‫التيسير في أحكام التجويد‬

The Rules of Tajweed Made Easy

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‫ال حول وال قوة إال باهلل‬

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 ، ‫اللهم إني عبدك ابن عبدك ابن أمتك ناصيتي بيدك ماض في حكمك‬
‫عدل في قضاؤك أسالك بكل اسم هو لك سميت به نفسك أو أنزلته في‬
‫ أو علمته أحدا من خلقك أو استأثرت به في علم الغيب عندك‬، ‫كتابك‬
‫ ونور صدري وجالء حزني وذهاب همي‬، ‫أن تجعل القرآن ربيع قلبي‬
(199 ‫ وصححه األلباني في السلسلة الصحيحة‬،‫)رواه أحمد‬
“O Allah, I am Your slave, the son of Your slave. My
forelock is in Your Hand. Your judgment of me is
inescapable. Your trial of me is just. I am invoking
You by all the names that You call Yourself, that You
have taught to anyone in Your creation, that You
have mentioned in Your Book, or that You have kept
unknown. Let the Qur’an be the delight of my heart,
the light of my chest, the remover of my sadness
and the pacifier of my worries.”

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 Table of Contents ‫الموضوعات‬
Introduction ‫المقدمة‬ 4

Virtues of Recitation ‫فضائل التالوة‬ 7

Etiquettes & Ruling for Reciting the Qur’an ‫آداب تالوة القرآن الكريم و حكمه‬ 10

Method of Reciting the Qur’an ‫كيفية تالوة القرآن الكريم‬ 14

Important Definitions ‫تعريفات مهمة‬ 17

Types of Recitation and its Errors ‫مراتب القراءة و اللحن‬ 20

Start of Recitation with Isti’adha & Besmella ‫ استفتاح القراءة باالستعاذة و البسملة‬22

Al Hamzah ‫الهمزة‬ 28

Rules of Meem & Noon al Mushadadtain ‫أحكام الميم و النون المشدَ دَ تين‬ 32

Rules of Noon Sakina & Tanween ‫أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬ 35

Rules of Meem Sakina ‫أحكام الميم الساكنة‬ 44

Rules of Lam Sakina ‫أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬ 48

Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an ‫أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬ 58

Echoing (Qalqala) ‫القلقلة‬ 74

Inflation (At Tafkheem) and Reduction (At Tarqeeq) ‫التفخيم و الترقيق‬ 77

Exit Point of the Letters ‫مخارج الحروف‬ 85

Attributes of the Letters ‫صفات الحروف‬ 93

Merging of Two Coinciding Letters ‫إدغام الحرفين الملتقيين‬ 101

Stopping, Starting, and Pausing ‫الوقف و االبتداء و السكت‬ 107

Conclusion & References ‫الخاتمة و المراجع‬ 112

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Introduction
‫المقدمة‬

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 Introduction (‫)المقدمة‬
All praises to Allah and peace and blessings upon the leader of
creation, Mohammed, and upon his noble family and companions and
to all who follow him in goodness to the last day.

‫ " ما أذن هللا لشيء‬:‫ سمعت رسول هللا صلى هللا عليه و سلم يقول‬:‫ قال‬- ‫عن أبي هريرة رضي هللا عنه‬
‫ما أذن لنبي حسن الصوت يتغنى بالقرآن يجهر به " رواه البخاري و مسلم‬
Abu Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: I heard the Messenger
of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬saying, "Allah does not listen so attentively to anything as He listens
to the recitation of the Qur’an by a Messenger who recites well with a
melodious and audible voice." Al-Bukhari and Muslim / Book 9, Hadith 1004

Introduction (‫)المقدمة‬
The Scholars said: this means that of all the things Allah listens to,
there is nothing like listening to a Messenger reciting the Qur’an with
a melodious voice, loud and clear.

And beautifying the voice while reading includes:

‫) بتحسين األداء يخرج الحروف من مخارجها و يبدو القرآن واضحا بينا فال يخفي و ال‬1(
.‫يحذف شيئا من الحروف‬
.‫) بتحسين النغمة من الصوت‬2(
(1) Beautifying the exit of the letters from their proper exit points
and reading the Qur’an clearly, without hiding or eliminating any
of the letters
(2) Beautifying the tune of the voice

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 For this, one should read the Qur’an as best as possible and it should
have:

‫( حسن الصوت‬1)
‫) حسن األداء‬2(
(1) Good voice
(2) Good performance
Introduction (‫)المقدمة‬

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Virtues of
Recitation
‫فضائل التالوة‬

