Toefl 5lb 1ed Chapter23 PDF

Chapter 23
Reading E: Mixed
Reading passages and questions test your ability to comprehend and analyze academic information. Most
questions are multiple-choice with four options (select one from A, B, C, or D). Some questions may ask
you to select more than one option or to fill in a table.
Reading passages test your understanding of main ideas and details, as well as the organization of the
passage or of specific parts of the passage. They also test your understanding of the relationship between
different ideas and your ability to make inferences (messages implied by the passage).
How should you use this chapter? Here are some recommendations, according to the level you’ve reached in
TOEFL Reading:
1. Fundamentals. When you feel comfortable with the individual topics, move on to “mixed”
practice, as you’ll find in this chapter. Because you already practiced by topic in the earlier
chapters, time yourself in this chapter and do all of the questions for a passage at once, without
stopping.
2. Fixes. Test yourself with timed sets (a passage and all of its associated questions). Review the
answers carefully to learn how to improve.
3. Tweaks. Confirm your mastery by doing a passage and question set under timed conditions.
Concentrate on your weaker topic areas. Aim to improve the speed and ease of your process.
Good luck on Reading!
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Chapter 23 Reading E: Mixed
23.1 The Body and the Mind

People around the world accept the idea that what a person experiences emotionally can impact that person
physically. But why is it that this is such a commonly held belief? In the Western world, this idea gained
traction when it was adopted by Dr. Sigmund Freud, a pioneer in the field of psychology in the early
twentieth century. As one of the earliest exponents of the theory that emotional experiences can generate
physical responses, Freud argued that some patients suffering from what appeared to be a severe physical
illness could be treated for a psychological problem as a way to relieve their physical symptoms.
To reach his conclusion, Freud drew on the work of nineteenth-century French neurologist Jean-Martin
Charcot. Charcot was researching a condition known at that time as “hysteria.” Drawn from the Greek
word “hystera,” meaning “uterus,” hysteria was thought for centuries to be a medical condition experienced
by women because of malfunctions of that organ. One theory that can be traced all the way back to the
Greek physician Hippocrates and that persisted in European medicine for centuries was the “wandering
womb” theory. This theory supposed that the condition of hysteria was due to the inappropriate movement
of the uterus around the woman’s body. Charcot, however, believed that the symptoms of hysteria were not
the result of malfunctions of the uterus, but instead were caused by malfunctions of the nervous system,
because the wide range of symptoms that characterize hysteria can impact all areas of the body.
Nevertheless, as he researched his hypothesis, Charcot changed his opinion. He began treating patients
using hypnosis1. In their state of hypnosis, Charcot was able to make suggestions that changed a patient’s
physical state. This led him to conclude that their condition was not physical but psychological.
Freud and his friend and collaborator Dr. Josef Breuer accepted this conclusion and began to treat their own
hysterical patients using hypnosis, observing that in a hypnotized state, some of their patients could reveal the
23 underlying psychological source of their physical symptoms. One such patient was “Anna O.” A patient of
Breuer’s, Anna was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis. During the course of those
conversations, the severity of a symptom would be reduced as she was able to retrieve memories of traumatic
events associated with the symptom’s onset. She would go on to dub this process the “talking cure.”
As Freud continued to develop the talking cure, he moved away from hypnosis and to a procedure he
termed “free association,” through which patients were encouraged to speak in a totally uncensored and
uninhibited way about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them in response to a given stimulus. This
process proved more laborious than working under hypnosis, leading Freud to surmise that there must be a
force preventing the easy recall of the traumatic memories associated with his patients’ symptoms. From
this idea, his theory of repression was born. Repression, he believed, was the force that made traumatic
memories so difficult for his patients to recall. The memories were there—that much he knew from his
work with patients—but they were so difficult to access that he did not feel as if they could be part of the
patient’s conscious mind. This feeling led him to the conclusion that there must be another part of the
human mind in which those memories were amassed that is not fully conscious. This subconscious region
of the mind stores information that is repressed by the conscious mind.
According to Freud, repression happens when a wish, desire, or predilection does not align with the
generally accepted moral system of the society in which an individual lives. Unable to make sense of the
fact that the person has a desire for what he or she morally should not be craving, the mind takes the desire
hypnosis1: a state of consciousness in which the subject is unaware of his or her surroundings, is focused on a single issue, and is
highly suggestible
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Reading E: Mixed Chapter 23
and buries it deep down in the subconscious region of the mind. This repression of deviant desires is at the
heart of all neuroses, according to Freud’s theory. The widespread acceptance of this once revolutionary
theory underpins the now commonplace belief that there is a link between emotional well-being and
physical health.
Now answer the questions.
P1 Paragraph 1
S1 People around the world accept the idea that what a person experiences emotionally can impact
that person physically.
2 But why is it that this is such a commonly held belief?
3 In the Western world, this idea gained traction when it was adopted by Freud, a pioneer in the
field of psychology in the early twentieth century.
4 As one of the earliest exponents of the theory that emotional experiences can generate physical
responses, Freud argued that some patients suffering from what appeared to be a severe physical
illness could be treated for a psychological problem as a way to relieve their physical symptoms.
1. The word “exponents” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A advocates
23
B associates
C adversaries
D acolytes
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 To reach his conclusion, Freud drew on the work of nineteenth-century French neurologist
Jean-Martin Charcot.
2 Charcot was researching a condition known at that time as “hysteria.”
3 Drawn from the Greek word “hystera,” meaning “uterus,” hysteria was thought for centuries to
be a medical condition experienced by women because of malfunctions of that organ.
4 One theory that can be traced all the way back to the Greek physician Hippocrates and that
persisted in European medicine for centuries was the “wandering womb” theory.
5 This theory supposed that the condition of hysteria was due to the inappropriate movement of
the uterus around the woman’s body.
6 Charcot, however, believed that the symptoms of hysteria were not the result of malfunctions of
the uterus, but instead were caused by malfunctions of the nervous system, because the wide
range of symptoms that characterize hysteria can impact all areas of the body.
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 3 9/28/17 7:15 AM

2. According to paragraph 2, what evidence supports Charcot’s theory that hysteria is a disease of the
nervous system, rather than the uterus?
A When it is malfunctioning, the human uterus can shift in position within the body.
B Symptoms of hysteria are experienced by men as well as women.
C Symptoms of hysteria affect all regions of the body.
D Other diseases of the uterus did not cause psychological symptoms.
3. The word “inappropriate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A sudden
B improper
C involuntary
D rhythmic
P3 Paragraph 3
S1 Nevertheless, as he researched his hypothesis, Charcot changed his opinion.
2 He began treating patients using hypnosis.
3 In their state of hypnosis, Charcot was able to make suggestions that changed a patient’s
physical state.
23 4 This led him to conclude that their condition was not physical but psychological.
4. What finding led to Charcot’s change in opinion regarding the root causes of his patients’ symptoms?
A Certain patients were more suggestible under hypnosis than others.
B Not all patients were able to be hypnotized.
C Suggestions made during hypnosis could alter the physical state of patients.
D Physical manipulation of patients during hypnosis could lessen psychological symptoms.
P4 Paragraph 4
S1 Freud and his friend and collaborator Breuer accepted this conclusion and began to treat their
own hysterical patients using hypnosis, observing that in a hypnotized state, some of their
patients could reveal the underlying psychological source of their physical symptoms.
2 One such patient was “Anna O.”
3 A patient of Breuer’s, Anna was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis.
4 During the course of those conversations, the severity of a symptom would be reduced as she
was able to retrieve memories of traumatic events associated with the symptom’s onset.
5 She would go on to dub this process the “talking cure.”
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5. The word “their” in the passage refers to

A Freud and Breuer
B previous treatments
C physical symptoms
D some patients
6. According to paragraph 4, Anna O.’s symptoms became less severe as she

A observed and treated patients in a hypnotized state
B discussed traumatic memories that she retrieved under hypnosis
C concealed the underlying psychological source of her physical symptoms
D gave the nickname of the “talking cure” to the process
7. The passage mentions Anna O. in order to

A illustrate how a patient can reveal underlying psychological causes of symptoms under hypnosis
B draw a distinction between hysterical patients and patients with other psychological disorders
C express a similarity between Breuer’s patients and Freud’s
D compare hysterical patients and patients seeking treatment for purely physical ailments
P5 Paragraph 5 23
S1 As Freud continued to develop the talking cure, he moved away from hypnosis and to a
procedure he termed “free association,” through which patients were encouraged to speak in a
totally uncensored and uninhibited way about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them in
response to a given stimulus.
2 This process proved more laborious than working under hypnosis, leading Freud to surmise that
there must be a force preventing the easy recall of the traumatic memories associated with his
patients’ symptoms.
3 From this idea, his theory of repression was born.
4 Repression, he believed, was the force that made traumatic memories so difficult for his patients
to recall.
5 The memories were there—that much he knew from his work with patients—but they were so
difficult to access that he did not feel as if they could be part of the patient’s conscious mind.
6 This feeling led him to the conclusion that there must be another part of the human mind in
which those memories were amassed that is not fully conscious.
7 This subconscious region of the mind stores information that is repressed by the conscious mind.
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8. According to paragraph 5, all of the following contributed to Freud’s conclusion that there is a
subconscious region of the human mind EXCEPT:
A His patients had traumatic memories.
B His patients’ traumatic memories were not easy to access via free association.
C His hypnotized patients were highly suggestible.
D He believed that humans repress traumatic memories.
9. The word “amassed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A lost
B revived
C treasured
D housed
P6 Paragraph 6
S1 According to Freud, repression happens when a wish, desire, or predilection does not align with
the generally accepted moral system of the society in which an individual lives.
2 Unable to make sense of the fact that the person has a desire for what he or she morally should not be
craving, the mind takes the desire and buries it deep down in the subconscious region of the mind.
23 3 This repression of deviant desires is at the heart of all neuroses, according to Freud’s theory.
4 The widespread acceptance of this once revolutionary theory underpins the now commonplace
belief that there is a link between emotional well-being and physical health.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A Because a person desires to make moral choices, immoral choices must be made in the
subconscious.
B The mind pushes a desire into the subconscious if that desire cannot be reconciled with morality.
C A person who is normally moral may subconsciously desire immoral things.
D People who are moral and know that they are moral do not consciously desire only moral things.
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P4 Paragraph 4
S1 Freud and his friend and collaborator Breuer accepted this conclusion and began to treat their
own hysterical patients using hypnosis, observing that in a hypnotized state, some of their
patients could reveal the underlying psychological source of their physical symptoms.
2 A One such patient was “Anna O.”
3 B A patient of Breuer’s, Anna was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis.
4 C During the course of those conversations, the severity of a symptom would be reduced as she
was able to retrieve memories of traumatic events associated with the symptom’s onset.
5 D She would go on to dub this process the “talking cure.”
Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters [A], [B], [C], and [D]
indicate where the following sentence could be added.
11. Furthermore, the reduction of the symptom was not temporary, but persisted long after the
conversations with Breuer, effectively relieving her of the symptom in full.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
23
D Choice D
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Select from the six phrases below TWO that correctly characterize the early version of the
talking cure and THREE that correctly characterize the later version of the talking cure,
as described in the passage. One of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth
2 points.
Early talking cure Later talking cure

• •
• •
•
12. A The patient is under hypnosis.

B The process is more laborious.
C The patient is not under hypnosis.
D The patient is prompted to talk about his or her symptoms.
E The process can be performed successfully by non professionals.
F The patient is encouraged to respond uninhibitedly to a stimulus.
23 23.2 The Spinning Jenny

Two well-known icons of the Industrial Revolution are the steam engine, originally invented in Britain by
Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen in 1712 (later perfected by James Watt), and the cotton gin,
patented by Eli Whitney in 1794 in the United States. Both innovations were crucial in propelling the
Industrial Revolution forward. The steam engine was the first independent source of power that was not
reliant on wind or moving water, such as a river, and the cotton gin drastically sped up the laborious
process of separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds as a raw material for making cloth. Both innovations
led to dramatic improvements in the productivity of workers, enabling machines to replace the effort in
important manufacturing tasks that had previously depended on human or animal power. However, a
much lesser-known invention arrived in between these two, one that may have been just as crucial in
paving the way for the rapid economic growth that followed over the next century: the spinning jenny.
At the time, spinning wheels were used to turn cotton fibers into yarn and other threads for use in making
cloth. The operator turned the wheel, which in turn spun components of the machine called the flyer and
spindle. The flyer was responsible for “spinning” the fibers, that is, for twisting the raw fibers at an
appropriate rate to produce thread. Placed horizontally, the spindle was responsible for collecting the
finished thread, with the flyer next to it. According to a popular myth, in 1764, James Hargreaves
(1720–1778) was in his workshop and observed that a spinning wheel had been knocked over by his
daughter, Jenny, but was still spinning, along with the spindle, which now pointed vertically. It dawned on
him that it would be possible to place multiple spindles vertically, each with its own flyer, and have the
entire assembly powered by a single wheel operated by one person.
In reality, Hargreaves had several daughters, none of whom was named Jenny. (It is believed that
Hargreaves may have intended “jenny” as a nickname for “engine.”) However, with his insight about
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 8 9/28/17 7:15 AM

repositioning the spindle and adding more of them, the spinning jenny was born. His initial creation
consisted of eight vertical spindles all connected to a single wheel via a metal frame. Thus, the original
spinning jenny could produce thread at up to eight times the rate of a single-thread spinning wheel with
the same amount of manpower. It is one of the earliest known examples of a mechanical advantage, or the
advantage gained by the use of a device when transmitting force. Mechanical advantage is an extremely
important concept that drove the explosive increase in economic output that occurred during the Industrial
Revolution across practically every industry. The textile industry was one of the first to experience such a
growth in productivity, and the spinning jenny was the invention responsible for it. In fact, many
inventions in other industries that created mechanical advantage used the spinning jenny as a model or
inspiration in their design.
Not surprisingly, there was substantial opposition to Hargreaves’s invention. Of course, textile makers
welcomed an invention that would make more thread available for them to use as a raw material in the
production of cloth. At first, other hand weavers also welcomed the possibility of machine that would make
their work more productive—there had been a shortage in the capacity for thread spinning for quite some
time. However, once Hargreaves began selling his invention within the industry, spinning capacity
proliferated, and the price of spun yarn fell drastically. Weavers who did not have access to Hargreaves’s
device, or who could not afford it, were quickly priced out of the market. Many revolted, going so far as to
repeatedly break into his property and destroy newly manufactured machines whenever he had assembled
them for sale. Hargreaves was forced to flee to Nottingham, about 100 miles away, and construct his
machines in secrecy. He also faced competition from imitation versions of his invention, so he applied for
and received a patent for the spinning jenny in 1770. Unfortunately for Hargreaves, because he had sold
a number of such machines prior to receiving patent protection, his legal recourse against imitations
was limited. 23
P1 Paragraph 1
S1 Two well-known icons of the Industrial Revolution are the steam engine, originally invented in
Britain by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen in 1712 (later perfected by James Watt), and
the cotton gin, patented by Eli Whitney in 1794 in the United States.
2 Both innovations were crucial in propelling the Industrial Revolution forward.
3 The steam engine was the first independent source of power that was not reliant on wind or
moving water, such as a river, and the cotton gin drastically sped up the laborious process of
separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds as a raw material for making cloth.
4 Both innovations led to dramatic improvements in the productivity of workers, enabling
machines to replace the effort in important manufacturing tasks that had previously depended
on human or animal power.
5 However, a much lesser-known invention arrived in between these two, one that may have been
just as crucial in paving the way for the rapid economic growth that followed over the next
century: the spinning jenny.
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 9 9/28/17 7:15 AM

1. The word “laborious” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A sophisticated
B impossible
C arduous
D repetitive
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was true of both the steam engine and the cotton gin?
A Both inventions increased worker productivity.
B Both inventions were in fact created before the Industrial Revolution.
C Both machines were invented in the United States.
D Both inventions led to the development of the spinning jenny.
3. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was true of the human and animal power referred to
in the paragraph?
A It was still used to provide small amounts of energy to the steam engine and the cotton gin.
B Manufacturing depended on it more after the steam engine and the cotton gin were invented.
C As a natural source, it was itself reliant on power from wind or moving water.
D It started to be replaced by machines after the invention of the steam engine and the cotton gin.
23
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 At the time, spinning wheels were used to turn cotton fibers into yarn and other threads for use
in making cloth.
2 The operator turned the wheel, which in turn spun components of the machine called the flyer
and spindle.
3 The flyer was responsible for “spinning” the fibers, that is, for twisting the raw fibers at an
appropriate rate to produce thread.
4 Placed horizontally, the spindle was responsible for collecting the finished thread, with the flyer
next to it.
5 According to a popular myth, in 1764, James Hargreaves (1720–1778) was in his workshop and
observed that a spinning wheel had been knocked over by his daughter, Jenny, but was still
spinning, along with the spindle, which now pointed vertically.
6 It dawned on him that it would be possible to place multiple spindles vertically, each with its
own flyer, and have the entire assembly powered by a single wheel operated by one person.
10
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4. The word “assembly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A association
B machine
C component
D supply
5. Why does the author use the phrase “According to a popular myth” in the paragraph?
A To explain why the story about how Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny is so popular
B To introduce a tale about the invention of the spinning jenny that is interesting but not true
C To make a transition from the circumstances of the spinning jenny’s invention to its method of
operation
D To echo back to a previously told story that outlines how the spinning jenny was actually
invented
6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that an important difference between the spinning jenny and the
spinning wheel was that
A the spinning jenny could produce any type of thread, while the spinning wheel could only be
used to turn cotton into yarn
B the spinning jenny made use of a different and less costly source of power than the spinning
wheel did
23
C the spinning jenny required several operators, whereas the spinning wheel needed just one
operator
D the spinning jenny could fill many spindles at once, while the spinning wheel could fill only one
at a time
11
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P3 Paragraph 3
S1 In reality, Hargreaves had several daughters, none of whom was named Jenny.
2 (It is believed that Hargreaves may have intended “jenny” as a nickname for “engine.”)
3 However, with his insight about repositioning the spindle and adding more of them, the
spinning jenny was born.
4 His initial creation consisted of eight vertical spindles all connected to a single wheel via a metal
frame.
5 Thus, the original spinning jenny could produce thread at up to eight times the rate of a single-
thread spinning wheel with the same amount of manpower.
6 It is one of the earliest known examples of a mechanical advantage, or the advantage gained by
the use of a device when transmitting force.
7 Mechanical advantage is an extremely important concept that drove the explosive increase in
economic output that occurred during the Industrial Revolution across practically every
industry.
8 The textile industry was one of the first to experience such a growth in productivity, and the
spinning jenny was the invention responsible for it.
9 In fact, many inventions in other industries that created mechanical advantage used the
spinning jenny as a model or inspiration in their design.
23
7. The word “repositioning” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A removing
B implementing
C rearranging
D warehousing
8. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2?

A A correction of a previous story, followed by an explanation of an invention and its implications
B A confirmation of a previous story, followed by detailed examples about that story
C An opinion about a previous story, followed by a detailed explanation of an economic concept
D A denial of a previous story, followed by a series of examples showing why that story must be
incorrect
12
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P4 Paragraph 4
S1 Not surprisingly, there was substantial opposition to Hargreaves’s invention.
2 Of course, textile makers welcomed an invention that would make more thread available for
them to use as a raw material in the production of cloth.
3 At first, other hand weavers also welcomed the possibility of machine that would make their
work more productive—there had been a shortage in the capacity for thread spinning for quite
some time.
4 However, once Hargreaves began selling his invention within the industry, spinning capacity
proliferated, and the price of spun yarn fell drastically.
5 Weavers who did not have access to Hargreaves’s device, or who could not afford it, were quickly
priced out of the market.
6 Many revolted, going so far as to repeatedly break into his property and destroy newly
manufactured machines whenever he had assembled them for sale.
7 Hargreaves was forced to flee to Nottingham, about 100 miles away, and construct his machines
in secrecy.
8 He also faced competition from imitation versions of his invention, so he applied for and
received a patent for the spinning jenny in 1770.
9 Unfortunately for Hargreaves, because he had sold a number of such machines prior to receiving
patent protection, his legal recourse against imitations was limited. 23
information.
A Hargreaves did not have patent protection, but did not need it because imitation machines were
illegal.
B Hargreaves’s legal recourse was reduced because imitation machines already had their own
patents.
C The patent protection that Hargreaves received reduced his legal options for creating new
inventions.
D Hargreaves’s legal options against copycat machines were reduced because he sold some machines
before getting patent protection.
10. The word “proliferated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A blossomed
B fluctuated
C plunged
D dispersed
13
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11. According to paragraph 4, all of the following occurred as a result of Hargreaves selling his invention
EXCEPT:
A The price of spun yarn plummeted.
B Textile makers resisted the new method of thread manufacturing.
C The capacity to manufacture thread became greater.
D Some competitors revolted by demolishing his property.
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 At the time, spinning wheels were used to turn cotton fibers into yarn and other threads for use
in making cloth.
2–3 A The operator turned the wheel, which in turn spun components of the machine called the
flyer and spindle. The flyer was responsible for “spinning” the fibers, that is, for twisting the raw
fibers at an appropriate rate to produce thread.
4 B Placed horizontally, the spindle was responsible for collecting the finished thread, with the
flyer next to it.
5 C According to a popular myth, in 1764, James Hargreaves (1720–1778) was in his workshop
and observed that a spinning wheel had been knocked over by his daughter, Jenny, but was still
spinning, along with the spindle, which now pointed vertically.
6 D It dawned on him that it would be possible to place multiple spindles vertically, each with its
23 own flyer, and have the entire assembly powered by a single wheel operated by one person.
12. In the middle of the eighteenth century, a man in Northern England realized this design could
be improved.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
14
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Select from the six phrases below THREE that correctly characterize the spinning jenny
and TWO that correctly characterize the spinning wheel, according to the passage. One
of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 2 points.
Spinning Jenny Spinning Wheel

• •
• •
•
13. A Used a single horizontal spindle

B Used a single vertical spindle
C Used multiple spindles
D Invented by James Hargreaves
E Used by many weavers at the beginning of the 1700s
F Inspired development of similar machines in other industries
23.3 Fracking and the Environment

The 2010 documentary film Gasland features a man in Colorado lighting the water from his home faucet 23
on fire. The water is flammable because of methane, also known as natural gas, apparently released into his
groundwater source from hydraulic fracturing in his area. According to some researchers, this phenomenon
has become common in several parts of the United States.
What exactly is hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking,” and why has it become commonplace?
Fracking is a drilling procedure designed to extract hard-to-reach resources from below the land’s surface.
In particular, fracking has become the default procedure for unearthing natural gas deposits that are
embedded in openings within large shale rock formations. The process is as follows: first, a traditional well,
similar to that used to reach petroleum, is drilled to a specified depth. Then the well takes a 90-degree turn,
so that it is now running horizontal, or parallel to the surface. Once the wellbore1 has been drilled a
sufficient distance, it is then flooded with a liquid mixture known as “fracking fluid.” This fluid is pumped
into the wellbore at a tremendously high pressure, which causes the shale rock to split apart, freeing the
natural gas and other resources trapped within the rock formation. These resources can then be much more
easily taken out from the ground. Since the 1950s, over 1 million fracking procedures at roughly 100,000
fracking wells have been completed in the United States.
Natural gas has become an attractive fuel resource because it is abundant in the Marcellus shale formation,
found across much of Pennsylvania and Ohio and parts of neighboring states, as well as in several other
formations in Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas. Additionally, natural gas is considered a “clean-
burning” fuel, because it releases much less carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur oxide than other fuel
wellbore1: the hole created in a drilling process for natural resources
15
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sources (particularly coal) when it is burned. Fracking represents the most efficient conventional method to
access this fuel source. However, fracking creates numerous environmental problems by the very nature of
the means used to extract the natural gas.
First, fracking fluid itself is anything but safe. It primarily consists of water, with a proprietary series of
additives for various purposes needed for the fracking process. Additives include hundreds of toxic
substances such as solvents, surfactants, biocides, friction reducers, and so on. The exact mix used in any
given operation can vary based on several factors, and companies are not legally required to publish an
exact list of chemicals used. For any fracking operation, a substantial amount of this fluid must be
employed. A fracking site will require 2 to 10 million gallons (about 8 to 38 million liters) of fluid; this
fluid must be brought to the site by tanker trucks, which typically have a capacity of about 5,000 gallons
(19,000 liters). This is in addition to the equipment and pumping trucks that the site will require. Thus,
thousands of tanker truck trips may be required to complete a given well. When the fluid is pumped into
the ground, an attempt is made to contain and recover it, but some fracking fluid does seep into the rock
sediment, and this seepage can contaminate nearby groundwater sources. The recovered fluid, known in
the industry as “wastewater,” must be contained above ground and disposed of properly. This task is
nontrivial, given the sheer volume of fluid required, and little government oversight is applied to ensure that
fracking companies follow safe practices.
Wastewater is not the only potential source of environmental complications from fracking. There is strong
evidence to suggest that fracking can cause earthquakes. Research claims that more than half of the
earthquakes in Texas in the last 40 years have been triggered by oil and gas drilling activity, with the
preponderance coming from hydraulic fracturing. The pace of growth in earthquakes is even more
staggering in recent years, as fracking has mushroomed in several parts of the United States. According to
23 the United States Geological Survey, during the period 1973–2008, there were approximately 20
measurable earthquakes in the central and eastern United States per year. In 2014, there were more than
600, and in 2015, over 1,000. While most of these earthquakes were minor, with no structural damage to
any buildings, the occurrence has become so common that the phrase “injection-induced seismicity” has
been coined to describe it.
P1 Paragraph 1
S1 The 2010 documentary film Gasland features a man in Colorado lighting the water from his
home faucet on fire.
2 The water is flammable because of methane, also known as natural gas, apparently released into
his groundwater source from hydraulic fracturing in his area.
3 According to some researchers, this phenomenon has become common in several parts of the
United States.
16
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 16 9/28/17 7:15 AM

1. The word “flammable” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A potable
B incendiary
C poisonous
D incombustible
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true regarding groundwater contamination that
may be caused by hydraulic fracturing?
A It is not the only problem potentially caused by hydraulic fracturing.
B It is causing methane to leak into hydraulic fracturing sites.
C It is caused by sources originating from outside the United States.
D It seems to be happening in locations other than the one mentioned.
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 What exactly is hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking,” and why has it become
commonplace?
2 Fracking is a drilling procedure designed to extract hard-to-reach resources from below the
land’s surface.
3 In particular, fracking has become the default procedure for unearthing natural gas deposits 23
that are embedded in openings within large shale rock formations.
4 The process is as follows: first, a traditional well, similar to that used to reach petroleum, is
drilled to a specified depth.
5 Then the well takes a 90-degree turn, so that it is now running horizontal, or parallel to the
surface.
6 Once the wellbore has been drilled a sufficient distance, it is then flooded with a liquid mixture
known as “fracking fluid.”
7 This fluid is pumped into the wellbore at a tremendously high pressure, which causes the shale
rock to split apart, freeing the natural gas and other resources trapped within the rock formation.
8 These resources can then be much more easily taken out from the ground.
9 Since the 1950s, over 1 million fracking procedures at roughly 100,000 fracking wells have been
completed in the United States.
17
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 17 9/28/17 7:15 AM

3. The word “unearthing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A extracting
B cleansing
C identifying
D implanting
4. Why does the author use the phrases “drilled to a specified depth” and “drilled a sufficient distance”?
A To emphasize the fundamental difference between depth and distance
B To suggest that some fracking wells are drilled deeply while others are drilled to more shallow depth
C To describe the lengths of the vertical and horizontal portions of the wellbore
D To demonstrate that depth and distance are equivalent in the context of fracking wells
5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about fracking in the United States?
A The United States is the first country to extract natural gas via fracking.
B More than one fracking procedure can be performed at a single well.
C The process used in the Unites States is different from that used in many other countries.
D The process used in the United States has changed substantially since the 1950s.
23 P3 Paragraph 3
S1 Natural gas has become an attractive fuel resource because it is abundant in the Marcellus shale
formation, found across much of Pennsylvania and Ohio and parts of neighboring states, as well
as in several other formations in Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas.
2 Additionally, natural gas is considered a “clean-burning” fuel, because it releases much less carbon
dioxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur oxide than other fuel sources (particularly coal) when it is burned.
3 Fracking represents the most efficient conventional method to access this fuel source.
4 However, fracking creates numerous environmental problems by the very nature of the means
used to extract the natural gas.
6. According to paragraph 3, which is the following is NOT a reason why fracking has become a
common practice?
A It is a highly efficient method for retrieving natural gas.
B The natural gas extracted by fracking releases less in the way of pollutants than many other fuels do.
C Natural gas is found abundantly in many states, such as Pennsylvania.
D It has few side effects that can affect the environment in a detrimental way.
18
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 18 9/28/17 7:15 AM

7. The word “conventional” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A established
B pioneering
C reliable
D experimental
P4 Paragraph 4
S1 First, fracking fluid itself is anything but safe.
2 It primarily consists of water, with a proprietary series of additives for various purposes needed
for the fracking process.
3 Additives include hundreds of toxic substances such as solvents, surfactants, biocides, friction
reducers, and so on.
4 The exact mix used in any given operation can vary based on several factors, and companies are
not legally required to publish an exact list of chemicals used.
5 For any fracking operation, a substantial amount of this fluid must be employed.
6 A fracking site will require 2 to 10 million gallons (about 8 to 38 million liters) of fluid; this
fluid must be brought to the site by tanker trucks, which typically have a capacity of about
5,000 gallons (19,000 liters).
7 This is in addition to the equipment and pumping trucks that the site will require.
23
8 Thus, thousands of tanker truck trips may be required to complete a given well.
9 When the fluid is pumped into the ground, an attempt is made to contain and recover it, but
some fracking fluid does seep into the rock sediment, and this seepage can contaminate nearby
groundwater sources.
10 The recovered fluid, known in the industry as “wastewater,” must be contained above ground
and disposed of properly.
11 This task is nontrivial, given the sheer volume of fluid required, and little government oversight
is applied to ensure that fracking companies follow safe practices.
paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A Attempts to collect fracking fluid are typically able to contain everything that was pumped into
the ground.
B Fracking fluid that seeps into the rock sediment can contaminate groundwater.
C When attempts to collect fracking fluid pumped into the ground are not entirely successful, fluid
that escapes can contaminate groundwater.
D Fracking fluid is pumped into the rock sediment, causing groundwater contamination and
requiring collection.
19
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9. The word “nontrivial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A impractical
B significant
C negligible
D costly
10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the fluid used for a fracking operation?
A The precise mixtures of chemicals in fracking fluid are publicly known.
B Millions of gallons of fluid are typically used for a single fracking site.
C Government oversight helps ensure proper wastewater disposal.
D Most of the recovered fluid can be reused in other fracking operations.
P5 Paragraph 5
S1 Wastewater is not the only potential source of environmental complications from fracking.
2 There is strong evidence to suggest that fracking can cause earthquakes.
3 Research claims that more than half of the earthquakes in Texas in the last 40 years have been
triggered by oil and gas drilling activity, with the preponderance coming from hydraulic
fracturing.
23 4 The pace of growth in earthquakes is even more staggering in recent years, as fracking has
mushroomed in several parts of the United States.
5 According to the United States Geological Survey, during the period 1973–2008, there were
approximately 20 measurable earthquakes in the central and eastern United States per year.
6 In 2014, there were more than 600, and in 2015, over 1,000.
7 While most of these earthquakes were minor, with no structural damage to any buildings, the
occurrence has become so common that the phrase “injection-induced seismicity” has been
coined to describe it.
11. According to paragraph 5, the concept of “injection-induced seismicity” is best described as

