the applicable sensor. Read the value from
the data density scale at this point of intersection.
Example: Determine the RWD data density at an acquisition time of 30
seconds and an ROP of 40 ft/hr.
Solution: 3 samples/ft.
Reference Guide 2-1

General Charts FEMWD Chart Book
Data Density vs. ROP for RWD Measurements
(Number of Values Stored Per Foot or Meter)

Data Density (RWD)
(m/Hr)
Rate of Penetration
GEN-1
DD vs. ROP

FEMWD Chart Book General Charts
Estimation of Static Formation Temperature

The adjacent chart provides a method for calculating downhole static
formation temperature (Tf) based on the geothermal gradient (GG), mean
surface temperature (Tms), and true vertical depth (TVD). To facilitate general
application, the chart is designed to accommodate the use of both the English
and metric units.
To calculate static formation temperature, select the true vertical depth from
the Y-axis, and project a horizontal line form that point to the line representing
the appropriate geothermal gradient. Project another line downward or upward
(depending on the temperature units used) from this intersection to the
formation temperature scale corresponding to the appropriate mean surface
temperature; the first value on the left of each formation temperature scale
represents the mean surface temperature on which that scale is based. Read the
estimated static formation temperature at the point of intersection with this
scale.
Example: What is the static formation temperature at 15,000 feet (TVD) in
a well with a geothermal gradient of 0.8°F/100 ft and a mean
surface temperature of 60°F?
Solution: 180°F.
Reference Guide 2-3

Estimation of Formation Temperature

and Geothermal Gradient
Mean Surface
Temperature,* Formation Temperature, Tf (°C)
Tms (°C)
True Vertical Depth, D (meters)

True Vertical Depth, D (feet)
Mean Surface
Temperature,*
Tms (°F)
Formation Temperature, Tf (°F)
GEN-2
Form.Temp/Geo Grad.

Resistivity of Brine (Saline) Solutions

The resistivity of a sodium chloride (NaC1) brine solution varies with
temperature; the higher the temperature of a given solution, the lower its
resistivity. The adjacent nomograph can be used to calculate the resistivities of
sodium chloride solutions at various concentrations and temperatures. Brine
salinity is assumed to remain constant as temperature is increased.
On chart GEN-3, start at the appropriate formation temperature (Tf) and
project a straight line through the solution’s NaC1 concentration. Continue this
line to intersect with the resistivity scale, and read the value for resistivity at
that point.
Notes:
1. This nomograph is for use with sodium chloride solutions only and
should not be used to calculate the resistivities of other ionic
solutions (e.g., potassium chloride).
2. If the salinity of the solution is given in ppm C1 ions rather than ppm
NaC1, then a conversion is necessary:
ppm NaC1 = 1.645 x ppm C1-

3. If a sodium chloride solution’s temperature and resistivity are known,
this chart can be used to determine its salinity. Simply draw a line
connecting the two known variables and read the salinity of the
solution at the point where this line intersects the salinity scale.
Example: Determine the resistivity of a brine with a salinity of 5000 ppm

NaC1at a temperature of 150°F.
Solution: 0.58 ohm-meters.
Reference Guide 2-5

Resistivity (Salinity) of Brine Solutions
GEN-3
Resist. Brine Solu.

Determining Rxo in Clean Formations

The resistivity of a flushed zone (Rxo) depends on numerous factors, including
mud fluid properties, formation properties, residual oil, and irreducible water
saturation. The diameter of the flushed zone is also controlled by a complex
combination of factors, such as mud cake thickness, hydrostatic pressure, and
time elapsed between drilling and MWD measurement. Measurements of Rxo
are affected by the tool’s geometric factor and depth of investigation.
The following charts are based on one of the simpler mathematical models for
determining Rxo. These charts are based on the assumption of a clean
formation with known porosity containing no residual oil and completely
flushed with mud filtrate.
Select the desired chart for Rxo calculation based on either the Archie or
Humble equation. Determine the temperature-corrected mud filtrate resistivity
(Rmf) and find this value on the Y-axis. Project a horizontal line to intersect
with the appropriate formation porosity, and read the Rxo value for this point
of intersection from the X-axis.
Example: Determine Rxo for a temperature corrected Rmf of 0.50 ohm-
meters and a formation porosity of 30 P.U. using chart GEN-4
(Archie Equation).
Solution: 5.6 ohm-meters.
Reference Guide 2-7

Determination of Rxo (Clean Formation-Archie Equation)
Porosity%
(Ohm-meters)
Rmf
Rxo = (Rmf)/(φ2)
(Ohm-meters)
GEN-4
Rxo: Archie

Determination of Rxo (Clean Formation - Humble Equation)
(Ohm-meters)
Porosity%
Rmf
Rxo = (0.62) (Rmf)/(φ2.15)

(Ohm-meters)
GEN-5
Rxo: Humble
Reference Guide 2-9

•Notes•

Chapter 3
Natural Gamma Ray
This chapter describes Natural Gamma Ray Processing and

Presentation
The steps for arriving at calibrated and corrected natural gamma ray
measurements are as follows:
1. Calibrate the tool in the maintenance depot with API calibrators.
2. Correct for dark currents.
3. Convert from counts per second to API units.
4. Correct for mud potassium effects.
5. Correct for borehole size, mud weight, and tool type.
Several mnemonics are used when data is presented at some of the above steps.
Several of the steps are combined during the conversion process.
The first stage in processing is for the tool to obtain a base reading in counts
per unit time. This date is given the mnemonic GRB* for Gamma Ray Base
and is in units of counts per unit time.
The second stage is to convert to apparent API units. This is accomplished by
subtracting the dark current and converting from counts per unit time to API
units using the calibration factor measured in the maintenance depot. This data
is given the mnemonic GRA* for Gamma Ray Apparent.
The third and final stage is to normalize the gamma ray to an 8” hole size, 10
pounds per gallon mud weight, and correct for any potassium effects. This data
is given the mnemonic GRC* for Gamma Ray Corrected.
Reference Guide 3-1

750-500-083 Rev. A / March 1998 Confidential
Natural Gamma Ray FEMWD Chart Book
Natural Gamma Ray Correction for Potassium-

Based Muds
All potassium muds contain some amount of the radioactive isotope K-40.
Isotope K-40 emits gamma rays that can be detected by the sensor along with
gamma rays naturally generated by the formation, resulting in an artificially
high gamma ray count. The following charts provide corrections for Baker
Hughes MWD scintillator gamma ray detectors run in wells using potassium-
based muds. Normally all gamma ray corrections, including potassium mud
correction, are automatically applied in the field. Curves labeled “Gamma Ray
Cor”, “GRCX” (pulse transmitted), or “GRCM” (stored in memory) have
been corrected to a borehole diameter of 8.0 inches filled with mud containing
no potassium at a density of 10 ppg.
To determine the required gamma ray correction, select the appropriate chart
based on the type of service and tool size. Select the correct hole size from the
X-axis and project a vertical line to intersect the curve corresponding to the
appropriate mud density. Read the correction factor from the Y-axis at the
point of intersection. Multiply this number by the percent weight of the
potassium in the mud.
To determine the % weight of potassium from pounds per barrel, use the
following relationship(s):
For KCL: %K = 0.0471 + 0.1433 (ppb KCL) - 0.000135 (ppb KCL)2
For KOH: %K = 0.1282 + 0.1901 (ppb KOH) - 0.000261 (ppb KOH)2
For K-Lignite: %K = 0.13 (ppb K-lignite)
The value obtained above is then subtracted from the apparent gamma ray
reading from the log.
Example: Given the following information, determine the corrected API
gamma ray value.
Mud additives: KCL = 20 ppb (pounds per barrel), KOH = 4 ppb
Mud density: 14 ppg
Tool service: DPR
Tool size: 6-3/4”
Borehole size: 12-1/4”
Apparent gamma ray: 141 API units

Confidential 750-500-083 Rev. A / March 1998
FEMWD Chart Book Natural Gamma Ray
1. Determine Total %K by weight:

For KCL: %K = 0.0471 + (0.1433 x 20) - (0.000135 x 202) = 2.8591
For KOH: %K = 0.1282 + (0.1901 x 4) - (0.000261 x 42) = 0.8844
Total %K by weight = 2.8591 + 0.8844 = 3.74
2. Determine Correction factor:
Using chart NGR-1, correction factor is 14.2
3. Determine Correction:
3.74 x 14.2 = 53.1 API units
Solution: MWD API Gamma Ray (cor) = 141 - 53.1 = 87.9 API units
Reference Guide 3-3

Natural Gamma Ray

Corrections for Potassium-Based Muds
Tool: 6-3/4” Service: DG, DDG, DPR
GR Correction Factor (1% K)
Borehole Size (inches)
NGR-1
6-3/4:DG, DDG, DPR

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-2
7-3/4:DG, DDR, DPR
Reference Guide 3-5

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-3
8-1/4:DG, DDG, DPR

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-4
9-1/2:DG, DDG, DPR
Reference Guide 3-7

Natural Gamma Ray

Tool: 6-3/4” Service: RGD
NGR-5
6-3/4:RGD

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-6
7-3/4:RGD
Reference Guide 3-9

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-7
8-1/4:RGD

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-8
9-1/2:RGD
Reference Guide 3-11

Natural Gamma Ray

Tool: 6-3/4” Service: Mod FE
NGR-9
6-3/4:Mod Fe

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-10
7-3/4:Mod Fe

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-11
8-1/4:Mod Fe

Natural Gamma Ray Correction for Borehole

Diameter and Mud Density
Natural gamma rays originating in the formation are attenuated as they pass
through the mud in the borehole, resulting in lowered gamma ray counts. The
degree of attenuation depends upon the diameter of the borehole and the
density of the mud; the effects are greatest in large holes with heavy muds.
Baker Hughes gamma ray detectors are calibrated in API units and corrected to
an 8” borehole with a mud density of 10 pounds per gallon (ppg). Gamma ray
curves can be corrected at the wellsite and will be labeled “Gamma Ray Cor”.
The following charts show correction factors for various borehole size and
mud densities. These charts only apply to scintillator detectors.
To determine the correction factor, select the correct hole size from the X-axis
and project a vertical line to intersect the curve corresponding to the
appropriate mud density. Read the correction factor from the Y-axis at the
point of intersection. Multiply this factor by the apparent gamma ray value
taken from the log to determine the corrected API gamma ray value.
Example: Determine the correction factor for gamma ray measurements
taken in a 12-1/4” borehole with a mud density of 14.0 ppg,
using a 6-3/4” DPR tool.
Solution: 1.63