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 Virtues of Recitation (‫)فضائل التالوة‬
‫ "يقال لصاحب‬:‫عن عبد هللا بن عمرو بن العاص رضي هللا عنهماعن النبي صلى هللا عليه وسلم قال‬
‫ فإن منزلتك عند آخر آية تقرؤها" رواه أبو داود‬،‫ اقرأ وارتق ورتل كما كنت ترتل في الدنيا‬:‫القرآن‬
‫والترمذي‬
Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Al-'Aas (May Allah be pleased with them) reported: The
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬said, "The one who was devoted to the Qur’an will be told on the
Day of Resurrection: 'Recite and ascend (in ranks) as you used to recite when
you were in the world. Your rank will be at the last verse you recite." Abu Dawud
and At- Tirmidhi / Book 9, Hadith 1001
Virtues of Recitation (‫)فضائل التالوة‬

And the reciter of the Qur’an will notice his character being reformed
and his manners becoming gentler.

َ َ ‫سول‬
‫هللا َمنْ ُه ْم َقال َ " ُه ْم‬ ُ ‫ َقالُوا َيا َر‬. " ‫هللا ـ صلى هللا عليه وسلم ـ " إنَ َلِل أَهْ لينَ منَ ال َناس‬َ ُ ‫سول‬ ُ ‫َقال َ َر‬
‫اص ُت ُه " سنن ابن ماجه‬ َ ُ ‫أَهْ ل ُ ا ْلقُ ْرآن أَهْ ل‬
َ ‫هللا َو َخ‬
It was narrated that Anas bin Malik said: "The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: 'Allah
has His own people among mankind.' They said: 'O Messenger of Allah, who are
they?' He said: 'The people of the Qur'an, the people of Allah and those who are
closest to Him.'" Sunan ibn Majah / Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 215

‫ "الذي يقرأ القرآن وهو ماهر به‬: ‫ قال رسول هللا صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬:‫عن عائشة رضي هللا عنها قالت‬
‫ والذي يقرأ القرآن ويتتعتع فيه وهو عليه شاق له أجران" رواه البخاري و‬،‫مع السفرة الكرام البررة‬
‫مسلم‬
'Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) reported: The Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬
said, "The one who is proficient in the recitation of the Qur’an will be with the
honorable and obedient scribes (angels) and he who recites the Qur’an and
finds it difficult to recite, doing his best to recite it in the best way possible, will
have a double reward." Al-Bukhari and Muslim / Book 9, Hadith 994

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 َ ‫ َقال َ َقال َ ال َنبي صلى هللا عليه وسلم " إنَ أَ ْف‬،‫َعنْ ُع ْث َمانَ ْبن َع َفانَ رضي هللا عنه‬
َ‫ضلَ ُك ْم َمنْ َت َعلَ َم ا ْلقُ ْرآن‬
‫َو َعلَ َم ُه " رواه البخاري‬
Narrated `Uthman bin `Affan (may Allah be pleased with him): The Messenger
‫ ﷺ‬said, "The most superior among you (Muslims) are those who learn the
Qur'an and teach it." Al-Bukhari 5028

Virtues of Recitation (‫)فضائل التالوة‬

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Etiquettes & Ruling for
Reciting the Qur’an
‫آداب تالوة القرآن الكريم و‬
‫حكمه‬

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 Etiquettes of Reciting the Qur’an
(‫)آداب تالوة القرآن الكريم و حكمه‬
1. (‫ )إخالص النية لِل تعالى‬To dedicate our reading to seek the pleasure of

Etiquettes & Ruling for Reciting the Qur’an (‫)آداب تالوة القرآن الكريم و حكمه‬
Allah, to study the rules of the Qur’an, and to fulfill the command
of our Lord by reciting the Qur’an.

And they were commanded not, but that they should worship Allah,
and worship none but Him – Surah Al Bayinnah 5

2. Cleanliness (‫)الطهارة‬: To be in a state of cleanliness (perform

ablution), recite in a clean place, wearing clean clothes, and use the
siwak prior to recitation (if possible).

Which none can touch but the purified – Surah Al Waqiah 79

3. To seek refuge from Allah before the start of recitation ( ‫التعوذ قبل‬
‫)البدء بالتالوة‬.

So when you want to recite the Qur'ân, seek refuge with Allah from
Shaitan (Satan), the outcast (the cursed one). – Surah An Nahl 98

4. Improving and beautifying the voice while reciting the Qur’an

(‫)تحسين الصوت و تزيينه بالقرآن‬.