A earthquake activity in some locations caused by fracking operations
B mechanisms by which earthquakes trigger hydraulic fracturing
C increases in hydraulic fracturing as a proportion of all oil and gas drilling activity
D the degree to which hydraulic fracturing makes individual earthquakes more severe
20
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 20 9/28/17 7:15 AM

12. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true of recent increases in the number of
earthquakes in the United States?
A The increases, high in the 1970s through the first decade of the 2000s, have been smaller more
recently.
B The increases are dramatic and can only be explained by hydraulic fracturing.
C A majority of the new earthquakes each year are relatively mild.
D New developments may reduce the increases in fracking-related earthquakes.
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 What exactly is hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking,” and why has it become
commonplace?
2–4 A Fracking is a drilling procedure designed to extract hard-to-reach resources from below the land
surface. In particular, fracking has become the default procedure for unearthing natural gas deposits
that are embedded in openings within large shale rock formations. The process is as follows: first, a
traditional well, similar to that used to reach petroleum, is drilled to a specified depth.
5–6 B Then the well takes a 90-degree turn, so that it is now running horizontal, or parallel to the
surface. Once the wellbore has been drilled a sufficient distance, it is then flooded with a liquid
mixture known as “fracking fluid.”
7–8 C This fluid is pumped into the wellbore at a tremendously high pressure, which causes the
shale rock to split apart, freeing the natural gas and other resources trapped within the rock 23
formation. These resources can then be much more easily taken out from the ground.
9 D Since the 1950s, over 1 million fracking procedures at roughly 100,000 fracking wells have
been completed in the United States.
13. Once completed, the fracking procedure can be performed again on the same well to extract
resources not reached the first time.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
21
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 21 9/28/17 7:15 AM

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question
is worth 2 points.
14. Hydraulic fracturing is an important technique for extracting valuable fuel resources, but its
environmental consequences seem to be serious.
A Fracking first emerged in the 1950s as a widely used natural gas extraction procedure in the
United States.
B The fluid used in fracking is laden with toxic chemicals and is difficult to dispose of efficiently.
C Fracking has become common because it efficiently extracts natural gas, a cleaner-burning and
abundant fuel.
D The bore of a fracking well is first drilled vertically to a specific depth, much in the same way as
for petroleum wells.
E An advantage of fracking is that relatively little investment is required to set up and manage
operations.
F Fracking has been associated with a rapid increase in the number of earthquakes in the United
23 States.
23.4 Dien Bien Phu

Division
312
Division
308
Air
str
ip
French position
French position
Division
316
French position
French position
A watershed event in the twentieth-century saga that effectively ended Western colonialism was the defeat
of the French army by the Viet Minh under General Giap at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. This victory shocked
the Western world, essentially won the First Indochina War for the Viet Minh, and encouraged similar
revolutions, especially in French-controlled North Africa. To understand and appreciate the causes and
22
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 22 9/28/17 7:15 AM

results of this turning point, one must address several questions. Strategically, how did the French
miscalculate their strength and objective? Tactically, how was a modern army bested by irregular guerrilla
forces? And how did one moderately-sized engagement disproportionately influence geopolitical
developments worldwide?
When General Navarre took command of the French forces in 1953, the Viet Minh advance threatened not
only the French position there, but also that in neighboring Laos. Lacking the resources for a defensive
front, Navarre hoped to cut the Viet Minh supply lines and defend Laos by establishing isolated fortresses,
which were reliant on air supply. This approach had produced a French victory at Na San in 1952.
However, the French command overlooked many strategic differences when establishing their forces in
Dien Bien Phu in November 1953. At Na San, the French enjoyed extensive air support, and their superior
artillery commanded the high ground. In the valley of Dien Bien Phu, however, they chose positions that
left the surrounding hills to the Viet Minh, and they did not have the same air support and supply
capacities. Furthermore, faulty intelligence left the French unaware of the vast quantity of men and artillery
that General Giap had been able to transport through difficult terrain. On a broader strategic level, the
entire operation was rendered pointless when the French government relieved Navarre of the responsibility
of defending Laos a week before the campaign began, but he did not receive that directive until two weeks
after the French dug in. These strategic errors paved the way for a tactical debacle.
The French troops at Dien Bien Phu numbered about 11,000, eventually rising to 16,000. By late
December, the French position was surrounded and began to unravel; a nearby garrison of 2,100 at Lai
Chau attempted to join the beleaguered defenders but lost 90 percent of its strength in ambushes along the
way. General Giap deployed 50,000 fighters and dug his artillery into commanding hillside positions that
were impervious to the French guns. The battle commenced in earnest in March 1954. The French defense
consisted of eight fortified positions. The Viet Minh artillery decimated the French and killed two of 23
the commanding officers. Within a couple of days, the Viet Minh overran two of these strongholds, and
the Vietnamese ethnic Tai troops manning a third deserted en masse.
The French troops paid dearly for their generals’ miscalculations. Their commanders underestimated the
resourcefulness and military prowess of General Giap; their artillery was helpless; and the Viet Minh
advance made the airstrip inoperative, leaving the French dependent on inadequate supply by parachute.
After a two-week lull, vicious seesawing warfare continued from late March into early April. The desperate
French inflicted heavy casualties on the Viet Minh but still steadily lost ground until even parachute
resupply was impossible. Throughout April, the Viet Minh tightened their grip. In early May, a series of
assaults overran the remaining French positions and, despite a breakout attempt, virtually all of the
defenders were killed or captured. The Viet Minh won a costly but decisive victory.
The immediate result was to spur an agreement for French withdrawal and the division of Vietnam, with
the Viet Minh controlling the northern half. Consequently, a weakened France then faced other expensive
and eventually futile conflicts with insurgents in its North African colonies. In Vietnam, the southern
leaders, backed by the United States, broke the terms of peace, and conflict resumed. In many ways, the
battle of Dien Bien Phu eventually led to the Second Indochina War, known in the United States as the
Vietnam War. In that war, it has been argued that General Giap employed the same strategy in the assault
on Khe Sanh, but vastly superior United States air power and weaponry resulted in a bloody defeat for the
attackers, at least at first.
23
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 23 9/28/17 7:15 AM

P1 Paragraph 1
S1 A watershed event in the twentieth-century saga that effectively ended Western colonialism was
the defeat of the French army by the Viet Minh under General Giap at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
2 This victory shocked the Western world, essentially won the First Indochina War for the Viet
Minh, and encouraged similar revolutions, especially in French-controlled North Africa.
3 To understand and appreciate the causes and results of this turning point, one must address
several questions.
4 Strategically, how did the French miscalculate their strength and objective?
5 Tactically, how was a modern army bested by irregular guerrilla forces?
6 And how did one moderately-sized engagement disproportionately influence geopolitical
developments worldwide?
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about the Viet Minh victory at Dien Bien Phu?
A It cost the French army more casualties than it did the Viet Minh guerrillas.
B It was an outcome widely expected in the West.
23 C It ultimately turned into an expensive stalemate.
D It inspired revolutions in North Africa.
24
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 24 9/28/17 7:15 AM

P2 Paragraph 2
S1 When General Navarre took command of the French forces in 1953, the Viet Minh advance
threatened not only the French position there, but also that in neighboring Laos.
2 Lacking the resources for a defensive front, Navarre hoped to cut the Viet Minh supply lines
and defend Laos by establishing isolated fortresses, which were reliant on air supply.
3 This approach had produced a French victory at Na San in 1952.
4 However, the French command overlooked many strategic differences when establishing their
forces in Dien Bien Phu in November 1953.
5 At Na San, the French enjoyed extensive air support, and their superior artillery commanded
the high ground.
6 In the valley of Dien Bien Phu, however, they chose positions that left the surrounding hills to
the Viet Minh, and they did not have the same air support and supply capacities.
7 Furthermore, faulty intelligence left the French unaware of the vast quantity of men and
artillery that General Giap had been able to transport through difficult terrain.
8 On a broader strategic level, the entire operation was rendered pointless when the French
government relieved Navarre of the responsibility of defending Laos a week before the campaign
began, but he did not receive that directive until two weeks after the French dug in.
9 These strategic errors paved the way for a tactical debacle.
23
2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that the success of the French plan would require
A faulty intelligence
B air and artillery superiority
C a defensive front
D troops that were better trained
3. The word “debacle” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A impasse
B triumph
C disaster
D reaction
4. The phrase “rendered pointless” is closest in meaning to

A torn asunder
B turned awry
C made immoral
D deprived of purpose
25
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 25 9/28/17 7:15 AM

5. Why does the author discuss Na San in the highlighted sentence?

A To detail advantages that Dien Bien Phu lacked
B To highlight the hopelessness of the French position at Dien Bien Phu
C To underscore the military prowess of General Giap
D To illustrate the importance of defending Laos
P3 Paragraph 3
S1 The French troops at Dien Bien Phu numbered about 11,000, eventually rising to 16,000.
2 By late December, the French position was surrounded and began to unravel; a nearby garrison
of 2,100 at Lai Chau attempted to join the beleaguered defenders but lost 90 percent of its
strength in ambushes along the way.
3 General Giap deployed 50,000 fighters and dug his artillery into commanding hillside positions
that were impervious to the French guns.
4 The battle commenced in earnest in March 1954.
5 The French defense consisted of eight fortified positions.
6 The Viet Minh artillery decimated the French and killed two of the commanding officers.
7 Within a couple of days, the Viet Minh overran two of these strongholds, and the Vietnamese
ethnic Tai troops manning a third deserted en masse.
23
6. Why does the author mention that “a nearby garrison of 2,100 at Lai Chau attempted to join the
beleaguered defenders but lost 90 percent of its strength in ambushes along the way”?
A To illustrate the bravery of the French soldiers
B To decry the bloodshed of the war
C To describe a way in which the French position fell apart
D To show how the French lost an opportunity to win the battle
7. According to paragraph 3, for what immediate reason did the French-fortified position held by Tai troops fall?
A The defending soldiers fled as a group.
B The Viet Minh artillery decimated the defending soldiers.
C The defending soldiers were ambushed by Viet Minh troops.
D The commanding officers of the defending soldiers were killed.
26
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 26 9/28/17 7:15 AM

8. The word “impervious” is closest in meaning to

A invulnerable
B inevitable
C intransigent
D inadequate
P4 Paragraph 4
S1 The French troops paid dearly for their generals’ miscalculations.
2 Their commanders underestimated the resourcefulness and military prowess of General Giap;
their artillery was helpless; and the Viet Minh advance made the airstrip inoperative, leaving the
French dependent on inadequate supply by parachute.
3 After a two-week lull, vicious seesawing warfare continued from late March into early April.
4 The desperate French inflicted heavy casualties on the Viet Minh but still steadily lost ground
until even parachute resupply was impossible.
5 Throughout April, the Viet Minh tightened their grip.
6 In early May, a series of assaults overran the remaining French positions and, despite a breakout
attempt, virtually all of the defenders were killed or captured.
7 The Viet Minh won a costly but decisive victory.
23
9. Which of the following statements about the French defeat is supported by the information in
paragraph 4?
A Given the circumstances, the final outcome could not have been avoided.
B Miscalculations by French commanders had dire results for their side.
C Despite its strategic importance, the Viet Minh victory was too costly.
D In view of the French army’s technology, the Viet Minh were surprised by their victory.
10. The word “seesawing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A brutish
B intermittent
C back-and-forth
D devastating
27
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 27 9/28/17 7:15 AM

information.
A The loss of the airstrip forced resupply by parachute and doomed the French.
B Some degree of French blindness to the capabilities of the guerrillas led them to misjudge General
Giap’s skill.
C French handicaps included ineffective artillery and air supply, along with underestimation of their
adversaries.
D The failure of their artillery to dislodge the attackers contributed more than any other factor to
the defeat of the French.
P5 Paragraph 5
S1 The immediate result was to spur an agreement for French withdrawal and the division of
Vietnam, with the Viet Minh controlling the northern half.
2 Consequently, a weakened France then faced other expensive and eventually futile conflicts with
insurgents in its North African colonies.
3 In Vietnam, the southern leaders, backed by the United States, broke the terms of the peace,
and conflict resumed.
4 In many ways, the battle of Dien Bien Phu led to the Second Indochina War, known in the
23 United States as the Vietnam War.
5 In that war, it has been argued that General Giap employed the same strategy in the assault on
Khe Sanh, but vastly superior United States air power and weaponry resulted in a bloody defeat
for the attackers, at least at first.
12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a result of the Viet Minh victory at Dien
Bien Phu?
A United States military involvement in Vietnam
B General Giap’s strategy at Khe Sanh
C French conflicts with North African insurgents
D Anti-war protests in Paris and the United States
28
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P5 Paragraph 5
S1 The immediate result was to spur an agreement for French withdrawal and the division of
Vietnam, with the Viet Minh controlling the northern half.
2 A Consequently, a weakened France then faced other expensive and eventually futile conflicts
with insurgents in its North African colonies.
3–4 B In Vietnam, the southern leaders backed by the United States broke the terms of the peace,
and conflict resumed. In many ways, the battle of Dien Bien Phu led to the Second Indochina
War, known in the United States as the Vietnam War.
5 C In that war, it has been argued that General Giap employed the same strategy in the assault
on Khe Sanh, but vastly superior United States air power and weaponry resulted in a bloody
defeat for the attackers, at least at first.
End D
13. However, despite General Giap’s initial miscalculation, the military strength of his enemies did
not ultimately prevail here either.
A Choice A 23
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
29
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is worth 2 points.
14. The Viet Minh victory at Dien Bien Phu was an important milestone in the twentieth century’s
wars of liberation.
A The refusal of the United States to provide military assistance with both personnel and equipment
betrayed the French.
B Before the debacle at Dien Bien Phu, the French were arguably winning the war against the
Viet Minh.
C The victory led to Vietnam’s division and the Second Indochina War, as well as anti-French
insurgency elsewhere.
D Failures of intelligence, logistics, and combat support were major contributors to the French defeat.
E Over several months, the French caused heavy Viet Minh losses but kept falling back until they
were finally overpowered.
F This victory revolutionized military tactics utilized by insurgents in Vietnam and North Africa.
23
23.5 Evidence of Global Warming
There is some debate among politicians and the general citizenry as to whether global warming is real and
to what extent it is man-made. However, among the vast majority of climate researchers, there is no
controversy. For them, global warming is a fact, and most, if not all, of the global warming effects seen thus
far are caused by the behavior of humanity. Where the controversy comes into play for scientists is in how
severe the problem is, how quickly global temperatures will continue to rise, and how quickly damage to
the planet will accrue as a result.
Since the early 1900s, global temperatures have increased, on average, by 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit (about
1.4 degrees Celsius). This increase may not seem like much, but it places recent years near the top of the list
of the hottest years ever recorded. The trend is also accelerating: most of this change has occurred since
1980, and new records are set nearly every year. Also, temperatures are rising much faster at the poles
(above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle), with temperature increases occurring there at
approximately double the global average. This phenomenon is triggering a flood of ice melting at the polar
caps, a development that will only quicken as temperatures there continue to increase.
Global warming is caused by an increase in atmospheric gases known as “greenhouse gases.” These gases help trap
radiation originating from the Sun that the Earth’s surface reemits. Some degree of trapping this radiation is a
good thing—without it, the Earth would be too cold to support most life forms. However, too great an amount of
greenhouse gases means that more radiation will be absorbed and temperatures will rise.
The most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, although other gases, such as methane, also
contribute to the problem. Burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, oil by-products, and natural gas, is the
30
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primary cause of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Deforestation also contributes to the
problem, as a decreased number of trees means that less carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere
and converted into oxygen. Finally, carbon dioxide and methane are by-products of increased animal
populations, both from increased human populations and from the livestock used as a food source to
support those additional humans. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere now measure just over 400 parts
per million (ppm), which is much higher than at any time in more than 500,000 years. For context,
carbon dioxide levels have been around 280 ppm during more recent historical periods of warmth on
Earth, and levels of around 200 ppm are associated with ice ages.
The impact of the warming of the climate is felt in several broad areas globally. Ocean level rise is perhaps
the most significant. Warm water expands; moreover, polar land ice melting causes ocean levels to become
higher. (The melting of sea ice, in fact, does not directly raise the ocean levels, because the ice was already
floating in the sea before melting, but it does change the mineral composition of ocean waters, potentially
altering ocean currents and causing difficulties for marine life.) Within the last century, ocean levels have
climbed 7 inches (about 18 centimeters) worldwide. Computer models estimate that this rise will accelerate,
with an additional 12 to 36 inches (30 to 91 centimeters) of ocean level rise expected by 2100. Because
more than 100 million people live within 36 inches (91 centimeters) of sea level, the impact on civilization
could be profound.
Climate warming also has other serious effects on the planet. As glaciers in mountainous areas melt, much
of the water runoff is not trapped on its way to the ocean. The shrinking of these glaciers deprives local
populations of a critical source of fresh water. Global warming has also subtly changed many ecosystems,
most notably ocean coral reefs. These ecosystems can become uninhabitable for existing plant and animal
species. It is estimated that over one million species, most of which are marine life, have become extinct as
a result of these events. 23
Finally, climate warming has increased the intensity and frequency of violent storms. In the North Atlantic,
for example, tropical storms and hurricanes are now more than twice as frequent as they were a century ago.
These storms can cause tremendous damage to coastal ecosystems as well as to heavily populated areas, with
striking recent examples being the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and by Hurricanes
Harvey and Irma in 2017.
P1 Paragraph 1
S1 There is some debate among politicians and the general citizenry as to whether global warming
is real and to what extent it is man-made.
2 However, among the vast majority of climate researchers, there is no controversy.
3 For them, global warming is a fact, and most, if not all, of the global warming effects seen thus
far are caused by the behavior of humanity.
4 Where the controversy comes into play for scientists is in how severe the problem is, how
quickly global temperatures will continue to rise, and how quickly damage to the planet will
accrue as a result.
31
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 31 9/28/17 7:15 AM

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are sources of significant scientific debate about global
warming EXCEPT:
A whether the phenomenon is caused by humans
B how severe the issue is
C how rapidly temperatures will rise worldwide
D how fast the Earth will be damaged
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 Since the early 1900s, global temperatures have increased, on average, by 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit
(about 1.4 degrees Celsius).
2 This increase may not seem like much, but it places recent years near the top of the list of the
hottest years ever recorded.
3 The trend is also accelerating: most of this change has occurred since 1980, and new records are
set nearly every year.
4 Also, temperatures are rising much faster at the poles (above the Arctic Circle and below the
Antarctic Circle), with temperature increases occurring there at approximately double the global
average.
5 This phenomenon is triggering a flood of ice melting at the polar caps, a development that will
23 only quicken as temperatures there continue to increase.
2. According to paragraph 2, what is true of global temperatures since the early 1900s?
A They are unchanged in most parts of the world.
B Increases are prompting a wave of polar ice melting.
C They were increasing most rapidly before the 1980s.
D Increases are spread relatively evenly across the Earth.
information.
A Temperatures at the poles are rising twice as quickly as before.
B The increase in temperature above the Arctic circle is double that below the Antarctic circle.
C Temperature increases at the poles have been about double the global average.
D The global average for temperature increases is double that at the poles.
32
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P3 Paragraph 3
S1 Global warming is caused by an increase in atmospheric gases known as “greenhouse gases.”
2 These gases help trap radiation originating from the Sun that the Earth’s surface reemits.
3 Some degree of trapping this radiation is a good thing—without it, the Earth would be too cold
to support most life forms.
4 However, too great an amount of greenhouse gases means that more radiation will be absorbed
and temperatures will rise.
4. The word “absorbed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A transmitted through
B reflected back
C soaked up
D emitted outward
P4 Paragraph 4
S1 The most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, although other gases, such as methane,
also contribute to the problem.
2 Burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, oil by-products, and natural gas, is the primary cause of 23
increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
3 Deforestation also contributes to the problem, as a decreased number of trees means that less
carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere and converted into oxygen.
4 Finally, carbon dioxide and methane are by-products of increased animal populations, both
from increased human populations and from the livestock used as a food source to support
those additional humans.
5 Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere now measure just over 400 parts per million (ppm),
which is much higher than at any time in more than 500,000 years.
6 For context, carbon dioxide levels have been around 280 ppm during more recent historical
periods of warmth on Earth, and levels of around 200 ppm are associated with ice ages.
5. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is a cause of increased greenhouse gases other than
carbon dioxide?
A The ice ages
B The burning of natural gas
C Deforestation
D Farm animals that feed humans
33
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6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of current atmospheric concentrations of

carbon dioxide?
A They are similar to those measured during historically warmer periods.
B They dramatically exceed any level recorded during the past half-million years.
C They approximate levels typically observed during ice ages.
D They appear to be the direct result of global warming.
7. The word “primary” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A only
B leading
C precise
D likely
P5 Paragraph 5
S1 The impact of the warming of the climate is felt in several broad areas globally.
2 Ocean level rise is perhaps the most significant.
3 Warm water expands; moreover, polar land ice melting causes ocean levels to become higher.
4 (The melting of sea ice, in fact, does not directly raise the ocean levels, because the ice was
23 already floating in the sea before melting, but it does change the mineral composition of ocean
waters, potentially altering ocean currents and causing difficulties for marine life.)
5 Within the last century, ocean levels have climbed 7 inches (about 18 centimeters) worldwide.
6 Computer models estimate that this rise will accelerate, with an additional 12 to 36 inches
(30 to 91 centimeters) of ocean level rise expected by 2100.
7 Because more than 100 million people live within 36 inches (91 centimeters) of sea level, the
impact on civilization could be profound.
8. Why does the author mention that “it does change the mineral composition of ocean waters,
potentially altering ocean currents and causing difficulties for marine life”?
A To point out that melting sea ice can also cause ocean levels to rise
B To point out that melting sea ice is not benign ecologically
C To indicate what is probably the most important problem associated with global warming
D To shift to a longer discussion of problems caused by global warming other than ocean level rise
34
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 34 9/28/17 7:15 AM

9. The word “profound” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A acute
B noticeable
C marginal
D cumulative
10. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements?

A Even if projections are correct, by 2100 fewer than 100 million people will be affected by rising
sea levels.
B After 2100, given current trends, ocean levels are projected to stop increasing.
C Climate warming has a greater impact on the melting of land ice than sea ice.
D The mineral composition of ocean water at present is important for some marine life.
Paragraphs 6 & 7
P6 S1 Climate warming also has other serious effects on the planet.
2 As glaciers in mountainous areas melt, much of the water runoff is not trapped on its way to the ocean.
3 The shrinking of these glaciers deprives local populations of a critical source of fresh water.
4 Global warming has also subtly changed many ecosystems, most notably ocean coral reefs.
23
5 These ecosystems can become uninhabitable for existing plant and animal species.
6 It is estimated that over one million species, most of which are marine life, have become extinct
as a result of these events.
P7 S1 Finally, climate warming has increased the intensity and frequency of violent storms.
2 In the North Atlantic, for example, tropical storms and hurricanes are now more than twice as
frequent as they were a century ago.
3 These storms can cause tremendous damage to coastal ecosystems as well as to heavily populated
areas, with striking recent examples being the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005
and by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017.
11. The word “intensity” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A regularity
B immediacy
C anxiety
D severity
35
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 35 9/28/17 7:15 AM

12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 6 or paragraph 7 as a consequence of the
warming of the climate?
A The impact of ocean level rise on coastal ecosystems and human habitations
B The contraction or disappearance of sources of fresh water
C The transformation of some ecosystems into uninhabitable zones
D An increase in the frequency of powerful storms
P6 Paragraph 6
S1 Climate warming also has other serious effects on the planet.
2 A As glaciers in mountainous areas melt, much of the water runoff is not trapped on its way to the ocean.
3 B The shrinking of these glaciers deprives local populations of a critical source of fresh water.
4–6 C Global warming has also subtly changed many ecosystems, most notably ocean coral reefs. These
ecosystems can become uninhabitable for existing plant and animal species. It is estimated that over
one million species, most of which are marine life, have become extinct as a result of these events.
End D
23
13. Such water, collected directly off the melting glaciers by these nearby inhabitants, may be the
only drinkable water for hundreds of miles.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
36
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 36 9/28/17 7:15 AM

axon
electric current
is worth 2 points.
14. With regard to global warming, the only significant debate among researchers is about the speed
and strength of the ensuing effects.
A Temperatures are rising worldwide at an accelerating pace, often setting new records.
B Methane, which is produced by increasing animal populations, is an even more potent
myelin
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
C Even though temperature rise is lower at the poles than elsewhere, sea ice melting is contributing
to rising ocean levels.
D Carbon dioxide, which is generated by fossil fuel combustion and other sources, is the key
greenhouse gas causing global warming.
E Climate warming is raising ocean levels, withering sources of fresh water, harming ecosystems,
and amplifying storms.
F Greenhouse gases trap radiation from the Sun indirectly by absorbing the energy re-released by
the Earth’s surface when sunlight strikes and warms it.
23
23.6 Chimpanzee Intelligence
axon
electric current
myelin
It is often reported that human beings share about 99 percent of their genetic code with chimpanzees. This
is a slight overstatement, but not by much: only 1.2 percent of the human genome differs from that of the
chimp. By contrast, consider that the genomes of the chimpanzee, or African ape, and the Asian ape, called
the orangutan, differ by roughly 3 percent, which is more than twice as much. And yet while the
chimpanzee is known as one of the more intelligent mammals—it can learn words, use tools to retrieve
food, and both experience and express human-like emotion such as grief—it is also strikingly not human in
its cognitive abilities. So what could account for this difference in cognitive performance, given the
similarity in the genetic codes of the two species?
37
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 37 9/28/17 7:16 AM

To answer this question, scientists have taken many different approaches. Two of these approaches are
discussed below.
Imitation and Emulation. The behavior of young chimpanzees has been analyzed alongside the behavior
of young human children in formal studies for more than a century. The majority of this research has led to
the prevailing view that humans are better at imitation and chimps are better at emulation. Imitation and
emulation are both forms of observational learning, but imitation focuses on reproducing an observed
action with less regard to the results it produces, while emulation focuses on reproducing the results of the
action. In other words, a human child would simply imitate a model’s actions, while baby chimpanzees
would survey the model’s actions and determine how relevant they were to the environmental goal before
reproducing them.
While humans and chimps both, to a degree, demonstrate imitation and emulation, humans generally
imitate more closely than chimps do. Another interesting finding is that children will imitate the behavior
of other species as well, while chimpanzees will only imitate the behavior of other chimpanzees. So
although chimpanzees do imitate, they do so less consistently and less broadly than do human children.
It is hypothesized that the fact that humans excel at imitation is in part what has allowed culture to
accumulate. In fact, research has shown that human children often imitate too closely; they often imitate
moves that are unnecessary in achieving a goal. Why do they do this? There is research suggesting that
human children imitate not only to reproduce desired effects (such as finding a treat hidden inside a box),
but also for social reasons: they copy other humans to be more “like them.” The human propensity for
conformity, for identifying with others through similar behavior, is what gives rise to fads and trends. It is
also a driver of in-group and out-of-group identification, a feature of human behavior across cultures.
23 In this way, over-imitation is a human trait that helps drive cultural transmission over generations—a
characteristic of the human species that separates it from other primates.
The Timing of Myelination. Another distinction between humans and chimps has to do with the
biological development of their brains—specifically, the timing and extent of brain development. In
chimps, “myelination” ends earlier than it does in humans. Myelination is the process by which the
neurons of the brain are coated in a fatty material called myelin. Myelin aids the conduction of electrical
impulses along the axon of a neuron and helps preserve the electric current as it travels from one neuron to
the next. As a result, an animal’s nervous system processes information more efficiently, with improved
cognition and neural function. The chimpanzee brain reaches its adult level of myelination by the time it
reaches sexual maturity. The human brain, however, continues to myelinate well into adulthood, long after
sexual maturity has been reached.
To what extent does the difference in myelination explain the difference in the cognitive abilities of adult
humans and chimpanzees? Though the extent is unclear, it is a question that scientists continue to research
in order to understand better what distinguishes human intelligence from chimp intelligence.
38
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 38 9/28/17 7:16 AM

Paragraphs 1 & 2
P1 S1 It is often reported that human beings share about 99 percent of their genetic code with chimpanzees.
2 This is a slight overstatement, but not by much: only 1.2 percent of the human genome differs
from that of the chimp.
3 By contrast, consider that the genomes of the chimpanzee, or African ape, and the Asian ape,
called the orangutan, differ by roughly 3 percent, which is more than twice as much.
4 And yet while the chimpanzee is known as one of the more intelligent mammals—it can learn
words, use tools to retrieve food, and both experience and express human-like emotion such as
grief—it is also strikingly not human in its cognitive abilities.
5 So what could account for this difference in cognitive performance, given the similarity in the
genetic codes of the two species?
P2 S1 To answer this question, scientists have taken many different approaches.
2 Two of these approaches are discussed below.
1. According to paragraph 1, the genetic codes of the orangutan and the chimpanzee differ by
less than half the difference between human and chimpanzee genetic codes
A
23
B more than twice the difference between human and chimpanzee genetic codes
C about 1.2 percent
D about 97 percent
P3 Paragraph 3
S1 Imitation and Emulation.
2 The behavior of young chimpanzees has been analyzed alongside the behavior of young human
children in formal studies for more than a century.
3 The majority of this research has led to the prevailing view that humans are better at imitation
and chimps are better at emulation.
4 Imitation and emulation are both forms of observational learning, but imitation focuses on
reproducing an observed action with less regard to the results it produces, while emulation
focuses on reproducing the results of the action.
5 In other words, a human child would simply imitate a model’s actions, while baby chimpanzees
would survey the model’s actions and determine how relevant they were to the environmental
goal before reproducing them.
39
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 39 9/28/17 7:16 AM