Natural Gamma Ray

Corrections for Borehole Diameter and Mud Density
GR Correction Factor
NGR-12
6-3/4:DG, DDG, DPR

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-13
7-3/4:DG, DD G, DPR

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-14
8-1/4: DG, DDG, DPR

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-15
9-1/2:DG, DDG, DPR

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-16
6-3/4:RGD

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-17
7-3/4:RGD

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-18
8-1/4:RGD

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-19
9-1/2:RGD

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-20
6-3/4:Mod Fe

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-21
7-3/4:Mod Fe

Natural Gamma Ray

NGR-22
8-1/4:Mod Fe

Chapter 4
This chapter describes corrections for Borehole Diameter

and Mud Resistivity
Correction for Borehole Diameter and Mud

Resistivity
The following charts provide corrections for the effects of borehole diameter
and mud resistivity on MWD short normal (16 inch) resistivity measurements.
Baker Hughes provides short normal tools in two configurations - standard and
extended insulation (XI).
Borehole diameter and mud resistivity corrections are normally applied in the
field, and corrected logs are labeled “Resistivity (SN) cor”. The log should be
checked for previous corrections before correction factors are applied to the
data.
To apply the correction, read the apparent resistivity (Ra) from the log, and
determine the mud resistivity (Rm) at the downhole temperature. (Rm should
be the mud resistivity at the time of measurement; check the mud reports or
Baker Hughes records). Select the appropriate tool size chart, and find the
correct value for the ratio Ra/Rm on the X-axis. Project a vertical line form this
point at the applicable borehole diameter curve, and read the value for the
correction factor (rcor/Ra) at this intersection. Multiply Ra by the correction
factor to derive a borehole corrected resistivity value (Rcor). For a correction
factor greater than 2, quantitative analysis may not be possible.
Reference Guide 4-1

Short Normal Resistivity FEMWD Chart Book
Example: Given the following information, calculate Rcor.

Tool size: = 6-3/4 inch (RGD) sub (standard configuration)
Borehole size: = 8-1/2 inches
Mud resistivity (Rm): = 0.13 ohm-meters @ 90°F
Temperature: = 210°F
Ra: = 3.0 ohm-meters
1. Determine the correct Rm at 210°F (use chart GEN-3):
For Rm = 0.13 @ 90°F, NaC1 concentration = 43,000 ppm.
For 43,000 ppm NaC1 mud, Rm @ 210°F = 0.056 ohm-meters.
2. Calculate the ratio Ra/Rm:
Ra/Rm = 3.0/.056 = 53.6
3. Determine the correction factor:
Rcor/Ra = 1.36
Solution: Rcor = 1.36 x 3.0 = 4.08 ohm-meters

FEMWD Chart Book Short Normal Resistivity

Corrections for Borehole Diameter and Mud Resistivity
DHA: 6-3/4” Configuration: RGD (Standard Insulation)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-1
6-3/4”:Stnd Insul.
Reference Guide 4-3


DHA: 6-3/4” Configuration: RGD-XI (Extended Insulation)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-2
6-3/4”:Extd Insul.


Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-3
Reference Guide 4-5


Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-4


Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-5
Reference Guide 4-7


Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-6


Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-7
Reference Guide 4-9


Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
RSN-8

Chapter 5
This chapter describes Dual Propagation Resistivity

corrections.
Borehole Diameter and Mud Resistivity

Correction Charts
Borehole Diameter & Mud Resistivity Corrections
The Dual Propagation Resistivity (DPR) tool operates in all mud types (i.e.,
fresh water, salt water, and oil-base). However, the electromagnetic signal
from which the attenuation (RAR) and phase difference (RPD) resistivities are
derived is affected by borehole diameter, and mud resistivity must be taken
into account when correcting for borehole conditions. The following charts
provide the necessary corrections to RAR and RPD for varying tool sizes,
borehole diameters, and mud resistivities. All DPR charts are based on the
assumption that the tool is centered in a round borehole.
Borehole corrections are routinely applied in the field. Logs labeled
“Resistivity (PD) cor” and “Resistivity (AR) cor” have been corrected for hole
diameter and mud resistivity.
To apply the correction, read the apparent resistivity (Ra) from the log, and
determine the mud resistivity (Rm) at the downhole temperature. Calculate the
ratio Ra/Rm, and project a line upward from this point on the x-axis to intersect
the appropriate Ra curve. Read the value of the correction factor, Rcor/Ra,
from the scale at left. Multiply the apparent resistivity by this correction factor
to derive the corrected resistivity, Rcor.
Reference Guide 5-1

Dual Propagation Resistivity FEMWD Chart Book
Example: Given the following information, determine the corrected value

for RPD.
Tool size: = 6-3/4 inch (DPR) sub
Borehole size: = 8-1/2 inches
Mud resistivity (Rm): =0.13 @ 90°F
Temperature: = 210°F
Ra (PD): = 3.0 ohm-meters
1. Determine the correct Rm at 210°F (use chart GEN-3):
For Rm = 0.13 @ 90°F, NaC1 concentration = 43,000 ppm
For 43,000 ppm NaC1 mud @ 210°F, Rm (cor) = 0.056 ohm-meters.
2. Calculate the ratio Ra/Rm:
Ra (PD)/Rm = 3.0/0.056 = 53.6
3. Determine the correction factor (Rcor/Rm):
Rcor/Ra = 0.989 (use chart DPR-1)
Solution: Rcor = 0.989 x 3.0 = 2.97 ohm-meters

FEMWD Chart Book Dual Propagation Resistivity

DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 8-1/2”: Resistivity: Phase Difference
Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-1
6-3/4”: 8-1/2”: RPD
Reference Guide 5-3


DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 8-1/2” Resistivity: Attenuation
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-2
6-3/4”: 8-1/2”: RA


DHA: 6-3/4” Borehole: 9-7/8” Resistivity: Phase Difference
Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-3
6-3/4”: 9-7/8”: RPD
Reference Guide 5-5


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-4
6-3/4”: 9-7/8”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-5
6-3/4”: 10-1/2”: RPD
Reference Guide 5-7


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-6
6-3/4”: 10-1/2”:RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-7
6-3/4”: 12-1/4”: RPD
Reference Guide 5-9


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-8
6-3/4”: 12-1/4”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-9
6-3/4”: 13-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-10
6-3/4”: 13-1/2”:RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-11
7-3/4”: 9-7/8”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-12
7-3/4”: 9-7/8”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-13
7-3/4”: 10-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-14
7-3/4”: 10-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-15
7-3/4”: 12-1/4”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-16
7-3/4”: 12-1/4”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-17
7-3/4”: 13-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-18
7-3/4” 13-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-19
7-3/4”: 14-3/4”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-20
7-3/4”: 14-3/4”: RA


DHA: 7-3/4” Borehole:17-1/2” Resistivity: Phase Difference
Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-21
7-3/4”: 17-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-22
7-3/4”: 17-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-23
8-1/4”: 9-7/8”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-24
8-1/4”: 9-7/8”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-25
8-1/4”: 10-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-26
8-1/4”: 10-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-27
8-1/4”: 12-1/4”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-28
8-1/4”: 12-1/4”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-29
8-1/4”: 13-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-30
8-1/4”: 13-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-31
8-1/2”: 14-3/4”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-32
8-1/4”: 14-3/4”: RA


DHA: 8-1/4” Borehole: 16” Resistivity: Phase Difference
Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-33
8-1/2”: 16”: RPD


DHA: 8-1/4” Borehole: 16” Resistivity: Attenuation
Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-34
8-1/4”: 16”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-35
8-1/2”: 17-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-36
8-1/4”: 17-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-37
8-1/2”: 20”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-38
8-1/4”: 20”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-39
9-1/2”: 12-1/4”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-40
9-1/2”: 12-1/4”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-41
9-1/2”: 13-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-42
9-1/2”: 13-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-43
9-1/2”: 14-3/4”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-44
9-1/2”: 14-3/4”: RA


DHA:9-1/2” Borehole: 16” Resistivity: Phase Difference
Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-45
9-1/2”: 16”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-48
9-1/2”: 16”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-47
9-1/2”: 17-1/2”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-48
9-1/2”: 17-1/2”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-49
9-1/2”: 20”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-50
9-1/2”: 20”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-51
9-1/2”: 24”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-52
9-1/2”: 24”: RA


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-53
9-1/2”: 26”: RPD


Ra(ohm-m)
Rcor/Ra
Ra/Rm
DPR-54
9-1/2”: 26”: RA

Sub-Section 5.2 - Bed Thickness Correction

Charts
Dual Propagation Resistivity Bed Thickness Correction
DPR measurements for a specific bed are influenced by the thickness of the
bed and the resistivity of the adjacent shoulder beds. The thinner the bed and
the greater the difference between the resistivity of the bed of interest and that
of the shoulder bed, the greater will be the required correction. The following
charts provide bed thickness corrections for the DPR phase difference (RPD)
and attenuation (RAR) resistivity measurements. These charts assume no
invasion and are provided for shoulder bed resistivities ranging from 0.2 to
50.0 ohm-meters.
To apply the correction, use the log to determine the resistivity of the shoulder
bed (Rs), the apparent resistivity (Ra), and thickness of the bed of interest.
Select the appropriate chart based on the DPR measurement to be corrected
(RPD) or (RAR) and the correct Rs. Find the bed thickness (in feet or meters) on
the X-axis and project a vertical line to intersect the applicable Ra curve,
interpolating if necessary. To determine the corrected resistivity for the bed of
interest, read the value from the Y-axis at this point of intersection.
Example: Given the following information, determine the corrected phase
difference resistivity (Rcor) for a 2-foot bed.
Ra (PD) = 2.0 ohm-meters
Rs = 0.2 ohm-meters
Solution: Rcor = 3.0 ohm-meters