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 ‫ "ما أذن‬:‫سمعت رسول هللا صلى هللا عليه وسلم يقول‬: ‫وعن أبي هريرة رضي هللا عنه قال‬
‫هللا لشيء ما أذن لنبي حسن الصوت يتغنى بالقرآن يجهر به " رواه البخاري و مسلم‬
Abu Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: I heard
the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬saying, "Allah does not listen so
Etiquettes & Ruling for Reciting the Qur’an (‫)حكم تعلم القرآن الكريم‬

attentively to anything as He listens to the recitation of the Qur’an

by a Messenger who recites well with a melodious and audible
voice." Al-Bukhari and Muslim / Book 9, Hadith 1004

5. Reciting the Qur’an in a rhythmic tone (‫)ترتيل القرآن الكريم‬

And recite the Qur'ân (aloud) in a slow, (pleasant tone and) style – Surah
Al Muzzamil 4

Ruling for Learning the Qur’an (‫)حكم تعلم القرآن الكريم‬

1. Reciting the Qur’an is obligatory (‫)تالوة القرآن واجبة‬
Allah commanded His Noble Messenger Mohammed ‫ ﷺ‬to recite
the Qur’an to the people.

And (it is) a Qur'ân which We have divided (into parts), in order that
you might recite it to people at intervals. And We have revealed it by
stages. – Surah Al Isra’ 106

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2. To recite what we are capable of (‫)أن نقرأ ما استطعنا منه‬

So, recite you of the Qur'ân as much as may be easy for you – Surah Al
Muzzamil 20

Etiquettes & Ruling for Reciting the Qur’an (‫)حكم تعلم القرآن الكريم‬
‫ " اقرءوا‬:‫ سمعت رسول هللا صلى هللا عليه وسلم يقول‬:‫عن أبي أمامة رضي هللا عنه قال‬
‫القرآن فإنه يأتي يوم القيامة شفيعا ألصحابه" رواه مسلم‬
Abu Umamah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: I heard the
Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬saying, "Read the Qur’an, for it will come as an
intercessor for its reciters on the Day of Resurrection." Muslim / Book 9, Hadith
991

What is the ruling for learning tajweed? (‫)ما حكم التجويد؟‬

‫تجويد القرآن هو بمراعاة أحكام التجويد وقواعده سنة وأدب من آداب التالوة ينبغي مراعاته‬
.‫ إذا أحكام التجويد ليست واجبة بل مستحبة‬.‫ ولكن ذلك ليس واجبا‬،‫من غير تكلف‬

‫وأما القواعد التي وضعت فيما بعد لضبط التالوة فتعلمها فرض كفاية إن قام به بعض‬
.‫ البد أن يكون فيهم من يتعلمها لكي يعلمها‬،‫المسلمين سقط عن البقية‬
To recite the Qur’an with tajweed and its rule is a sunnah and from
the etiquettes of reciting the Qur’an. One should take care of learning
tajweed but without being burdensome. The rules of tajweed are not
obligatory but recommendable.

Learning the rules of tajweed is sufficient for a few which means if

there are some who learn it then it becomes sufficient and is not
obligatory upon the rest. Surely the one who has learned the rules
should teach others.

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Method of Reciting the
Qur’an
‫كيفية تالوة القرآن الكريم‬

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 Method of Reciting the Qur’an
(‫)كيفية تالوة القرآن الكريم‬
1. Allah commanded that we should recite the Qur’an in a specific
manner as was commanded to the Messenger ‫ﷺ‬.

And recite the Qur'ân (aloud) in a slow, (pleasant tone and) style – Surah

How to Recite the Qur’an (‫)كيفية تالوة القرآن الكريم‬

Al Muzzamil 4

This means: Maintain the quality of the ‘tarteel’ – the rhythmic tone –
and the precision while reciting (‫ حافظ على جودة الترتيل و دقة األداء‬:‫)المعنى‬.

2. Allah's Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬said to Ubayy ibn Ka’ab (may Allah be pleased

with him): “Verily, Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, has commanded
me to recite the Qur'an to you.”

َ َ َ‫هللا صلى هللا عليه وسلم َقال َ أل ُ َبى " إن‬

َ ‫هللا َع َز َو َجل َ أَ َم َرني أَنْ أَ ْق َرأَ َعلَ ْي َك " َقال‬ َ َ ‫سول‬ ُ ‫أَنَ َر‬
‫ رواه البخاري‬.‫س َما َك لي " َقال َ َف َج َعل َ أ ُ َبى َي ْبكي‬ َ " َ ‫س َماني لَ َك َقال‬
َ ُ‫هللا‬ َ
َ ُ ‫آلِل‬
Whereupon he said: (Has) Allah mentioned my name to you? He said:
Allah has mentioned your name to me. Thereupon he began to shed
tears (of joy). Muslim / Book 45, Hadith 6496

This means: The Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬taught his companions (may Allah be

pleased with them) until some of them became experts in the
recitation of the Qur’an ( ‫ أن الرسول صلى هللا عليه وسلم علّم الصحابة‬:‫المعنى‬
‫)رضي هللا عنهم حتى صار بعضهم أمهر القراء‬.

3. Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The

Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬said to me:

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 ‫"إنى أحب أن أسمعه من‬:‫ يا رسول هللا أقرأ عليك وعليك أنزل ؟! قال‬:‫اقرأ علي القرآن” قلت‬
‫ حتى جئت إلى هذه اآلية (فكيف إذا جئنا من كل أمة‬،‫غيري” فقرأت عليه سورة النساء‬
‫ فإذا‬،‫ "حسبك اآلن" فالتفت إليه‬:‫) قال‬41:‫بشهيد وجئنا بك على هؤالء شهيدا) (النساء‬
‫ رواه البخاري‬.‫عيناه تذرفان‬
"Recite the Qur’an to me." I said, "O Messenger of Allah! Shall I recite
the Qur’an to you, when it has been revealed to you?" He ‫ ﷺ‬replied, "I
love to hear it recited by others." So I recited to him a portion from
How to Recite the Qur’an (‫)كيفية تالوة القرآن الكريم‬

Surat An-Nisa'. When I reached the verse:

"How (will it be) then, when We bring from each nation a witness and
We bring you (O Muhammad ‫ )ﷺ‬as a witness against these people?"
(4:41)
He ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Enough for now." When I looked at him I saw his eyes
were shedding tears. Al-Bukhari / Vol. 6, Book 61, Hadith 569

4. Masrouq narrated, that the Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬said:

Learn the recitation of the Qur'an from (any of these) four persons:
`Abdullah bin Masud, Salim the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifa, Ubay ibn
Ka`ab, and Mu`adh bin Jabal." Al-Bukhari 3578

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Important Definitions

‫تعريفات مهمة‬

- 17 -
 Important Definitions (‫)تعريفات مهمة‬
1. Tajweed (‫)التجويد‬
▪ Linguistic meaning (‫)معناه في اللغة‬: to improve / make better
(‫)التحسين‬
▪ Application meaning (‫)معناه إصطالحا‬: to release each letter from its
exit point, giving the letter its right and the characteristics it
deserves (‫)إخراج كل حرف من مخرجه و إعطاؤه حقه و مستحقه من الصفات‬
▪ Right of the letter (‫)حق الحرف‬: Required characteristic of a letter,
like ‘qalqala’ (echoing) (‫)الصفة الالزمة في الحرف مثل القلقلة‬
Important Definitions (‫)تعريفات مهمة‬

2. Recitation according to Hafs from ‘Asim (‫)رواية حفص عن عاصم‬

▪ Who was Hafs and who was ‘Asim? (‫)من هو حفص و من هو عاصم؟‬
‫ تعلم حفظ القرآن على يد عاصم بن أبي النجود و‬،‫حفص هو ابن سليمان بن المغيرة‬
،‫ يرتفع سنده إلى علي رضي هللا عنه‬.‫ صوته جميل و هو من التابعين‬،‫هو إمام القراء‬
.‫عن النبي صلى هللا عليه وسلم عن جبريل عليه السالم‬
Hafs was the son of Suleiman bin Al-Mugheira, he learned the
recitation of the Qur’an from ‘Asim bin Abi An-Nujood, who was
the leader of those who recite. He had a beautiful voice and was
one of the followers (at tabi’een). ‘Asim was taught by Ali bin
Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him), who was taught by
the Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬who was taught by the angel Jibreel (peace be
upon him).

3. Fundamentals of the Uthmani script (‫)قواعد الرسم العثماني‬

‫ الكتابة في المصحف تختلف عن الخط‬،‫▪ و هو مصحف عثمان بن عفان رضي هللا عنه‬
.‫اإلمالئي المشهور‬
▪ It is the script that was written during the time of Uthman bin
Affan (may Allah be pleased with him).

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4. Al-Ghunna (Nasalization) (‫)الغنة‬
▪ Al-Khayshoom (‫)الخيشوم‬: It is the nasal passage between the nose
and the mouth (‫)الفتحة بين األنف و الفم‬. The sound of the ‘ghunna’
orginates from the ‘khayshoom’ (‫)الصوت يصدر من الخيشوم‬.
▪ The most important letters that exit from this passage way are:
Meem (‫ )م‬and Noon (‫)ن‬
If we close our nose, we would be unable to pronounce these
two letters.
▪ It is a sound that is similar to the sound of the deer ( ‫صوت يشبه‬

Important Definitions (‫)تعريفات مهمة‬

‫)صوت الغزالة‬.

5. Moving Letter (‫)الحرف المتحرك‬

Fat’ha (‫)فتحة‬ Kesra (‫)كسرة‬ Dhammah (‫)ضمة‬

‫ب‬
َ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬
ُ
▪ A ‘moving letter’ means any letter that has one of these harakat.
A harakah is similar to having an accent on the letter, which
changes the original sound of the letter.