2. According to paragraph 3, a difference between emulation and imitation is that

A emulation is a form of observational learning more advanced than imitation
B imitation prioritizes observed actions more than emulation does
C emulation focuses on end goals to a lesser degree than imitation does
D imitation involves less accurate reproduction than emulation does
3. The word “prevailing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A conflicting
B beneficial
C alternative
D accepted
4. The word “they” in the passage refers to

A the researchers
B the human children
C the model’s actions
D the baby chimpanzees
23 P4 Paragraph 4
S1 While humans and chimps both, to a degree, demonstrate imitation and emulation, humans
generally imitate more closely than chimps do.
2 Another interesting finding is that children will imitate the behavior of other species as well,
while chimpanzees will only imitate the behavior of other chimpanzees.
3 So although chimpanzees do imitate, they do so less consistently and less broadly than do
human children.
5. The word “demonstrate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A display
B determine
C regulate
D reinforce
40
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 40 9/28/17 7:16 AM

P5 Paragraph 5
S1 It is hypothesized that the fact that humans excel at imitation is in part what has allowed
culture to accumulate.
2 In fact, research has shown that human children often imitate too closely; they often imitate
moves that are unnecessary in achieving a goal.
3 Why do they do this?
4 There is research suggesting that human children imitate not only to reproduce desired effects
(such as finding a treat hidden inside a box), but also for social reasons: they copy other humans
to be more “like them.”
5 The human propensity for conformity, for identifying with others through similar behavior, is
what gives rise to fads and trends.
6 It is also a driver of in-group and out-of-group identification, a feature of human behavior across
cultures.
7 In this way, over-imitation is a human trait that helps drive cultural transmission over
generations—a characteristic of the human species that separates it from other primates.
6. According to paragraph 5, the human tendency to conform does which of the following?
A It combats in-group behavior.
B It interferes with cultural transmission. 23
C It generates social trends.
D It is a product of emulation behavior.
7. In paragraph 5, the author mentions finding a treat inside a box in order to

A argue that children are less able to follow directions
B indicate that children will pursue a goal even at high costs
C illustrate the kind of goal that a child might have
D show that humans are more driven by social reasons than chimpanzees are
41
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 41 9/28/17 7:16 AM

Paragraphs 6 & 7
P6 S1 The Timing of Myelination.
2 Another distinction between humans and chimps has to do with the biological development of
their brains—specifically, the timing and extent of brain development.
3 In chimps, “myelination” ends earlier than it does in humans.
4 Myelination is the process by which the neurons of the brain are coated in a fatty material called
myelin.
5 Myelin aids the conduction of electrical impulses along the axon of a neuron and helps preserve
the electric current as it travels from one neuron to the next.
6 As a result, an animal’s nervous system processes information more efficiently, with improved
cognition and neural function.
7 The chimpanzee brain reaches its adult level of myelination by the time it reaches sexual
maturity.
8 The human brain, however, continues to myelinate well into adulthood, long after sexual
maturity has been reached.
P7 S1 To what extent does the difference in myelination explain the difference in the cognitive abilities
of adult humans and chimpanzees?
2 Though the extent is unclear, it is a question that scientists continue to research in order to
23 understand better what distinguishes human intelligence from chimp intelligence.
8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 6 about myelination EXCEPT:

A It is a process by which neurons shed their fatty coating.
B It ends later in humans than in chimpanzees.
C It helps electrical impulses move through neurons.
D It improves the efficiency of information processing in the brain.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A Human brains do not stop myelinating, even after sexual maturity has been achieved, until their
demise.
B Adult humans still undergo myelination in their brains after they are sexually mature.
C Adult humans who are sexually mature no longer experience neural myelination.
D Long after humans reach adulthood, their brains continue to myelinate until they reach sexual
maturity.
42
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 42 9/28/17 7:16 AM

10. The word “distinguishes” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A constitutes
B confounds
C underlies
D differentiates
P5 Paragraph 5
S1–2 It is hypothesized that the fact that humans excel at imitation is in part what has allowed
culture to accumulate. In fact, research has shown that human children often imitate too
closely; they often imitate moves that are unnecessary in achieving a goal.
3–5 A Why do they do this? There is research suggesting that human children imitate not only to
reproduce desired effects (such as finding a treat hidden inside a box), but also for social reasons:
they copy other humans to be more “like them.” The human propensity for conformity, for
identifying with others through similar behavior, is what gives rise to fads and trends.
6 B It is also a driver of in-group and out-of-group identification, a feature of human behavior
across cultures.
7 C In this way, over-imitation is a human trait that helps drive cultural transmission over
generations—a characteristic of the human species that separates it from other primates.
End D
23
11. These unneeded maneuvers make the whole behavior less efficient.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
43
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 43 9/28/17 7:16 AM

Select from the six statements below TWO that characterize emulation only, TWO that
characterize imitation only, and ONE that characterizes BOTH forms of behavior,
according to the passage. One of the statements will NOT be used. This question is worth
2 points.
Emulation only Imitation only Both

• • •1 meter (3.3 feet)
• •
12. A Baby chimpanzees are better at this behavior than human children.
B This behavior is a form of observational learning.
C This behavior focuses more on reaching goals than on reproducing specific actions observed.
D Human children perform this behavior more broadly than chimpanzees do.
E In humans, this behavior can be motivated by social considerations.
F This behavior subsides once sexual maturity is reached.
23.7 The Flying Fox

23
1m
ete
r (3
.3
fee
t)
44
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 44 9/28/17 7:16 AM

The grey-headed fruit bat, also known as the flying fox, is one of the largest bats in Australia, with a
wingspan of 1 meter (about 3.3 feet). Called a fox because of the red collar of fur around its neck and the
fur that extends the length of its body, it does not resemble other, smaller species of bats elsewhere in the
world. It does not echolocate (that is, locate nearby objects using reflected echoes of its high-pitched
screeches), but instead navigates by sight, and accordingly, it has relatively large eyes for a bat. It can be
found along the eastern coast of the continent, including in several urban areas. The bats spend much of
their time hanging from trees, and they dwell in colonies or “camps,” groups that range in size from
hundreds to tens of thousands. The flying fox is most visible at dusk, when it emerges in search of food:
specifically, the nectar and pollen of gum trees, as well as fruit. It is especially fond of eucalyptus. These
bats often fly long distances in search of food—in some cases as far as 50 kilometers (about 31 miles).
Because of their declining population, as well as their role in the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem that
relies on their dispersal of the seeds of native trees and the pollination of flowers, flying foxes are designated
a “vulnerable species” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of
Threatened Species. Furthermore, they are now protected under federal law in Australia, and in the state of
New South Wales, it is illegal to destroy protected flying fox roost sites. Over a century ago, they existed in
the millions, but estimates now place them at only about 600,000. Notably, the flying fox is the only
mammal that consumes both nectar and fruit and resides in Australian subtropical rain forests, rendering it
essential to the ecological balance of these forests.
The clearing away of flying fox habitats for development is one cause of their population decline. In
addition to the loss of foraging habitat, threats to the flying fox include extreme heat waves, natural
predators such as eagles and crocodiles, and human beings who perceive the bats as a nuisance or threat.
Recently, in the New South Wales town of Bateman’s Bay, thousands of flying foxes descended into the
trees and clotheslines, leading the town to call a state of emergency and commit 2.5 million Australian 23
dollars (about 1.8 million United States dollars) toward scattering the bats. It was then reported that some
residents were unable to leave their homes because of the congestion caused by the bats. Because they are a
protected species, however, officials were forced to use nonlethal means of making the bats leave. The
officials resorted to smoke and noise to drive the bats away. They also responded by cutting down trees
inhabited by the bats, an approach that animal rights advocates criticized as unnecessary. Clearing trees is
thought to have played a strong role in the decline of the flying fox population over the last century.
There are also other reasons why people have viewed the bats negatively. For instance, the bats were recently
discovered to carry a handful of viruses, and although only one has been shown to be directly transmissible
to humans, the discovery of these viruses has contributed to the perception that flying foxes are dangerous.
They are occasionally killed purposefully as a result of this perception, despite the legal protection flying
foxes receive. Another situation in which humans perceive flying foxes as threats is in regions of cultivated
crops, such as orchards. Though the bats reputedly only feast on such crops when faced with a scarcity of
native, wild food sources, people living in such places have sought to destroy their roosts.
45
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 45 9/28/17 7:16 AM

P1 Paragraph 1
S1 The grey-headed fruit bat, also known as the flying fox, is one of the largest bats in Australia,
with a wingspan of 1 meter (about 3.3 feet).
2 Called a fox because of the red collar of fur around its neck and the fur that extends the length
of its body, it does not resemble other, smaller species of bats elsewhere in the world.
3 It does not echolocate (that is, locate nearby objects using reflected echoes of its high-pitched
screeches), but instead navigates by sight, and accordingly, it has relatively large eyes for a bat.
4 It can be found along the eastern coast of the continent, including in several urban areas.
5 The bats spend much of their time hanging from trees, and they dwell in colonies or “camps,”
groups that range in size from hundreds to tens of thousands.
6 The flying fox is most visible at dusk, when it emerges in search of food: specifically, the nectar
and pollen of gum trees, as well as fruit.
7 It is especially fond of eucalyptus.
8 These bats often fly long distances in search of food—in some cases as far as 50 kilometers
(about 31 miles).
23
1. The word “urban” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A rural
B metropolitan
C residential
D outlying
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of the flying fox?
A It has a wingspan larger than that of any other bat.
B It will fly long distances to find food.
C It dwells on the eastern coast of Australia.
D It navigates by sight rather than by sound.
46
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 46 9/28/17 7:16 AM

P2 Paragraph 2
S1 Because of their declining population, as well as their role in the maintenance of a healthy
ecosystem that relies on their dispersal of the seeds of native trees and the pollination of flowers,
flying foxes are designated a “vulnerable species” by the International Union for Conservation of
Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.
2 Furthermore, they are now protected under federal law in Australia, and in the state of New
South Wales, it is illegal to destroy protected flying fox roost sites.
3 Over a century ago, they existed in the millions, but estimates now place them at only about
600,000.
4 Notably, the flying fox is the only mammal that consumes both nectar and fruit and resides in
Australian subtropical rain forests, rendering it essential to the ecological balance of these
forests.
3. According to paragraph 2, in which of the following locations is it illegal to destroy the roost of
a flying fox?
A Along the western coast of Australia
B In internationally conserved parts of Australia
C Throughout all of Australia
D In New South Wales, Australia
23
4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the flying fox’s consumption of nectar
and fruit in Australian subtropical rain forests?
A It is typical behavior for mammals in these forests.
B It is the only way that flying foxes acquire nutrition.
C It is critical for seed distribution and flower pollination in these forests.
D It makes the flying fox vital to the ecosystems of subtropics across the globe.
5. The word “dispersal” in the passages is closest in meaning to

A planting
B scattering
C germinating
D swallowing
47
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 47 9/28/17 7:16 AM

P3 Paragraph 3
S1 The clearing away of flying fox habitats for development is one cause of their population decline.
2 In addition to the loss of foraging habitat, threats to the flying fox include extreme heat waves,
natural predators such as eagles and crocodiles, and human beings who perceive the bats as a
nuisance or threat.
3 Recently, in the New South Wales town of Bateman’s Bay, thousands of flying foxes descended
into the trees and clotheslines, leading the town to call a state of emergency and commit
2.5 million Australian dollars (about 1.8 million United States dollars) toward scattering the bats.
4 It was then reported that some residents were unable to leave their homes because of the
congestion caused by the bats.
5 Because they are a protected species, however, officials were forced to use nonlethal means of
making the bats leave.
6 The officials resorted to smoke and noise to drive the bats away.
7 They also responded by cutting down trees inhabited by the bats, an approach that animal
rights advocates criticized as unnecessary.
8 Clearing trees is thought to have played a strong role in the decline of the flying fox population
over the last century.
6. According to paragraph 3, animal rights activists have taken issue with which of the following means
23 of driving flying foxes away?
A Calling a state of emergency
B Blowing smoke at the bats
C Making noise near the bats
D Cutting down inhabited trees
7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT described as a threat to the population of
flying foxes in Australia?
A Clotheslines in smaller towns
B Predators such as crocodiles
C Humans who feel annoyed or menaced
D Excessively high temperatures
8. The word “approach” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A advance
B approximation
C introduction
D tactic
48
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9. According to paragraph 3, why were officials obliged to use nonlethal methods to make the bats in
Bateman’s Bay go away?
A As a species, the flying fox is protected.
B Some inhabitants of the town could not leave their homes.
C The bats occupied both trees and clotheslines.
D Smoke and noise were ineffective in driving off the bats.
P4 Paragraph 4
S1 There are also other reasons why people have viewed the bats negatively.
2 For instance, the bats were recently discovered to carry a handful of viruses, and although only
one has been shown to be directly transmissible to humans, the discovery of these viruses has
contributed to the perception that flying foxes are dangerous.
3 They are occasionally killed purposefully as a result of this perception, despite the legal
protection flying foxes receive.
4 Another situation in which humans perceive flying foxes as threats is in regions of cultivated
crops, such as orchards.
5 Though the bats reputedly only feast on such crops when faced with a scarcity of native, wild
food sources, people living in such places have sought to destroy their roosts.
23
10. In paragraph 4, why does the author state that only one virus has been shown to be directly
transmissible to humans?
A To demonstrate that people can be entirely irrational in the face of perceived threats
B To describe the danger of the bats as at least partly a matter of perception
C To surface the hidden but deadly threat that flying foxes pose to humans who live nearby
D To assert that the bats are only dangerous if a virus is directly transmissible
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A Despite a lack of legal protection, flying foxes are rarely killed on purpose, because they are
unlikely to be perceived as threatening.
B The legal protection of flying foxes does little to protect them, since they are often viewed as
threats and deliberately killed.
C The reason that flying foxes are threatened and at times killed deliberately is the legal protection
the bats receive.
D Although protected, flying foxes are sometimes killed because of people’s misunderstanding.
49
23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 49 9/28/17 7:16 AM

12. The word “cultivated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A refined
B valued
C nurtured
D reaped
P3 Paragraph 3
S1 The clearing away of flying fox habitats for development is one cause of their population decline.
2 A In addition to the loss of foraging habitat, threats to the flying fox include extreme heat
waves, natural predators such as eagles and crocodiles, and human beings who perceive the bats
as a nuisance or threat.
3–4 B Recently, in the New South Wales town of Bateman’s Bay, thousands of flying foxes
descended into the trees and clotheslines, leading the town to call a state of emergency and
commit 2.5 million Australian dollars (about 1.8 million United States dollars) toward
scattering the bats. It was then reported that some residents were unable to leave their homes
because of the congestion caused by the bats.
5–7 C Because they are a protected species, however, officials were forced to use nonlethal means of
making the bats leave. The officials resorted to smoke and noise to drive the bats away. They also
responded by cutting down trees inhabited by the bats, an approach that animal rights
23 advocates criticized as unnecessary.
8 D Clearing trees is thought to have played a strong role in the decline of the flying fox
population over the last century.
13. In fact, the infestation was so severe that a number of local businesses were forced to close over
the course of several days.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
50
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is worth 2 points.
14. A strikingly large bat that lives in Australia, the flying fox is currently threatened.
A The flying fox plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of some subtropical
ecosystems.
B Of all Australian bats, the flying fox has the largest wingspan, and it also has unusually large eyes.
C A major reason for the bat’s declining population is habitat destruction, including that caused by
humans perceiving a threat.
D The flying fox feeds on both nectar and fruit and is known to travel long distances in search of food.
E Organizations at multiple levels of government, including internationally, have taken action to
protect the flying fox.
F Among bats, the flying fox is especially dangerous since it carries viruses that are transmissible to
humans.
23
23.8 Iodine Deficiency
The human body requires regular intake of certain “micronutrients” to develop and function properly.
The body needs fairly small quantities of these vitamins and minerals, yet their absence can lead to serious
disease. Scurvy, for example, which is caused by lack of vitamin C, was once common among sailors.
Bringing citrus fruits to eat on long voyages proved to be an effective cure. While our ability to prevent
micronutrient deficiencies has greatly increased over the past two centuries, these diseases continue to cause
problems in isolated or impoverished areas.
Iodine deficiency has been a public health problem throughout human history. Lack of iodine in the diet
can cause goiter (the swelling of the thyroid gland) and hypothyroidism (low production of thyroid
hormone), which lead to fatigue, depression, and weight gain. Iodine deficiency is also a principal cause of
preventable mental handicaps. Children who consume a low-iodine diet may suffer from stunted growth,
loss of hearing, or difficulty standing and walking; they may also experience an intelligence quotient, or
IQ, reduction of 10 to 15 points. Descriptions of diseases caused by iodine deficiency occur in ancient
Chinese, Roman, and Egyptian texts. The ancient Chinese even successfully treated goiter by consuming
seaweed, which is high in iodine. However, the connection between these diseases and lack of iodine was
not made until the nineteenth century.
Iodine was discovered accidentally in 1811 by a French chemist named Bernard Courtois. While making
sodium salts, he observed a purple vapor rising from seaweed ash. Other scientists continued to study this
substance, which was officially identified and named in 1813. Soon after, a Swiss doctor noted that
administering iodine to patients with a goiter reduced the swelling of the thyroid. By the 1850s, scientists
51
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hypothesized that iodine deficiency was associated with thyroid disorders. This theory was confirmed at the
end of the century, when iodine was discovered within the thyroid gland.
Prior to these discoveries, iodine deficiency was common in remote, mountainous areas, such as rural
Switzerland, the Appalachian Mountains, and the Pacific Northwest. As early as 1830, nutritional scientists
suggested that adding iodine to table salt could help to prevent iodine deficiency in these areas. Salt was
chosen because it does not spoil and is consumed by most people in relatively predictable amounts. Still,
iodized salt was not widely distributed in the United States and Europe until the 1920s. Today, over
90 percent of households in the United States have access to iodized salt, and iodine deficiency is relatively
rare in most affluent nations.
However, iodine deficiency remains a global problem, affecting nearly 200 million people each year.
Incidence of severe iodine deficiency is actually on the rise. In 2013, 2,700 people died from iodine
deficiency—an increase from 2,100 in 2010. While iodine deficiency has long been a problem in the
developing world, reduction in salt intake and changes in the processing of milk products have also led
to decreases in iodine consumption in more developed countries like Australia and New Zealand. Iodine
deficiency is a particularly serious problem for pregnant women, because it can have adverse effects on the
development of the fetus.
Since the mid-1980s, the World Health Organization, in partnership with UNICEF and other
organizations, has led the fight against iodine deficiency—primarily by promoting the use of iodized salt.
However, excessive consumption of iodine can also lead to health problems (in particular, hyperthyroidism,
or the overproduction of thyroid hormone).
In mild cases of iodine deficiency, consumption of small amounts of iodine can be an effective remedy.
23 However, in more severe cases, iodine consumption can actually cause hyperthyroidism. For this reason,
prevention, rather than treatment, is the emphasis of most programs designed to combat iodine deficiency.
While there is still work to be done, progress made in the past century leaves many optimistic that, in the
near future, diseases caused by iodine deficiency will join polio and smallpox on the list of maladies that
are virtually extinct.
P1 Paragraph 1
S1 The human body requires regular intake of certain “micronutrients” to develop and function properly.
2 The body needs fairly small quantities of these vitamins and minerals, yet their absence can lead
to serious disease.
3 Scurvy, for example, which is caused by lack of vitamin C, was once common among sailors.
4 Bringing citrus fruits to eat on long voyages proved to be an effective cure.
5 While our ability to prevent micronutrient deficiencies has greatly increased over the past two
centuries, these diseases continue to cause problems in isolated or impoverished areas.
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1. The word “isolated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A poor
B remote
C vast
D central
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that impoverished communities

A are always isolated
B may lack access to micronutrients
C have caused the spread of micronutrient deficiencies around the globe
D have a relatively low incidence of scurvy
P2 Paragraph 2
S1 Iodine deficiency has been a public health problem throughout human history.
2 Lack of iodine in the diet can cause goiter (the swelling of the thyroid gland) and hypothyroidism
(low production of thyroid hormone), which lead to fatigue, depression, and weight gain.
3 Iodine deficiency is also a principal cause of preventable mental handicaps.
4 Children who consume a low-iodine diet may suffer from stunted growth, loss of hearing, or
difficulty standing and walking; they may also experience an intelligence quotient, or IQ, 23
reduction of 10 to 15 points.
5 Descriptions of diseases caused by iodine deficiency occur in ancient Chinese, Roman, and
Egyptian texts.
6 The ancient Chinese even successfully treated goiter by consuming seaweed, which is high in iodine.
7 However, the connection between these diseases and lack of iodine was not made until the
nineteenth century.
3. The word “principal” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A original
B known
C chief
D common
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the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A People who consume more iodine from childhood through adulthood tend to perform better on
tests of mental acuity.
B Deafness in children, as well as other physical and neurological damage, is primarily caused by
iodine deficiency.
C Some aspects of mental capacity can be measured using an intelligence quotient, or IQ, test.
D Not eating enough iodine as a child can have a negative impact on physical and mental health.
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as symptoms of iodine deficiency EXCEPT:
A swollen limbs
B partial or complete deafness
C excessive tiredness
D increased weight
P3 Paragraph 3
S1 Iodine was discovered accidentally in 1811 by a French chemist named Bernard Courtois.
2 While making sodium salts, he observed a purple vapor rising from seaweed ash.
23
3 Other scientists continued to study this substance, which was officially identified and named in 1813.
4 Soon after, a Swiss doctor noted that administering iodine to patients with a goiter reduced the
swelling of the thyroid.
5 By the 1850s, scientists hypothesized that iodine deficiency was associated with thyroid
disorders.
6 This theory was confirmed at the end of the century, when iodine was discovered within the
thyroid gland.
6. According to the passage, iodine was definitively linked to thyroid disorders when
A purple vapor was observed rising from burned seaweed
B the thyroid gland was discovered to contain iodine
C a Swiss doctor administered iodine to patients with goiters
D the substance was officially identified and named
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P4 Paragraph 4
S1 Prior to these discoveries, iodine deficiency was common in remote, mountainous areas, such as
rural Switzerland, the Appalachian Mountains, and the Pacific Northwest.
2 As early as 1830, nutritional scientists suggested that adding iodine to table salt could help to
prevent iodine deficiency in these areas.
3 Salt was chosen because it does not spoil and is consumed by most people in relatively
predictable amounts.
4 Still, iodized salt was not widely distributed in the United States and Europe until the 1920s.
5 Today, over 90 percent of households in the United States have access to iodized salt, and iodine
deficiency is relatively rare in most affluent nations.
7. Which of the following statements about people in the Appalachian Mountains can be inferred from
paragraph 4 and earlier paragraphs?
A Their culture was similar to that of people living in the Swiss Alps.
B Once they settled there, they had no contact with outside influences.
C They may have suffered from a high incidence of goiter.
D It is likely that they did not eat enough salt.
8. According to paragraph 4, what is one reason for choosing to add iodine to salt?
23
A Salt is chemically similar to iodine.
B Salt is popular in remote and mountainous areas.
C Naturally occurring salt contains enough iodine for health purposes.
D People tend to eat fixed, known quantities of salt.
P5 Paragraph 5
S1 However, iodine deficiency remains a global problem, affecting nearly 200 million people each
year.
2 Incidence of severe iodine deficiency is actually on the rise.
3 In 2013, 2,700 people died from iodine deficiency—an increase from 2,100 in 2010.
4 While iodine deficiency has long been a problem in the developing world, reduction in salt
intake and changes in the processing of milk products have also led to decreases in iodine
consumption in more developed countries like Australia and New Zealand.
5 Iodine deficiency is a particularly serious problem for pregnant women, because it can have
adverse effects on the development of the fetus.
55
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9. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention changes in the processing of milk products?
A To illustrate further the positive impact of iodized salt
B To provide evidence for the decrease of iodine-related illness in developed countries
C To highlight an unintended consequence of improved public health measures
D To help explain the decline in the consumption of iodine in developed countries
10. The word “adverse” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A detrimental
B permanent
C pronounced
D unforeseen
P6 Paragraph 6
S1 Since the mid-1980s, the World Health Organization, in partnership with UNICEF and other
organizations, has led the fight against iodine deficiency—primarily by promoting the use of
iodized salt.
2 However, excessive consumption of iodine can also lead to health problems (in particular,
hyperthyroidism, or the overproduction of thyroid hormone).
23
11. Why is hyperthyroidism mentioned in paragraph 6?
A To point out a way in which ingesting too much iodine can be a problem
B To reinforce the importance of combating iodine deficiency
C To exemplify a problem the World Health Organization has successfully addressed
D To argue against the use of iodized salt
P7 Paragraph 7
S1 In mild cases of iodine deficiency, consumption of small amounts of iodine can be an effective
remedy.
2 However, in more severe cases, iodine consumption can actually cause hyperthyroidism.
3 For this reason, prevention, rather than treatment, is the emphasis of most programs designed
to combat iodine deficiency.
4 While there is still work to be done, progress made in the past century leaves many optimistic
that, in the near future, diseases caused by iodine deficiency will join polio and smallpox on the
list of maladies that are virtually extinct.
56
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12. What is the author’s primary purpose in paragraph 7?

A To demonstrate the severity of the iodine deficiency epidemic
B To discuss the pros and cons of using iodized salt
C To praise international groups for their efforts to combat iodine deficiency
D To provide arguments for continuing to work to prevent iodine deficiency
P1 Paragraph 1
S1–2 The human body requires regular intake of certain “micronutrients” to develop and function
properly. The body needs fairly small quantities of these vitamins and minerals, yet their
absence can lead to serious disease.
3 A Scurvy, for example, which is caused by lack of vitamin C, was once common among sailors.
4 B Bringing citrus fruits to eat on long voyages proved to be an effective cure.
5 C While our ability to prevent micronutrient deficiencies has greatly increased over the past
two centuries, these diseases continue to cause problems in isolated and impoverished areas.
End D
23
13. Anemia, or lack of iron, is another common micronutrient deficiency.
A Choice A
B Choice B
C Choice C
D Choice D
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is worth 2 points.
14. An example of an important micronutrient is iodine, the deficiency of which has long been a
public health concern around the world.
A In the early twentieth century, iodized salt was introduced as an effective way to combat iodine
deficiency.
B In 1811, iodine was discovered by a French chemist, who generated purple vapor by burning
seaweed.
C Iodine deficiency can lead to severe health problems, such as goiter, hypothyroidism, and
developmental difficulties.
D Hyperthyroidism, caused by overconsumption of iodine in the diet, results in the overproduction
of thyroid hormone.
E People tend to consume regular amounts of salt, a food ingredient that does not spoil.
F With the focus of public health efforts on prevention, society is well on its way to eradicating
23 iodine deficiency.
58
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Answer Key—23.1 The Body and the Mind
Question Correct Answer Right/Wrong Category

1 A Vocabulary
2 C Fact
3 B Vocabulary
4 C Fact
5 D Reference
6 B Fact
7 A Purpose
8 C Negative Fact
9 D Vocabulary
10 B Simplify Sentence
11 D Insert Text
12 Early Talking Cure: A, D. Table
Later Talking Cure: B, C, F.
Neither: E.
23
Answer Key—23.2 The Spinning Jenny

1 C Vocabulary
2 A Fact
3 D Fact
4 B Vocabulary
5 B Purpose
6 D Inference
7 C Vocabulary
8 A Purpose
9 D Simplify Sentence
10 A Vocabulary
11 B Negative Fact
12 C Insert Text
13 Spinning Wheel: A, E. Table
Spinning Jenny: C, D, F.
Neither: B.
59
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Answer Key—23.3 Fracking and the Environment

1 B Vocabulary
2 D Fact
3 A Vocabulary
4 C Purpose
5 B Inference
6 D Negative Fact
7 A Vocabulary
8 C Simplify Sentence
9 B Vocabulary
10 B Fact
11 A Fact
12 C Fact
13 D Insert Text
14 B, C, F Summary
23
Answer Key—23.4 Dien Bein Phu

1 D Fact
2 B Inference
3 C Vocabulary
4 D Vocabulary
5 A Purpose
6 C Purpose
7 A Fact
8 A Vocabulary
9 B Inference
10 C Vocabulary
12 D Negative Fact
13 D Insert Text
14 C, D, E Summary
60
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Answer Key—23.5 Evidence of Global Warming

1 A Negative Fact
2 B Fact
4 C Vocabulary
5 D Fact
6 B Fact
7 B Vocabulary
8 B Purpose
9 A Vocabulary
10 D Inference
11 D Vocabulary
12 A Negative Fact
13 C Insert Text
14 A, D, E Summary
23
Answer Key—23.6 Chimpanzee Intelligence

1 B Fact
2 B Fact
3 D Vocabulary
4 C Reference
5 A Vocabulary
6 C Fact
7 C Purpose
8 A Negative Fact
9 B Simplify Sentence
10 D Vocabulary
11 A Insert Text
12 Emulation: A, C. Table
Imitation: D, E.
Both: B. Neither: F.
61
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Answer Key—23.7 The Flying Fox

1 B Vocabulary
2 A Negative Fact
3 D Fact
4 C Inference
5 B Vocabulary
6 D Fact
7 A Negative Fact
8 D Vocabulary
9 A Fact
10 B Purpose
12 C Vocabulary
13 C Insert Text
14 A, C, E Summary
23
Answer Key—23.8 Iodine Deficiency

1 B Vocabulary
2 B Inference
3 C Vocabulary
5 A Negative Fact
6 B Fact
7 C Inference
8 D Fact
9 D Purpose
10 A Vocabulary
11 A Fact
12 D Purpose
13 C Insert Text
14 A, C, F Summary
62
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Answers and Explanations—

23.1 The Body and the Mind
P1 Paragraph 1 Comments
S1 People around the world accept the idea that what a person People believe emotional
experiences emotionally can impact that person physically. experiences can have
physical effects.
2 But why is it that this is such a commonly held belief? Why?
3 In the Western world, this idea gained traction when it was Freud: psychology pioneer.
adopted by Freud, a pioneer in the field of psychology in the
early twentieth century.
4 As one of the earliest exponents of the theory that emotional He argued that some
experiences can generate physical responses, Freud argued that physical illnesses could be
treated psychologically.
some patients suffering from what appeared to be a severe
physical illness could be treated for a psychological problem as a
way to relieve their physical symptoms.
1. The word “exponents” in the Vocabulary. “Exponent” = advocate, champion, explainer.
passage is closest in meaning to
A advocates
3 Correct. “The earliest exponents of the theory” = the
earliest advocates or champions of the theory.
23
7 B associates Calling someone an “associate of the theory” is not idiomatic
English. Even if it were, “associate” doesn’t convey the
advocacy that “exponent” does.
7 C adversaries Opposite. “Adversary” = enemy.
7 D acolytes Not quite. “Acolyte” = follower, disciple, student. This lacks

the idea of actively advocating for the theory.
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S1 To reach his conclusion, Freud drew on the work of nineteenth- Earlier: neurologist Charcot.
century French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.
2 Charcot was researching a condition known at that time as “Hysteria.”
“hysteria.”
3 Drawn from the Greek word “hystera,” meaning “uterus,” Thought to be caused by
hysteria was thought for centuries to be a medical condition malfunction of uterus.
experienced by women because of malfunctions of that organ.