Corrections for Bed Thickness

Rshoulder = 0.2 ohm-m Resistivity: Phase Difference
DPR-55
Rs=0.2: RPD


Rshoulder = 0.2 ohm-m Resistivity: Attenuation
DPR-56
Rs=0.2: RA


DPR-57
Rs=0.5: RPD


DPR-58
Rs=0.5: RA


DPR-59
Rs=1.0 RPD


DPR-60
Rs=1.0: RA


DPR-61
Rs=2.0 RPD


DPR-62
Rs=2.0: RA


DPR-63
Rs=5.0 RPD


DPR-64
Rs=5.0: RA


.
DPR-65
Rs=10.0 RPD


DPR-66
Rs=10.0: RA


DPR-67
Rs=20.0: RPD


DPR-68
Rs=20.0: RA


DPR-69
Rs=50.0: RPD


DPR-70
Rs=50.0: RA

Sub-Section 5.3 - Invasion Correction Charts

Dual Propagation Resistivity Invasion Correction
MWD propagation resistivity logs display two resistivity curves, one based on
phase difference and the other on amplitude ratio. Resistivity measurements
based on amplitude have a greater depth of investigation than those based on
phase difference (the latter have superior vertical resolution). Therefore, the
two curves are affected differently by invasion of drilling fluids into the
formation.
Normally, invasion is minimal at the time MWD measurements are recorded.
If significant invasion has occurred prior to measurement (e.g., in a highly
permeable zone), a separation of the two resistivity curves will be apparent on
the log. In these instances correction of the resistivity values for invasion is
required. The following charts can be used to determine a value approximating
true formation resistivity (Rt) from measurements of amplitude ratio resistivity
(RAR) and phase difference resistivity (RPD).
A value for Rxo (flushed-zone resistivity) is required to select the proper
invasion correction chart. A simple approach to calculating Rxo is provided in
chart GEN-4 or GEN-5. Although this approach makes some basic
assumptions that, if incorrect, could result in decreased accuracy of the
calculated Rxo, use of an Rxo value derived from chart GEN-4 or GEN-5
generally provides a good quick-look analysis for this correction. To apply the
correction, select the invasion correction chart that is closest to your calculated
value of Rxo. When calculating the ratio of Rxo/Rt or Rxo/RPD use the exact
value of Rxo.
Calculate the ratio of phase difference resistivity to amplitude ratio resistivity
(RPD/RAR) and also the ratio of Rxo to amplitude ratio resistivity (Rxo/RAR).
Locate the calculated RPD/RAR value on the X-axis and Rxo/RAR on the Y-
axis, and project vertical and horizontal lines respectively from these points. At
the intersection of the projected lines, read the value Rxo/Rt from the solid
curves and the value for diameter of invasion (di) from the dashed curve,
interpolating as necessary. Calculate the corrected resistivity, Rcor, using the
equation.
Rcor = Rxo/(Rxo/Rcor)

Example: Given the following information, determine di and Rcor:

Rxo = 0.2 ohm-meters
RPD = 0.4 ohm-meters
RAR = 0.6 ohm-meters
Calculate the following ratios:
RPD/RAR = 0.67
Rxo/RAR = 0.333
Determine di and RXO/Rcor:
di = 25 inches
Rxo/Rcor = 0.32
Solution: di = 25 inches; Rcor = (0.2/0.32) = 0.625 ohm-meters.


Invasion Corrections
Rxo = 0.2
DPR-71
Rxo=0.2: IC


Rxo = 0.3
DPR-72
Rxo=0.3: IC


Rxo = 0.5
DPR-73
Rxo=0.5: IC


Rxo = 0.7
DPR-74
Rxo=0.7: IC


Rxo = 1.0
DPR-75
Rxo=1.0: IC


Rxo = 2
DPR-76
Rxo=2: IC


Rxo = 3
DPR-77
Rxo=3: IC


Rxo = 5
DPR-78
Rxo=5: IC


Rxo = 10
DPR-79
Rxo=10: IC


Rxo = 20
DPR-80
Rxo=20: IC


Rxo = 30
DPR-81
Rxo=30: IC


Rxo = 50
DPR-82
Rxo=50: IC


Rxo = 100
DPR-83
Rxo=100: IC


Rxo = 1000
DPR-84
Rxo=1000: IC

Sub-Section 5.4 - Dielectric Constant Correction

Charts
Dual Propagation Resistivity Dielectric Constant Correction
The dielectric constant is a measure of the relative ability of a material to store
electrical charge for a given applied field strength. The dielectric constant at 2
megahertz depends on formation properties, including lithology, fluid
saturation, pore geometry, and porosity.
The following charts provide dielectric corrections for the phase difference and
amplitude ratio resistivity measurements. These charts illustrate the increased
effects of the dielectric constant at high resistivities. In addition, anomalous
formation effects can result in very high apparent dielectric constants that may
effect even low resistivity readings. Comparison of the two charts shows that
dielectric constant effects are greater for amplitude ratio measurements than
for phase difference measurements; at common values of resistivity and
dielectric constant (0-20), effects of phase difference resistivity measurements
are negligible. Correction curves for the two DPR resistivity measurements
trend in different directions, so that when the dielectric constant is large, the
resistivity curves will separate.
Baker Hughes DPR resistivity measurements assume a dielectric constant of
1.0. To correct for a dielectric constant that differs from this value, select the
appropriate chart for the resistivity measurement to be corrected (phase
difference or amplitude ratio) and find the apparent resistivity (Ra) on the Y-
axis. Project a horizontal line to intersect with the appropriate dielectric
constant curve. Read the corrected resistivity value (Rcor) from the X-axis at
the point of intersection.
Example: Determine Rcor for a phase difference resistivity of 100 ohm-meters
and a known dielectric constant of 100.
Solution: Rcor = 180 ohm-meters


Dielectric Constant Correction
Resistivity: Phase Difference
DPR-85
DC: RPD


Dielectric Constant Correction
Resistivity: Attenuation
DPR-86
DC=RA

Sub-Section 5.5 - Eccentering Correction Charts

Correction for Eccentered Tools within Borehole
If a DPR tool is not in the center of the borehole, the measured resistivity can
be affected.
A borehole is not azimuthally symmetric with respect to an eccentered tool.
The asymmetry generates asymmetric electromagnetic fields which interfere
with the symmetric field and with each other. The voltages at the receiver
antenna are altered. The eccentering effect is determined by the tool frequency
and antenna spacings as well as the borehole and formation parameters. The
effect is not determined by the tool electronics and other tool engineering
details. All 2 MHz resistivity tools with similar antenna spacings have identical
tool eccentering effects. In most situations, the effects are small. The attached
charts show when the effects are large and when they are small. The chart
represent the tool lying against the side of the hole for increasing hole size.
The effects of tool eccentricity are small when the tool is near the center of the
borehole. However, when eccentricity increases, the effects increase
dramatically for some combinations of formation and mud resistivities. The
effects are large when formation resistivity is small and mud resistivity is
relatively large. Resistivities derived from phase and attenuation
measurements are effected differently by eccentering and therefore separation
of the logs can occur.
The charts should be used in estimating the tool eccentering effect before
drilling. One can also use the charts to correct DPR logs for tool eccentering
effects. An example is shown below. On some extreme cases a small change in
one of the borehole and formation parameters can lead to a big change in the
tool eccentering effect. Therefore, only when the borehole and formation
parameters are very close to those in one of the charts, can the chart be used to
make corrections.
For a detailed description of DPR eccentering effects, see the article that Jian-
qun Wu and M. Wisler published at the 31st Annual SPWLA Logging
Symposium, June 1990.

Example: Given the following information, determine the corrected value for
Rat.
Tool size: 6-3/4”
Nominal hole size: 8-1/2”
Washed out hole size: 10-1/2”
Rm: 0.11 Ωm (corrected for bottom hole conditions)
Rat: 180 Ωm
Solution:
1. Locate DPR chart number DPR-88 for 6-3/4” tool with Rm = 0.1
(nearest available)
2. Choose the closest curve of Rt to the Rat: to 180 Ωm.
(top curve, Rt = 100)
3. Read off on the Y-axis the apparent resistivity of 210 Ωm.
4. Calculate the ratio of Rat to Rt. 210/100 = 2.1
Divide 180 by 2.1 to get the corrected Rt of 90 Ωm.


Eccentering Corrections
Tool: 6-3/4” Stabilizer: 8-1/2” Rm: 0.02 Ωm
DPR-87
6-3/4: S-8.5: Rm=0.02


DPR-88
6-3/4: S-8.5: Rm=0.1


DPR-89
6-3/4: S-8.5: Rm=0.5


DPR-90
6-3/4: S-8.5: Rm=1.0


DPR-91
6-3/4: S-8.5: Rm=2


Tool: 6-3/4” Stabilizer: 8-1/2” Rm: 2000 Ωm
DPR-92
6-3/4: S-8.5: Rm=2000


DPR-93
7-3/4: S-9.875: Rm=0.02


DPR-94
7-3/4: S-9.875: Rm=0.1


DPR-95
7-3/4: S-9.875: Rm=0.5


DPR-96
7-3/4: S-9.875: Rm=1.0


DPR-97
7-3/4: S-9.875: Rm=2


DPR-98
7-3/4: S-9.875: Rm=2000


DPR-99
8-1/4: S-12.25: Rm=0.02


DPR-100
8-1/4: S-12.25: Rm=0.1


DPR-101
8-1/4: S-12.25: Rm=0.5


DPR-102
8-1/4: S-12.25: Rm=1.0


DPR-103
8-1/4: S-12.25: Rm=2.0


DPR-104
8-1/4: S-12.25: Rm=2000


DPR-105
9-1/2: S-17.5: Rm=0.02


DPR-106
9-1/2: S-17.5: Rm=0.1


DPR-107
9-1/2: S-17.5: Rm=0.5


DPR-108
9-1/2: S-17.5: Rm=1.0


DPR-109
9-1/2: S-17.5: Rm=2.0


DPR-110
9-1/2: S-17.5: Rm=2000

Chapter 6
Lithology Conversion for Neutron

Porosity Measurements
This chapter describes Lithology Conversion for Neutron

Porosity.
MNP neutron porosity calculations are based on the assumption of a limestone

matrix, and porosities are expressed in apparent limestone units. If the
formation of interest is a sandstone, the data must be converted to apparent
sandstone porosity units. The same applies for dolomite. The legend at the top
of the log indicates whether the porosity values presented are based on a
limestone, sandstone, or dolomite matrix.
The adjacent chart can be used to convert porosity values from apparent
limestone units to apparent sandstone or dolomite units. Enter the apparent
limestone porosity on the X-axis and project a vertical line to the sandstone or
dolomite line crossing the chart diagonally. Read the apparent sandstone or
dolomite porosity at this point from the Y-axis.
Example: Determine the porosity of a sandstone with an apparent limestone
porosity of 15.0 P.U.
Solution: 18.0 P.U.
Reference Guide 6-1

Lithology Conversion for Neutron Porosity Measurements FEMWD Chart
6-3/4” Neutron Porosity Lithology Conversion
MNP-1
Lithology Conversion

FEMWD Chart Book Lithology Conversion for Neutron Porosity
Lithology and Porosity Determination from