6. Letter which contains Sheda (‫)الحرف المش ّدد‬

▪ Letter which contains Sheda: The first part of the letter is sukoon
(‫)سكون‬ ْْ and the second part of the letter is moving َْ , ْ , ُْ
= Al-Sheda ّْ
▪ Example: ‫ َم = َم‬+ ‫ْم‬

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Types of Recitations &
its Errors
‫مراتب القراءة واللحن‬

- 20 -
 Types of Recitations And its Errors
(‫)مراتب القراءة و اللحن‬

Types of Recitations (‫)مراتب القراءة‬

Al-Tarteel Al-Tahqeeq Al-Hadr Al-Tadweer

Types of Recitations And its Errors (‫)مراتب القراءة و اللحن‬

(‫)الترتيل‬ (‫)التحقيق‬ (‫)الحدر‬ (‫)التدوير‬
•What is used • Slower than • Faster in • Condition
while reciting the tarteel recitation , ie: between tarteel
Quran •To read with revising the and hadr
•To read with completing the Qur'an •To read with
completing the harakah and •To read with completing the
harakah and giving the haqq completing the harakah and
giving the haqq and mustahaqq harakah and giving the haqq
and mustahaqq of the letter ie: giving the haqq and mustahaqq
of the letter ie: following rules of and mustahaqq of the letter ie:
following rules of tajweed of the letter ie: following rules of
tajweed following rules of tajweed
tajweed

Types of Errors (‫)اللحن‬

Clear Error Hidden Error

(‫)اللحن الجلي‬
• Clear mistake that
can change the
meaning of the ayah
(verse)
(‫)اللحن الخفي‬
• Not obvious
mistake, mistake in
tajweed, ie: rules of
idhar (‫ )اظهار‬or
ikhfa' (‫)اخفاء‬

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Starting a Recitation
with Isti’adha &
Besmella
‫استفتاح القراءة باالستعاذة و‬
‫البسملة‬

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Starting a Recitaiton with Isti’adha and Besmellah

Starting a Recitaiton with Isti’adha and Besmellah (‫)استفتاح القراءة باالستعاذة و البسملة‬
(‫)استفتاح القراءة باالستعاذة و البسملة‬

First: Isti’adha (Seeking Refuge) (‫)االستعاذة‬

▪ Linguistic definition (‫)التعريف اللغوي‬: Infallibility and fortification
(‫)االعتصام و التحصن‬
▪ Application definition (‫)التعريف االصطالحي‬: Seeking protection in
Allah from the accursed shaitan at the start of recitation ( ‫التحصين‬
‫)بالِل من الشيطان الرجيم عند إرادة القراءة‬
Isti’adha (Seeking refuge) (‫)االستعاذة‬
▪ I seek refuge in Allah from the accursed shaitan ( ‫أعوذ بالِل من‬
‫)الشيطان الرجيم‬

Rule of seeking refuge whether silently or out loud ( ‫حكم االستعاذة من حيث‬
‫اإلخفاء و الجهر‬:):

A. It is preferred to say the isti’adha silently in the following

conditions (‫)يستحب إخفاؤها في األحوال التالية‬:
▪ If the reciter is reciting silently (‫)إذا كان القارئ يقرأ سرا‬
▪ If the reciter is reciting out loud and is alone ( ‫إذا كان القارئ يقرأ‬
‫)جهرا منفردا‬
▪ If the reciter is reading within a group and he is not the first to
start the recitation ( ‫إذا كان القارئ يقرأ وسط جماعة و ليس هو المبتدئ‬
‫)بالقراءة‬
▪ If the reciter is reciting during prayer – whether out loud or
silently (‫ جهرا أو سرا‬- ‫)إذا كان القارئ يقرأ في الصالة‬

- 23 -
 B. It is preferred to say the isti’adha out loud in the following
) and Besmellah (‫)إستفتاح القراءة باالستعاذة و البسملة‬

conditions (‫)و يستحب الجهر باالستعاذة في األحوال التالية‬:

▪ If the reciters is reciting out loud, and there are others listening
to him (‫)إذا كان القارئ يقرأ جهرا و كان هناك من يستمع إليه‬
▪ If the reciter is recting within a group and he is the first to start
the recitation (‫)إذا كان القارئ يقرأ وسط جماعة و كان هو المبتدئ بالقراءة‬

IMPORTANT NOTE: If the reciter is interrupted for a short time as a

result of something sudden, for example a sneeze or clearing the
throat, then there is no need to repeat the isti’adha. However, if the
interruption is for a longer period, or the recitation has ended, or he
spoke to someone about a matter unrelated to the Qur’an, then he
must repeat the isti’adha.