4 One theory that can be traced all the way back to the Greek “Wandering womb” theory.
physician Hippocrates and that persisted in European medicine
for centuries was the “wandering womb” theory.
5 This theory supposed that the condition of hysteria was due to
the inappropriate movement of the uterus around the woman’s
body.
6 Charcot, however, believed that the symptoms of hysteria were But Charcot believed
not the result of malfunctions of the uterus, but instead were hysteria’s symptoms came
from nervous system.
caused by malfunctions of the nervous system, because the wide
range of symptoms that characterize hysteria can impact all areas
of the body.
23
2. According to paragraph 2, what Fact. S6 discusses Charcot’s theory and his evidence for
evidence supports Charcot’s that theory.
theory that hysteria is a disease
of the nervous system, rather
than the uterus?
7 A When it is malfunctioning, This is the “wandering womb” theory (S4–5). Charcot did not
the human uterus can shift support this theory (as shown by the “however” in S6).
in position within the
body.
7 B Symptoms of hysteria are The paragraph does not mention anything about men
experienced by men as well experiencing symptoms of hysteria.
as women.
3 C Symptoms of hysteria Correct. S6 states that “the wide range of symptoms that
affect all regions of the characterize hysteria can impact all areas of the body.”
body.
7 D Other diseases of the No other diseases of the uterus are mentioned.
uterus did not cause
psychological symptoms.
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3. The word “inappropriate” in the Vocabulary. “Inappropriate” = unsuitable, improper,

passage is closest in meaning to incorrect.
7 A sudden Unrelated. “Sudden” = done quickly or unexpectedly.
3 B improper Correct. “The condition of hysteria was due to the

inappropriate movement of the uterus” = the condition was
due to the improper movement of the uterus.
7 C involuntary Not quite. “Involuntary” = unintentional, spontaneous. This

is not a synonym for “inappropriate.”
7 D rhythmic Unrelated. “Rhythmic” = occurring regularly or having a

particular pattern.
S1 Nevertheless, as he researched his hypothesis, Charcot changed But Charcot changed his
his opinion. mind.
2 He began treating patients using hypnosis. Began using hypnosis.
3 In their state of hypnosis, Charcot was able to make suggestions He could change a patient’s
that changed a patient’s physical state. physical state.
4 This led him to conclude that their condition was not physical Conclusion: condition was
but psychological. psychological.
23
4. What finding led to Charcot’s Fact. S4: “This led him to conclude that their condition was
change in opinion regarding the not physical but psychological.” What caused Charcot to
change his mind (“This”) is in the previous sentence, S3.
root causes of his patients’
symptoms?
7 A Certain patients were more The passage never mentions this idea.
suggestible under hypnosis
than others.
7 B Not all patients were able The passage never mentions this idea.
to be hypnotized.
3 C Suggestions made during Correct. S3: “In their state of hypnosis, Charcot was able to
hypnosis could alter the make suggestions that changed a patient’s physical state.”
physical state of patients.
7 D Physical manipulation of This version reverses the correct direction of causality.
patients during hypnosis Psychological actions led to physical effects, not the other
way around.
could lessen psychological
symptoms.
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S1 Freud and his friend and collaborator Breuer accepted this Freud and his colleague
conclusion and began to treat their own hysterical patients using Breuer treated hysterical
patients with hypnosis.
hypnosis, observing that in a hypnotized state, some of their Observed that some
patients could reveal the underlying psychological source of their patients could reveal
physical symptoms. psychological source of
symptoms.
2 One such patient was “Anna O.” “Anna O.”
3 A patient of Breuer’s, Anna was invited to talk about her

symptoms while under hypnosis.
4 During the course of those conversations, the severity of a Her symptoms lessened as
symptom would be reduced as she was able to retrieve memories she retrieved memories
under hypnosis.
of traumatic events associated with the symptom’s onset.
5 She would go on to dub this process the “talking cure.” “Talking cure.”
5. The word “their” in the passage REFERENCE. S1 contains the pronoun “their” in the phrase
refers to “their physical symptoms.” Whose physical symptoms are
these, logically?
7 A Freud and Breuer An earlier use of “their” (with “patients”) does refer to Freud
and Breuer, but not the highlighted “their.”
23 7 B previous treatments Treatments could not have physical symptoms.
7 C physical symptoms This “their” is in front of “physical symptoms,” so it modifies

this noun, but it does not refer to it. “Their” is meant to
indicate whose physical symptoms are being discussed.
3 D some patients Correct. S1 notes that “some of their (= Freud’s and

Breuer’s) patients could reveal the underlying psychological
source of their (= these patients’) physical symptoms.” The
second “their” refers to the logical and grammatical subject
of this clause: some of Freud’s and Breuer’s patients.
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6. According to paragraph 4, Anna Fact. S2–3 introduce Anna O. and her treatment. S4
O.’s symptoms became less discusses how the severity of these symptoms was reduced.
severe as she
7 A observed and treated Freud and Breuer did this observation and treatment, not
patients in a hypnotized Anna O.
state
3 B discussed traumatic Correct. S4 states that “the severity of a symptom would
memories that she retrieved be reduced as she was able to retrieve memories of
traumatic events associated with the symptom’s onset.”
under hypnosis
7 C concealed the underlying According to S1–2, Anna O. was one of the patients who was
psychological source of her able to reveal, not conceal, the underlying psychological
source of her physical symptoms.
physical symptoms
7 D gave the nickname of the This happened at some later point in time, according to S5.
“talking cure” to the
process
7. The passage mentions Anna O. Purpose. S2 introduces the example of Anna O. as “one
in order to such patient.” That is, she is a patient who fits the description
in S1.
3 A illustrate how a patient can Correct. S1–2: “Some of their (= Freud’s and Breuer’s)
reveal underlying patients could reveal the underlying psychological source of
psychological causes of their (= these patients’) physical symptoms. One such 23
patient was ‘Anna O.’” So Anna O.’s example is meant to
symptoms under hypnosis illustrate how those revelations happened.
7 B draw a distinction between No such distinction is drawn in the passage.

hysterical patients and
patients with other
psychological disorders
7 c express a similarity The passage never distinguishes Freud’s patients from
between Breuer’s patients Breuer’s or compares the two groups.
and Freud’s
7 D compare hysterical patients The passage does not discuss patients seeking treatment for
and patients seeking purely physical ailments.
treatment for purely
physical ailments
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S1 As Freud continued to develop the talking cure, he Further developments of the talking
moved away from hypnosis and to a procedure he cure. Moved away from hypnosis to
“free association.”
termed “free association,” through which patients
were encouraged to speak in a totally uncensored and
uninhibited way about whatever ideas or memories
occurred to them in response to a given stimulus.
2 This process proved more laborious than working More difficult. So Freud thought:
under hypnosis, leading Freud to surmise that there a force is preventing easy recall of
traumatic memories.
must be a force preventing the easy recall of the
traumatic memories associated with his patients’
symptoms.
3 From this idea, his theory of repression was born. Theory of repression.
4 Repression, he believed, was the force that made

traumatic memories so difficult for his patients to
recall.
5 The memories were there—that much he knew from Traumatic memories not in conscious
his work with patients—but they were so difficult to mind.
access that he did not feel as if they could be part of

the patient’s conscious mind.
23 6 This feeling led him to the conclusion that there must
be another part of the human mind in which those
memories were amassed that is not fully conscious.
7 This subconscious region of the mind stores Rather, in subconscious region.
information that is repressed by the conscious mind.
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8. According to paragraph 5, all of Negative Fact. S1 introduces Freud’s new method of free
the following contributed to association. S2 indicates that this method was more
laborious than hypnosis. As a result of this observation (and
Freud’s conclusion that there is a
others described in the rest of the paragraph), Freud
subconscious region of the concluded that there is a subconscious region of the mind.
human mind EXCEPT: Three answer choices will be supported in the paragraph.
One will not be.
7 A His patients had traumatic S5: “The memories were there—that much he knew from his
memories. work with patients.”
7 B His patients’ traumatic S2: “This process (= free association) proved more laborious
memories were not easy to than working under hypnosis.” S4 mentions that a force
“made traumatic memories so difficult for his patients to
access via free association.
recall.” S5 notes that “they (= the memories) were so difficult
to access.”
3 C His hypnotized patients Correct. This fact is mentioned in an earlier paragraph, not
were highly suggestible. in this one, and it is not cited in support of Freud’s theory of
the subconscious mind.
7 D He believed that humans S4: “Repression, he believed, was the force that made
repress traumatic traumatic memories so difficult for his patients to recall.”
memories.
9. The word “amassed” in the Vocabulary. “Amass” = collect, gather, store (a large
passage is closest in meaning to quantity of).
7 A lost Not quite. Although these memories were hard to retrieve, 23

they were not lost in this region of the mind. “Lost” and
“amassed” are not synonyms.
7 B revived Unrelated. “Revived” = to restore to consciousness or return

to life.
7 C treasured Not quite. “Treasure” = cherish, keep or hold with

appreciation. There is no sense of appreciation in “amass.”
3 D housed Correct. “Another part of the human mind in which those

memories were amassed” = another part of the mind in
which those memories were housed or collected.
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S1 According to Freud, repression happens when a wish, Repression happens when desire and
desire, or predilection does not align with the morality don’t align.
generally accepted moral system of the society in

which an individual lives.
2 Unable to make sense of the fact that the person has a The mind buries the desire.
desire for what he or she morally should not be
craving, the mind takes the desire and buries it deep
down in the subconscious region of the mind.
3 This repression of deviant desires is at the heart of all This repression is at the heart of all
neuroses, according to Freud’s theory. neuroses.
4 The widespread acceptance of this once revolutionary This idea is now accepted widely.
theory underpins the now commonplace belief that Supports belief of link between
emotional and physical health.
there is a link between emotional well-being and
physical health.
10. Which of the sentences below Simplify Sentence. The first part of S2 states that the
best expresses the essential mind cannot make sense of the conflict between desire and
morality. The second part describes the response of the
information in the highlighted
mind, which is to bury the desire in the subconscious.
sentence in paragraph 6?
23 Incorrect choices change the
meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
7 A Because a person desires to The original does not claim that the subconscious is where
make moral choices, immoral choices are made, only that the subconscious is
where “immoral” desire is buried.
immoral choices must be
made in the subconscious.
3 B The mind pushes a desire Correct. This version simplifies the original but captures its
into the subconscious if essence.
that desire cannot be
reconciled with morality.
7 C A person who is normally The original sentence does not make particular reference to
moral may subconsciously anyone who is “normally moral.” The original refers more
broadly to anyone who lives in a society with a moral system
desire immoral things. and who has an “immoral” wish.
7 D People who are moral and The original sentence does not refer in any specific way to
know that they are moral people “who are moral and know that they are moral.”
do not consciously desire
only moral things.
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S1 Freud and his friend and collaborator Breuer accepted
this conclusion and began to treat their own hysterical
patients using hypnosis, observing that in a hypnotized
state, some of their patients could reveal the underlying
psychological source of their physical symptoms.
2 A One such patient was “Anna O.” S1 mentions “physical symptoms.” But
S1 does not discuss any reduction of
these physical symptoms, as it should.
3 B A patient of Breuer’s, Anna was invited to talk S2 does not discuss any reduction of a
about her symptoms while under hypnosis. symptom.
4 C During the course of those conversations, the S3 mentions “symptoms” again, but
severity of a symptom would be reduced as she was not a reduction of those symptoms.
able to retrieve memories of traumatic events

associated with the symptom’s onset.
5 D She would go on to dub this process the “talking Correct. S4 indicates that “the
cure.” severity of a symptom would be
reduced.” The new sentence can now
refer to this reduction of the symptom
and extend the idea of S4 (noting that
the reduction was not temporary).
Insert Text. The new sentence begins with “Furthermore,”

23
11. Furthermore, the reduction of
the symptom was not t emporary, indicating that the ideas in this sentence continue those in
the previous sentence. The subject of the new sentence is
but persisted long after the
“the reduction of the symptom.” The use of “the” reveals that
conversations with Breuer, this concept must have already been discussed, most likely
effectively r elieving her of the in the sentence immediately before the insertion.
symptom in full.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
7 C Choice C
3 D Choice D Correct.
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Whole Passage Comments

P1 People around the world accept the idea that what a People believe emotional experiences
person experiences emotionally can impact that can have physical effects. Why? Freud:
psychology pioneer. He argued that
person physically ... some physical illnesses could be
treated psychologically.
P2 To reach his conclusion, Freud drew on the work of Earlier: neurologist Charcot. “Hysteria.”
nineteenth-century French neurologist Jean-Martin Thought to be caused by malfunction
of uterus. “Wandering womb” theory.
Charcot ... But Charcot believed hysteria’s
symptoms came from nervous system.
P3 Nevertheless, as he researched his hypothesis, Charcot But Charcot changed his mind. Began
changed his opinion ... using hypnosis. He could change the
patient’s physical state. Conclusion:
condition was psychological.
P4 Freud and his friend and collaborator Breuer accepted Freud and his colleague Breuer treated
this conclusion and began to treat their own hysterical patients with hypnosis.
Observed that some patients could
hysterical patients using hypnosis ... reveal psychological source of
symptoms. “Anna O.” Her symptoms
lessened as she retrieved memories
under hypnosis. “Talking cure.”
P5 As Freud continued to develop the talking cure, he Further developments of the talking
moved away from hypnosis and to a procedure he cure. Moved away from hypnosis to
23 termed “free association,” through which patients

“free association.” More difficult. So
Freud thought: a force is preventing
were encouraged to speak in a totally uncensored and easy recall of traumatic memories.
uninhibited way ... Theory of repression. Traumatic
memories not in conscious mind.
Rather, in subconscious region.
P6 According to Freud, repression happens when a wish, Repression happens when desire and
desire, or predilection does not align with the morality don’t align. The mind buries
the desire. This repression is at the
generally accepted moral system of the society in heart of all neuroses. This idea is now
which an individual lives ... accepted widely. Supports belief of link
between emotional and physical
health.
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12. Select from the six phrases below Table. P4 describes the first, early version of the talking cure.
TWO that correctly characterize P5 describes the later version (“As Freud continued to develop
the talking cure …”).
the early version of the talking cure
and THREE that correctly
characterize the later version of the
talking cure, as d
escribed in the
passage. One of the phrases will
NOT be used.
A The patient is under Early talking cure. P4 S1: Freud and Breuer “began to treat
their own hysterical patients using hypnosis.”
hypnosis.
B The process is more Later talking cure. P5 S2: “This process proved more
laborious than working under hypnosis.”
laborious.
C The patient is not under Later talking cure. P5 S1: “As Freud continued to develop
the talking cure, he moved away from hypnosis.”
hypnosis.
D The patient is prompted to Early talking cure. P4 S3: “Anna was invited to talk about
her symptoms while under hypnosis.”
talk about his or her
symptoms.
E The process can be Neither. Nothing in the passage supports the contention that
either the early or the later talking cure could be carried out by
performed successfully by
non-professionals.
non-professionals.
F The patient is encouraged Later talking cure. P5 S1: “As Freud continued to develop 23
the talking cure, he moved … to a procedure he termed ‘free
to respond uninhibitedly
association,’ through which patients were encouraged to speak
to a stimulus. in a totally uncensored and uninhibited way about whatever
ideas or memories occurred to them in response to a given
stimulus.”
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Answers and Explanations—23.2 The Spinning Jenny
S1 Two well-known icons of the Industrial Revolution are the steam Steam engine and cotton
engine, originally invented in Britain by Thomas Savery and gin = 2 icons of Industrial
Revolution.
Thomas Newcomen in 1712 (later perfected by James Watt), and
the cotton gin, patented by Eli Whitney in 1794 in the United
States.
2 Both innovations were crucial in propelling the Industrial
Revolution forward.
3 The steam engine was the first independent source of power that How each worked.
was not reliant on wind or moving water, such as a river, and the
cotton gin drastically sped up the laborious process of separating
cotton fibers from cotton seeds as a raw material for making
cloth.
4 Both innovations led to dramatic improvements in the Both improved productivity
productivity of workers, enabling machines to replace the effort dramatically.
in important manufacturing tasks that had previously depended

on human or animal power.
23 5 However, a much lesser-known invention arrived in between But a lesser-known

invention may have been
these two, one that may have been just as crucial in paving the
just as important: the
way for the rapid economic growth that followed over the next spinning jenny.
century: the spinning jenny.
1. The word “laborious” in the Vocabulary. “Laborious” = difficult, requiring much effort.
7 A sophisticated Not quite the same. “Sophisticated” = complex, advanced.
This is not a synonym for “laborious,” which could involve
quite simple but heavy burdens.
7 B impossible Too extreme. “Impossible” is sometimes used in a non-literal

way to mean “difficult.” But in academic text, the word
should be understood with its dictionary meaning: not
possible at all.
3 C arduous Correct. “The laborious process of separating cotton fibers

from cotton seeds” = the arduous, difficult process of
separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds.
7 D repetitive Also not quite the same. The process in question seems in
fact to have been repetitive (= involving a lot of repetition,
the same steps over and over again). But some repetitive
tasks are not laborious, and some laborious tasks are not
repetitive.
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2. According to paragraph 1, which Fact. S2 mentions that “both innovations were crucial in
of the following was true of both propelling the Industrial Revolution forward.” S4 then
discusses a result of both the steam engine and the
the steam engine and the cotton
cotton gin.
gin?
3 A Both inventions increased Correct. S4: “Both innovations led to dramatic improvements
worker productivity. in the productivity of workers.”
7 B Both inventions were in S2: “Both innovations were crucial in propelling the
fact created before the Industrial Revolution forward.” The dates of the inventions
are given, but not the dates of the Industrial Revolution. It is
Industrial Revolution. possible that the inventions took place before the Industrial
Revolution. But this is not stated in the passage.
7 C Both machines were S1 states that the steam engine was “originally invented in
invented in the United Britain by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen.”
States.
7 D Both inventions led to the S5 explicitly mentions that the spinning jenny was invented
development of the before the cotton gin. Furthermore, no evidence is given that
the steam engine helped in the development of the spinning
spinning jenny. jenny in any way.
3. According to paragraph 1, which Fact. S4 is the sentence that mentions human and animal
of the following was true of the power. It discusses how both the steam engine and the
cotton gin increased worker productivity by enabling
human and animal power
machines to replace that human and animal power in
referred to in the paragraph? performing manufacturing tasks. 23
7 A It was still used to provide There is no direct mention in the paragraph of how the
small amounts of energy to steam engine and the cotton gin were powered.
the steam engine and the
cotton gin.
7 B Manufacturing depended S4 states that the cotton gin and the steam engine enabled
on it more after the steam machines “to replace the effort … that had previously
depended on human or animal power.” So, if anything,
engine and the cotton gin human and animal power became less necessary.
were invented.
7 C As a natural source, it was S3 states that the steam engine helped manufacturers
itself reliant on power from become less reliant on power from wind and moving water.
This sort of power had nothing to do with human and animal
wind or moving water. power, at least in the paragraph written.
3 D It started to be replaced by Correct. S4 explicitly states that both machines led to

machines after the increased productivity, “enabling machines to replace the
effort … that had previously depended on human or animal
invention of the steam power.”
engine and the cotton gin.
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S1 At the time, spinning wheels were used to turn cotton fibers into Spinning wheels turned
yarn and other threads for use in making cloth. fibers into yarn.
2 The operator turned the wheel, which in turn spun components Operator turned wheel.
of the machine called the flyer and spindle. Wheel turned flyer and
spindle.
3 The flyer was responsible for “spinning” the fibers, that is, for Flyer spun fibers into
twisting the raw fibers at an appropriate rate to produce thread. thread.
4 Placed horizontally, the spindle was responsible for collecting the Spindle collected thread.
finished thread, with the flyer next to it.
5 According to a popular myth, in 1764, James Hargreaves Popular myth about
(1720–1778) was in his workshop and observed that a spinning accidental invention
(named for daughter).
wheel had been knocked over by his daughter, Jenny, but was
still spinning, along with the spindle, which now pointed
vertically.
6 It dawned on him that it would be possible to place multiple Idea to place multiple
spindles vertically, each with its own flyer, and have the entire spindles with 1 wheel.
assembly powered by a single wheel operated by one person.
23 4. The word “assembly” in the

Vocabulary. In this context, “assembly” = a machine
assembled out of different parts.
7 A association In the context of a gathering of people, “assembly” and

“association” can mean similar things. That is not the case
with machine parts.
3 B machine Correct. “It would be possible to … have the entire

assembly powered by a single wheel” = it would be possible
to have the entire machine (assembled from various parts)
powered by a single wheel.
7 C component The author intends for “assembly” to refer to the whole

machine, not just a component of the machine.
7 D supply “Supply” = a quantity of things for use. But “supply” lacks the
idea of assembling those things into a coherent whole.
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5. Why does the author use the Purpose. S5 begins with the phrase “According to a popular
phrase “According to a popular myth.” This phrase introduces a story about how James
Hargreaves came up with the idea for the spinning jenny.
myth” in the paragraph?
This story is discredited by inference later in the passage, in
P3. However, you can already deduce from the use of the
word “myth” that the story is untrue.
7 A To explain why the story The words “popular myth” assert that the story is popular
about how Hargreaves (and untrue). But they do not explain why the story is
popular.
invented the spinning
jenny is so popular
3 B To introduce a tale about Correct. The word “myth” implies “legend” or “fiction,”
the invention of the meaning that the story about to be told is untrue.
spinning jenny that is
interesting but not true
7 C To make a transition from If anything, nearly the opposite is true. S1–4 describe the
the circumstances of the spinning wheel (which preceded the spinning jenny).
S5 presents a story about how the spinning jenny was
spinning jenny’s invention invented.
to its method of operation
7 D To echo back to a The phrase introduces a new story. It does not refer back to
previously told story that a previously told story.
outlines how the spinning
jenny was actually invented
23
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6. It can be inferred from para- Inference. S1–4 discuss the construction and operation of
graph 2 that an important differ- a spinning wheel, the predecessor to the spinning jenny. S5
tells a fictitious story about how the spinning jenny
ence between the spinning jenny
was invented (inspired by a living person named Jenny).
and the spinning wheel was that S6 discusses how a spinning jenny was constructed and how
it was different from its predecessor.
7 A the spinning jenny could The paragraph does not claim that the spinning jenny could
produce any type of produce types of thread that the spinning wheel could not
produce.
thread, while the spinning
wheel could only be used
to turn cotton into yarn
7 B the spinning jenny made S2 and S6 make it clear that both machines were powered by
use of a different and less a single operator spinning a single wheel. This source of
power was more efficiently deployed with the spinning jenny,
costly source of power than but it was not fundamentally “different.”
the spinning wheel did
7 C the spinning jenny S6: The “entire assembly” (= the spinning jenny) could be
required several operators, “powered by a single wheel operated by one person.”
whereas the spinning wheel
needed just one operator
3 D the spinning jenny could Correct. S1 states that “spinning wheels were used to turn
fill many spindles at once, cotton fibers into yarn and other threads.” S2–4 describe
how the machines worked, in particular how the (single)
while the spinning wheel spindle collected the thread produced by the spinning wheel.
23 could fill only one at a S6: “It dawned on him that it would be possible to place
time multiple spindles vertically, each with its own flyer.” You can
infer that the spinning jenny (the new assembly Hargreaves
envisioned) could fill multiple spindles at one time.
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S1 In reality, Hargreaves had several daughters, none of whom was No daughter was named
named Jenny. Jenny!
2 (It is believed that Hargreaves may have intended “jenny” as a

nickname for “engine.”)
3 However, with his insight about repositioning the spindle and But the spinning jenny was
adding more of them, the spinning jenny was born. born.
4 His initial creation consisted of eight vertical spindles all

connected to a single wheel via a metal frame.
5 Thus, the original spinning jenny could produce thread at up to With 8 spindles, up to 8
eight times the rate of a single-thread spinning wheel with the times the rate.
same amount of manpower.

6 It is one of the earliest known examples of a mechanical Mechanical advantage.
advantage, or the advantage gained by the use of a device when
transmitting force.
7 Mechanical advantage is an extremely important concept that Drove big increases in
drove the explosive increase in economic output that occurred output during Industrial
Revolution in lots of
during the Industrial Revolution across practically every industries.
industry.
8 The textile industry was one of the first to experience such a 23
growth in productivity, and the spinning jenny was the invention
responsible for it.
9 In fact, many inventions in other industries that created In fact, inventions in other
mechanical advantage used the spinning jenny as a model or industries sometimes
copied the spinning jenny.
inspiration in their design.
7. The word “repositioning” in the Vocabulary. “Reposition” = adjust the position, location,
passage is closest in meaning to or orientation of something.
7 A removing “Remove” and “reposition” are not synonyms at all. “Remove” =

take away, get rid of. “Reposition” does not imply any removal.
7 B implementing “Implementing” something is to put it into use or use it as a

tool.
3 C rearranging Correct. “His insight about repositioning the spindle” = his

insight about rearranging the spindle, adjusting its position.
7 D warehousing “Repository” = warehouse, storage facility. “Reposition” is

unrelated.
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8. Which of the following best Purpose. S1–2 explain that the previous story (from P2) had
describes the organization of to be a myth and indicate where the actual name may have
come from. S3–6 describe the enhancements made by
paragraph 2?
Hargreaves and how they improve productivity. S7–9 discuss
how the spinning jenny and its concept of mechanical
advantage contributed to broad economic advancement.
3 A A correction of a previous Correct. S1–2 amend the story about Hargreaves’s fictional
story, followed by an daughter named Jenny. S3–6 give a detailed explanation of
the spinning jenny and its advantages. S7–9 discuss the
explanation of an invention implications for economic advancement as a whole during
and its implications the Industrial Revolution.
7 B A confirmation of a S1–2 negate rather than confirm the previous story. The rest
previous story, followed by of the paragraph is devoted to the spinning jenny and its
economic implications, not examples about the previous
detailed examples about story.
that story
7 C An opinion about a S1–2 are not phrased as opinions, but rather as facts,
previous story, followed by including a hypothesis about the actual source of the name
“spinning jenny.” Furthermore, while S6–9 do discuss an
a detailed explanation of economic concept, this choice omits the detailed explanation
an economic concept of how the spinning jenny captured the economic concept of
mechanical advantage.
7 D A denial of a previous S1–2 do deny the previous story about the invention of the
story, followed by a series spinning jenny. But the rest of this choice is incorrect. The
remainder of the paragraph moves away from that previous
of examples showing why story entirely and instead discusses the spinning jenny and
23 that story must be its economic implications.
incorrect
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S1 Not surprisingly, there was substantial opposition to Hargreaves’s Opposition to the invention.
invention.
2 Of course, textile makers welcomed an invention that would Of course, textile makers
make more thread available for them to use as a raw material in welcomed it.
the production of cloth.

3 At first, other hand weavers also welcomed the possibility of At first, so did other
machine that would make their work more productive—there weavers.
had been a shortage in the capacity for thread spinning for quite
some time.
4 However, once Hargreaves began selling his invention within the But as the invention spread,
industry, spinning capacity proliferated, and the price of spun price of yarn fell drastically.
yarn fell drastically.

5 Weavers who did not have access to Hargreaves’s device, or who Some weavers were priced
could not afford it, were quickly priced out of the market. out of the market (= they
could not make yarn
profitably).
6 Many revolted, going so far as to repeatedly break into his Some even destroyed his
property and destroy newly manufactured machines whenever he machines.
had assembled them for sale.