Neutron-Density Crossplot
Neutron porosity and density data can be cross-plotted to provide simultaneous
determination of lithology and porosity in a two-mineral system containing
sandstone (quartz) and limestone (calcite). The adjacent chart is designed for
use with neutron porosity and density measurements in a clean two-mineral
system filled with fresh water. Points above the sandstone scale are indicative
of gas, and points below the limestone scale are indicative of heavier minerals.
To determine porosity using the chart, plot the point corresponding to the
measured bulk density and apparent limestone neutron porosity for the depth
of interest. (Note: neutron porosity measurements based on a sandstone matrix
must be converted to apparent limestone units before they are entered on the
chart.) Draw lines connecting the sandstone and limestone porosity tick marks
of equal porosity value on either side of the plotted point. Draw another line
parallel to these connecting lines that runs through the plotted point. The
porosity value at which this line intersects both scales is the interpolated
porosity.
Once the interpolated porosity has been established, relative proportions of
sandstone and limestone in the formation can determined using the following
equations:
SS = [(Pi -Pm) / (Pi - Pal)] x 100, and
LS = 100 - %SS
where: Pi = interpolated porosity
Pm = measured porosity (apparent limestone units)
Pal = apparent limestone porosity read from the X-axis at the
point corresponding to Pi on the sandstone scale.
%SS = percentage of sandstone in the formation
%LS = percentage of limestone in the formation
Example: Determine the porosity and lithology of a clean, water-filled
reservoir rock with a bulk density of 2.48 g/cc and an apparent limestone
porosity of 10.0 P.U.
Solution:
1. Determine Porosity
The intercept lies between the 11 and 12 P.U. tick marks on the
sandstone and limestone scales. A line drawn through this point
parallel to the lines connecting these tick marks intersects both scales
at the interpolated porosity. Corrected porosity is 11.6 P.U.
(11.6 P.U. on the sandstone scale corresponds to 9.1 P.U. on the
apparent limestone porosity axis.)
2. Determine Lithology
Using the equations given above:
%SS = [(11.6 - 10.0) / (11.6 - 9.1)] x 100 = 64%
%LS = 100 - 64 = 36%
Reference Guide 6-3

6-3/4” Neutron-Density Crossplot

Fluid Density: 1.0 g/cc
MNP-2
N/D Crossplot

Neutron Porosity
Mud Density Correction
MNP neutron porosities are calculated based on the assumption of a fresh-
water filled borehole. The presence of heavier muds in the borehole will cause
the uncorrected log to read too low. The adjacent chart shows the mud density
correction that is usually applied to the MNP log in the field.
On chart MNP-3, enter the X-axis at the apparent porosity shown on the log.
Project a vertical line from this point to the curve representing the appropriate
mud weight. Read the correction value from the Y-axis at the point of
intersection. To determine the corrected porosity, add this value to the apparent
porosity shown on the log.
Example: Determine the corrected porosity for an apparent porosity of 28 P.U.
and a mud density of 14.1 ppg.
Solution: Porosity correction = 6 P.U.
Corrected porosity = 28 + 6 = 34 P.U.
Reference Guide 6-5


Mud Density Correction
MNP-3
MD Corr

Neutron Porosity
Borehole Salinity Correction
Calculations of porosity from MNP responses are based on the assumption of a
fresh-water filled borehole. Salt water in the borehole causes slight errors in
apparent porosities. The adjacent chart shows the borehole salinity correction
that is usually applied to the log in the field.
To use this chart, enter the X-axis with the apparent porosity shown in the
uncorrected log at the depth of interest. Project a vertical line to the curve
representing the appropriate borehole salinity,*, and read the correction factor
from the Y-axis at the intersection. To determine the corrected porosity, add
this value to the apparent porosity shown on the log.
Example: Determine the corrected porosity for a formation with an apparent
porosity of 3 P.U. in a well using 250,000 ppm NaCl mud.
Solution: Salinity correction = 0.78 P.U.
Corrected porosity = 30 + 0.78 = 30.78 P.U.
* Note: For mud salinities expressed in ppm Cl-, use the following
conversion factor:
ppm NaCl = ppm Cl- x 1.645
Reference Guide 6-7


Borehole Salinity Correction
MNP-4
BH Salinity Corr

Neutron Porosity
Temperature and Pressure Correction
The MNP neutron porosity sensor responds to the hydrogen content of the
formation. Porosity is calculated assuming that the hydrogen is in the form of
water at a standard temperature and pressure of 75°F and 14.7 psi. The density
of water (and thus its hydrogen content) varies with varying temperatures and
pressures, producing an error in uncorrected porosity calculations. By
computing water density as a function of temperature and pressure and
applying a water density correction to the log, the effects of temperature and
pressure can be corrected simultaneously. This correction is normally applied i
the field.
The first of the two accompanying charts, MNP-5, gives the density of
freshwater (density changes due to salinity are considered in the salinity
corrections) as a function of downhole pressure and temperature. To determine
water density, enter the chart on the X-axis at the appropriate downhole
temperature. Project a vertical line to intersect with the curve representing the
pressure at the depth of interest, and read the water density (g/cc) at this point
from the Y-axis.
Once water density has been established, chart MNP-6 can be used to
determine the temperature/pressure correction. Enter the chart on the X-axis at
the apparent porosity shown on the uncorrected log at the depth of interest.
Project a vertical line to intersect with the curve representing the water density
established in chart MNP-5, interpolating as necessary. Read the correction
value from the Y-axis at the intersection. Add this value to the apparent
porosity to determine the corrected porosity.
Example: Determine the corrected porosity for a formation with an apparent
porosity of 30 P.U. if formation temperature is 150°F at a depth of
9615 feet (TVD) and mud density of 12 ppg.
1. Determine the hydrostatic pressure at 9615 feet using the following
equation:
Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x TVD (ft) x mud density (ppg)
Pressure = 0.052 x 9615 x 12.0 = 6000 psi
2. Use chart MNP-5 to determine water density:
Water density = 0.998 g/cc
3. Determine the pressure/temperate correction factor using chart
MNP-6:
Pressure/temperature correction value = 0.3
Solution: Corrected porosity = 30 + 0.3 = 30.3 P.U.
Reference Guide 6-9

Water Density Calculated from Temperature and Pressure
MNP-5
Water Density

Neutron Porosity
Temperature/Pressure Correction
MNP-6
Temp/Press Corr

•Notes•

Chapter 7
Lithology and Porosity Determination

from Bulk Density and Pe
This chapter describes Determination of Porosity from

Density Logs.
MWD measurements of bulk density and photoelectric cross section (Pe) can
be used to determine lithology and apparent porosity for a fresh-water
saturated rock composed of two minerals. The adjacent chart provides a
method for determining porosity and relative mineral proportions in a rock
comprising any two of the following components: sandstone (quartz),
limestone (calcite), or dolomite.
To use the chart, plot a point representing the bulk density and Pe shown on the
log for the depth of interest. Using the appropriate mineral scales, draw lines
connecting the tick marks of equal porosity value located on either side of the
plotted point. The value at which this line intersects both mineral scales is the
interpolated porosity.
The relative distance of the plotted point from the two mineral scales can be
used to determine the proportions of those minerals in the formation.
Example: Determine the porosity and lithology of a formation composed of
sandstone and limestone with a Pe of 2.5 barns/electron and a density
of 2.31 g/cc.
Reference Guide 7-1

Lithology and Porosity Determination from Bulk Density and Pe FEMWD
Solution:
1. Determine porosity:
The intersect point is between 21 and 22 P.U. on the sandstone and
limestone porosity scales. A line drawn parallel to the lines
connecting these tick marks intersects both scales at the interpolated
porosity. The corrected porosity is 21.4 P.U.
2. Determine lithology:
Given: Pe of 21.4 P.U. sandstone = 1.68 barns/electrons
Pe of 21.4 P.U. limestone = 4.69 barns/electrons
The relative proportions of the sandstone and limestone in the formation are
calculated in the following equations (See Section 6, page 6-3 to calculate the
relative proportions):
%Sandstone = [(4.69 - 2.5)/(4.69 - 1.68)] x 100 = 73%
%Limestone = 100% - 73% = 27%

FEMWD Chart Book Lithology and Porosity Determination from Bulk Density
Lithology and Porosity Determination from Bulk Density and Pe
MDL-1
Li&Por from BD&Pe
Reference Guide 7-3

Determining Porosity from Bulk Density

Apparent porosity in clean formations can be calculated from measurements of
bulk density. The following two charts can be used to derive apparent porosity
values from bulk density data based on the following equation:
ρma – ρ
φ = 100 × ----------------------b-
ρma – ρ fl
Where: φ = porosity (P.U.)

ρb = bulk density (g/cc)
ρma = matrix density (g/cc)
ρfl = pore fluid density (g/cc)
To determine porosity, select the appropriate chart based on the fluid density.
Chart MDL-2 is for use with oil-base and fresh water muds and assumes a fluid
density of 1.00 g/cc. Enter the applicable chart on the X-axis with the bulk
density value from the log. Project a horizontal line to intersect with the
appropriate matrix density line (sandstone = 2.65 g/cc, limestone = 2.71 g/cc,
and dolomite = 2.87 g/cc). Read the apparent porosity from the Y-axis at the
point of intersection.
Example: Determine the porosity of a sandstone drilled with fresh water mud
having a bulk density of 2.30 g/cc.
Solution: 21.0 P.U.