Second: Besmellah (‫)البسملة‬

▪ It is the saying of, ‘bismallah ar Rahman ar Raheem’ ‘In the
Name of Allah, the Most Beneficient, the Most Merciful’ ( ‫بسم هللا‬
‫)الرحمن الرحيم‬
▪ And that is to remember Allah and to seek His help. Our Prophet
Mohammed ‫ ﷺ‬taught us to start all our tasks with the
Isti’adha

remembrance of Allah so that there may be abundant goodness,

with‫إستفتاح‬

blessings, and mercy in the act.

‫القراءة باالستعاذه‬

Rule of beginning with the Besmellah at the start of recitations: There

is no doubt that we should start every surah of the Qur’an with
(‫ البسمله‬a‫ و‬Recitaiton

besmella except ‘Surah At Tawbah’.

Ways of Isti’adha (‫)طرق االستعاذة‬:
Different ways of saying the Isti’adha and Besmallah at the start of a
recitation, assuming you are starting at the beginning of a surah.
Starting
esmella

- 24 -
 ‫‪Types‬‬ ‫‪Isti'adha / Besmallah / Surah‬‬
‫‪Examples‬‬

‫)إستفتاح القراءة باالستعاذة و البسملة( ‪Starting a Recitaiton with Isti’adha and Besmellah‬‬
‫‪Separating‬‬ ‫أعو ُذ باهللِ منَ الش ِ‬
‫َّيطان‬
‫س ِم َّ‬
‫َّللاِ‬ ‫جيم | بِ ْ‬ ‫ال َّر ِ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪all‬‬ ‫‪Stop‬‬ ‫‪Stop‬‬
‫يم | ا ْل َح ْم ُد‬ ‫ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح ِ‬
‫ِ َّهللِ َر ِّب ا ْل َعالَ ِمين‬
‫‪Connecting‬‬ ‫أعو ُذ باهللِ منَ الش ِ‬
‫َّيطان‬
‫س ِم َّ‬
‫َّللاِ‬ ‫جيم | بِ ْ‬ ‫ال َّر ِ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪all‬‬ ‫‪Connect‬‬ ‫‪Connect‬‬
‫يم | ا ْل َح ْم ُد‬ ‫ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح ِ‬
‫ِ َّهللِ َر ِّب ا ْل َعالَ ِمين‬
‫‪Separating‬‬
‫& ‪the first‬‬
‫‪connecting‬‬ ‫أعو ُذ باهللِ منَ الش ِ‬
‫َّيطان‬
‫‪the second‬‬ ‫س ِم َّ‬
‫َّللاِ‬ ‫جيم | بِ ْ‬ ‫ال َّر ِ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Stop‬‬ ‫‪Connect‬‬
‫‪with the‬‬ ‫يم | ا ْل َح ْم ُد‬
‫ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح ِ‬
‫‪third‬‬ ‫ِ َّهللِ َر ِّب ا ْل َعالَ ِمين‬

‫‪Connecting‬‬
‫‪the first‬‬
‫‪with the‬‬
‫& ‪second‬‬ ‫أعو ُذ باهللِ منَ الش ِ‬
‫َّيطان‬
‫‪separating‬‬ ‫س ِم َّ‬
‫َّللاِ‬ ‫جيم | بِ ْ‬ ‫ال َّر ِ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Connect‬‬ ‫‪Stop‬‬
‫‪the second‬‬ ‫يم | ا ْل َح ْم ُد‬
‫ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح ِ‬
‫‪from the‬‬ ‫ِ َّهللِ َر ِّب ا ْل َعالَ ِمين‬
‫‪third‬‬

‫‪- 25 -‬‬
 Ways of Besmellah (‫)طرق البسملة‬:
Besmellah between two consecutive surahs, like Surah Al Ikhlas and
Surah Al Falaq
Starting a Recitaiton with Isti’adha and Besmella (‫)إستفتاح القراءة باالستعاذه و البسمله‬

End Surah / Besmalla / Beg.

Types
Surah Examples
| ‫َولَ ْم يَ ُكن لَّهُ ُكفُ ًوا أَ َح ٌد‬
Separating all
1 Stop Stop ‫يم‬ ِ َّ ‫س ِم‬
ِ ‫َّللا ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح‬ ْ ِ‫ب‬
ُ َ
ِ َ‫| قُ ْل أعُوذ بِ َر ِّب ا ْلفَل‬
‫ق‬
| ‫َولَ ْم يَ ُكن لَّهُ ُكفُ ًوا أَ َح ٌد‬
Connecting all
2 Connect Connect ‫يم‬ ِ َّ ‫س ِم‬
ِ ‫َّللا ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح‬ ْ ِ‫ب‬
‫ق‬ِ َ‫| قُ ْل أَعُو ُذ بِ َر ِّب ا ْلفَل‬

