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Electronics Lecture
Electronics Lecture
loop gain magnitudes slightly less than unity at f180 will lead to marginal
stability which can actually be much worse than flagrant instability.
Phase margin (PM) is defined as the angle of 180° minus the magnitude of the angle
at which the value 0 bA 0 is unity (0 dB).
Similarly if BA=1 and the phase shift is equal to 180º, the configuration will act
as an oscillator as well.
If the output drops quickly to one voltage level and after some time to another
voltage level then it is called pulse or square wave oscillator.
Let us consider an oscillator circuit. We apply an input signal Vi, the output
will be Vo=AVi and Vf will be equal to BAVi. Then we remove the input signal.
We have three cases.
1. If BA>1 then Vf will be a small value which will be applied to the input
and after each cycle this value will keep on deceasing and will
eventually die out.
2. If Ba<1, then Vf will be a large value and continue to increase after each
cycle producing distortions.
3. If BA=1, then Vf will be equal to Vi and thus same input will be applied
repeatedly to the input producing a self-sustained oscillatory circuit.
This is known as Batrkhausan criterion.
If we want an exact phase shift of 60º for each RC circuit we should use
emitter follower stages to prevent loading effect.
An emitter follower circuit prevents any loading effect due to its high input
and low output impedances.