FEMWD Chart Book Lithology and Porosity Determination from Bulk Density

MDL-2
Fluid: 1.0 g/cc
Reference Guide 7-5


MDL-3
Fluid: 1.1 g/cc

Chapter 8
Downhole Assembly Diagrams
This chapter shows Diagrams for Downhole Assembly.
Table 8-1. MWD Sensor Specifications

Statistical Vertical
Sensor Measurement Range Accuracy
Repeatability Resolution
Tool Face 0 - 360° ±3° (>7° inc.)
±5° (1° inc.)
±1.5° (>7° inc.)
Directional Azimuth 0 - 360°
±2.0° (4° inc.)
±3.0° (2° inc.)
Inclination 0 - 180° +0.25°
±60 ft.-lbs (+81
-57,750 to
Nm) 6-3/4 OD
+69,330 ft.-lbs
Torque on Bit tool; +100 ft.-lbs
(78,300 to
(±136 Nm) 7-3/4,
Drilling +94,000 Nm)
8-1/4 OD tools
Dynamics
-386,500 to
+637,500 lbs ±800 lbs
Weight on Bit
(-175,300 to (±363 kg)
+289,200 kg)
0 - 750 ±3 units @ 100 MWD
Natural Natural
MWD API ±3° of full scale API and 60 ft/hr 6 in. (15 cm)
GammaRay Gamma Ray
Units (18 m/hr)
Short
16-in. Short 0.07 - 70
Normal ±0.7% 16 in. (41 cm)
Normal ohm-meters
Resistivity
0.2 - 500 6 in. (15 cm) in
Dual Phase Difference ±0.25°
ohm-meters conductive beds
Propagation
Resistivity 0.2 - 50 12 in. (30 cm) in
Amplitude Ratio ±0.025 dB
ohm-meters conductive beds
±0.75 P.U. below
±1.5 P.U. @ 20 P.U.
Neutron 10 P.U., 7.5% of
Neutron Porosity 0 - 100 P.U. and 60 ft./hr 24 in. (61 cm)
Porosity ratio reading for
(18 min/hr)
10 - 50 P.U.
±0.025 g/cc @ 90 ft/hr
Bulk Density 1.7 - 3.1 g/cc ±0.025 g/cc 18 in. (45 cm)
Density/ (27 m/hr) @ 2.5 g/cc
Lithology Photoelectric 1 - 100 ±0.25 B/e from ±0.25 B/e @ 90 ft./hr
6 in. (15 cm)
Factor barns/electron 2 - 5 B/e (27 m/hr)
Reference Guide 8-1

Downhole Assembly Diagrams FEMWD Chart Book
Directional DHA’s
DHA-1
D

FEMWD Chart Book Downhole Assembly Diagrams
Directional-Gamma DHA’s
DHA-2
DG
Reference Guide 8-3

Directional Dynamics-Gamma DHA’s
DHA-3
DDG

Resistivity-Gamma-Directional DHA’s - (Standard Configuration)
DHA-4
RGD
Reference Guide 8-5

Dual Propagation Resistivity DHA’s
DHA-5
DPR

Modular Neutron Porosity DHA
DHA-6
MNP
Reference Guide 8-7

Modular Density / Lithology DHA
DHA-7
MDL

Chapter 9
Mnemonics, Glossary and Conversions
This chapter describes mnemonics, glossary, and

conversions.
Baker Hughes Data Mnemonics

The basic philosophy used in generating the following list of DATA MNEMONICS is to use the first two
characters to describe the measurement or parameter. The third character is used as a “modifier”, although as
can be seen from the list below, not all cases conform to this rule. The fourth character is a “wildcard” and is
standard for all mnemonics except for a small group of unique parameters. In addition, a few mnemonics do
not require four characters.
Third Character - “Modifiers” ARE* Amplitude Ratio - Elapsed Time
ARO* Amplitude Ratio - Offset
A Apparent AXB* Axial Strain - Base
B Base - used for the “raw” transmitted AXO* Axial (Tare) - Offset
parameter (e.g., counts per unit time for AZK Azimuth - KESPL
Gamma Ray) AZN* Azimuth True - Non-rotating
C Corrected or Compensated AZM Azimuth Magnetic (Uncorrected & Posted)
D Data Density AZR* Azimuth True - Rotating
E Elapsed Time (Time Since Drilled) AZT Azimuth True (Corrected & Posted)
I In or Integrated BDC* Bulk Density - Corrected
K KSEPL Parameter BMB* Bending Moment Magnitude - Base
M Measured BAB* Bending Moment Angle - Base
N Non-Rotating
O Offset (≡ Tare) or Out ClCS Cl Mud Gas - Corrected
R Rotating C2CS C2 Mud Gas - Corrected
T True C3CS C3 Mud Gas - Corrected
C4CS C4 Mud Gas - Corrected
Fourth Character (*) is a “wildcard” for: C5CS C5 Mud Gas - Corrected
CAA* Conductivity from Amp. Ratio - Apparent
X MWD Transmitted CAC* Conductivity from Amp. Ratio - Corrected
M MEMORY (RWD) CPA* Conductivity from Phase Diff. - Apparent
S Surface Measured CPC* Conductivity from Phase Diff. - Corrected
1 MEMORY Relog 1 CSA* Conductivity from Short Normal - Apparent
2 MEMORY Relog 2 CSC* Conductivity from Short Normal - Corrected
3 MEMORY Relog 3 CPBS Casing Pressure - Base
4 MEMORY Relog 4 DEF Drilling Efficiency
DEPT Measured Depth
Mnemonic and Description DIP* Dip Angle, Magnetic
DL1-DL7* Density Long Spaced Count Rates
AMF* Axis Magnetic Field DLA* Density Long Spaced Apparent
ARB* Amplitude Ratio - Base DLS Dogleg Severity
ARC* Amplitude Ratio - Corrected DND* Density - Data Density
ARD* Amplitude Ratio - Data Density DNE* Density - Elapsed Time
Reference Guide 9-1

Mnemonics, Glossary and Conversions FEMWD Chart Book
DPE* Photoelectric Cross Section PDB* Phase Difference - Base

DPL* Density Porosity - Limestone Corrected PDC* Phase Difference - Corrected
DPS* Density Porosity - Sandstone Corrected PDD* Phase Difference - Data Density
DRH* Delta Rho PDE* Phase Difference - Elapsed Time
DS1-DS7* Density Short Spaced Count Rates PDO* Phase Difference - Offset
DSA* Density Short Spaced Apparent
DTQ Delta Torque on Bit RAA* Resistivity from Attenuation - Apparent
DWB Delta weight on Bit RAD* Resistivity from Attenuation -
DWF Drilling Work Factor Dielectric & Inversion Corrected
DXAS Drilling Exponent RAE* Resistivity from Attenuation -
DXCS Drilling Exponent Corrected Dielectric Corrections Applied
RAV* Resistivity from Attenuation -
GRA* Gamma Ray - Apparent Inversion Processed
GRB* Gamma Ray - Base RMA* Downhole Mud Resistivity
GRC* Gamma Ray - Corrected ROPS Rate of Penetration
GRD* Gamma Ray - Data Density RPA* Resistivity from Phase Difference - Apparent
GRE* Gamma Ray - Elapsed ray RPD* Resistivity from Phase Difference -
GXN* X-accelerator - Non-rotating Dielectric &Inversion Corrected
GYN* Y-accelerator - Non-rotating RPE* Resistivity from Phase Difference -
GZN* Z-accelerator - Non-rotating Dielectric Corrections Applied
RPMS Surface RPM
HIX* Historical Index Word RPV* Resistivity from Phase Difference -
HTF* High Side (Gravity) Tool Face - Corrected Inversion Processed
HXN* X-magnetometer - Non-rotating RSA* Short Normal Resistivity - Apparent
HYN* Y-magnetometer - Non-rotating RSC* Short Normal Resistivity - Corrected
HZN* Z-magnetometer - Non-rotating RTQ Ratio of Torque
RWB Ratio of Weight on Bit
INC Inclination - Posted
INK KSEPL Inclination SNB* Short Normal - Base ≡ Resistance
INN* Inclination - Non-rotating SND* Short Normal - Data Density
INR* Inclination - Rotating SNE* Short Normal - Elapsed Time
SPBS Sandpipe Pressure - Base
LAGS Lag Strokes SR1S Stroke Rate Pump 1
LAT North/South Coordinates SR2S Stroke Rate Pump 2
LON East/West Coordinates SR3S Stroke Rate Pump 3
SRTS Total Stroke Rate
MFIS Mud Flow - In ST1S Strokes - Pump 1
MFOS Mud Flow - Out ST2S Strokes - Pump 2
MTF* Magnetic Tool Face - Corrected ST3S Strokes - Pump 3
MWIS Mud Weight - In STTS Strokes - Total
MWOS Mud Weight - Out TAN* Annulus Temperature
TCD* CDS Electronics Temperature
NFB* Neutron Far (Count Rate) - Base TDP* DPR Electronics Temperature
NFG* Neutron Far Gamma (count Rate) TGBS Total Gas - Base
NNB* Neutron Near (Count Rate) - Base TMF* Total Magnetic Field
NNG* Neutron Near Gamma (Count Rate) TQC* Torque on Bit (calculated)
NPB* Neutron Porosity - Base TQB* Torque Strain - Base
NPL* Neutron Porosity - Limestone Corrected TQBS Torque - Base
NPD* Neutron Porosity - Data Density TQO* Torque (Tare) - Offset
NPE* Neutron Porosity - Elapsed Time TVD True Vertical Depth
NPS* Neutron Porosity - Sandstone Corrected
NRB* Neutron Ratio - Base VS Vertical Section
NRC* Neutron Ratio - Calibrated
NROP Normalized Rate of Penetration WBC* Weight on Bit (calculated)
NTQ Normalized Torque

FEMWD Chart Book Mnemonics, Glossary and Conversions
Glossary of Abbreviations, Acronyms, and

Symbols
AT Acquisition Time, the time between MWD measurement of
adjacent data points.
Cl- Chloride ion.
cor Corrected environmental measurement.
di Diameter of invasion.
DPR Dual Propagation Resistivity; the commercial name for
Baker Hughes’ 2 megahertz electromagnetic propagation
tool for resistivity measurements (Rpd and Rar).
°F Fahrenheit (temperature unit).
ft. Foot, feet (unit of distance)
GEN General charts
GG Geothermal Gradient; the rate of increase in temperature
with increasing depth, typically assumed to be constant.
Units for GG are degrees Fahrenheit per 100 feet or degrees
Celsius per 100 meters.
hr Hour, hours.
K-40 Potassium-40; a radioactive potassium isotope that affects
Gamma Ray measurements.
KCl Potassium Chloride; a potassium salt added to drilling mud
to reduce shale instability.
K-Lignite Potassium Lignite; a drilling mud additive containing
potassium for shale instability control.
KOH Potassium Hydroxide, a drilling mud additive containing
potassium for shale instability control.
m Meter, meters.
MDL Modular Density/Lithology charts.
MNP Modular Neutron Porosity charts.
MWD Measurement-While-Drilling.
MWD API The American Petroleum Institute (API) has established
calibration standards for Gamma Ray measurements in
which the response is denoted in “MWD API units.”
NaCl Sodium Chloride; common salt.
NGR Natural Gamma Ray charts.
Reference Guide 9-3

ppb Pounds per Barrel; indicates the amount of mud additive in

a drilling mud on API standard mud reports. Not to be
confused with “parts per billion”.
ppg Pounds per Gallon; units for mud density.
ppm Parts per Million; indicates the concentration of a
component of a solution.
P.U. Porosity units; fractional porosity times 100.
Ra Apparent Resistivity, an uncorrected resistivity
measurement.
Rar Resistivity determined from the ratio of the amplitudes of
the 2 megahertz electromagnetic signal at the two receiving
antennas.
Rcor Corrected resistivity.
Rar cor Curve label for Rar corrected for hole diameter and Rm at
downhole temperature.
RGD Resistivity-Gamma-Directional MWD tool utilizing a SN
resistivity measurement.
Rm Resistivity of the drilling mud (at a specified temperature).
Rmf Resistivity of the mud filtrate (at a specified temperature).
ROP Rate of Penetration, drilling rate, typically denoted in ft/hr
or m/hr.
Rpd Resistivity determined from the phase difference of the 2
megahertz electromagnetic signal at the two receiving
antennas.
Rpd cor Curve label for Rpd corrected for hole diameter and Rm at
downhole temperature.
Rs Resistivity of the shoulder beds above and below the bed for
which Rcor is to be determined.
RSN Short Normal Resistivity charts.
RSN cor Curve label for SN resistivity measurements corrected for
hole diameter and Rm at downhole temperature.
Rt Resistivity (true); ideally the resistivity of a formation not
affected by the borehole environment, invasion, shoulder
beds, or other perturbing influences.
RWD Recorded-While-Drilling; refers to measurements which are
made during drilling and stored in non-volatile memory in
the MWD tool for later retrieval.
Rxo Resistivity of the flushed zone.