7 Hargreaves was forced to flee to Nottingham, about 100 miles 23
away, and construct his machines in secrecy.
8 He also faced competition from imitation versions of his Hargreaves also faced
invention, so he applied for and received a patent for the spinning imitations.
jenny in 1770.
9 Unfortunately for Hargreaves, because he had sold a number of But he had sold before
such machines prior to receiving patent protection, his legal getting a patent.
recourse against imitations was limited.
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9. Which of the sentences below Simplify Sentence. The first part of S9 explains that
best expresses the essential Hargreaves had sold some of his machines before he sought
patent protection. The second part of S9 explains that as a
result, he had fewer options legally to protect himself and his
sentence in paragraph 4? invention from imitation versions of the machine that others
Incorrect choices change the were presumably using or selling.
7 A Hargreaves did not have The fact that imitation machines were not illegal was exactly
patent protection, but did why Hargreaves needed patent protection.
not need it because
imitation machines were
illegal.
7 B Hargreaves’s legal recourse Hargreaves was attempting to get his own patent in order to
was reduced because have legal recourse. No information was provided regarding
potential patents on imitation machines.
imitation machines already
had their own patents.
7 C The patent protection that The patent protection would have increased his legal options
Hargreaves received for going after so-called copycat machines, but it had
nothing to do with creating new inventions.
reduced his legal options
for creating new
inventions.
D Hargreaves’s legal options Correct. This version says essentially the same thing as S9,
23 3
against copycat machines but transposes the two essential parts of the sentence and
simplifies the language somewhat.
were reduced because he
sold some machines before
getting patent protection.
10. The word “proliferated” in the Vocabulary. “Proliferate” = increase rapidly in amount or
passage is closest in meaning to number, flourish, multiply.
3 A blossomed Correct. “Spinning capacity proliferated” = it blossomed, it

spread rapidly.
7 B fluctuated “Fluctuate” = swing up and down, rise and fall, vary.
7 C plunged Opposite. “Plunged” means to jump or dive into something

with great energy.
7 D dispersed Not quite. “Disperse” = scatter, spread out. But “disperse”

strongly implies that the same amount is spread out.
Whatever is dispersed is thinned out and much less
concentrated. When a crowd disperses, it loses force. In
contrast, “proliferate” means both “spread out” and “increase
dramatically in quantity and effect.”
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11. According to paragraph 4, all of Negative Fact. The whole paragraph discusses the results
the following occurred as a of the sale of Hargreaves’ invention. Three of the answer
choices will be cited in the paragraph. One will not be.
result of Hargreaves selling his
invention EXCEPT:
7 A The price of spun yarn S4 states that “the price of spun yarn fell drastically.”
plummeted.
3 B Textile makers resisted the Correct. S2: “Of course, textile makers welcomed an
new method of thread invention that would make more thread available for them to
use as a raw material in the production of cloth.”
manufacturing.
7 C The capacity to S4 mentions that “spinning capacity proliferated.”
manufacture thread
became greater.
7 D Some competitors revolted S6: “Many revolted, going so far as to repeatedly break into
by demolishing his his property and destroy newly manufactured machines.”
property.
23
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S1 At the time, spinning wheels were used to turn cotton fibers into
yarn and other threads for use in making cloth.
2–3 A The operator turned the wheel, which in turn spun Placement here would be
components of the machine called the flyer and spindle. The flyer confusing. It would suggest
that the description starting
was responsible for “spinning” the fibers, that is, for twisting the in S2 relates to the new
raw fibers at an appropriate rate to produce thread. design, not the old design.
4 B Placed horizontally, the spindle was responsible for collecting Placement here would
the finished thread, with the flyer next to it. suggest that placing the
spindle horizontally was a
part of the design
improvement. But S4 is still
part of the old design.
5 C According to a popular myth, in 1764, James Hargreaves Correct. The new

(1720–1778) was in his workshop and observed that a spinning sentence refers to the
original design described
wheel had been knocked over by his daughter, Jenny, but was above with “this design.”
still spinning, along with the spindle, which now pointed The new sentence also
vertically. transitions well to the story
about James Hargreaves
(who is “the man in
Northern England”) and his
improvement described in
the rest of the paragraph.
23
6 D It dawned on him that it would be possible to place multiple The moment of transition
spindles vertically, each with its own flyer, and have the entire has passed. S5 is already
discussing the specific story
assembly powered by a single wheel operated by one person. of the new design’s birth.
The sentence to be inserted
is general and should come
before S5. Moreover, the
link to the old design (“this
design”) is lost.
12. In the middle of the e ighteenth Insert Text. The new sentence refers to “this design” and
century, a man in Northern the idea that it could be improved. So the prior text should
refer to the old design, and the following text should refer to
England realized this design
the new and improved design. The inserted sentence
could be improved. functions as an excellent transition from the old spinning
wheel to the new spinning jenny.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
3 C Choice C Correct.
7 D Choice D
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P1 Two well-known icons of the Industrial Revolution are the steam Steam engine and cotton
engine, originally invented in Britain by Thomas Savery and gin = 2 icons of Industrial
Revolution. How each
Thomas Newcomen in 1712 (later perfected by James Watt), and worked. Both improved
the cotton gin, patented by Eli Whitney in 1794 in the productivity dramatically.
United States ... But a lesser-known
invention may have been
just as important: the
spinning jenny.
P2 At the time, spinning wheels were used to turn cotton fibers into Spinning wheels turned
yarn and other threads for use in making cloth ... fibers into yarn. Operator
turned wheel. Wheel turned
flyer and spindle. Flyer spun
fibers into thread. Spindle
collected thread. Popular
myth about accidental
invention (named for
daughter). Idea to place
multiple spindles with 1
wheel.
P3 In reality, Hargreaves had several daughters, none of whom was No daughter was named
named Jenny ... Jenny! But the spinning
jenny was born. With 8
spindles, up to 8 times the
rate. Mechanical advantage.
Drove big increases in 23
output during Industrial
Revolution in lots of
industries. In fact,
inventions in other
industries sometimes
copied the spinning jenny.
P4 Not surprisingly, there was substantial opposition to Hargreaves’s Opposition to the invention.
invention ... Of course, textile makers
welcomed it. At first, so did
other weavers. But as the
invention spread, price of
yarn fell drastically. Some
weavers were priced out of
the market (= they could
not make yarn profitably).
Some even destroyed his
machines. Hargreaves also
faced imitations. But he had
sold before getting a
patent.
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13. Select from the six phrases Table. “Characterize” = portray, describe, be an example of.
below THREE that correctly Correct answers do not have to convey any single “main idea” of
characterize the spinning either machine. They simply have to be accurate descriptions of
one or the other. The first part of P2 describes the old spinning
jenny and TWO that correctly
wheel. The second part of P2 and much of P3 describe the new
characterize the spinning spinning jenny.
wheel, according to the
passage. One of the phrases
will NOT be used.
A Used a single horizontal Spinning wheel. Described in S4 in P2.
spindle
B Used a single vertical Neither. Only the mythical wheel that “Jenny” supposedly
knocked over had a single vertical spindle.
spindle
C Used multiple spindles Spinning jenny. Directly mentioned in S6 in P2 and again in
S3 in P3.
D Invented by James Spinning jenny. Implied strongly in the second half of P2

(S5–6) and the first part of P3 (S2–4).
Hargreaves
E Used by many weavers at Spinning wheel. Implied strongly by several facts: Hargreaves
based his invention on the spinning wheel (second half of P2). As
the beginning of the 1700s
noted in P2 S5, his idea came in 1764. His invention was a big
improvement on the spinning wheel, which priced many weavers
out of the market (middle of P4).
F Inspired development of Spinning jenny. Directly mentioned in S9 in P3.

23 similar machines in other
industries
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23.3 Fracking and the Environment
S1 The 2010 documentary film Gasland features a man in Colorado Documentary: man lights
lighting the water from his home faucet on fire. tap water on fire.
2 The water is flammable because of methane, also known as Methane apparently in the
natural gas, apparently released into his groundwater source water from hydraulic
fracturing.
from hydraulic fracturing in his area.
3 According to some researchers, this phenomenon has become Has become common in parts
common in several parts of the United States. of the US, according to some.
1. The word “flammable” in the Vocabulary. “Flammable” = able to be set on fire.
7 A potable “Potable” = drinkable.
3 B incendiary Correct. “The water is flammable because of methane” = the

water is incendiary (= likely to catch fire) because of methane.
7 C poisonous The water may be poisonous to some degree. But

“poisonous” does not capture the meaning of “flammable.”
23
7 D incombustible Opposite. “Incombustible” = not able to be combusted or set
on fire.
2. According to paragraph 1, which Fact. S2 states the apparent reason why the man’s tap
of the following is true regarding water is flammable. S3 notes that some researchers note
that this phenomenon has been occurring in other areas of
groundwater contamination that
the United States as well.
may be caused by hydraulic
fracturing?
7 A It is not the only problem P1 only discusses one problem that may be caused by
potentially caused by hydraulic fracturing: groundwater contamination.
hydraulic fracturing.
7 B It is causing methane to S2: “The water is flammable because of methane …
leak into hydraulic apparently released into his groundwater source from
hydraulic fracturing in his area.” The methane is supposedly
fracturing sites. leaking from hydraulic fracturing sites, not into them.
7 C It is caused by sources P1 does not provide any evidence that potential sources of
originating from outside the groundwater contamination are coming from outside the
United States.
the United States.
3 D It seems to be happening Correct. S3: “According to some researchers, this
in locations other than the phenomenon has become common in several parts of the
United States.” Therefore, the phenomenon is apparently
one mentioned. happening in locations other than the one discussed in the
paragraph.
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S1 What exactly is hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking,” What is “fracking”? Why so
and why has it become commonplace? common now?
2 Fracking is a drilling procedure designed to extract hard-to-reach Drilling for hard-to-reach

resources from below the land’s surface. resources.
3 In particular, fracking has become the default procedure for Default for natural gas
unearthing natural gas deposits that are embedded in openings within shale.
within large shale rock formations.

4 The process is as follows: first, a traditional well, similar to that Details of procedure.
used to reach petroleum, is drilled to a specified depth.
5 Then the well takes a 90-degree turn, so that it is now running
horizontal, or parallel to the surface.
6 Once the wellbore has been drilled a sufficient distance, it is then
flooded with a liquid mixture known as “fracking fluid.”
7 This fluid is pumped into the wellbore at a tremendously high High-pressure fluid splits
pressure, which causes the shale rock to split apart, freeing the rock, frees natural gas.
natural gas and other resources trapped within the rock

formation.
8 These resources can then be much more easily taken out from the Easy to take out.
23 ground.
9 Since the 1950s, over 1 million fracking procedures at roughly Over 1 million “frackings”
100,000 fracking wells have been completed in the United States. have been done in the US.
3. The word “unearthing” in the Vocabulary. “Unearth” = dig up, remove, get something
passage is closest in meaning to hidden from under the ground.
3 A extracting Correct. “Fracking has become the default procedure for

unearthing natural gas deposits” = it has become the default
procedure for extracting (taking out or pulling out) these
deposits.
7 B cleansing Unrelated. Digging up natural gas deposits is not the same as

cleaning them.
7 C identifying Unrelated. Digging up natural gas deposits is not the same as

identifying or even finding them.
7 D implanting Nearly opposite. To “implant” would be to put into the

ground rather than to extract.
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4. Why does the author use the Purpose. S4 mentions that a fracking well, at first, is drilled
phrases “drilled to a specified similarly to a traditional well, up to a “specified depth.” S5
implies that this first part of a fracking well is vertical,
depth” and “drilled a sufficient
because it later “takes a 90-degree turn, so that is now
distance”? running horizontal.” The first highlighted phrase describes
how deep, vertically, the well must be drilled. The second
highlighted phrase describes how far it must be drilled
horizontally (“a sufficient distance” in S6).
7 A To emphasize the The focus of S4 is the first step of the drilling process: the
fundamental difference vertical portion of the well. The focus of S5–6 is the second
step: the well turns horizontal and is drilled a further
between depth and distance. These phrases describe the two stages of the
distance drilling process. But the purpose of the highlighted phrases
is not to contrast depth and distance, but rather to describe
the two key steps in drilling a fracking well.
7 B To suggest that some It seems that the “specified depth” may vary for different
fracking wells are drilled wells. But that point is not made in the passage. From the
text, you might in fact reasonably infer that the “specified
deeply while others are depth” is the same for all fracking wells. Moreover, S4–6
drilled to more shallow explain that all fracking wells are two-step processes,
depth featuring both vertical and horizontal drilling. This choice
ignores the second phrase.
3 C To describe the lengths of Correct. S4 describes the vertical portion of the fracking
the vertical and horizontal well drilling process, which goes down to a “specified depth.”
S5–6 describe the horizontal portion, which goes “a sufficient
portions of the wellbore distance.”
7 D To demonstrate that depth Depth is measured in units of distance. But S4–5 are 23
and distance are equivalent describing two separate steps in the process, one vertical
and the other horizontal. Furthermore, depth is only
in the context of fracking equivalent to distance if that distance is vertical. Horizontal
wells distance, for example, has zero depth.
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5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of Inference. All of P2 is devoted to describing the fracking
the following about fracking in process. But only S9 mentions the United States.
the United States?
7 A The United States is the Nothing in P2 suggests that the United States is the first
first country to extract country to use fracking.
natural gas via fracking.
3 B More than one fracking Correct. S9 mentions “over 1 million fracking procedures
procedure can be at roughly 100,000 fracking wells,” so the number of
procedures completed is roughly 10 times as large as the
performed at a single well. number of wells. For this to be true, a single well must be
capable of allowing multiple fracking procedures.
7 C The process used in the Nothing in P2 suggests that the fracking process used in the
Unites States is different United States is different from that used in any other
country.
from that used in many
other countries.
7 D The process used in the S9 mentions total fracking statistics since the 1950s. But the
United States has changed sentence does not mention any change in the fracking
process since then.
substantially since the
1950s.
23 S1 Natural gas has become an attractive fuel resource because it is Natural gas is attractive
abundant in the Marcellus shale formation, found across much because it is abundant.
of Pennsylvania and Ohio and parts of neighboring states, as well

as in several other formations in Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma,
and Texas.
2 Additionally, natural gas is considered a “clean-burning” fuel, Also “clean-burning.”
because it releases much less carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and
sulfur oxide than other fuel sources (particularly coal) when it is
burned.
3 Fracking represents the most efficient conventional method to Fracking = most efficient
access this fuel source. conventional way to get.
4 However, fracking creates numerous environmental problems by But many environmental

the very nature of the means used to extract the natural gas. problems.
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6. According to paragraph 3, which Negative Fact. S1–3 list reasons supporting the widespread
is the following is NOT a reason use of fracking. The three incorrect answer choices will be
included in that part of the paragraph. The correct answer
why fracking has become a
will not be included there. S4 lists a problem with fracking,
common practice? which is not a reason why fracking has become common.
7 A It is a highly efficient S3: “Fracking represents the most efficient conventional

method for retrieving method to access this fuel source.”
natural gas.
7 B The natural gas extracted S2 states that “natural gas is considered a ‘clean-burning’
by fracking releases less in fuel, because it releases much less carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, and sulfur oxide than other fuel sources (particularly
the way of pollutants than coal) when it is burned.” The term “clean-burning” suggests
many other fuels do. that carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur oxide can be
considered “pollutants” (= things that pollute).
7 C Natural gas is found S1 notes that natural gas is “abundant in the Marcellus shale
abundantly in many states, formation, found across much of Pennsylvania.” S3 explains
why fracking is used to extract natural gas (it is “the most
such as Pennsylvania. efficient conventional method”). So the abundance of natural
gas helps explain why fracking has become common.
3 D It has few side effects that Correct. This is not a reason for the increased use of
can affect the environment fracking because the opposite is true. S4 states that “fracking
creates numerous environmental problems.”
in a detrimental way.
7. The word “conventional” in the

Vocabulary. “Conventional” = standard, normal.
23
3 A established Correct. “Fracking represents the most efficient
conventional method” = it represents the most efficient
method that is established or customary.
7 B pioneering Opposite. “Pioneering” = involving new ideas or methods.
7 C reliable Not quite. “Reliable” = dependable, trustworthy. But

something conventional might not be reliable, and vice versa.
7 D experimental Also opposite. “Experimental” = based on untested

techniques or ideas, not yet established.
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S1 First, fracking fluid itself is anything but safe. Fracking fluid is not safe.
2 It primarily consists of water, with a proprietary series of

additives for various purposes needed for the fracking process.
3 Additives include hundreds of toxic substances such as solvents, Some ingredients are toxic.
surfactants, biocides, friction reducers, and so on.
4 The exact mix used in any given operation can vary based on
several factors, and companies are not legally required to publish
an exact list of chemicals used.
5 For any fracking operation, a substantial amount of this fluid Must use a lot of fluid.
must be employed.
6 A fracking site will require 2 to 10 million gallons (about 8 to
38 million liters) of fluid; this fluid must be brought to the site
by tanker trucks, which typically have a capacity of about 5,000
gallons (19,000 liters).
7 This is in addition to the equipment and pumping trucks that
the site will require.
8 Thus, thousands of tanker truck trips may be required to
complete a given well.
23
9 When the fluid is pumped into the ground, an attempt is made Some seeps into the rock
to contain and recover it, but some fracking fluid does seep into and can contaminate
groundwater.
the rock sediment, and this seepage can contaminate nearby
groundwater sources.
10 The recovered fluid, known in the industry as “wastewater,” must Recovered fluid is waste,
be contained above ground and disposed of properly. requires proper disposal.
11 This task is nontrivial, given the sheer volume of fluid required, Big task, little government
and little government oversight is applied to ensure that fracking oversight.
companies follow safe practices.
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8. Which of the sentences below Simplify Sentence. The first part of S9 states that an
best expresses the essential attempt is made to recover and contain fracking water when
it is pumped into the ground. The second part of the
sentence states that some of the fluid can seep into the
sentence in paragraph 4? ground anyway, and that this seepage may contaminate
Incorrect choices change the nearby groundwater.
7 A Attempts to collect The highlighted sentence indicates the opposite, that not all
fracking fluid are typically fluid is recovered.
able to contain everything
that was pumped into the
ground.
7 B Fracking fluid that seeps This is true but is missing the essential information about the
into the rock sediment can attempt to collect the fluid.
contaminate groundwater.
3 C When attempts to collect Correct. This choice says essentially the same thing as S9
fracking fluid pumped into in P4, with no changes to the underlying logic.
the ground are not entirely
successful, fluid that
escapes can contaminate
groundwater.
D Fracking fluid is pumped S9 indicates that fracking fluid is pumped into the ground
7
into the rock sediment, and then might seep into the rock sediment when not 23
collected. The order and connection of information in this
causing groundwater choice is incorrect.
contamination and
requiring collection.
9. The word “nontrivial” in the Vocabulary. “Nontrivial” = significant, extensive, not

passage is closest in meaning to trivial or unimportant.
7 A impractical Too extreme. “Impractical” = impossible, unreasonable, not

workable. Nontrivial tasks do not have to be impractical.
3 B significant Correct. “This task is nontrivial” = this task is significant.
7 C negligible Opposite. “Negligible” = small or unimportant, not worth

considering.
7 D costly Too specific. The task may be nontrivial or significant

because it is very costly. But it could be for other reasons.
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10. According to paragraph 4, which Fact. Virtually all of P4 is devoted to fracking fluid, so the
of the following is true of the answer could be anywhere in the paragraph.
fluid used for a fracking
operation?
7 A The precise mixtures of S4 notes that “companies are not legally required to publish
chemicals in fracking fluid an exact list of chemicals used.”
are publicly known.
3 B Millions of gallons of fluid Correct. S6: “A fracking site will require 2 to 10 million
are typically used for a gallons … of fluid.”
single fracking site.
7 C Government oversight S11 states that “little government oversight is applied to
helps ensure proper ensure that fracking companies follow safe practices.” These
practices are in relation to the disposal of wastewater
wastewater disposal. discussed in S10–11.
7 D Most of the recovered fluid The paragraph does not assert or suggest that fracking
can be reused in other water can be reused. In fact, the term “wastewater” implies
the contrary. If the used fluid is considered “waste,” you
fracking operations. probably can’t use it again.
S1 Wastewater is not the only potential source of environmental
23 complications from fracking.
2 There is strong evidence to suggest that fracking can cause Strong evidence: fracking
earthquakes. can cause earthquakes.
3 Research claims that more than half of the earthquakes in Texas More than half of
in the last 40 years have been triggered by oil and gas drilling earthquakes in Texas in last
40 years triggered by
activity, with the preponderance coming from hydraulic fracking.
fracturing.
4 The pace of growth in earthquakes is even more staggering in Growing elsewhere in US
recent years, as fracking has mushroomed in several parts of the with fracking.
United States.
5 According to the United States Geological Survey, during the
period 1973–2008, there were approximately 20 measurable
earthquakes in the central and eastern United States per year.
6 In 2014, there were more than 600, and in 2015, over 1,000.
7 While most of these earthquakes were minor, with no structural
damage to any buildings, the occurrence has become so common
that the phrase “injection-induced seismicity” has been coined to
describe it.
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11. According to paragraph 5, the Fact. “Injection-induced seismicity” is introduced in S7 at

concept of “injection-induced the end of the paragraph. But the whole paragraph is about
earthquakes caused by fracking.
seismicity” is best described as
3 A earthquake activity in Correct. S7: “While most of these earthquakes were minor,
some locations caused by with no structural damage to any buildings, the occurrence
has become so common that the phrase ‘injection-induced
fracking operations seismicity’ has been coined to describe it.” The “occurrence”
in question is the frequent occurrence of earthquakes caused
by fracking. The term itself reveals its meaning. “Injection-
induced” = induced or caused by injections (of fracking fluid).
“Seismicity” = seismic activity = earthquake activity.
7 B mechanisms by which Hydraulic fracturing triggers earthquakes, not the other way
earthquakes trigger around.
hydraulic fracturing
7 C increases in hydraulic Such a trend is not discussed anywhere in the passage.
fracturing as a proportion
of all oil and gas drilling
activity
7 D the degree to which This paragraph clearly implicates hydraulic fracturing as a
hydraulic fracturing makes cause of the increased number of earthquakes. However,
nothing indicates that individual earthquakes are more
individual earthquakes severe than before. In fact, S7 states that “most of these
more severe earthquakes were minor.”
23
12. According to paragraph 5, which Fact. Almost all of P5 is concerned with increasing
of the following is true of recent earthquake activity caused, at least in part, by hydraulic
fracturing.
increases in the number of earth-
quakes in the United States?
7 A The increases, high in the S5–6 note that “during the period 1973–2008, there were
1970s through the first approximately 20 measurable earthquakes in the central and
eastern United States per year. In 2014, there were more
decade of the 2000s, have than 600, and in 2015, over 1,000.” That is, the increases are
been smaller more recently. much larger in more recent years.
7 B The increases are dramatic Too extreme. S3 states that “more than half of the earthquakes
and can only be explained in Texas in the last 40 years have been triggered by oil and gas
drilling activity, with the preponderance coming from hydraulic
by hydraulic fracturing. fracturing.” Although hydraulic fracturing is the likely cause of
most of the increases, the passage doesn’t argue that all of the
increases result from fracking.
3 C A majority of the new Correct. S7 states that “most of these earthquakes were
earthquakes each year are minor, with no structural damage to any buildings.”
relatively mild.
7 D New developments may Such developments are not discussed in the passage.
reduce the increases in
fracking-related
earthquakes.
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S1 What exactly is hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking,”
and why has it become commonplace?
2–4 A Fracking is a drilling procedure designed to extract hard-to- The completed fracking
reach resources from below the land surface. In particular, procedure has not yet been
discussed at all.
fracking has become the default procedure for unearthing
natural gas deposits that are embedded in openings within large
shale rock formations. The process is as follows: first, a traditional
well, similar to that used to reach petroleum, is drilled to a
specified depth.
5–6 B Then the well takes a 90-degree turn, so that it is now Placing the new sentence
running horizontal, or parallel to the surface. Once the wellbore here interrupts the
description of the fracking
has been drilled a sufficient distance, it is then flooded with a procedure, which continues
liquid mixture known as “fracking fluid.” in S5–8.
7–8 C This fluid is pumped into the wellbore at a tremendously high Placing the new sentence
pressure, which causes the shale rock to split apart, freeing the here interrupts the
description of the fracking
natural gas and other resources trapped within the rock procedure, which continues
formation. These resources can then be much more easily taken in S7–8.
out from the ground.
9 D Since the 1950s, over 1 million fracking procedures at Correct. This placement
23 roughly 100,000 fracking wells have been completed in the allows “Once completed,
the fracking procedure” to
United States. refer to the procedure
described in S4–8. It also
helps clarify the difference
between the numbers
presented in S9.
13. Once completed, the fracking Insert Text. This sentence refers to the completed fracking
procedure can be performed procedure. Thus, it should come after all the steps in the
procedure have been outlined. Moreover, the new sentence
again on the same well to
should flow into the next sentence properly. So the next
extract resources not reached sentence should elaborate on the point made in this
the first time. sentence: that the fracking procedure can be repeated more
than once on the same well.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
7 C Choice C
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P1 The 2010 documentary film Gasland features a Documentary: man lights tap water on fire.
man in Colorado lighting the water from his Methane apparently in the water from
hydraulic fracturing. Has become common in
home faucet on fire ... parts of the US, according to some.
P2 What exactly is hydraulic fracturing, also What is “fracking”? Why so common now?
known as “fracking,” and why has it become Drilling for hard-to-reach resources. Default
for natural gas within shale. Details of
commonplace? ... procedure. High-pressure fluid splits rock,
frees natural gas. Easy to take out. Over a
million frackings have been done in the US.
P3 Natural gas has become an attractive fuel Natural gas is attractive because it is
resource because it is abundant in the abundant. Also “clean-burning.” Fracking =
most efficient conventional way to get. But
Marcellus shale formation, found across much many environmental problems.
of Pennsylvania and Ohio and parts of
neighboring states ...
P4 First, fracking fluid itself is anything but Fracking fluid is not safe. Some ingredients are
safe ... toxic. Must use a lot of fluid. Some seeps into
the rock and can contaminate groundwater.
Recovered fluid is waste, requires proper
disposal. Big task, little government oversight.
P5 Wastewater is not the only potential source of Strong evidence: fracking can cause earthquakes.
environmental complications from fracking ... More than half of earthquakes in Texas in last
40 years triggered by fracking. Growing elsewhere 23
in US with fracking.
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14. Hydraulic fracturing is an Summary. Correct answers must be clearly expressed in

important technique for e xtracting the passage. They must also be among the major points of
the passage. They should tie as directly as possible to the
valuable fuel resources, but its
summary given.
environmental consequences seem
to be serious.
7 A Fracking first emerged in the P2 alludes to this fact, but it is a relatively minor detail in
this passage.
1950s as a widely used
natural gas extraction
procedure in the United
States.
3 B The fluid used in fracking is Correct. P4 focuses on this important environmental
issue.
laden with toxic chemicals
and is difficult to dispose of
efficiently.
3 C Fracking has become Correct. P3 discusses the advantages of natural gas. It
also mentions that fracking is the most efficient
common because it
conventional method to extract natural gas.
efficiently extracts natural
gas, a cleaner-burning and
abundant fuel.
7 D The bore of a fracking well is This part of the fracking process is described in P2. But in
the context of the whole passage, this detail is minor.
first drilled vertically to a
23 specific depth, much in the
same way as for petroleum
wells.
7 E An advantage of fracking is P4 describes the massive volume of resources required to
initiate a fracking operation. It later describes at least one
that relatively little
difficulty of managing the operation (namely, the challenge
investment is required to set of wastewater disposal). It may be true that a fracking
up and manage operations. operation requires less investment than, say, extracting oil
from under miles of ocean water. But no such comparison
is made in the passage.
3 F Fracking has been associated Correct. This is the focus of P5.

with a rapid increase in the
number of earthquakes in
the United States.
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Answers and Explanations—23.4 Dien Bien Phu
S1 A watershed event in the twentieth-century saga that effectively 20th-century watershed
ended Western colonialism was the defeat of the French army by (= turning point): Viet Minh
defeating French in 1954
the Viet Minh under General Giap at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. at DBP.
2 This victory shocked the Western world, essentially won the First Shocked West (ended
Indochina War for the Viet Minh, and encouraged similar colonialism), won the war,
encouraged similar
revolutions, especially in French-controlled North Africa. revolutions.
3 To understand and appreciate the causes and results of this Several questions.
turning point, one must address several questions.
4 Strategically, how did the French miscalculate their strength and Strategy: how did French
objective? miscalculate?
5 Tactically, how was a modern army bested by irregular guerrilla Tactics: how did guerrillas
forces? win?
6 And how did one moderately-sized engagement And how did this one battle
disproportionately influence geopolitical developments have such big effects?
worldwide?
23
1. According to paragraph 1, which Fact. S1 calls the Viet Minh victory a “watershed event.” S2
of the following is true about the details the effects of the victory. The rest of the paragraph
poses related questions.
Viet Minh victory at Dien Bien
Phu?
7 A It cost the French army Casualties are not discussed in P1.
more casualties than it did
the Viet Minh guerrillas.
7 B It was an outcome widely S2: “This victory shocked the Western world.”
expected in the West.
7 C It ultimately turned into S2: “This victory … essentially won the First Indochina War
an expensive stalemate. for the Viet Minh.”
3 D It inspired revolutions in Correct. S2: “This victory … encouraged similar revolutions,

North Africa. especially in French-controlled North Africa.”
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S1 When General Navarre took command of the French forces in Background to the battle.
1953, the Viet Minh advance threatened not only the French French needed to defend
position in Vietnam and
position there, but also that in neighboring Laos. Laos, too.
2 Lacking the resources for a defensive front, Navarre hoped to cut French general wanted to
the Viet Minh supply lines and defend Laos by establishing establish isolated fortresses
supplied by air.
isolated fortresses, which were reliant on air supply.
3 This approach had produced a French victory at Na San in 1952. Previous victory at Na San
that way.
4 However, the French command overlooked many strategic But DBP different.
differences when establishing their forces in Dien Bien Phu in
November 1953.
5 At Na San, the French enjoyed extensive air support, and their Na San had good air
superior artillery commanded the high ground. support and high ground.
6 In the valley of Dien Bien Phu, however, they chose positions DBP didn’t.
that left the surrounding hills to the Viet Minh, and they did not
have the same air support and supply capacities.
7 Furthermore, faulty intelligence left the French unaware of the Also, bad intelligence about
vast quantity of men and artillery that General Giap had been Viet Minh forces.
23 able to transport through difficult terrain.
8 On a broader strategic level, the entire operation was rendered Plus, Navarre wound up not
pointless when the French government relieved Navarre of the having to defend Laos.
responsibility of defending Laos a week before the campaign

began, but he did not receive that directive until two weeks after
the French dug in.
9 These strategic errors paved the way for a tactical debacle. These errors led to debacle.
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2. It can be inferred from the Inference. S2–6 discuss the French plan and indicate some
discussion in paragraph 2 that of its flaws.
the success of the French plan
would require
7 A faulty intelligence S7 states that the French intelligence (= knowledge about
the enemy) was faulty. But having faulty intelligence was not
part of their planning. If anything, the success of the plan
depended on accurate intelligence, at least in part.
3 B air and artillery superiority Correct. S5 discusses the role that air and artillery superiority
played at Na San, which was a victory (S3). S6 notes that the
lack of this superiority at Dien Bien Phu was problematic.
7 C a defensive front S2 states that the French lacked the resources for a
defensive front.
7 D troops that were better This paragraph does not mention the training of troops.
trained
3. The word “debacle” in the Vocabulary. “Debacle” = sudden downfall, failure, fiasco.
7 A impasse “Impasse” = stalemate, a situation with no way forward.
That’s not the same as a debacle.
triumph Opposite. A “triumph” is a win.