Separating
the first &
| ‫َولَ ْم يَ ُكن لَّهُ ُكفُ ًوا أَ َح ٌد‬
connecting
3 Stop Connect ‫يم‬ ِ َّ ‫س ِم‬
ِ ‫َّللا ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح‬ ْ ِ‫ب‬
the second
with the third ِ َ‫| قُ ْل أَعُو ُذ بِ َر ِّب ا ْلفَل‬
‫ق‬

Connecting
the first with
the second &
| ‫َولَ ْم يَ ُكن لَّهُ ُكفُ ًوا أَ َح ٌد‬
x separating the
second from
the third
Connect Stop ‫يم‬
‫ق‬ ُ
ِ َّ ‫س ِم‬
ِ ‫َّللا ال َّر ْح َم ٰـ ِن ال َّر ِح‬
َ
ِ َ‫| قُ ْل أعُوذ بِ َر ِّب ا ْلفَل‬
ْ ِ‫ب‬

Ways of beginning with Surah At-Tawbah:

If one begins reading it, then there are two ways:
▪ To stop at the isti’adha then begin the surah without the
besmellah
- 26 -
 ▪ To connect the isti’adha with the beginning of the surah

Types Isti'adha / Beg. Surah At Tawbah

Examples

Starting a Recitaiton with Isti’adha and Besmella (‫)إستفتاح القراءة باالستعاذه و البسمله‬
َ‫أعو ُذ باهللِ من‬
| ‫جيم‬
ِ ‫الشَّيطا ِن ال َّر‬
1 Separating Stop َّ َ‫بَ َرا َءةٌ ِّمن‬
ِ‫َّللا‬
‫سولِ ِه‬
ُ ‫َو َر‬
َ‫أعو ُذ باهللِ من‬
Connecting | ‫جيم‬ ِ ‫الشَّيطا ِن ال َّر‬
2 Connect َّ َ‫بَ َرا َءةٌ ِّمن‬
ِ‫َّللا‬
‫سولِ ِه‬ُ ‫َو َر‬

Ways of connecting between the two surahs – Al Anfal and At-

Tawbah:

Types End Al Anfal / Beg. Surah At Tawbah

Examples
َّ َّ‫إِن‬
ْ ‫َّللاَ ِب ُك ِّل ش‬
‫َي ٍء‬
1 Separating Stop ِ َّ َ‫َعلِي ٌم | بَ َرا َءةٌ ِّمن‬
‫َّللا‬
‫سولِ ِه‬
ُ ‫َو َر‬
Silence
َّ َّ‫إِن‬
ْ ‫َّللاَ ِب ُك ِّل ش‬
‫َي ٍء‬
(Stopping َّ َ‫َعلِي ٌم | بَ َرا َءةٌ ِّمن‬
2 Silence ِ‫َّللا‬
without
‫سولِ ِه‬
ُ ‫َو َر‬
breathing)
َّ َّ‫إِن‬
ْ ‫َّللاَ ِب ُك ِّل ش‬
‫َي ٍء‬
Connecting َّ َ‫َعلِي ٌم | بَ َرا َءةٌ ِّمن‬
3 Connect ِ‫َّللا‬
‫سولِ ِه‬
ُ ‫َو َر‬

- 27 -
Al Hamzah
‫الهمزة‬

- 28 -
 Al Hamzah (‫)الهمزة‬
Hamzah
(‫)الهمزة‬

Cutting (‫)القطع‬ Connecting

)‫(أ‬ ( ‫(ٱ) )الوصل‬

Al Hamzah in the beginning of a word is of two types ( ‫الهمزة في أول الكلمة‬

‫)نوعان‬:

Al Hamzah (‫)الهمزة‬
1. The Cutting Hamzah (‫ (أ( )همزة القطع‬It is a moving hamzah (has
harakat) that appears in the beginning or the middle or the end of a
word (‫)هي همزة متحركة تقع أول الكلمة أو وسطها أو آخر الكلمة‬.

Examples: ، ‫ أ ُم‬، ‫براهي ُم‬

َ ‫ إ‬، ‫ أَ َم َر‬، ‫ أَص َب َح‬، َ‫ أن‬، َ‫ إن‬، ‫ أد َه ُم‬، ‫أَهَم‬
‫ إ َٰلَى‬، ‫َق َرأ‬
If we connect the cutting hamzah (‫ (أ( )همزة القطع‬with )‫ (و‬or )‫ (ف‬or )‫(ك‬
then the hamzah will still be pronounced ( ‫و إذا وصلنا همزة القطع (أ) بالواو‬
‫)(و) أو (ف) أو (ك) فالهمزة البد من أن ننطقها‬.