SN Short Normal; the electrode-type MWD resistivity

measurement tool used in conductive muds prior to the
advent of electromagnetic propagation tools such as the
DPR.
Tf Formation temperature.
TMS Mean Surface Temperature; the annual average surface
temperature for a given location. Used in calculating the
geothermal gradient (GG).
TVD True Vertical Depth.
VS Vertical Section.
WBC* Weight on Bit (calculated).
Reference Guide 9-5

General Conversion Factors

Copyright 1984, Society of Petroleum Engineers The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard, Society
of Petroleum Engineers Inc., Richardson, Texas (1990). The following conversions and equivalents (pages 9-6
through 9-14) are taken from Appendices D&E of The SI Metric System of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD,
(pp.14-21), Second Printing, June 1984, by permission of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME. A required
fee has been paid to the Society of Petroleum Engineers by Baker Hughes prior to printing this material.
General Conversion Factors* These conversions mean

The accompanying Table 9-1 is intended to serve two 1 Ibf/ft2 becomes 47.880 26 Pa,
purposes: 1 Ibf/in.2 becomes 6.894.757 Pa or 6.894 757 kPa, and
1 inch becomes 0.0254 m (exactly).
1. To express the definitions of general units of measure
as exact numerical multiples of coherent “metric” units. The unit symbol for pound-force sometimes is written
Relationships that are exact in terms of the fundamental Ibf and sometimes Ibf or Ibƒ; the form Ibf is
SI unit are followed by an asterisk. Relationships that recommended.
are not followed by an asterisk either are the result of
Organization
physical measurements or are only approximate.
The conversion factors generally are listed
2. To provide multiplying factors for converting alphabetically by units having specific names and
expressions of measurements given by numbers and compound units derived from these specific units. A
general or miscellaneous units to corresponding new number of units starting with the pound symbol (lb) are
numbers and metric units. located in the “p” section of the list.
*Based on ASTM Pub. E380-82 (Ref. 1); values of Conversion factors classified by physical quantities are
conversion factors tabulated herewith are identical listed in Refs. 1 and 2.
with those in E380-82; generally similar material is
The conversion factors for other compound units can be
found in Ref. 2. Conversion values in earlier editions
generated easily from numbers given in the alphabetical
of E 380 (for example E 380-74) are based on Ref. 3,
list by substitution of converted units. For example:
which has available some factors with more than
seven digits. 1. Find the conversion factor for productivity index,
(B/D)/(lbf/in.2) to (m3/d)/Pa. Convert 1 B/D to 1.589
Notation
873 (E-01) m3/d and 1 Ibf/in2 to 6.894 757 (E+03) Pa.
Conversion factors are presented for ready adaption to
Then, substitute
computer readout and electronic data transmission. the
factors are written as a number equal to or greater than [1.589 873 (E-01)]/[6.894 757 (E-03)]
one and less than 10, with six or fewer decimal places = 2.305 916 (E-05) (m3/d)/Pa.
(i.e., seven or fewer total digits). Each number is 2. Find the conversion factor for tonf-mile/ft. to MJ/m.
followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or minus Convert 1 tonf to 8.896 444 (E+03) N; 1 mile to 1.609
symbol, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by 344* (E+03) m; and 1 ft. to 3.048* (E-01) m.
which the number must be multiplied to obtain the Then, substitute
correct value. For example,
[8.896 444 (E+03)] [1.609 344 (E+03)] + [3.048 (E-01)
3.523 907 (E-02) is 3.523 907 x 10-2 or 0.035 239 07.
= 4.697 322 (E+07) (N•m)/m or J/m
Similarly, = 4.697 322 (E+01) MJ/m
3.386 389 (E+03) is 3.386 389 x 103 or 3 386.389 When conversion factors for complex compound units
An asterisk (*) after the numbers shown indicates that are being calculated from Table 9-1, numerical
the conversion factor is exact and that all subsequent uncertainties may be present in the seventh (or lesser
digits (for rounding purposes) are zero. All other last “significant”) digit of the answer because of
conversion factors have been rounded to the figures roundings already taken for the last digit of tabulated
given in accordance with procedures outlined in the values. Mechtly3 provides conversion factors of more
preceding text. Where less than six decimal places are than seven digits for certain quantities.
shown, more precision is not warranted. the following
is a further example of the use of table 9-1.
To Convert From To Multiply By
pound-force per square foot Pa 4.788 026 E+0l
pound-force per square inch Pa 6.894 757 E+03
inch m 2.540* E-02

Table 9-1. Conversion Factors (cont’d.)

(symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To Convert From To Multiply By**
abampere ampere (A) 1.0* E+01
abcoulomb coulomb (C) 1.0* E+01
abfarad farad (F) 1.0* E+09
abhenry henry (H) 1.0* E-09
abmho siemens (S) 1.0* E+09
abohm ohm (Ω) 1.0* E-09
abvolt volt (V) 1.0* E-08
acre-foot (U.S. Survey)(1) meter3 (m3) 1.233 489 E+03
acre (U.S. Survey)(1) meter2 (m2) 4.046 873 E+03
ampere hour coulomb (C) 3.6* E+03
are meter2 (m2) 1.0* E+02
angstrom meter (m) 1.0* E-10
astronomical unit meter (m) 1.495 979 E+11
atmosphere (standard) pascal (Pa) 1.013 250* E+05
atmosphere (technical = 1 kgf/cm2) pascal (Pa) 9.806 650* E+04
bar pascal (Pa) 1.0* E+05
barn meter2 (m2) 1.0* E-28
barrel (for petroleum, 42 gal) meter3 (m3) 1.589 873 E-01
board foot meter3 (m3) 2.359 737 E-03
British thermal unit (International Table)(2) joule (J) 1.055 056 E+03
British thermal unit (mean) joule (J) 1.055 87 E+03
British thermal unit (thermochemical) joule (J) 1.054 350 E+03
British thermal unit (39°F) joule (J) 1.059 67 E+03
Btu (International Table)-ft./(hr-ft.2-°F)
(thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin [W/(m•K)] 1.730 735 E+00
Btu (thermochemical)-ft./(hr-ft.2-°F)
Btu (International Table)-in/(hr-ft.2-°F)
(thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin [W/(m•K)] 1.442 279 E-01
Btu (thermochemical)-in./(hr-ft.2-°F)
(thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin [W/(m•K)] 1.441 314 E-01
Btu (International Table)-in/(s-ft.2-°F)
Btu (thermochemical)-in/(s-ft.2-°F)
Btu (International Table)/hr watt (W) 2.930 711 E-01
Btu (thermochemical)/hr watt (W) 2.928 751 E-01
Btu (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 1.757 250 E+01
Btu (thermochemical)/s watt (W) 1.054 350 E+03
(1)
Since 1893 the U.S basis of length measurement has been derived from metric standards. In 1959 a small refinement was made in the definition of the
yard to resolve disrepancies both in this country and abroad, which changed its lengths from 3600/3937 m to 0.9144 m exactly. This resulted in the new
value being shorter by two parts in a million. At the same time it was decided that any data in feet derived from and published as a result of geodetic
surveys within the U.S. would remain with the old standard (1ft=1200/3739 m) until further decision. This foot is named the U.S. survey foot. As a result,
all U.S. land measurements in U.S. customary units will relate to the matter by the old standard. All the conversion factors in these tables for units
referenced to this footnote are based on the U.S. survey foot, rather than the international foot. Conversion factors for the land measure given below may
be determined from the land measure given below may be determined from the following relationships:
1 league = 3 miles (exactly)
1 rod = 16-1/2 ft. (exactly)
1 chain = 66 ft. (exactly)
1 section = 1 sq mile
1 township = 36 sq miles
(2)This value was adopted in 1956. Some of the older International Tables use the value 1.055 04 E+03. The exact conversion is 1.055 055 852 62* E+03.
Reference Guide 9-7