7 B
23
3 C disaster Correct. “These strategic errors paved the way for a
tactical debacle” = these errors paved the way for a tactical
disaster.
7 D reaction A “reaction” or response is unrelated in meaning.
4. The phrase “rendered pointless” Vocabulary. “Render” = make, turn, cause something to
is closest in meaning to be. “Pointless” = lacking a point or purpose. “Render
pointless” = make something lack a purpose.
7 A torn asunder “Rend” = tear apart. “Render” is a different verb. “Asunder” =

divided, so “torn asunder” would mean to tear or rip apart.
This is not quite the same as making something useless.
7 B turned awry “Awry” = amiss or away from what was planned. A situation
that “turns awry” does not go as planned.
7 C made immoral “Immoral” = not moral. Making something useless is not the
same as making something no longer moral.
3 D deprived of purpose Correct. “The entire operation was rendered pointless” = it

was deprived of purpose.
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5. Why does the author discuss Na Purpose. S4 indicates that Na San and Dien Bien Phu were
San in the highlighted sentence? different in important, strategic ways. The highlighted
sentence (S5) lists advantages that the French had at Na San
but did not have at Dien Bien Phu, according to S6.
3 A To detail advantages that Correct. S5 elaborates on S4, which asserts that Na San
Dien Bien Phu lacked and Dien Bien Phu were different. S5 describes French
advantages at Na San. S6 indicates that Dien Bien Phu
lacked those advantages for the French.
7 B To highlight the hopelessness Too extreme. S5 only lists advantages that the French had in a
of the French position at Dien different battle. This part of the paragraph does not suggest
that the French position was hopeless at Dien Bien Phu.
Bien Phu
7 C To underscore the military S5 does not focus on the strengths of the Viet Minh’s
prowess of General Giap military leadership. The only part of the paragraph that
might give a nod to those strengths is in S7, which notes that
General Giap had been able to transport a lot of troops and
artillery “through difficult terrain.”
7 D To illustrate the importance The need to defend Laos is mentioned as important in S1–2
of defending Laos and then removed in S8. Neither part of the paragraph is
related to the tactical points discussed in S5.
23 S1 The French troops at Dien Bien Phu numbered about 11,000, 11,000 French troops, rises
to 16,000.
eventually rising to 16,000.
2 By late December, the French position was surrounded and December: French position
began to unravel; a nearby garrison of 2,100 at Lai Chau surrounded. Nearby garrison
is almost wiped out.
attempted to join the beleaguered defenders but lost 90 percent
of its strength in ambushes along the way.
3 General Giap deployed 50,000 fighters and dug his artillery into Giap: 50,000 troops.
commanding hillside positions that were impervious to the Artillery in commanding
hillside positions.
French guns.
4 The battle commenced in earnest in March 1954. March: battle starts.
5 The French defense consisted of eight fortified positions.

6 The Viet Minh artillery decimated the French and killed two of
the commanding officers.
7 Within a couple of days, the Viet Minh overran two of these In days, 3 of 8 French
strongholds, and the Vietnamese ethnic Tai troops manning a strongholds fall.
third deserted en masse.
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6. Why does the author mention Purpose. This part of S2 is connected to the previous part
that “a nearby garrison of 2,100 of S2 by a semicolon. So the two ideas should align.
“Garrison” = troops or military unit.
at Lai Chau attempted to join
the beleaguered defenders but
lost 90 percent of its strength in
ambushes along the way”?
7 A To illustrate the bravery of This part of S2 only describes the casualties suffered by
the French soldiers these French troops. It does not indicate their conduct.
7 B To decry the bloodshed of This part of S2 only describes the losses of the French in one
the war case. It takes no general stance on war itself.
3 C To describe a way in which Correct. This part of S2 describes one way in which the
the French position fell French position “unraveled,” as stated in the previous
part of S2.
apart
7 D To show how the French Nothing in the passage suggests that the example given in
lost an opportunity to win this part of S2, the near-total loss of this nearby garrison, was
decisive for the battle.
the battle
7. According to paragraph 3, for Fact. S7 is the only place in the paragraph that discusses the
what immediate reason did the Tai troops and the fall of the specific position that they held.
French-fortified position held by
Tai troops fall?
3 A The defending soldiers fled Correct. S7: “The Vietnamese ethnic Tai troops manning a
23
as a group. third deserted en masse.” To “desert” = to abandon or leave,
and “en masse” = all together or in a group.
7 B The Viet Minh artillery S6: “The Viet Minh artillery decimated the French.” Nothing is
decimated the defending said about the artillery’s effect on the Tai troops. It is likely
that the effect was grim, but that point is never made in the
soldiers. passage. The immediate cause of the fall of the third
stronghold was desertion.
7 C The defending soldiers S2 states that it was the garrison at Lai Chau was ambushed
were ambushed by Viet by Viet Minh troops, as it attempted to join the French
defenders.
Minh troops.
7 D The commanding officers S6: “The Viet Minh artillery decimated the French and killed
of the defending soldiers two of the commanding officers.” It is likely that this also had
a dispiriting effect on the Tai troops, but the passage never
were killed. says so. The immediate cause of the fall of the third
stronghold was desertion.
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8. The word “impervious” is closest Vocabulary. “Impervious” to something = unaffected by

in meaning to it, immune to it.
3 A invulnerable Correct. “Commanding hillside positions that were

impervious to the French guns” = positions that were
invulnerable to the French guns. “Invulnerable” = impossible
to harm or damage.
7 B inevitable Unrelated. “Inevitable” = unable to be avoided.
7 C intransigent Not quite. “Intransigent” = unyielding, but only in the sense

of a person’s opinions or attitudes (= stubborn,
uncompromising, inflexible).
7 D inadequate Nearly opposite. “Inadequate” = insufficient or lacking in

quality/quantity.
S1 The French troops paid dearly for their generals’ miscalculations. French paid dearly.
2 Their commanders underestimated the resourcefulness and Underestimated General

military prowess of General Giap; their artillery was helpless; and Giap. Helpless artillery.
Inoperative airstrip.
the Viet Minh advance made the airstrip inoperative, leaving the
French dependent on inadequate supply by parachute.
23 3 After a two-week lull, vicious seesawing warfare continued from Vicious warfare into April.
late March into early April.
4 The desperate French inflicted heavy casualties on the Viet Minh French inflicted casualties
but still steadily lost ground until even parachute resupply was but lost ground.
impossible.
5 Throughout April, the Viet Minh tightened their grip.
6 In early May, a series of assaults overran the remaining French May: Viet Minh assaults
positions and, despite a breakout attempt, virtually all of the overran French.
defenders were killed or captured.

7 The Viet Minh won a costly but decisive victory. Viet Minh won.
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9. Which of the following statements Inference. The entire paragraph discusses the events
about the French defeat is supported leading up to the final defeat of the French forces.
by the information in paragraph 4?
7 A Given the circumstances, Too extreme. S1–2 provide support for the inference that the
the final outcome could final outcome (French defeat) was likely. But to say that the
outcome could not have been avoided is to exclude every
not have been avoided. possibility of French victory. This claim is unwarranted.
3 B Miscalculations by French Correct. S1: “The French troops paid dearly for their
commanders had dire generals’ miscalculations.” This answer choice basically
rephrases S1.
results for their side.
7 C Despite its strategic Heavy casualties on the part of the Viet Minh are noted.
importance, the Viet Minh S7 calls the victory “costly.” But the paragraph never
suggests that the victory was too costly.
victory was too costly.
7 D In view of the French Viet Minh expectations and reactions are not discussed
army’s technology, the in P4.
Viet Minh were surprised
by their victory.
10. The word “seesawing” in the Vocabulary. “Seesaw” (as a verb) = go or swing back and
passage is closest in meaning to forth, alternate, fluctuate. In the passage, “seesawing” is
used as an adjective to describe “warfare.” In other words,
the attacks were going back and forth (from one side to
the other). 23
7 A brutish The language “vicious seesawing” might make this choice
tempting. A “brute” is a savagely violent, cruel, or vicious
person. However, this is not directly related to the meaning
of the highlighted word, “seesawing.”
7 B intermittent Not quite. “Intermittent” = off and on, erratic. This would
mean that the warfare kept stopping and starting. But
“seesawing” means that it went back and forth between the
Viet Minh and the French. Sometimes it looked as if one side
would win. At other times, it looked as if the other side
would win.
3 C back-and-forth Correct. “Vicious seesawing warfare continued” = vicious

back-and-forth warfare continued.
7 D devastating The “devastating” (highly destructive or damaging) outcomes

discussed in this paragraph might make this choice tempting.
However, this is not directly related to the meaning of the
highlighted word, “seesawing.”
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11. Which of the sentences below Simplify Sentence. S2 lists several detailed ways in which
best expresses the essential the French were at a serious disadvantage at this point in the
battle. In the simplified version, some details will necessarily
be left out, but the core meaning will remain.
sentence in paragraph 4?
Incorrect choices change the
7 A The loss of the airstrip The loss of the airstrip is only one of several factors
forced resupply by parachute mentioned in S2. Moreover, “doomed” is extreme, since it
means that there was absolutely no way to avoid defeat. The
and doomed the French. original sentence does not make this claim.
7 B Some degree of French The French did misjudge General Giap’s skill and were to
blindness to the capabilities some degree blind to the capabilities of the Viet Minh
guerrillas. However, this is only one specific factor in the list;
of the guerrillas led them to it therefore omits too much information.
misjudge General Giap’s
skill.
3 C French handicaps included Correct. This version summarizes the French military
ineffective artillery and air shortcomings that are described in the original.
supply, along with
underestimation of their
adversaries.
7 D The failure of their artillery The original sentence does not rank the factors it lists.
23 to dislodge the attackers
contributed more than any
other factor to the defeat of
the French.
S1 The immediate result was to spur an agreement for French Immediate result: French
withdrawal and the division of Vietnam, with the Viet Minh withdrawal, division of
Vietnam.
controlling the northern half.
2 Consequently, a weakened France then faced other expensive and French then faced other
eventually futile conflicts with insurgents in its North African conflicts in North Africa.
colonies.
3 In Vietnam, the southern leaders, backed by the United States, Conflict resumed in
broke the terms of the peace, and conflict resumed. Vietnam.
4 In many ways, the battle of Dien Bien Phu led to the Second Vietnam War.
Indochina War, known in the United States as the Vietnam War.
5 In that war, it has been argued that General Giap employed the Khe Sanh: Giap tried similar
same strategy in the assault on Khe Sanh, but vastly superior approach, but it failed.
United States air power and weaponry resulted in a bloody defeat

for the attackers, at least at first.
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12. Which of the following is NOT Negative Fact. The entire paragraph discusses the results
mentioned in paragraph 5 as a of the Viet Minh victory. Three answer choices will be
referred to in P5. One will not.
result of the Viet Minh victory
at Dien Bien Phu?
7 A United States military S3–5 describe the military involvement of the United States
involvement in Vietnam in Vietnam. S4: “In many ways, the battle of Dien Bien Phu
led to the Second Indochina War, known in the United States
as the Vietnam War.”
7 B General Giap’s strategy at S5: “In that war, it has been argued that General Giap
Khe Sanh employed the same strategy in the assault on Khe Sanh.”
7 C French conflicts with S2 states that “France then faced other expensive and
North African insurgents eventually futile conflicts with insurgents in its North African
colonies.”
3 D Anti-war protests in Paris Correct. Such protests are not discussed in the paragraph.
and the United States
S1 The immediate result was to spur an agreement for French
withdrawal and the division of Vietnam, with the Viet Minh
controlling the northern half.
2 A Consequently, a weakened France then faced other expensive S1 doesn’t mention General 23
and eventually futile conflicts with insurgents in its North African Giap or his initial miscalculation.
colonies.
3–4 B In Vietnam, the southern leaders backed by the United States S2 still hasn’t mentioned
broke the terms of the peace, and conflict resumed. In many anything required for the
inserted sentence to make
ways, the battle of Dien Bien Phu led to the Second Indochina sense.
War, known in the United States as the Vietnam War.
5 C In that war, it has been argued that General Giap employed Even by S4, General Giap
the same strategy in the assault on Khe Sanh, but vastly superior has still not been
mentioned.
United States air power and weaponry resulted in a bloody
defeat for the attackers, at least at first.
End D Correct. S5 contains the
proper anchor for the
inserted sentence by
describing General Giap’s
initial miscalculation at Khe
Sanh against his enemies,
this time the United States.
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13. However, despite General Insert Text. The previous sentence should contain
Giap’s initial miscalculation, “General Giap’s initial miscalculation,” so that it can be
referred to in the inserted sentence. “Here” is another clue:
the military strength of his
the prior sentence should indicate where the miscalculation
enemies did not ultimately took place. “Either” indicates that this failure of a foreign
prevail here either. army is parallel to the French failure at Dien Bien Phu.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
7 C Choice C

P1 A watershed event in the twentieth-century 20th-century watershed (= turning point):
saga that effectively ended Western Viet Minh defeating French in 1954 at DBP.
Shocked West (ended colonialism), won the
colonialism was the defeat of the French army
war, encouraged similar revolutions. Several
by the Viet Minh under General Giap at Dien questions. Strategy: how did French
Bien Phu in 1954 ... miscalculate? Tactics: how did guerrillas win?
And how did this one battle have such big
effects?
P2 When General Navarre took command of the Background to the battle. French needed to
23 French forces in 1953, the Viet Minh advance defend position in Vietnam and Laos, too.
French general wanted to establish isolated
threatened not only the French position there, fortresses supplied by air. Previous victory at
but also that in neighboring Laos ... Na San that way. But DBP different. Na San
had good air support and high ground. DBP
didn’t. Also, bad intelligence about Viet Minh
forces. Plus, Navarre wound up not having to
defend Laos. These errors led to debacle.
P3 The French troops at Dien Bien Phu 11,000 French troops, rises to 16,000.
numbered about 11,000, eventually rising to December: French position surrounded.
Nearby garrison is almost wiped out. Giap:
16,000 ... 50,000 troops. Artillery in commanding hillside
positions. March: battle starts. In days, 3 of 8
French strongholds fall.
P4 The French troops paid dearly for their French paid dearly. Underestimated General
generals’ miscalculations ... Giap. Helpless artillery. Inoperative airstrip.
Vicious warfare into April. French inflicted
casualties but lost ground. May: Viet Minh
assaults overran French. Viet Minh won.
P5 The immediate result was to spur an Immediate result: French withdrawal, division
agreement for French withdrawal and the of Vietnam. French then faced other conflicts
in North Africa. Conflict resumed in Vietnam.
division of Vietnam, with the Viet Minh Vietnam War. Khe Sanh: Giap tried similar
controlling the northern half ... approach, but it failed.
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14. The Viet Minh victory at Dien Summary. Correct answers must be clearly expressed in
Bien Phu was an important the passage. They must also be among the major points of
milestone in the twentieth
summary given.
century’s wars of liberation.
7 A The refusal of the United The passage does not discuss the actions of the United
States during Dien Bien Phu.
States to provide military
assistance with both
personnel and equipment
betrayed the French.
7 B Before the debacle at Dien Aside from mentioning the French victory at Na San, the
passage does not address the progress of the war as a whole
Bien Phu, the French were
before Dien Bien Phu.
arguably winning the war
against the Viet Minh.
3 C The victory led to Correct. Summarizes P5.
Vietnam’s division and the
Second Indochina War, as
well as anti-French
insurgency elsewhere.
3 D Failures of intelligence, Correct. Corresponds to large portions of P2 and P4.
logistics, and combat
support were major
contributors to the French 23
defeat.
3 E Over several months, the Correct. Summarizes the specific progress of the battle,
as outlined in P3 and P4.
French caused heavy Viet
Minh losses but kept
falling back until they were
finally overpowered.
7 F This victory revolutionized The passage praises Viet Minh military tactics. But it does
not indicate that they were employed elsewhere except at
military tactics utilized by
Khe Sanh.
insurgents in Vietnam and
North Africa.
109
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23.5 Evidence of Global Warming
S1 There is some debate among politicians and the general citizenry Some debate about global
as to whether global warming is real and to what extent it is warming among politicians,
citizens.
man-made.
2 However, among the vast majority of climate researchers, there is But not among almost all
no controversy. researchers.
3 For them, global warming is a fact, and most, if not all, of the For them, global warming is
global warming effects seen thus far are caused by the behavior happening and it’s caused
by humans.
of humanity.
4 Where the controversy comes into play for scientists is in how Controversy: how severe,
severe the problem is, how quickly global temperatures will how quickly temperatures
will rise, damage will
continue to rise, and how quickly damage to the planet will accrue.
accrue as a result.
1. According to paragraph 1, all of Negative Fact. S4 lists the ongoing elements of significant
the following are sources of scientific debate about global warming. Three answer
23 significant scientific debate about choices will be outlined in S4. One will not be.
global warming EXCEPT:

3 A whether the phenomenon Correct. S2–3 state that “among the vast majority of
is caused by humans climate researchers, there is no controversy. For them …
most, if not all, of the global warming effects seen thus far
are caused by the behavior of humanity.” According to the
paragraph, whether global warming is man-made is not a
source of significant debate among scientists.
7 B how severe the issue is S4: “Where the controversy comes into play for scientists is
in how severe the problem is.”
7 C how rapidly temperatures S4: “Where the controversy comes into play for scientists is
will rise worldwide in … how quickly global temperatures will continue to rise.”
7 D how fast the Earth will be S4: “Where the controversy comes into play for scientists is
damaged in … how quickly damage to the planet will accrue as a result.”
110
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S1 Since the early 1900s, global temperatures have increased, on Temperatures have
average, by 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit (about 1.4 degrees Celsius). increased 2.5°F since early
1900s.
2 This increase may not seem like much, but it places recent years Recent years = nearly
near the top of the list of the hottest years ever recorded. hottest on record.
3 The trend is also accelerating: most of this change has occurred Accelerating trend.
since 1980, and new records are set nearly every year.
4 Also, temperatures are rising much faster at the poles (above the Temperatures rising at the
Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle), with temperature poles.
increases occurring there at approximately double the global

average.
5 This phenomenon is triggering a flood of ice melting at the polar Causing lots of ice to melt.
caps, a development that will only quicken as temperatures there
continue to increase.
2. According to paragraph 2, what Fact. All of P2 discusses global temperature changes since
is true of global temperatures the early 1900s.
since the early 1900s?
7 A They are unchanged in S1 indicates otherwise, as do other parts of the paragraph.
23
most parts of the world.
3 B Increases are prompting a Correct. S5: “This phenomenon is triggering a flood of ice
wave of polar ice melting. melting at the polar caps, a development that will only
quicken as temperatures there continue to increase.”
7 C They were increasing most S3: “The trend is also accelerating: most of this change has
rapidly before the 1980s. occurred since 1980.”
7 D Increases are spread S4 makes it clear that temperatures are rising more rapidly
relatively evenly across the at the poles than elsewhere on the planet.
Earth.
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3. Which of the sentences below Simplify Sentence. The first part of S4 states that pole
best expresses the essential temperatures are increasing faster than elsewhere (with a
parenthetical definition of the poles). The second part of
S4 states that this increase at the poles is about double
sentence in paragraph 2? the global average increase.
Incorrect choices change the
7 A Temperatures at the poles are The sentence says double the global average not double
rising twice as quickly as an earlier increase.
before.
7 B The increase in temperature The sentence compares the two poles with the rest of the
above the Arctic circle is globe not with one another.
double that below the
Antarctic circle.
3 C Temperature increases at the Correct. This choice says essentially the same thing as
poles have been about double S4, but simplifies the language and removes redundancy.
the global average.
7 D The global average for This is the opposite. The temperature increases at the
temperature increases is poles are double the global average.
double that at the poles.
23
S1 Global warming is caused by an increase in atmospheric gases Cause of global warming:
known as “greenhouse gases.” greenhouse gases.
2 These gases help trap radiation originating from the Sun that the Trap Sun’s radiation.
Earth’s surface reemits.
3 Some degree of trapping this radiation is a good thing—without Some of this trapping is
it, the Earth would be too cold to support most life forms. good. It keeps the Earth
warm enough for life.
4 However, too great an amount of greenhouse gases means that But too much, and
more radiation will be absorbed and temperatures will rise. temperatures will rise.
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4. The word “absorbed” in the Vocabulary. “Absorb” = take in, retain, incorporate.
7 A transmitted through The greenhouse gases do not transmit the radiation. Rather,
they stop it and absorb it.
7 B reflected back Opposite. Something that is “reflected back” is sent back

without absorbing.
3 C soaked up Correct. “More radiation will be absorbed” = more

radiation will be soaked up (by the greenhouse gases).
7 D emitted outward Opposite. Something that is “emitted outward” is sent away

from the source.
S1 The most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, although Carbon dioxide = most
other gases, such as methane, also contribute to the problem. important greenhouse gas.
2 Burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, oil by-products, and Burning of fossil fuels =
natural gas, is the primary cause of increased carbon dioxide primary cause of increase
in this gas.
levels in the atmosphere.
3 Deforestation also contributes to the problem, as a decreased Also deforestation.
number of trees means that less carbon dioxide is absorbed from
the atmosphere and converted into oxygen.
23
4 Finally, carbon dioxide and methane are by-products of increased And increased animal
animal populations, both from increased human populations and populations.
from the livestock used as a food source to support those

additional humans.
5 Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere now measure just over Current level of the gas:
400 parts per million (ppm), which is much higher than at any highest in 500,000 years.
time in more than 500,000 years.

6 For context, carbon dioxide levels have been around 280 ppm Historical levels during
during more recent historical periods of warmth on Earth, and warmer periods and ice
ages, for context.
levels of around 200 ppm are associated with ice ages.
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5. According to paragraph 4, which Fact. S1 and S4 provide the only mention of a greenhouse
of the following is a cause of gas other than carbon dioxide: methane.
increased greenhouse gases other
than carbon dioxide?
7 A The ice ages S6 mentions the ice ages. But the context is that the ice ages
are associated with relatively low carbon dioxide levels. No
other gases are mentioned.
7 B The burning of natural gas S2 mentions the burning of fossil fuels, such as natural gas,
as a cause of increased carbon dioxide levels. (In fact, natural
gas is largely methane, although the passage does not say
so.) S2 does not say that the burning of fossil fuels causes
increases in greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide.
7 C Deforestation S3 mentions deforestation as a cause of increased carbon

dioxide levels. Other greenhouse gases are not mentioned.
3 D Farm animals that feed Correct. S4: “Finally, carbon dioxide and methane are
humans by-products of increased animal populations … from the
livestock used as a food source to support those additional
humans.” The word “livestock” refers to farm animals.
6. According to paragraph 4, which Fact. S5 discusses current levels of carbon dioxide in the
of the following is true of current atmosphere and S6 offers historical levels as context.
atmospheric concentrations of
23 carbon dioxide?
7 A They are similar to those S6 states that historically warmer periods are associated
measured during historically with carbon dioxide concentrations of around 280 ppm.
Current levels are around 400 ppm.
warmer periods.
3 B They dramatically exceed Correct. S5: “Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere now
any level recorded during measure just over 400 parts per million (ppm), which is much
higher than at any time in more than 500,000 years.”
the past half-million years.
7 C They approximate levels S5 states that current levels are around 400 ppm. S6 states
typically observed during that typical levels during ice ages were around 200 ppm.
ice ages.
7 D They appear to be the The causality is reversed. Global warming is caused by
direct result of global greatly increased carbon dioxide concentrations, since
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
warming.
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7. The word “primary” in the Vocabulary. “Primary” = first, most important.

7 A only Too extreme. “Primary” and “only” are not synonyms. In fact,
“primary” implies that there are other, less important causes.
3 B leading Correct. “Burning of fossil fuels … is the primary cause of

increased carbon dioxide levels” = burning of fossil fuels is
the leading cause of these increased levels of carbon dioxide.
7 C precise Not quite. “Precise” = exact. The precise cause would be the
cause or the only cause, so this word would be extreme
as well.
7 D likely Not quite, either. “Likely” = probable. That’s not the same as
“primary” or “leading.”
S1 The impact of the warming of the climate is felt in several broad Impact of global warming.
areas globally.
2 Ocean level rise is perhaps the most significant. Ocean level rise.
3 Warm water expands; moreover, polar land ice melting causes Reasons: warm water
ocean levels to become higher. expands, land ice melts.
23
4 (The melting of sea ice, in fact, does not directly raise the ocean (Parenthetical comment
levels, because the ice was already floating in the sea before about melting sea ice.)
melting, but it does change the mineral composition of ocean

waters, potentially altering ocean currents and causing difficulties
for marine life.)
5 Within the last century, ocean levels have climbed 7 inches 7-inch climb in last 100
(about 18 centimeters) worldwide. years.
6 Computer models estimate that this rise will accelerate, with an Will likely accelerate.
additional 12 to 36 inches (30 to 91 centimeters) of ocean level
rise expected by 2100.
7 Because more than 100 million people live within 36 inches (91 Potential for profound
centimeters) of sea level, the impact on civilization could be impact on civilization.
profound.
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8. Why does the author mention Purpose. The highlighted words are in S4, which is within
that “it does change the mineral parentheses. These parentheses mean that the sentence is a
side comment. S4 explains that the melting of sea ice does
composition of ocean waters,
not lead to ocean level rise, but it does have other serious
potentially altering ocean effects on the ocean (the highlighted portion). The meaning
currents and causing difficulties of “does” in S4 is “still, even so.” S3 describes how the melting
for marine life”? of land ice directly causes ocean level rise, a serious
consequence. So this part of S4 is essentially saying that
melting sea ice also has serious consequences, although not
a rise in ocean levels (at least directly).
7 A To point out that melting S4 claims the opposite. Melting sea ice does not directly
sea ice can also cause ocean cause ocean level rise.
levels to rise
3 B To point out that melting Correct. The highlighted portion of S4 points out that
sea ice is not benign other problems do occur as a result of melting sea ice.
“Benign” = good, harmless, favorable.
ecologically
7 C To indicate what is S2 states that ocean level rise is perhaps the most significant
probably the most effect of global warming. According to S4, melting sea ice
does not directly contribute to that effect.
important problem
associated with global
warming
7 D To shift to a longer After the highlighted phrase, the paragraph goes right back
discussion of problems to discussing ocean level rise.
23 caused by global warming
other than ocean level rise
9. The word “profound” in the Vocabulary. “Profound” = great, intense, severe, very
passage is closest in meaning to deep.
3 A acute Correct. “The impact on civilization could be profound” =

the impact on civilization could be acute (= sharp and deep).
7 B noticeable Not strong enough. “Noticeable” = easily seen or noticed,

clear or apparent.
7 C marginal Opposite. “Marginal” = situated at the edge of something or

of minor importance.
7 D cumulative Unrelated. “Cumulative” = increasing in quantity or degree,

particularly through successive or consecutive additions.
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10. Paragraph 5 supports which of Inference. P5 is devoted to discussing a key effect of global
the following statements? warming: a projected rise in sea levels.
7 A Even if projections are S6 states that 12–36 inches of ocean level rise are expected
correct, by 2100 fewer by 2100, and more than 100 million people live within 36
inches of sea level. There are two problems with this choice.
than 100 million people The first is that populations in low-lying areas may grow
will be affected by rising before 2100. Second, a person need not live within 36 inches
sea levels. of sea level to be affected by rising sea levels. For instance,
that person may work in the directly affected area.
7 B After 2100, given current S6 states that 12–36 inches of ocean level rise are expected
trends, ocean levels are by 2100. But nothing in the paragraph suggests that this
upward trend will stop after 2100.
projected to stop
increasing.
7 C Climate warming has a The paragraph never suggests that climate warming melts
greater impact on the one type of ice faster or better than the other type.
melting of land ice than
sea ice.
3 D The mineral composition Correct. S4: “The melting of sea ice … does change the
of ocean water at present is mineral composition of ocean waters, potentially … causing
difficulties for marine life.” If changes in the mineral
important for some marine composition of ocean waters can lead to difficulties for
life. marine life, then the current mineral composition must be
important for at least some of that marine life.
23
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Paragraphs 6 & 7 Comments

P6 S1 Climate warming also has other serious effects on the planet. Other effects of climate
(= global) warming.
2 As glaciers in mountainous areas melt, much of the water runoff

is not trapped on its way to the ocean.
3 The shrinking of these glaciers deprives local populations of a Shrinking glaciers = less
critical source of fresh water. fresh water.
4 Global warming has also subtly changed many ecosystems, most Changes in ecosystems,
notably ocean coral reefs. especially coral reefs.
5 These ecosystems can become uninhabitable for existing plant Can become uninhabitable.
and animal species.
6 It is estimated that over one million species, most of which are Estimate: >1,000,000
marine life, have become extinct as a result of these events. species have become
extinct.
P7 S1 Finally, climate warming has increased the intensity and Storms are more intense
frequency of violent storms. and frequent.
2 In the North Atlantic, for example, tropical storms and North Atlantic example.
hurricanes are now more than twice as frequent as they were a
century ago.
23 3 These storms can cause tremendous damage to coastal Damage to coasts.
ecosystems as well as to heavily populated areas, with striking
recent examples being the devastation caused by Hurricane
Katrina in 2005 and by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017.
11. The word “intensity” in the Vocabulary. “Intensity” = strength, power.

7 A regularity Unrelated. “Regularity” or predictable and consistent
frequency or occurrence is not related to the strength of the
event.
7 B immediacy “Immediacy” = nearness. This is not the same as intensity.