Btu (International Table)/ft.2 joule per meter2 (J/m2) 1.135 653 E+04
Btu (thermochemical)/ft2 joule per meter2 (J/m2) 1.134 893 E+04
Btu (thermochemical)/(ft2-hr) watt per meter2 (W/m2) 3.152 481 E+00
Btu (thermochemical)/(ft2-min) watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.891 489 E+02
Btu (thermochemical)/(ft2-s) watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.134 893 E+04
Btu (thermochemical)/(in2-s) watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.634 246 E+06
Btu (International Table)/(hr-ft.2-°F)
(thermal conductance) watt per meter2 kelvin [W/(m2•K)] 5.678 236 E+00
Btu (thermochemical)/(hr-ft.2-°F)
(thermal conductance) watt per meter2 kelvin [W/(m2•K)] 5.674 E+00
Btu (International Table)/(s-ft.2-°F) watt per meter2 kelvin [W/(m2•K)] 2.044 175 E+04
Btu (thermochemical)/s-ft2-°F) watt per meter2 kelvin [W/(m2•K)] 2.042 808 E+04
Btu (International Table)/lbm joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.326* E+03
Btu (thermochemical)/lbm joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.324 444 E+03
Btu (International Table)/lbm-°F)
(heat capacity) joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg•K)] 4.186 8* E+03
Btu (thermochemical)/(lbm-°F)
(heat capacity) joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg•K)] 4.184 000 E+03
bushel (U.S) meter3 (m3) 3.523 907 E-02
caliber (inch) meter (m) 2.54* E-02
calorie (International Table) joule (J) 4.186 8* E+00
calorie (mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+00
calorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184* E+00
calorie (15°C) joule (J) 4.185 80 E+00
calorie (20°C) joule (J) 4.181 90 E+00
calorie (kilogram, International Table) joule (J) 4.186 8* E+03
calorie (kilogram, mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+03
calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184* E+03
cal (thermochemical)/cm2 joule per meter2 (J/m2) 4.184* E+04
cal (International Table)/g joule per kilogram (J/kg) 4.186* E+03
cal (thermochemical)/g joule per kilogram (J/kg) 4.184* E+03
cal (International Table)/(g•°C) joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg•K)] 4.186 8* E+03
cal (thermochemical)/(g•°C) joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg•K)] 4.184* E+03
cal (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 6.973 333 E-02
cal (thermochemical)/s watt (W) 4.184* E+00
cal (thermochemical)/(cm2•min) watt per meter2 (W/m2) 6.973 333 E+02
cal (thermochemical)/(cm2•s) watt per meter2 (W/m2) 4.184* E+04
cal (thermochemical)/(cm•s•°C) watt per meter kelvin [W/(m•K)] 4.184* E+02
capture unit (c.u.=10-3 cm-1) per meter (m-1) 1.0* E-01
carat (metric) kilogram (kg) 2.0* E-04
centimeter of mercury (0°C) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+03
centimeter of water (4°C) pascal (Pa) 9.806 38 E+01
centipoise pascal second (Pa•s) 1.0* E-03
centistokes meter2 per second (m2/s) 1.0* E-06
circular mil meter2 (m2) 5.067 075 E-10
clo kelvin meter2 per watt [(K•m2)/W] 2.003 712 E-01
cup meter3 (m3) 2.365 882 E-04
curie bacquerel (Bq) 3.7* E+10
cycle per second hertz (Hz) 1.0* E+00
day (mean solar) second (s) 8.640 000 E+04
day (sidereal) second (s) 8.616 409 E+04
degree (angle) radian (rad) 1.745 329 E-02
degree Celsius kelvin (K) TK=T°C+273.15
degree centigrade (see degree Celsius)
degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius T°C=(T°F-32)/1.8
degrees Fahrenheit kelvin (K) TK=(T°F+459.67)/1.8
degree Rankine kelvin (K) TK=T°R/1.8


°F•hr•ft2/Btu (International Table)
(thermal resistance) kelvin meter2 per watt [(K•m2)/W] 1.781 102 E-01
°F•hr•ft2/Btu (thermochemical)
(thermal resistance) kelvin meter2 per watt [(K•m2)/W] 1.762 250 E-01
denier kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.111 111 E-07
dyne newton (N) 1.0* E-05
dyne•cm newton meter (N•m) 1.0* E-07
dyne/cm2 pascal (Pa) 1.0* E-01
electron volt joule (J) 1.602 19 E-19
EMU of capacitance farad (F) 1.0* E+09
EMU of current ampere (A) 1.0* E+01
EMU of electric potential volt (V) 1.0* E-08
EMU of inductance henry (H) 1.0* E-09
EMU of resistance ohm (Ω) 1.0* E-09
ESU of capacitance farad (F) 1.112 650 E-12
ESU of current ampere (A) 3.335 6 E-10
ESU of electric potential volt (V) 2.997 9 E+02
ESU of inducatnce henry (H) 8.987 554 E+11
ESU of resistance ohm (Ω) 8.987 554 E+11
erg joule (J) 1.0* E-07
erg/cm2•s watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.0* E-03
erg/s watt (W) 1.0* E-07
faraday (based on carbon-12) coulomb (C) 9.648 70 E+04
faraday (chemical) coulomb (C) 9.649 57 E+04
faraday (physical) coulomb (C) 9.652 19 E+04
fathom meter (m) 1.828 8 E+00
fermi (femtometer) meter (m) 1.0* E-15
fluid ounce (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E-05
foot meter (m) 3.048 E-01
foot (U.S. Survey)(1) meter (m) 3.048 E-01
foot of water (39.2°F) pascal (Pa) 2.988 98 E+03
sq ft meter2 (m2) 9.290 304* E-02
ft2/hr (thermal diffusity) meter2 per second (m2/s) 2.580 640* E-05
ft2/s meter2 per second (m2/s) 9.290 304* E-02
cu ft (volume; section modulus) meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E-02
ft3/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 4.719 474 E-04
ft3/s meter3 per second (m3/s) 2.831 685 E-02
ft4 (moment of Section)(3) meter4 (4) 8.630 975 E-03
ft/hr meter per second (m/s) 8.466 667 E-05
ft/min meter per second (m/s) 5.080* E-03
ft/s meter per second (m/s) 3.048* E-01
ft/s2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 3.048 006 E-01
footcandle lux (lx) 1.076 391 E+01
footlambert candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 3.426 259 E+00
ft-lbf joule (J) 1.355 818 E+00
ft-lbf/hr watt (W) 3.766 161 E-04
ft-lbf/min watt (W) 2.259 697 E-02
ft-lbs/s watt (W) 1.355 818 E+00
ft-poundal joule (J) 4.214 011 E-02
free fall, standard (g) meter per second2 (m/s2) 9.806 650* E+00
cm/s2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 1.0* E-02
gallon (Canadian liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.546 090 E-03
gallon (U.K. liquid) meter3(m3) 4.546 092 E-03
gallon (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 4.404 884 E-03
gallon (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 3.785 412 E-03
gal (U.S. liquid)/day meter3 per second (m3/s) 4.381 264 E-08
gal (U.S. liquid)/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 6.309 020 E-05
Reference Guide 9-9


gal (U.S liquid)/hp•hr
(SFC, specific fuel consumption) meter3 per joule (m3/J) 1.410 089 E-09
gamma (magnetic field strength) ampere per meter (A/m) 7.957 747 E-04
gamma (magnetic flux density) tesla (T) 1.0* E-09
gauss tesla (T) 1.0* E-04
gilbert ampere (A) 7.957 747 E-01
gill (U.K.) meter3 (m3) 1.420 654 E-04
gill (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 1.182 941 E-04
grad degree (angular) 9.0* E-01
grad radian (rad) 1.570 796 E-02
grain (1/7000 lbm avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 6.479 891* E-05
grain (lbm avoirdupois/700)/gal (U.S. liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.711 806 E-02
gram kilogram (kg) 1.0* E-03
g/cm3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.0* E+03
gram-force/cm2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 650* E+01
hectare meter2 (m2) 1.0* E+04
horsepower (550 ft-lbf/s) watt (W) 7.456 999 E+02
horsepower (boiler) watt (W) 9.809 50 E+03
horsepower (electric) watt (W) 7.460* E+02
horsepower (metric) watt (W) 7.354 99 E+02
horsepower (water) watt (W) 7.460 43 E+02
horsepower (U.K.) watt (W) 7.457 0 E+02
hour (mean solar) second (s) 3.600 000 E+02
hour (sidereal) second (s) 3.590 170 E+03
hundredweight (long) kilogram (kg) 5.080 235 E+01
hundredweight (short) kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E+01
inch meter (m) 2.54* E-02
inch of mercury (32°F) pascal (Pa) 3.386 38 E+03
inch of mercury (60°F) pascal (Pa) 3.376 85 E+03
inch of water (39.2°F) pascal (Pa) 2.490 82 E+02
inch of water (60°F) pascal (Pa) 2.488 4 E+02
sq. in. meter2 (m2) 6.451 6* E-04
cu. in. (volume; section modulus)(4) meter3 (m3) 1.638 706 E-05
in.3/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 2.731 177 E-07
in.4 (moment of section)(3) meter4 (m4) 4.162 314 E-07
in./s meter per second (m/s) 2.54* E-02
in./s2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 2.54* E-02
kayser 1 per meter (1/m) 1.0* E+02
kelvin degree Celsius T°C=TK-273.15
kilocalorie (International Table) joule (J) 4.186 8* E+03
kilcalorie joule (J) 4.190 02 E+03
kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184* E+03
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 6.973 333 E+01
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/s watt (W) 4.184* E+03
kilogram-force (kgf) newton (N) 9.806 65* E+00
kgf•m newton meter 9.806 65* E+00
kgf•s2/m (mass) kilogram (kg) 9.806 65* E+00
kgf/cm2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 65* E+04
kgf/m2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 65* E+00
kgf/mm2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 65* E+06
km/h meter per second (m/s) 2.777 778 E-01
kilopond newton (N) 9.806 65* E+00
kilowatt-hour (kW-hr) joule (J) 3.6* E+06
kip (1000 lbf) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03
kip/in.2 (ksi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+06
knot (International) meter per second (m/s) 5.144 444 E-01
lambert candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 1/π* E+04


lambert candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 3.183 099 E+03
langley joule per meter2 (J/m2) 4.184* E+04
league meter (m) (see footnote 1)
light year meter (m) 9.460 55 E+15
liter(5) meter3 (m3) 1.0* E-03
maxwell weber (Wb) 1.0* E-08
mho siemens (S) 1.0* E+00
microinch meter (m) 2.54* E-08
microsecond/foot (µs/ft) microsecond/meter (µs/m) 3.280 840 E+00
micron meter (m) 1.0* E-06
mil meter (m) 2.54* E-05
mile (International) meter (m) 1.609 E+03
mile (statue) meter (m) 1.609 3 E+03
mile (U.S. Survey)(1) meter (m) 1.609 347 E+03
mile (international nautical) meter (m) 1.852* E+03
mile (U.K. nautical) meter (m) 1.853 184* E+03
mile (U.S. nautical) meter (m) 1.852* E+03
sq mile (international) meter2 (m2) 2.589 988 E+06
sq mile (U.S. survey)(1) meter2 (m2) 2.589 988 E+06
mile/hr (international) meter per second (m/s) 4.470 4* E-01
mile/hr (international) kilometer per hour (km/h) 1.609 344* E+00
mile/min (international) meter per second (m/s) 2.682 24* E+01
mile/s (international) meter per second (m/s) 1.609 344* E+03
millibar pascal (Pa) 1.0* E+02
millimeter of mercury (0°C) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+02
minute (angle) radian (rad) 2.908 882 E-04
minute (mean solar) second (s) 6.0* E+01
minute (sidereal) second (s) 5.983 617 E+01
month (mean calendar) second (s) 2.628 000 E+06
oersted ampere per meter (A/m) 7.957 747 E+01
ohm centimeter ohm meter ( •m) 1.0* E-02
ohm circular-mil per ft ohm millimeter2 per meter [( •mm2)m] 1.662 426 E-03
ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 2.834 952 E-02
ounce (troy or apothecary) kilogram (kg) 3.110 348 E-02
ounce (U.K. fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.841 307 E-05
ounce (U.S. fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E-05
ounce-force newton (N) 2.780 139 E-01
ozf•in. newton meter (N•m) 7.061 552 E-03
oz (avoirdupois)/gal (U.K. liquid) kilogram per meter3 (k/m3) 6.236 021 E+00
oz (avoirdupois)/gal (U.S. liquid) kilogram per meter3 (k/m3) 7.489 052 E+00
oz (avoirdupois)/in.3 kilogram per meter3 (k/m3) 1.729 994 E+03
oz (avoirdupois)/ft2 kilogram per meter2 (k/m2) 3.051 517 E-01
oz (avoirdupois)/yd2 kilogram per meter2 (k/m2) 3.390 575 E-02
parsec meter (m) 3.085 678 E+16
peck (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 8.809 768 E-03
pennyweight kilogram (kg) 1.555 174 E-03
perm (°C)(6) kilogram per pascal second meter2 [kg/(Pa•s•m2)] 5.721 E-11
perm (23°C)(6) kilogram per pascal second meter2 [kg/(Pa•s•m2)] 5.745 25 E-11
perm (0°C)(7) kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa•s•m)] 1.453 22 E-12
perm (23°C)(7) kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa•s•m)] 1.459 29 E-12
phot lumen per meter2 (lm/m2) 1.0* E+04
pica (printer’s) meter (m) 4.217 518 E-03
pint (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 5.506 105 E-04
pint (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.731 765 E-04
point (printer’s) meter (m) 3.514 598* E-04
poise (absolute viscosity) pascal second (Pa•s) 1.0* E-01
pound (lbm avoirduposi)(8) kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E-01