A storm that is nearer to someone may feel more intense,
but the storm itself may not be any more intense on its own.
7 C anxiety Unrelated. “Anxiety” is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or

unease. The intensity of an event might cause anxiety, but
these are not synonymous.
3 D severity Correct. “Climate warming has increased the intensity … of

violent storms” = it has increased the severity of violent
storms, it has made them more severe.
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12. Which of the following is NOT Negative Fact. After the discussion of ocean level rise in
mentioned in paragraph 6 or P5, P6–P7 discuss other consequences of global warming.
Three answer choices will be included in P6–7.
paragraph 7 as a consequence of
One will not be.
the warming of the climate?
3 A The impact of ocean level Correct. Ocean level rise is not mentioned in P6 or P7.
rise on coastal ecosystems
and human habitations
7 B The contraction or P6 S3: “The shrinking of these glaciers deprives local
disappearance of sources of populations of a critical source of fresh water.”
fresh water
7 C The transformation of P6 S4–5: “Global warming has also subtly changed many
some ecosystems into ecosystems … These ecosystems can become uninhabitable
for existing plant and animal species.”
uninhabitable zones
7 D An increase in the P7 S1: “Climate warming has increased the intensity and
frequency of powerful frequency of violent storms.”
storms
S1 Climate warming also has other serious effects
on the planet.
23
2 A As glaciers in mountainous areas melt, “Such water” in the new sentence does not
much of the water runoff is not trapped on its have anything to refer to in the previous
sentence.
way to the ocean.
3 B The shrinking of these glaciers deprives S2 contains anchors for “such water” and “the
local populations of a critical source of fresh melting glaciers.” However, the phrase “these
nearby inhabitants” has no anchor in S2.
water.
4–6 C Global warming has also subtly changed Correct. All the required noun phrases are
many ecosystems, most notably ocean coral in S3 (“these glaciers,” “local populations,” and
“fresh water”). The new sentence can properly
reefs. These ecosystems can become talk about these concepts and explain further
uninhabitable for existing plant and animal why this fresh water source is so critical.
species. It is estimated that over one million
species, most of which are marine life, have
become extinct as a result of these events.
End D The discussion of fresh water derived from
glaciers is in the first half of the paragraph.
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13. Such water, collected directly Insert Text. The new sentence begins with “such water.”
off the melting glaciers by So the prior sentence must indicate what that particular
water is. In addition, the phrase “the melting glaciers”
these nearby inhabitants, may
suggests that these glaciers have already been discussed.
be the only drinkable water for Finally, “these nearby inhabitants” must refer to nearby
hundreds of miles. inhabitants that have already been mentioned.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
7 D Choice D

P1 There is some debate among politicians and Some debate about global warming among
the general citizenry as to whether global politicians, citizens. But not among almost all
researchers. For them, global warming is
warming is real and to what extent it is happening and it’s caused by humans.
man-made ... Controversy: how severe, how quickly
temperatures will rise, damage will accrue.
P2 Since the early 1900s, global temperatures Temperatures have increased 2.5°F since early
have increased, on average, by 2.5 degrees 1900s. Recent years = nearly hottest on record.
Accelerating trend. Temperatures rising at the
23 Fahrenheit (about 1.4 degrees Celsius) ... poles. Causing lots of ice to melt.
P3 Global warming is caused by an increase in Cause of global warming: greenhouse gases.

atmospheric gases known as “greenhouse Trap Sun’s radiation. Some of this trapping is
good. It keeps the Earth warm enough for life.
gases.” ... But too much, and temperatures will rise.
P4 The most important greenhouse gas is carbon Carbon dioxide = most important greenhouse
dioxide, although other gases, such as methane, gas. Burning of fossil fuels = primary cause of
increase in this gas. Also deforestation. And
also contribute to the problem ...
increased animal populations. Current level of
the gas: highest in 500,000 years. Historical
levels during warmer periods and ice ages, for
context.
P5 The impact of the warming of the climate is Impact of global warming. Ocean level rise.
felt in several broad areas globally ... Reasons: warm water expands, land ice melts.
(Parenthetical comment about melting sea
ice.) 7-inch climb in last 100 years. Will likely
accelerate. Potential for profound impact on
civilization.
P6 Climate warming also has other serious effects Other effects of climate (= global) warming.
on the planet ... Shrinking glaciers = less fresh water. Changes
in ecosystems, especially coral reefs. Can
become uninhabitable. Estimate: >1,000,000
species have become extinct.
P7 Finally, climate warming has increased the Storms are more intense and frequent. North
intensity and frequency of violent storms ... Atlantic example. Damage to coasts.
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14. With regard to global warming, Summary. Correct answers must be clearly expressed in
the only significant debate among the passage. They must also be among the major points of
researchers is about the speed
summary given.
and strength of the ensuing
effects.
3 A Temperatures are rising Correct. P2 focuses on this trend.
worldwide at an
accelerating pace, often
setting new records.
7 B Methane, which is The idea that methane is even more potent as a greenhouse
gas than carbon dioxide happens to be true, when you
produced by increasing
compare molecule to molecule. But this idea is never
animal populations, is an mentioned in the passage.
even more potent
greenhouse gas than
carbon dioxide.
7 C Even though temperature P5 indicates otherwise. Temperature rise at the poles is
higher than elsewhere, and melting sea ice does not directly
rise is lower at the poles
cause ocean levels to rise.
than elsewhere, sea ice
melting is contributing to
rising ocean levels.
3 D Carbon dioxide, which is Correct. This core idea is expressed in P3 (greenhouse
generated by fossil fuel gases cause global warming) and in P4 (carbon dioxide is the
most important greenhouse gas, and the primary cause of
23
combustion and other the increase in carbon dioxide is the combustion of fossil
sources, is the key fuels).
greenhouse gas causing
global warming.
3 E Climate warming is raising Correct. These serious consequences are described in P5,
P6, and P7.
ocean levels, withering
sources of fresh water,
harming ecosystems, and
amplifying storms.
7 F Greenhouse gases trap This idea is mentioned in P3 (in fact, in less detail there). But
this technical point is minor in the scheme of this passage.
radiation from the Sun
indirectly by absorbing the
energy re-released by the
Earth’s surface when
sunlight strikes and
warms it.
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23.6 Chimpanzee Intelligence

P1 S1 It is often reported that human beings share about 99 percent of Humans and chimps share
their genetic code with chimpanzees. ~99% of their genes.
2 This is a slight overstatement, but not by much: only 1.2 percent

of the human genome differs from that of the chimp.
3 By contrast, consider that the genomes of the chimpanzee, or Chimp and orangutan differ
African ape, and the Asian ape, called the orangutan, differ by by 3%, more than twice as
much.
roughly 3 percent, which is more than twice as much.
4 And yet while the chimpanzee is known as one of the more Chimps are intelligent but
intelligent mammals—it can learn words, use tools to retrieve very much not human.
food, and both experience and express human-like emotion such

as grief—it is also strikingly not human in its cognitive abilities.
5 So what could account for this difference in cognitive So, given how similar the
performance, given the similarity in the genetic codes of the two genes are, why are chimps
and humans so different in
species? intelligence?
23 P2 S1 To answer this question, scientists have taken many different

approaches.
2 Two of these approaches are discussed below. Two approaches to the
question.
1. According to paragraph 1, the Fact. S3 indicates the difference between the genetic codes
genetic codes of the orangutan of the chimpanzee and the orangutan.
and the chimpanzee differ by
7 A less than half the S2 notes that “only 1.2 percent of the human genome differs
difference between human from that of the chimp.”
and chimpanzee genetic
codes
3 B more than twice the Correct. S3 states that “the genomes of the chimpanzee, or
difference between human African ape, and the Asian ape, called the orangutan, differ
by roughly 3 percent, which is more than twice as much.”
and chimpanzee genetic
codes
7 C about 1.2 percent This is the difference between human and chimpanzee
genetic codes.
7 D about 97 percent Chimp and orangutan codes are about 97% similar (100% –
3%), not 97% different.
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S1 Imitation and Emulation. Imitation and Emulation
(title of section).
2 The behavior of young chimpanzees has been analyzed alongside Lots of research analyzing
the behavior of young human children in formal studies for behavior of young chimps
and young children.
more than a century.
3 The majority of this research has led to the prevailing view that Prevailing view: humans
humans are better at imitation and chimps are better at better at imitation, chimps
better at emulation.
emulation.
4 Imitation and emulation are both forms of observational Both are observational
learning, but imitation focuses on reproducing an observed learning. Imitation =
reproducing actions (less
action with less regard to the results it produces, while emulation about results). Emulation =
focuses on reproducing the results of the action. reproducing results.
5 In other words, a human child would simply imitate a model’s Child imitates model’s
actions, while baby chimpanzees would survey the model’s actions. Baby chimp first
studies how relevant
actions and determine how relevant they were to the actions are to the goal.
environmental goal before reproducing them.
2. According to paragraph 3, Fact. S4–5 define the two terms and contrast them against
each other.
a difference between emulation
and imitation is that
23
7 A emulation is a form of S4 identifies emulation as a form of observational learning.
observational learning But P3 never claims that emulation is a more advanced form
of this learning than imitation is.
more advanced than
imitation
3 B imitation prioritizes Correct. S4 notes that “imitation focuses on reproducing
observed actions more than an observed action with less regard to the results it
produces, while emulation focuses on reproducing the
emulation does results of the action.”
7 C emulation focuses on end Opposite. According to S4–5, emulation behavior focuses

goals to a lesser degree more on end goals than imitation does.
than imitation does
7 D imitation involves less Accuracy of reproduction is not directly compared for the
accurate reproduction than two modes of behavior. If anything, it might be implied that
imitation involves a more accurate reproduction of activities.
emulation does At the same time, emulation may involve better reproduction
of end results.
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3. The word “prevailing” in the Vocabulary. “Prevailing” = widely held, currently popular,
passage is closest in meaning to dominant.
7 A conflicting Unrelated. “Conflicting” = incompatible or contradictory.
7 B beneficial Although a “prevailing” or widely held view might also be

“beneficial” (resulting in good), it is not necessarily so.
7 C alternative Opposite, to some degree.
3 D accepted Correct. “This research has led to the prevailing view” =

this research has led to the accepted or widely held view.
4. The word “they” in the passage Reference. S5 contains the pronoun “they.” What would be
refers to relevant to the environmental goal?
7 A the researchers The relevance of the researchers was not considered.
7 B the human children Not necessarily. The human children were likely not present
at the same time as the baby chimpanzees. Regardless, the
relevance of the human children was not discussed.
3 C the model’s actions Correct. “Baby chimpanzees would survey the model’s
actions and determine how relevant they (= those actions)
were to the environmental goal before reproducing them
(= those actions).”
23 7 D the baby chimpanzees Logically, the baby chimpanzees are not determining how
relevant they themselves are to the environmental goal.
They’re making this determination about the actions they
observe.
S1 While humans and chimps both, to a degree, demonstrate Both species demonstrate
imitation and emulation, humans generally imitate more closely both behaviors. But
humans imitate more
than chimps do. closely than chimps.
2 Another interesting finding is that children will imitate the Children also imitate other
behavior of other species as well, while chimpanzees will only species. Chimps don’t.
imitate the behavior of other chimpanzees.

3 So although chimpanzees do imitate, they do so less consistently
and less broadly than do human children.
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5. The word “demonstrate” in the Vocabulary. “Demonstrate” (a behavior) = show, display,

passage is closest in meaning to exhibit, reveal.
3 A display Correct. “Humans and chimps both … demonstrate both

imitation and emulation” = both humans and chimps display
both of these behaviors.
7 B determine In some contexts, “demonstrate” and “determine” have

nearly the same meaning. However, determining behavior
(= fixing or controlling it) is very different from
demonstrating, or displaying, behavior.
7 C regulate Unrelated. “Regulate” = to control, set, or supervise.
7 D reinforce Unrelated. “Reinforce” =strengthen or support.
S1 It is hypothesized that the fact that humans excel at imitation is Hypothesis: Human skill at
in part what has allowed culture to accumulate. imitation helps culture to
accumulate.
2 In fact, research has shown that human children often imitate Children often imitate too
too closely; they often imitate moves that are unnecessary in closely.
achieving a goal.
3 Why do they do this? Why? 23
4 There is research suggesting that human children imitate not Children imitate to produce
only to reproduce desired effects (such as finding a treat hidden a result but also to be more
“like” other people.
inside a box), but also for social reasons: they copy other humans
to be more “like them.”
5 The human propensity for conformity, for identifying with Human tendency to conform.
others through similar behavior, is what gives rise to fads and Gives rise to fads.
trends.
6 It is also a driver of in-group and out-of-group identification, a In-group and out-of-group
feature of human behavior across cultures. identification.
7 In this way, over-imitation is a human trait that helps drive Over-imitation helps drive
cultural transmission over generations—a characteristic of the cultural transmission, which
other primates lack.
human species that separates it from other primates.
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6. According to paragraph 5, the Fact. S5 directly mentions the “human propensity for
human tendency to conform conformity” and defines it as “identifying with others
through similar behavior.” S4 introduces the idea in other
does which of the following?
words. S5–7 describe various effects of this tendency.
7 A It combats in-group Opposite. S6: “It is also a driver of in-group and out-of-group
behavior. identification.”
7 B It interferes with cultural Opposite. S7 states that “over-imitation is a human trait that
transmission. helps drive cultural transmission over generations.”
3 C It generates social trends. Correct. S5: “The human propensity for conformity … gives
rise to fads and trends.”
7 D It is a product of emulation The tendency to conform leads to over-imitation. It is not a

behavior. product of emulation (which focuses less on reproducing
actions for social reasons).
7. In paragraph 5, the author Purpose. S4 contains this example in parentheses.

mentions finding a treat inside a
box in order to
7 A argue that children are less There is no support in the paragraph for this point.
able to follow directions
7 B indicate that children will There is no support in the paragraph for this point, either.
pursue a goal even at high
23 costs
3 C illustrate the kind of goal Correct. S4 states that “human children imitate … to
that a child might have reproduce desired effects (such as finding a treat hidden
inside a box).” The parentheses and the words “such as”
indicate that finding a treat is an example of a “desired
effect.”
7 D show that humans are more S2-4 imply that human children are more driven to imitate by
driven by social reasons social reasons (to conform with others) than baby chimpanzees
are. But that is not why the author cites the example of finding
than chimpanzees are the treat (which is not a social reason).
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P6 S1 The Timing of Myelination. Timing of Myelination (title
of section).
2 Another distinction between humans and chimps has to do with Another human–chimp
the biological development of their brains—specifically, the difference: brain
development.
timing and extent of brain development.
3 In chimps, “myelination” ends earlier than it does in humans. “Myelination” ends earlier
in chimps.
4 Myelination is the process by which the neurons of the brain are Myelination = coating brain
coated in a fatty material called myelin. neurons in fatty myelin.
5 Myelin aids the conduction of electrical impulses along the axon Helps conduct electrical
of a neuron and helps preserve the electric current as it travels impulses in brain.
from one neuron to the next.

6 As a result, an animal’s nervous system processes information Better neural function.
more efficiently, with improved cognition and neural function.
7 The chimpanzee brain reaches its adult level of myelination by Chimp brain finishes
the time it reaches sexual maturity. myelination by sexual
maturity.
8 The human brain, however, continues to myelinate well into Human brain continues well
adulthood, long after sexual maturity has been reached. into adulthood.
23
P7 S1 To what extent does the difference in myelination explain the difference How much does myelination
in the cognitive abilities of adult humans and chimpanzees? explain human–chimp
differences in intelligence?
2 Though the extent is unclear, it is a question that scientists Research continues.

continue to research in order to understand better what
distinguishes human intelligence from chimp intelligence.
8. All of the following are mentioned Negative Fact. All of P6 deals with myelination. Three
in paragraph 6 about myelination answer choices will be contained in the paragraph. One will
not be.
EXCEPT:
3 A It is a process by which Correct. P6 S4: “Myelination is the process by which the
neurons shed their fatty neurons of the brain are coated in a fatty material.” The
neurons do not shed this coating, but rather acquire it.
coating.
7 B It ends later in humans P6 S3: “In chimps, ‘myelination’ ends earlier than it does in
than in chimpanzees. humans.”
7 C It helps electrical impulses P6 S5: “Myelin aids the conduction of electrical impulses
move through neurons. along the axon of a neuron.”
7 D It improves the efficiency P6 S6: “As a result, an animal’s nervous system processes
of information processing information more efficiently.”
in the brain.
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9. Which of the sentences below Simplify Sentence. S8 describes how long myelination
best expresses the essential continues in human brains. In contrast to chimpanzee brains,
human brains keeps myelinating “well into adulthood, long
after sexual maturity has been reached.”
sentence in the passage? Incorrect
answer choices change the
7 A Human brains do not stop “Demise” = death. The original sentence does not claim that
myelinating, even after myelination only stops at death.
sexual maturity has been
achieved, until their
demise.
3 B Adult humans still Correct. This version summarizes the original accurately.
undergo myelination in
their brains after they are
sexually mature.
7 C Adult humans who are The original states that myelination continues “long after
sexually mature no longer sexual maturity has been reached.”
experience neural
myelination.
7 D Long after humans reach This version changes the chronology of key events, placing
adulthood, their brains sexual maturity much after adulthood and making sexual
23 continue to myelinate until
maturity the endpoint of myelination. The original states
otherwise.
they reach sexual maturity.
10. The word “distinguishes” in the Vocabulary. “Distinguish” = separate, tell apart,

passage is closest in meaning to characterize the differences between two things.
7 A constitutes Unrelated. “Constitute” = to be made of or to combine

elements to form a single “whole.”
7 B confounds Opposite. In some contexts, “confound” = confuse two

things, mix them up.
7 C underlies Unrelated. “Underlie” = to be the cause or basis of

something.
3 D differentiates Correct. “What distinguishes human intelligence from

chimp intelligence” = what differentiates or separates
human intelligence from chimp intelligence.
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S1–2 It is hypothesized that the fact that humans excel at
imitation is in part what has allowed culture to accumulate.
In fact, research has shown that human children often
imitate too closely; they often imitate moves that are
unnecessary in achieving a goal.
3–5 A Why do they do this? There is research suggesting that Correct. The phrase “These
human children imitate not only to reproduce desired unneeded maneuvers” in the
inserted sentence refers back to
effects (such as finding a treat hidden inside a box), but also “moves that are unnecessary” in
for social reasons: they copy other humans to be more “like S2. The new sentence pairs well
them.” The human propensity for conformity, for with S2, describing a way in
which human behavior seems to
identifying with others through similar behavior, is what
be inefficient.
gives rise to fads and trends.
6 B It is also a driver of in-group and out-of-group In this position, the phrase

identification, a feature of human behavior across cultures. “These unneeded maneuvers”
seems to refer to “fads and
trends” in S5. This reference
doesn’t make sense. Moreover,
the paragraph has moved on to
explaining the behavior in
question. Inserting the new
sentence here breaks up that
explanation. 23
7 C In this way, over-imitation is a human trait that helps In this position, the phrase
drive cultural transmission over generations—a “These unneeded maneuvers”
seems to refer to “in-group and
characteristic of the human species that separates it from out-of-group identification” or to
other primates. “human behavior” in general in
S6. Neither reference makes
sense. Also, the paragraph has
moved on to explaining the
behavior.
End D If the sentence is inserted here,

the phrase “These unneeded
maneuvers” lacks a sensible
anchor in the prior sentence.
Moreover, the paragraph
changed the subject a few
sentences ago.
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11. These unneeded maneuvers Insert Text. The sentence to be inserted begins with
make the whole behavior less “These unneeded maneuvers.” So the previous sentence
should describe these kinds of maneuvers, providing a
efficient.
context and an anchor for the insertion. Moreover, the new
sentence should not interrupt the existing flow of logic in the
paragraph.
3 A Choice A Correct.
7 B Choice B
7 C Choice C
7 D Choice D
23
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P1 It is often reported that human beings share Humans and chimps share ~99% of their
about 99 percent of their genetic code with genes. Chimp and orangutan differ by 3%,
more than twice as much. Chimps are
chimpanzees ... intelligent but very much not human. So, given
how similar the genes are, why are chimps and
humans so different in intelligence?
P2 To answer this question, scientists have taken Two approaches to the question.
many different approaches ...
P3 Imitation and Emulation. The behavior of Imitation and Emulation (title of section). Lots
young chimpanzees has been analyzed of research analyzing behavior of young
chimps and young children. Prevailing view:
alongside the behavior of young human humans better at imitation, chimps better at
children in formal studies for more than a emulation. Both are observational learning.
century ... Imitation = reproducing actions (less about
results). Emulation = reproducing results.
Child imitates model’s actions. Baby chimp
first studies how relevant actions are to
the goal.
P4 While humans and chimps both, to a degree, Both species demonstrate both behaviors. But
demonstrate both imitation and emulation, humans imitate more closely than chimps.
Children also imitate other species. Chimps
humans generally imitate more closely than don’t.
chimps do ...
P5 It is hypothesized that the fact that humans Hypothesis: Human skill at imitation helps 23
excel at imitation is in part what has allowed culture to accumulate. Children often imitate
too closely. Why? Children imitate to produce a
culture to accumulate ... result but also to be more “like” other people.
Human tendency to conform. Gives rise to
fads. In-group and out-of-group identification.
Over-imitation helps drive cultural
transmission, which other primates lack.
P6 The Timing of Myelination. Another Timing of Myelination (title of section).

distinction between humans and chimps has Another human-chimp difference: brain
development. “Myelination” ends earlier in
to do with the biological development of their chimps. Myelination = coating brain neurons
brains—specifically, the timing and extent of in fatty myelin. Helps conduct electrical
brain development ... impulses in brain. Better neural function.
Chimp brain finishes myelination by sexual
maturity. Human brain continues well into
adulthood.
P7 To what extent does the difference in How much does myelination explain human–
myelination explain the difference in the chimp differences in intelligence? Research
continues.
cognitive abilities of adult humans and
chimpanzees? ...
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12. Select from the six statements below TWO that characterize Table. P3 defines and explains
emulation only, TWO that characterize imitation only, and both terms. P4 continues to
contrast the two phenomena. P5
ONE that characterizes BOTH forms of behavior, according
focuses on why humans might
to the passage. One of the statements will NOT be used. imitate or even over-imitate.
A Baby chimpanzees are better at this behavior than human Emulation only. S3 and S5 in
P3 support this point.
children.
B This behavior is a form of observational learning. Both. P3 S4: “Imitation and
emulation are both forms of
observational learning.”
C This behavior focuses more on reaching goals than on Emulation only. P3 S4:
“Emulation focuses on
reproducing specific actions observed.
reproducing the results of the
action.”
D Human children perform this behavior more broadly than Imitation only. P4 S3: “So
although chimpanzees do
chimpanzees do.
imitate, they do so … less broadly
than do human children.”
E In humans, this behavior can be motivated by social Imitation only. P5 S4:
“Human children imitate not
considerations.
only to reproduce desired
effects … but also for social
reasons.”
F This behavior subsides once sexual maturity is reached. Neither. The passage makes
23 this point about chimpanzee
myelination, not about either
emulation or imitation.
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Answers and Explanations—23.7 The Flying Fox
S1 The grey-headed fruit bat, also known as the flying fox, is one Flying fox = one of largest
of the largest bats in Australia, with a wingspan of 1 meter bats in Australia.
(about 3.3 feet).
2 Called a fox because of the red collar of fur around its neck and Doesn’t resemble other
the fur that extends the length of its body, it does not resemble bats.
other, smaller species of bats elsewhere in the world.

3 It does not echolocate (that is, locate nearby objects using Uses sight rather than
reflected echoes of its high-pitched screeches), but instead sound to navigate.
navigates by sight, and accordingly, it has relatively large eyes for

a bat.
4 It can be found along the eastern coast of the continent, Found on eastern coast.
including in several urban areas.
5 The bats spend much of their time hanging from trees, and they Dwells in large colonies.
dwell in colonies or “camps,” groups that range in size from
hundreds to tens of thousands.
6 The flying fox is most visible at dusk, when it emerges in search Most visible at dusk.
of food: specifically, the nectar and pollen of gum trees, as well as Searches for food.
23
fruit.
7 It is especially fond of eucalyptus.
8 These bats often fly long distances in search of food—in some Often flies long distances
cases as far as 50 kilometers (about 31 miles). for food.
1. The word “urban” in the passage Vocabulary. “Urban” = in or near a city.

is closest in meaning to
7 A rural Opposite. “Rural” = country, rustic.
3 B metropolitan Correct. “It can be found … in several urban areas” = it can

be found in several metropolitan areas, in several cities and
the surrounding regions. “Metropolitan” more precisely
relates to large cities, whereas “urban” can refer to any city.
But in this context, the two words are sufficiently close.
7 C residential Not necessarily. Residential areas can be urban, suburban,

or rural.
7 D outlying Opposite, perhaps, if population centers are taken to be

urban.
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2. According to paragraph 1, which of the Negative Fact. All of P1 has to do with the
following is NOT true of the flying fox? flying fox. Three answer choices will be
included in the paragraph. One will not be.
3 A It has a wingspan larger than that of any Correct. S1: The flying fox is “one of the
other bat. largest bats in Australia.” The passage does
not call it the largest bat in existence, or the
one with the biggest wingspan.
7 B It will fly long distances to find food. S8: “These bats often fly long distances in
search of food.”
7 C It dwells on the eastern coast of Australia. S4: “It can be found along the eastern coast of
the continent.”
7 D It navigates by sight rather than by S3: “It does not echolocate (that is, locate
sound. nearby objects using reflected echoes of its
high-pitched screeches), but instead navigates
by sight.”
S1 Because of their declining population, as well as their role in the Population is declining.
maintenance of a healthy ecosystem that relies on their dispersal They help maintain healthy
ecosystems. So flying foxes
of the seeds of native trees and the pollination of flowers, flying are a “vulnerable species.”
foxes are designated a “vulnerable species” by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of
23 Threatened Species.
2 Furthermore, they are now protected under federal law in Now protected under law.
Australia, and in the state of New South Wales, it is illegal to
destroy protected flying fox roost sites.
3 Over a century ago, they existed in the millions, but estimates Used to be millions of them.
now place them at only about 600,000. Now only ~600,000.
4 Notably, the flying fox is the only mammal that consumes both Has an essential role in
nectar and fruit and resides in Australian subtropical rain forests, subtropical rainforests.
rendering it essential to the ecological balance of these forests.
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3. According to paragraph 2, in Fact. S2 mentions where this action is illegal.

which of the following locations
is it illegal to destroy the roost of
a flying fox?
7 A Along the western coast of The passage does not refer to the western coast of Australia.
Australia
7 B In internationally The passage does not refer to “internationally conserved
conserved parts of parts” of Australia.
Australia
7 C Throughout all of Australia S2 states that the flying fox is “now protected under federal
law in Australia.” But the same sentence narrows down the
illegal action in question to New South Wales.
3 D In New South Wales, Correct. S2 states that “in the state of New South Wales, it
Australia is illegal to destroy protected flying fox roost sites.”
4. Which of the following can be Inference. S4 discusses the flying fox’s consumption of
inferred from paragraph 2 about fruit and nectar. Both S1 and S4 discuss the bat’s role in
Australian subtropical rain forests.
the flying fox’s consumption of
nectar and fruit in Australian
subtropical rain forests?
7 A It is typical behavior for S4: “Notably, the flying fox is the only mammal that
mammals in these forests. consumes both nectar and fruit and resides in Australian 23
subtropical rain forests.”
7 B It is the only way that flying The paragraph never claims that nectar and fruit are the
foxes acquire nutrition. only way that these bats feed.
3 C It is critical for seed Correct. S1 and S4 together support this inference. S1

distribution and flower states that the flying fox has a “role in the maintenance of a
healthy ecosystem that relies on their dispersal of the seeds
pollination in these forests. of native trees and the pollination of flowers.” S4 notes that
“the flying fox is the only mammal that consumes both
nectar and fruit and resides in Australian subtropical rain
forests, rendering it essential to the ecological balance of
these forests.”
7 D It makes the flying fox vital This answer choice is outside the scope of the passage. Only
to the ecosystems of subtropics in Australia are being discussed.
subtropics across the globe.
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5. The word “dispersal” in the Vocabulary. “Dispersal” = spreading, scattering,

passages is closest in meaning to distributing something widely.
7 A planting The idea here is that the bats spread the seeds rather than
“planting” them (placing the seeds directly into the ground).
3 B scattering Correct. “A healthy ecosystem that relies on their dispersal

of the seeds of native trees” = a healthy ecosystem that
relies on their scattering of the seeds of native trees.
7 C germinating “Germination” = when the seed actually begins to grow. This

would not occur until after the seeds have been spread, and
this would not be done by the bat.
7 D swallowing In this context, this would be the opposite. If the bird “swallowed”
(consumed or ate) the seeds, then it could not spread them.
S1 The clearing away of flying fox habitats for development is one One cause of population
cause of their population decline. decline = clearing habitats.
2 In addition to the loss of foraging habitat, threats to the flying Other threats, including
fox include extreme heat waves, natural predators such as eagles humans.
and crocodiles, and human beings who perceive the bats as a

nuisance or threat.
23 3 Recently, in the New South Wales town of Bateman’s Bay, Example of flying fox
thousands of flying foxes descended into the trees and clotheslines, invasion in one town.
leading the town to call a state of emergency and commit 2.5

million Australian dollars (about 1.8 million United States dollars)
toward scattering the bats.
4 It was then reported that some residents were unable to leave
their homes because of the congestion caused by the bats.
5 Because they are a protected species, however, officials were Officials had to use
forced to use nonlethal means of making the bats leave. nonlethal means to make
the bats leave.
6 The officials resorted to smoke and noise to drive the bats away.
7 They also responded by cutting down trees inhabited by the bats, Also cut down trees.
an approach that animal rights advocates criticized as
unnecessary.
8 Clearing trees is thought to have played a strong role in the Clearing trees probably
decline of the flying fox population over the last century. helped population decline.
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6. According to paragraph 3, animal rights Fact. S7 discusses the particular actions that
activists have taken issue with which of the animal rights activists have taken issue with.
following means of driving flying foxes
away?
7 A Calling a state of emergency S3 mentions the state of emergency called in the
particular case of Bateman’s Bay described in P3.
But nothing in the passage suggests that this
state of emergency upset any animal rights
activists.
7 B Blowing smoke at the bats S6 mentions that this tactic was used by local
officials. But the passage does not state that
animal rights activists took issue.
7 C Making noise near the bats S6 mentions that this tactic was used by local
officials. But the passage does not state that
animal rights activists took issue.
3 D Cutting down inhabited trees Correct. S7: “They also responded by cutting
down trees inhabited by the bats, an approach
that animal rights advocates criticized as
unnecessary.”
7 According to paragraph 3, which of the Negative Fact. S1–2 discuss several threats to
following is NOT described as a threat to the flying fox population, and one threat is
echoed in S7–8. Three answer choices will be
the population of flying foxes in Australia?
within those sentences. One will not be. 23
3 A Clotheslines in smaller towns Correct. S3 mentions “clotheslines” in the town
of Bateman’s Bay. But they are not described as
a threat. Rather, a vast group of bats occupied
those clotheslines.
7 B Predators such as crocodiles S2 notes that “threats to the flying fox include …
natural predators such as eagles and crocodiles.”
7 C Humans who feel annoyed or menaced S2 notes that “threats to the flying fox include …
human beings who perceive the bats as a
nuisance or threat.”
7 D Excessively high temperatures S2 notes that “threats to the flying fox include
extreme heat waves.”
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8 The word “approach” in the passage is closest Vocabulary. “Approach” has many different
in meaning to meanings. In this context, it means “method or
tactic.”
7 A advance In the context of physical movement,

“approach” and “advance” can mean similar
things. But that’s not the case here.
7 B approximation In the context of measurement, “approach” and

“approximate” can mean similar things. But
that’s not the case here.
7 C introduction In the context of social relations, “approach”

and “introduce” can mean similar or at least
related things. But that’s not the case here.
3 D tactic Correct. “They also responded by cutting

down trees … an approach that animal rights
advocates criticized” = they cut down trees, a
tactic that animal rights advocates criticized.
9 According to paragraph 3, why were officials Fact. S5 indicates why the officials used
obliged to use nonlethal methods to make the nonlethal methods with the flying foxes.
bats in Bateman’s Bay go away?
3 A As a species, the flying fox is protected. Correct. S5: “Because they are a protected
species, however, officials were forced to use
nonlethal means of making the bats leave.”
23
7 B Some inhabitants of the town could not S4 notes that some residents were indeed
leave their homes. unable to leave their homes. But this fact is not
given as a reason that nonlethal means were
necessary.
7 C The bats occupied both trees and S3 states that the bats did occupy these places.
clotheslines. But this fact is not given as a reason for the use
of nonlethal methods.
7 D Smoke and noise were ineffective in It’s true that the officials did not only make use
driving off the bats. of smoke and noise. They also cut down trees.
But that doesn’t mean that the smoke and
noise were ineffective. Maybe they were very
effective, but they had bad side effects for the
humans living nearby.
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S1 There are also other reasons why people have viewed the bats Other reasons for negative
negatively. views of bats.
2 For instance, the bats were recently discovered to carry a handful Example: viruses they carry.
of viruses, and although only one has been shown to be directly
transmissible to humans, the discovery of these viruses has
contributed to the perception that flying foxes are dangerous.
3 They are occasionally killed purposefully as a result of this Sometimes they are killed
perception, despite the legal protection flying foxes receive. on purpose for this reason.
4 Another situation in which humans perceive flying foxes as Also: threat to crops.
threats is in regions of cultivated crops, such as orchards.
5 Though the bats reputedly only feast on such crops when faced People living there have
with a scarcity of native, wild food sources, people living in such sought to destroy bat
roosts (= gathering places).
places have sought to destroy their roosts.
10. In paragraph 4, why does the author state that Purpose. S2 mentions this fact.
only one virus has been shown to be directly
transmissible to humans?
7 A To demonstrate that people can be “Entirely irrational” is too extreme. The author
entirely irrational in the face of is not implying that there is absolutely no 23
reason to fear virus transmission from these
perceived threats bats.
3 B To describe the danger of the bats as at Correct. S2 states that “the bats were
least partly a matter of perception recently discovered to carry a handful of
viruses, and although only one has been shown
to be directly transmissible to humans, the
discovery of these viruses has contributed to
the perception that flying foxes are dangerous.”
The “although” indicates that the author
concedes the point about the one transmissible
virus but still stands by his or her primary
claim: that is, the discovery has contributed to
the perception that the bats are dangerous.
7 C To surface the hidden but deadly threat The author is not sounding the alarm by
that flying foxes pose to humans who mentioning the risk of this one virus (which may
or may not be deadly). The author admits that
live nearby there is at least one danger. But the author’s
larger point is that the discovery of these
viruses has at least partially fed into the
perception that the bats are dangerous.
7 D To assert that the bats are only The author does not express an opinion on
dangerous if a virus is directly whether this is the only way that the flying fox
can be dangerous.
transmissible
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11. Which of the sentences below best expresses Simplify Sentence. The first part of S3 notes
the essential information in the highlighted that flying foxes are sometimes killed on
purpose because of the way they are perceived
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices
(namely, as dangerous). The second part of S3
change the meaning in important ways or states that this killing happens despite legal
leave out essential information. protection for the flying foxes.
7 A Despite a lack of legal protection, flying The original sentence states nearly the
foxes are rarely killed on purpose, opposite.
because they are unlikely to be perceived
as threatening.
7 B The legal protection of flying foxes does The fact that people sometimes do not follow
little to protect them, since they are the rules does not mean the rules “do little.”
Moreover, this version uses “often” for
often viewed as threats and deliberately “viewed … and killed,” but the original sentence
killed. states that the bats are “occasionally killed.”
7 C The reason that flying foxes are This version mistakes the concept of “threat” in
threatened and at times killed S3 (and in S2). These sentences do not discuss
the threatened status of the flying foxes.
deliberately is the legal protection the Rather, they point out that the flying foxes
bats receive. themselves can be perceived as threats to
humans. Moreover, the original sentence does
not claim that the bats’ legal protection is
actually the reason they are sometimes killed.
Rather, they are killed because of the perceived
threat.
23 3 D Although protected, flying foxes are Correct. This version captures the meaning
sometimes killed because of people’s of the original with little distortion.
misunderstanding.
12. The word “cultivated” in the passage is closest Vocabulary. “Cultivate” = grow carefully,
in meaning to farm, nurture, develop.
7 A refined In social contexts, “cultivated” and “refined” can

be synonymous ways to characterize a person
with a lot of education and taste. But with
regard to agriculture, they have distinct
meanings.
7 B valued Something that is “valued” (considered

important or cherished) might be cultivated,
but these terms are not necessarily related.
3 C nurtured Correct. “Regions of cultivated crops” =

regions of nurtured crops, crops that people
grow or look after with care.
7 D reaped “Reap” = harvest, gather in. The point of

cultivating crops is eventually to reap them (or
their fruit, in the case of orchards). But
“cultivate” and “reap” are not synonyms.
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S1 The clearing away of flying fox habitats for development is one
cause of their population decline.
2 A In addition to the loss of foraging habitat, threats to the No infestation has been
flying fox include extreme heat waves, natural predators such as introduced by the end of S1.
eagles and crocodiles, and human beings who perceive the bats
as a nuisance or threat.
3–4 B Recently, in the New South Wales town of Bateman’s Bay, Likewise, no infestation has
thousands of flying foxes descended into the trees and been introduced by the end
of S2.
clotheslines, leading the town to call a state of emergency and
commit 2.5 million Australian dollars (about 1.8 million
United States dollars) toward scattering the bats. It was then
reported that some residents were unable to leave their homes
because of the congestion caused by the bats.
5–7 C Because they are a protected species, however, officials were Correct. The “infestation”
forced to use nonlethal means of making the bats leave. The is one of flying foxes in a
particular town. The story
officials resorted to smoke and noise to drive the bats away. They begins in S3. In S4, the
also responded by cutting down trees inhabited by the bats, an severity of the infestation is
approach that animal rights advocates criticized as unnecessary. given a benchmark: some
people could not leave their
homes. The new sentence,
with its “In fact” opener,
builds on that idea, giving
23
another extreme milestone:
some local businesses had
to close for several days.
8 D Clearing trees is thought to have played a strong role in the Insertion here puts the new
decline of the flying fox population over the last century. idea too late in the story. “In
fact”does not make sense,
because the inserted
sentence does not follow
well at all from S7.
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13. In fact, the infestation was so severe that a Insert Text. The new sentence refers to “the
number of local businesses were forced to infestation,” indicating that this infestation
must have already been introduced (although
close over the course of several days.
maybe not with that word). By the point of the
insertion, the story of the infestation must
already be relatively far along. Moreover, the
opening phrase “In fact” means that this
sentence extends the thrust of the previous
sentence. Since the new sentence discusses
just how severe the infestation was, the prior
sentence should state somehow that the
infestation was severe.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
7 D Choice D

P1 The grey-headed fruit bat, also known as the Flying fox = one of largest bats in Australia.
flying fox, is one of the largest bats in Doesn’t resemble other bats. Uses sight rather
23 Australia, with a wingspan of 1 meter (about than sound to navigate. Found on eastern
coast. Dwells in large colonies. Most visible at
3.3 feet) ... dusk. Searches for food. Often flies long
distances for food.
P2 Because of their declining population, as well Population is declining. They help maintain
as their role in the maintenance of a healthy healthy ecosystems. So flying foxes are a
“vulnerable species.” Now protected under
ecosystem that relies on their dispersal of the law. Used to be millions of them. Now only
seeds of native trees and the pollination of ~600,000. Has an essential role in subtropical
flowers, flying foxes are designated a rainforests.
“vulnerable species” ...
P3 The clearing away of flying fox habitats for One cause of population decline = clearing
development is one cause of their population habitats. Other threats, including humans.
Example of flying fox invasion in one town.
decline ...
Officials had to use nonlethal means to make
the bats leave. Also cut down trees. Clearing
trees probably helped population decline.
P4 There are also other reasons why people have Other reasons for negative views of bats.
viewed the bats negatively ... Example: viruses they carry. Sometimes they
are killed on purpose for this reason. Also:
threat to crops. People living there have
sought to destroy bat roosts (= gathering
places).
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14. A strikingly large bat that lives in Australia, the Summary. Correct answers must be
flying fox is currently threatened. clearly expressed in the passage. They
must also be among the major points of
the passage. They should tie as directly
as possible to the summary given.
3 A The flying fox plays a crucial role in Correct. The important role that the
flying fox plays in these ecosystems is
maintaining the ecological balance of some
described and emphasized in P2.
subtropical ecosystems.
7 B Of all Australian bats, the flying fox has the These facts are mentioned in P1, but
only to provide some concrete details
largest wingspan, and it also has unusually
about the animal subject of the passage.
large eyes. They are not major ideas.
3 C A major reason for the bat’s declining Correct. This point is the major theme
in P3.
population is habitat destruction, including
that caused by humans perceiving a threat.
7 D The flying fox feeds on both nectar and fruit These details are merely background
facts in the context of this passage.
and is known to travel long distances in search
of food.
3 E Organizations at multiple levels of government, Correct. This point, made in P2, is
central to the narrative of the passage.
including internationally, have taken action to
protect the flying fox.
F Among bats, the flying fox is especially Unsupported by the text. P4 mentions
7
dangerous since it carries viruses that are that the flying fox does carry one virus 23
transmissible to humans. But the
transmissible to humans. emphasis of the passage is not on any
danger these bats may pose. Rather, the
passage focuses on the danger to the
bats.
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Answers and Explanations—23.8 Iodine Deficiency
S1 The human body requires regular intake of certain Humans need micronutrients
“micronutrients” to develop and function properly. to be healthy.
2 The body needs fairly small quantities of these vitamins and

minerals, yet their absence can lead to serious disease.
3 Scurvy, for example, which is caused by lack of vitamin C, was Example of a disease
once common among sailors. caused by lack of vitamins.
4 Bringing citrus fruits to eat on long voyages proved to be an

effective cure.
5 While our ability to prevent micronutrient deficiencies has We are better at preventing
greatly increased over the past two centuries, these diseases these diseases, but they are
still problems.
continue to cause problems in isolated or impoverished areas.
1. The word “isolated” in the passage is closest in Vocabulary. “Isolated” = remote, out of the
meaning to way, far away from other things.
7 A poor “Isolated” and “poor” are not synonyms. “Poor”

is the same as “impoverished.”
23
3 B remote Correct. “Problems in isolated … areas” =
problems in remote areas.
7 C vast Unrelated. “Vast” = large, immense, or a very

great quantity.
7 D central Opposite. In terms of location, “central” could

either mean physically located at the center,
accessible from most places, or highly
important.
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2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that Inference. S5 discusses issues facing some
impoverished communities impoverished communities.
7 A are always isolated The word “or” in S5 makes it clear that these
two characteristics don’t always go hand in
hand.
3 B may lack access to micronutrients Correct. S5 states that diseases caused by

micronutrient deficiencies “continue to cause
problems in isolated or impoverished areas.”
That means that people living in these areas do
not get enough micronutrients in their diet. So
they may lack access.
7 C have caused the spread of micronutrient These communities face problems of micronu-
deficiencies around the globe trient deficiencies. However, micronutrient
deficiencies do not appear to be something
that could spread, such as a disease, and there
is no indication they are causing this in other
parts of the world
7 D have a relatively low incidence of scurvy If anything, you might guess that scurvy would
occur more often in impoverished communi-
ties, which may lack access to micronutrients.
The lack of the micronutrient vitamin C causes
scurvy, according to S3.
23
S1 Iodine deficiency has been a public health problem throughout Iodine is a micronutrient
human history. whose absence causes
health problems.
2 Lack of iodine in the diet can cause goiter (the swelling of the Symptoms and effects of
thyroid gland) and hypothyroidism (low production of thyroid iodine deficiency.
hormone), which lead to fatigue, depression, and weight gain.

3 Iodine deficiency is also a principal cause of preventable mental
handicaps.
4 Children who consume a low-iodine diet may suffer from
stunted growth, loss of hearing, or difficulty standing and
walking; they may also experience an intelligence quotient, or
IQ, reduction of 10 to 15 points.
5 Descriptions of diseases caused by iodine deficiency occur in These diseases have an
ancient Chinese, Roman, and Egyptian texts. ancient history.
6 The ancient Chinese even successfully treated goiter by

consuming seaweed, which is high in iodine.
7 However, the connection between these diseases and lack of But connection wasn’t
iodine was not made until the nineteenth century. understood until the 19th
century.
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3. The word “principal” in the passage is closest Vocabulary. “Principal” = primary, main,
in meaning to major.
7 A original Unrelated. “Principal” has nothing to do with

whether something was an original (the initial
model or occurrence).
7 B known Something that is “principal” might be well known,

but these terms are unrelated definitionally.
3 C chief Correct. “Iodine deficiency is also a principal

cause of preventable mental handicaps” =
iodine deficiency is also a chief or main cause
of these handicaps.
7 D common Not quite. “Common” and “principal” aren’t

synonyms. Something could be a common
cause of a problem but not a principal cause,
and vice versa.
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses Simplify Sentence. The first part of S4
the essential information in the highlighted describes the physical damage that can be
caused to children who lack iodine. The second
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices
part of the sentence describes the mental
change the meaning in important ways or damage these children may suffer.
7 A People who consume more iodine from Nothing in the original sentence discusses
adulthood. Moreover, this version leaves out
23 childhood through adulthood tend to
any mention of physical damage to children
perform better on tests of mental acuity. with low-iodine diets.
7 B Deafness in children, as well as other “Primarily” makes this choice too strongly
physical and neurological damage, is worded.
primarily caused by iodine deficiency.
7 C Some aspects of mental capacity can be This point may be true. But it is not actually in
measured using an intelligence quotient, the original sentence, and it misses the core of
that sentence.
or IQ, test.
3 D Not eating enough iodine as a child can Correct. This summary leaves out many
have a negative impact on physical and specific details of the conditions caused by
iodine deficiency. But it captures the gist of S4.
mental health.
5. All of the following are mentioned in p

aragraph 2 Negative Fact. Symptoms (observable health
as symptoms of iodine deficiency EXCEPT: effects) of iodine deficiency are listed throughout
P2. Three answer choices will be contained in P2.
One will not be.
3 A swollen limbs Correct. No mention is made of swollen

limbs in P2.
7 B partial or complete deafness S4 mentions “loss of hearing.”
7 C excessive tiredness S2 mentions “fatigue.”
7 D increased weight S2 mentions “weight gain.”
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S1 Iodine was discovered accidentally in 1811 by a French chemist Discovery of iodine in 1811.
named Bernard Courtois.
2 While making sodium salts, he observed a purple vapor rising
from seaweed ash.
3 Other scientists continued to study this substance, which was
officially identified and named in 1813.
4 Soon after, a Swiss doctor noted that administering iodine to Soon after, iodine was used
patients with a goiter reduced the swelling of the thyroid. to reduce thyroid swelling.
5 By the 1850s, scientists hypothesized that iodine deficiency was 1850s: hypothesis of
associated with thyroid disorders. connection.
6 This theory was confirmed at the end of the century, when iodine Theory was confirmed at
was discovered within the thyroid gland. the end of the century.
6. According to the passage, iodine was defini- Fact. “Definitively” indicates that the question
tively linked to thyroid disorders when is focused on when this link was fully proved.
7 A purple vapor was observed rising from S2 mentions this occurrence. But the link was
burned seaweed definitively made later.
3 B the thyroid gland was discovered to Correct. S6: “This theory was confirmed at 23
contain iodine the end of the century, when iodine was
discovered within the thyroid gland.”
7 C a Swiss doctor administered iodine to As described in S4, this use of iodine strengthened
patients with goiters the idea of a possible connection between iodine
and thyroid disorders. But even afterward, as
noted in S5 the connection was still just a
hypothesis.
7 D the substance was officially identified S3 mentions this occurrence. But the link was
and named definitively made later.
147
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S1 Prior to these discoveries, iodine deficiency was common in Iodine deficiency used to be
remote, mountainous areas, such as rural Switzerland, the a common problem in
certain remote areas.
Appalachian Mountains, and the Pacific Northwest.
2 As early as 1830, nutritional scientists suggested that adding Iodized salt was suggested
iodine to table salt could help to prevent iodine deficiency in as a solution.
these areas.
3 Salt was chosen because it does not spoil and is consumed by
most people in relatively predictable amounts.
4 Still, iodized salt was not widely distributed in the United States Adding iodine to salt was
and Europe until the 1920s. adopted as a practice in the
US and Europe in the 1920s.
5 Today, over 90 percent of households in the United States have Now, iodine deficiency is
access to iodized salt, and iodine deficiency is relatively rare in rare in affluent nations.
most affluent nations.
7. Which of the following statements about Inference. The Appalachian Mountains are
people in the Appalachian Mountains can be mentioned in S1. The mention of earlier
paragraphs indicates that some knowledge
inferred from paragraph 4 and earlier
from one of those paragraphs may be required
paragraphs? for the answer. But typically this required
23 knowledge is very limited in scope.
7 A Their culture was similar to that of This choice makes unwarranted assumptions.
people living in the Swiss Alps. Somehow these places are similar, but not
necessarily in their culture.
7 B Once they settled there, they had no Too extreme. This choice exaggerates the
contact with outside influences. meaning of “remote.”
3 C They may have suffered from a high Correct. Since iodine deficiency was
incidence of goiter. common, the diseases it causes would also
likely be common. Goiter is a disease caused
by iodine deficiency, as both P2 and P3
mention.
7 D It is likely that they did not eat enough Salt wasn’t yet iodized in the time referred to in
salt. S1 (“prior to these discoveries”). So eating salt
would have been irrelevant to this issue.
148
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8. According to paragraph 4, what is one reason Fact. S3 indicates reasons why iodine was
for choosing to add iodine to salt? added to salt (as opposed to other foodstuffs).
7 A Salt is chemically similar to iodine. There is no evidence for this statement in the
passage.
7 B Salt is popular in remote and Not supported by the passage.

mountainous areas.
7 C Naturally occurring salt contains enough Contradicted by the passage. If salt already
iodine for health purposes. contained enough iodine, iodine wouldn’t need
to be added.
3 D People tend to eat fixed, known Correct. S3: “Salt was chosen because it … is
quantities of salt. consumed by most people in relatively
predictable amounts.”
S1 However, iodine deficiency remains a global problem, affecting But iodine deficiency is still
nearly 200 million people each year. an issue globally.
2 Incidence of severe iodine deficiency is actually on the rise.

3 In 2013, 2,700 people died from iodine deficiency—an increase
from 2,100 in 2010.
4 While iodine deficiency has long been a problem in the In developed countries,
people are also consuming
23
developing world, reduction in salt intake and changes in the
less salt.
processing of milk products have also led to decreases in iodine
consumption in more developed countries like Australia and
New Zealand.
5 Iodine deficiency is a particularly serious problem for pregnant A particular problem for
women, because it can have adverse effects on the development of pregnant women.
the fetus.
149
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9. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention Purpose. S4 mentions this change.
changes in the processing of milk products?
7 A To illustrate further the positive impact S4 mentions “reduction in salt intake” as
of iodized salt leading to decreases in iodine consumption.
But it is something of a stretch to call this
mention a further illustration of the positive
impact of iodized salt. Moreover, this
“reduction in salt intake” is not what the
question asks about, but rather the changes in
processing of milk products, which may have
nothing to do with iodized salt.
7 B To provide evidence for the decrease of If anything, iodine-related illness is likely to be

iodine-related illness in developed on the rise in developed countries, because of
the decline in iodine consumption in these
countries places (mentioned in S4).
7 C To highlight an unintended consequence The decline in iodine consumption in

of improved public health measures developed countries qualifies as an
“unintended consequence.” But the passage
does not indicate that the changes in milk
processing are “improved public health
measures.” They may or may not be.
3 D To help explain the decline in the Correct. S4 notes that “reduction in salt
consumption of iodine in developed intake and changes in the processing of milk
products have also led to decreases in iodine
countries consumption in more developed countries like
Australia and New Zealand.” That is, these
23 changes in milk processing “have also led to”
the declines in iodine consumption in
developed countries.
10. The word “adverse” in the passage is closest in Vocabulary. “Adverse” = negative, harmful,
meaning to bad.
3 A detrimental Correct. “It can have adverse effects” = it

can have detrimental or negative effects.
7 B permanent While some negative effects might be

“permanent” (lasting or indefinite), these
words do not mean the same thing.
7 C pronounced While some negative effects might be

“pronounced” (highly noticeable, marked, or
obvious), these words do not mean the
same thing.
7 D unforeseen While some negative effects might be

“unforeseen” (not predicted or anticipated),
these words do not mean the same thing.
150
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S1 Since the mid-1980s, the World Health Organization, in Various groups have
partnership with UNICEF and other organizations, has led the promoted the use of
iodized salt to combat
fight against iodine deficiency—primarily by promoting the use iodine deficiency.
of iodized salt.
2 However, excessive consumption of iodine can also lead to health But consuming too much
problems (in particular, hyperthyroidism, or the overproduction iodine can also cause
problems.
of thyroid hormone).
11. Why is hyperthyroidism mentioned in Fact. S2 mentions hyperthyroidism in

paragraph 6? parentheses.
3 A To point out a way in which ingesting Correct. S2 states that the “excessive
too much iodine can be a problem consumption of iodine can also lead to health
problems (in particular, hyperthyroidism, or
the overproduction of thyroid hormone).” Here,
“hyperthyroidism” is given as an example of a
problem caused by too much iodine in the diet.
7 B To reinforce the importance of Hyperthyroidism is a health problem, according

combating iodine deficiency to S2.
7 C To exemplify a problem the World According to S1, the World Health Organization
Health Organization has successfully is addressing the opposite problem (iodine 23
deficiency).
addressed
7 D To argue against the use of iodized salt The author is not suggesting that iodized salt
not be consumed. The author is just pointing
out a health problem on the other end of the
spectrum of iodine use.
S1 In mild cases of iodine deficiency, consumption of small Mild iodine deficiency can be
amounts of iodine can be an effective remedy. treated with iodine.
2 However, in more severe cases, iodine consumption can But severe cases cannot.
actually cause hyperthyroidism.
3 For this reason, prevention, rather than treatment, is the Prevention is important.
emphasis of most programs designed to combat iodine
deficiency.
4 While there is still work to be done, progress made in the Many believe this disease can be
past century leaves many optimistic that, in the near eradicated.
future, diseases caused by iodine deficiency will join polio

and smallpox on the list of maladies that are virtually
extinct.
151
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12. What is the author’s primary purpose in Purpose. S1–3 describe why prevention is
paragraph 7? most important to emphasize (rather than
treatment). S4 provides an optimistic view
toward the future: the history of progress in
this area is encouraging many to believe the
disease could be eradicated soon.
7 A To demonstrate the severity of the iodine Too extreme. Prior paragraphs indicate that
deficiency epidemic iodine deficiency is unfortunately on the rise,
but it is never categorized as an epidemic in
those paragraphs, nor in P7.
7 B To discuss the pros and cons of using Iodized salt is not even directly mentioned in
iodized salt this paragraph.
7 C To praise international groups for their International groups are not mentioned
efforts to combat iodine deficiency specifically (as they are in the prior paragraph).
So it is difficult to claim that this paragraph’s
purpose is to praise them directly.
3 D To provide arguments for continuing to Correct. S1–3 argue for prevention, and S4
work to prevent iodine deficiency indicates that the finish line is near.
23
152
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S1–2 The human body requires regular intake of certain “micronutrients”
to develop and function properly. The body needs fairly small
quantities of these vitamins and minerals, yet their absence can lead
to serious disease.
3 A Scurvy, for example, which is caused by lack of vitamin C, Insertion here doesn’t
was once common among sailors. work. No specific “common
micronutrient deficiency”
has been mentioned yet.
4 B Bringing citrus fruits to eat on long voyages proved to be an The scurvy example has
effective cure. been introduced, but it has
not been concluded. So the
insertion of the new
sentence breaks the logical
link between S3 and S4.
5 C While our ability to prevent micronutrient deficiencies has Correct. The scurvy
greatly increased over the past two centuries, these diseases example in S3–4 has
concluded by this point.
continue to cause problems in isolated and impoverished areas. Moreover, insertion here
does not break the link
between S4 and S5, since
this link was loose to begin
with. S5 can easily
accommodate another
example in front. 23
End D This position is too late. The
use of “another” requires
the insertion to happen
immediately after the
scurvy example has been
wrapped up in S4.
13. Anemia, or lack of iron, is Insert Text. The use of the word “another” indicates
a nother common micronutrient that this new sentence should be inserted right after the
mention of a first “common micronutrient deficiency.”
deficiency.
At the same time, the insertion should not break the
existing flow of logic.
7 A Choice A
7 B Choice B
7 D Choice D
153
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P1 The human body requires regular intake of Humans need micronutrients to be healthy.
certain “micronutrients” to develop and Example of a disease caused by lack of
vitamins. We are better at preventing these
function properly ... diseases, but they are still problems.
P2 Iodine deficiency has been a public health Iodine is a micronutrient whose absence
problem throughout human history ... causes health problems. Symptoms and
effects of iodine deficiency. These diseases
have an ancient history. But connection wasn’t
understood until the 19th century.
P3 Iodine was discovered accidentally in 1811 by Discovery of iodine in 1811. Soon after, iodine
a French chemist named Bernard Courtois ... was used to reduce thyroid swelling. 1850s:
hypothesis of connection. Theory was
confirmed at the end of the century.
P4 Prior to these discoveries, iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency used to be a common

was common in remote, mountainous areas, problem in certain remote areas. Iodized salt
was suggested as a solution. Adding iodine to
such as rural Switzerland, the Appalachian salt was adopted as a practice in the US and
Mountains, and the Pacific Northwest ... Europe in the 1920s. Now, iodine deficiency is
rare in affluent nations.
P5 However, iodine deficiency remains a global But iodine deficiency is still an issue globally.
problem, affecting nearly 200 million people In developed countries, people are also
consuming less salt. A particular problem for
each year ... pregnant women.
23 P6 Since the mid-1980s, the World Health Various groups have promoted the use of
Organization, in partnership with UNICEF iodized salt to combat iodine deficiency. But
consuming too much iodine can also cause
and other organizations, has led the fight problems.
against iodine deficiency—primarily by
promoting the use of iodized salt ...
P7 In mild cases of iodine deficiency, consumption Mild iodine deficiency can be treated with
of small amounts of iodine can be an effective iodine. But severe cases cannot. Prevention is
important. Many believe this disease can be
remedy ... eradicated.
154
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14. An example of an important Summary. Correct answers must be clearly expressed in

micronutrient is iodine, the the passage. They must also be among the major points of
deficiency of which has long
summary given.
been a public health concern
around the world.
3 A In the early twentieth Correct. This use of iodized salt is the point of P4, and it
is mentioned again in P6 as the primary weapon against
century, iodized salt was
iodine deficiency.
introduced as an effective
way to combat iodine
deficiency.
7 B In 1811, iodine was This is true according to S1-2 in P3. However, this detail is
minor in the context of the passage.
discovered by a French
chemist, who generated
purple vapor by burning
seaweed.
3 C Iodine deficiency can lead to Correct. This outline of the health consequences of
iodine deficiency is the focus of P2.
severe health problems, such
as goiter, hypothyroidism,
and developmental
difficulties.
7 D Hyperthyroidism, caused by Over consumption of iodine is only mentioned as an aside
over consumption of iodine at the end of P6.
23
in the diet, results in the
overproduction of thyroid
hormone.
7 E People tend to consume These facts are given in P4 as the reason why salt was
chosen as the means of distributing iodine supplements.
regular amounts of salt, a
But in and of themselves, these facts are minor in the
food ingredient that does not passage.
spoil.
3 F With the focus of public Correct. This sentence summarizes P7.
health efforts on prevention,
society is well on its way to
eradicating iodine deficiency.
155
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23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 156 9/28/17 7:16 AM

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Chapter 23

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 1 9/28/17 7:15 AM

23.1 The Body and the Mind

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Now answer the questions.

1. The word “exponents” in the passage is closest in meaning to

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3. The word “inappropriate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

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5. The word “their” in the passage refers to

6. According to paragraph 4, Anna O.’s symptoms became less severe as she

7. The passage mentions Anna O. in order to

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9. The word “amassed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 6 9/28/17 7:15 AM

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Early talking cure Later talking cure

12. A The patient is under hypnosis.

23 23.2 The Spinning Jenny

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Now answer the questions.

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1. The word “laborious” in the passage is closest in meaning to

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4. The word “assembly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 11 9/28/17 7:15 AM

8. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2?

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10. The word “proliferated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 13 9/28/17 7:15 AM

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 14 9/28/17 7:15 AM

Spinning Jenny Spinning Wheel

13. A Used a single horizontal spindle

23.3 Fracking and the Environment

wellbore1: the hole created in a drilling process for natural resources

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Now answer the questions.

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 16 9/28/17 7:15 AM

1. The word “flammable” in the passage is closest in meaning to

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3. The word “unearthing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 18 9/28/17 7:15 AM

7. The word “conventional” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 19 9/28/17 7:15 AM

9. The word “nontrivial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

11. According to paragraph 5, the concept of “injection-induced seismicity” is best described as

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 20 9/28/17 7:15 AM

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23.4 Dien Bien Phu

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 22 9/28/17 7:15 AM

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Now answer the questions.

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 24 9/28/17 7:15 AM

3. The word “debacle” in the passage is closest in meaning to

4. The phrase “rendered pointless” is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 25 9/28/17 7:15 AM

5. Why does the author discuss Na San in the highlighted sentence?

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 26 9/28/17 7:15 AM

8. The word “impervious” is closest in meaning to

10. The word “seesawing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23_TOEFL_Ch23.indd 27 9/28/17 7:15 AM

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