pound (troy of apothecary) kilogram (kg) 3.732 417 E-01
lbm-ft2 (moment of inertia) kilogram meter2 (kg•m2) 4.214 011 E-02
lbm-in.2 (moment of inertia) kilogram meter2 (kg•m2) 2.926 397 E-04
lbm/ft-hr pascal second (Pa•s) 4.133 789 E-04
lbm/ft-s pascal second (Pa•s) 1.488 164 E+00
lbm/ft2 kilogram per meter2 (kg/m2) 4.882 428 E+00
lbm/ft3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.601 846 E+01
lbm/gal (U.K. liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 9.977 633 E+01
lbm/gal (U.S. liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.198 264 E+02
lbm/hr kilogram per second (kg/s) 1.259 979 E-04
lbm/(hp•hr) (SFC, specific fuel consumption) kilogram per joule (kg/J) 1.689 659 E-07
lbm/in.3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 2.767 990 E+04
lbm/min kilogram per second (kg/s) 7.559 873 E-03
lbm/s kilogram per second (kg/s) 4.535 924 E-01
lbm/yd3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 5.932 764 E-01
poundal newton (N) 1.382 550 E-01
poundal/ft2 pascal (Pa) 1.488 164 E+00
poundal-s/ft2 pascal second (Pa•s) 1.488 164 E+00
pound-force newton (N) 4.448 222 E+00
lbf-ft(10) newton meter (N•m) 1.355 818 E+00
lbf-ft/in.(11) newton meter per meter 5.337 866 E+01
lbf-in(11) newton meter (N•m) 1.129 848 E-01
lbf-in./in.(11) newton meter per meter [(N•m)/m] 4.448 222 E+00
lbf-s/ft2 pascal second (Pa•s) 4.788 026 E+01
lbf/ft newton per meter (N/m) 1.459 390 E+01
lbf/ft2 pascal (Pa) 4.788 026 E+01
lbf/in. newton per meter (N/m) 1.751 268 E+02
lbf/in.2 (psi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+03
lbf/lbm (thrust/weight [mass] ratio) newton per kilogram (N/kg) 9.806 650 E+00‘
quart (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 1.101 221 E-03
quart (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 9.463 529 E-04
rad (radiation dose absorbed) gray (Gy) 1.0* E-02
rhe 1 per pascal second [1/(Pa•s) 1.0* E+01
rod meter (m) (see Footnote1)
roentgen coulomc per kilogram (C/kg) 2.58 E-04
second (angle) radian (rad) 4.848 137 E-06
second (sidereal) second (s) 9.972 696 E-01
section meter2 (m2) (see Footnote 1)
shake second (s) 1.000 000* E-08
slug kilogram (kg) 1.459 390 E+01
slug/(ft-s) pascal second (Pa•s) 4.788 026 E+01
slug/ft3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 5.153 788 E+02
statampere ampere (A) 3.335 640 E-10
statcloulomb coulomb (C) 3.335 640 E-10
statfarad farad (F) 1.112 650 E-12
stathenry henry (H) 8.987 554 E+11
statnho siemens (S) 1.112 650 E-12
statohm ohm ( ) 8.987 554 E+11
statvolt volt (V) 2.997 925 E+02
stere meter3 (m3) 1.0* E+00
stilb candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 1.0* E+04
stokes (kinematic viscosity) meter2 per second (m2/s) 1.0* E-04
tablespoon meter3 (m3) 1.478 676 E-05
teaspoon meter3 (m3) 4.928 E-06
tex kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.0* E-06
therm joule (J) 1.055 056 E+08
ton (assay) kilogram (kg) 2.916 667 E-02


ton (log, 2,240 lbm) kilogram (kg) 1.016 047 E+03
ton (metric) kilogram (kg) 1.0* E+03
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule (J) 4.184 E+09
ton (refrigeratio) watt (W) 3.516 800 E+03
ton (register) meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E+00
ton (short, 2000 lbm) kilogram (kg) 9.071 247 E+02
ton (long)/yd3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.328 939 E+03
ton (short)/hr kilogram per second (kg/s) 2.519 958 E-01
ton-force (200lbf) newton (N) 8.896 444 E+03
tonne kilogram (kg) 1.0* E+03
torr (mm Hg, 0°C) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+02
township meter2 (m2) (see Footnote1)
unit pole weber (Wb) 1.256 637 E-07
watthour (W-hr) joule (J) 3.60* E+03
W•s joule (J) 1.0* E+00
W/cm2 watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.0* E+04
W/in.2 watt per meter2 1.550 003 E+03
yard meter (m) 9.144* E-01
yd2 meter2 (m2) 8.361 274 E-01
yd3 meter3 (m3) 7.645 549 E-01
yd3/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 1.274 258 E-02
year (calendar) second (s) 3.153 600 E+07
year (sidreal) second (s) 3.155 815 E+07
year (tropical) second (s) 3.155 693 E+07

Table 9-2. “Memory Jogger”- Metric Units

“BallPark” Metric Values
Customary Unit
(Do not use as Conversion Factor)
acre 400 square meters
0.4 hectare
barrel 0.16 cubic meter
British thermal unit 1000 joules
British thermal unit per pound-mass 2300 joules per kilogram
kilojoules per kilogram
calorie 4 joules
centipoise 1* millipascal-second
centistokes 1* square millimeter per second
darcy 1 square micrometer
degree Fahrenheit (temperature difference) 0.5 kelvin
dyne per centimeter 1* millinewton per meter
foot 30 centimeters
0.3 meter
cubic foot (cu ft) 0.03 cubic meter
cubic foot per pound-mass (ft3/lbm) 0.06 cubic meter per kilogram
square foot (sq ft) 0.1 square meter
foot per minute 0.3 meter per minute
5 millimeters per second
foot-pound-force 1.4 joules
foot-pound-force per minute 0.02 watt
foot-pound-force per second 1.4 watts
horsepower 750 watts (3/4 kilowatt)
horsepower, boiler 10 kilowatts
inch 2.5 centimeters
kilowatt-hour 3.6* megajoules
mile 1.6 kilometers
ounce (avoirdupois) 28 grams
ounce (fluid) 30 cubic centimeters
pound-force 4.5 newtons
pound-force per square inch (pressure, psi) 7 kilopascals
pound-mass 0.5 kilogram
pound-mass per cubic foot 16 kilogram per cubic meter
section 260 hectares
2.6 million square meters
2.6 square kilometers
ton, long (2240 pounds-mass) 1000 kilogram
ton, metric (tonne) 1000* kilograms
ton, short 900 kilograms
*Exact equivalents
References
1. “Standard for Metric Practice”, E 380-82, American Soc. for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
(Similar material published in IEEE Std. 268-1982.)
2. Metric Practice Guide-A Guide to the Use of SI-The International System of Units, second edition.
API pub. 2563 (now being revised), American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. (Jan. 1973). (This
material is derived from ASTM E 380-72.)
3. Mechtly, E.A.: “The International System of Units-Physical Constants and Conversion Factors”,
NASA SP-7012, Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA, Washington, D.C. 1973 edition
available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.


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Baker Hughes INTEQ

Log Interpretation Charts

750-500-083 Rev. A April 1998

Baker Hughes INTEQ

© 1997 Baker Hughes INTEQ

ii Baker Hughes INTEQ

DHA: 7-3/4” Borehole: 10-1/2” Resistivity: Phase Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15

Reference Guide iii

Sub-Section 5.2 - Bed Thickness Correction Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57

iv Baker Hughes INTEQ

Tool: 6-3/4” Stabilizer: 8-1/2” Rm: 0.5 Ωm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-97

vi Baker Hughes INTEQ

This chapter describes the basics of the FEMWD Chart

MWD Formation Evaluation

Reference Guide 1-1

timely decisions for further formation evaluation, completion designs,

1-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

This chapter describes the general charts used in the

Data Density vs. ROP for RWD Measurements

Reference Guide 2-1

Data Density vs. ROP for RWD Measurements

(Number of Values Stored Per Foot or Meter)

2-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Estimation of Static Formation Temperature

Reference Guide 2-3

Estimation of Formation Temperature

True Vertical Depth, D (meters)

2-4 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Resistivity of Brine (Saline) Solutions

ppm NaC1 = 1.645 x ppm C1-

Example: Determine the resistivity of a brine with a salinity of 5000 ppm

Reference Guide 2-5

Resistivity (Salinity) of Brine Solutions

2-6 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Determining Rxo in Clean Formations

Reference Guide 2-7

Determination of Rxo (Clean Formation-Archie Equation)

2-8 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Determination of Rxo (Clean Formation - Humble Equation)

Rxo = (0.62) (Rmf)/(φ2.15)

Reference Guide 2-9

2-10 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Natural Gamma Ray

This chapter describes Natural Gamma Ray Processing and

Reference Guide 3-1

Natural Gamma Ray Correction for Potassium-

3-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

1. Determine Total %K by weight:

Reference Guide 3-3

Natural Gamma Ray

Borehole Size (inches)

3-4 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Natural Gamma Ray

Borehole Size (inches)

Reference Guide 3-5

Natural Gamma Ray

Borehole Size (inches)

3-6 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Natural Gamma Ray

Borehole Size (inches)

Reference Guide 3-7

Natural Gamma Ray

Borehole Size (inches)