Examples: ‫ وإ َٰلَى‬، ‫براهي ُم‬

َ ‫ وإ‬، ‫ فأ ُم ُر‬، َ‫ وأَن‬، َ‫ وإن‬، ‫ وأد َه ُم‬، ‫وأَهَم‬
2. The Connecting Hamzah (‫ (ٱ) )همزة الوصل‬The hamzah is pronounced
if it appears in the beginning of the word (‫)الهمزة تنطق في ابتداء الكلمة‬.
Examples:
ُ‫مرأَة‬
َ ‫ا‬، َ ‫ ار َت َحل‬، ‫ اش َت َد‬، ‫ اث َنين‬، ‫ اس َت َل َم‬، ‫ار‬ َ ‫ اس َت َج‬، ُ‫ ابن‬، ‫اس ُم‬
َ ‫ ان َه‬، ‫اب‬
- 29 -
 The hamzah is dropped and is not pronounced, if a word appears
before it. (‫)الهمزة تسقط و ال ينطق بها إذا وضعنا كلمة قبلها‬.

Examples: ، ‫ واث َنين‬، ‫ واس َتلَ َم‬، ‫ار‬ َ ‫ فاس َت َج‬، ُ‫ وابن‬، ‫واس ُم‬
َ ‫ فان َه‬، ‫اب‬
ُ‫مرأَة‬
َ ‫ وا‬، َ ‫ وار َت َحل‬، ‫واش َت َد‬

The Connecting Hamzah (‫ )همزة الوصل‬appears in:

1. Verbs (‫)األفعال‬ 2. Nouns (‫)األسماء‬ 3. Letters (‫)الحروف‬

1. Verbs (‫)االفعال‬:
When the connecting hamzah (‫ )همزة الوصل‬appears in the beginning of
a verb, then the hamza will have a dhamma (‫ )ضمة‬if the third letter
has a dhamma (‫)ضمة‬.
ُ ، _ ، ُ‫ا‬
Al Hamzah (‫)الهمزة‬

Examples: ‫ ا ُ ْج ُت َث ْت‬، ‫ ا ُن ُظر‬، ‫ ا ُد ُع‬، ‫ ا ُد ُخلوا‬، ‫ض‬

ْ ‫ا ُ ْر ُك‬
Exceptions: ‫ اء ُتوا‬، ‫ضوا‬ ُ ‫ اق‬، ‫ اب ُنوا‬، ‫شوا‬ ُ ‫ ام‬، ‫ضوا‬ ُ ‫ام‬
When the connecting hamzah (‫ )همزة الوصل‬appears in the beginning of
the verb, it will have a kasra (‫)كسرة‬:

(a) If the third letter has a kasra (‫)كسرة‬ ،_،‫ا‬

Examples: ْ ‫ ا ْكش‬، ‫صب ْر‬

‫ف‬ ْ ‫ا‬

(b) If the third letter has a fat’ha (‫َ )فتحة‬ ،_،‫ا‬

Examples: ‫ اس َت ْغفر‬، ‫ا َت ُقوا‬
- 30 -
2. Nouns (‫)األسماء‬: when the connecting hamzah (‫ )همزة الوصل‬appears in
the beginning of nouns, then the hamza will have a kasra (‫)كسرة‬
always:

Examples: ، ‫ ا ْث َن َتان‬، ‫ ا ْث َنان‬، ‫ ا ْس َم‬، ‫ ا ْبنُ َم ْر َيم‬، ‫ ام ُرؤ‬، ‫ا ْم َرأَة‬

‫ ا ْست ْكبارا‬، ‫است ْغفا ُر‬

3. Letters (‫)الحروف‬: the connecting hamzah (‫ )همزة الوصل‬appears in one

letter which is ‘lam’ for defining, the hamza will have a fat’ha (‫)فتحة‬
always:

Examples: ُ ‫ ا ْألَ ْر‬، ‫ ا ْلك َٰتب‬، ‫ا ْ َلِل‬

‫ض‬

Exercises for the connecting hamzah (‫)همزة الوصل‬:

Al Hamzah (‫)الهمزة‬
َ ، ‫ اد ُعوا‬، ‫اتخ ُذوا‬
، ‫ ارجعي‬، ‫ اشدُد‬، ‫ اذهَب‬، ‫اقرأ‬ َ ، ‫ ات َب ُعوا‬، ‫اد ُخلُوا‬
ُ‫ابن‬

- 31 -
Rules of Meem & Noon
al Mushadadtain
‫أحكام الميم والنون المشدَدَ تين‬

- 32 -
 Rules of the Meem and Noon Mushadadtain
(‫)أحكام الميم و النون المش َد َدتين‬
Al Meem Al Mushadada (‫)الميم المشددة‬: It is a meem (‫ )م‬that has a sheda

Rules of Meem & Noon al Mushadadtain (‫)أحكام الميم و النون المشدَ دَ تين‬
( ّْ) on it. It is originally composed of two meems – one meem is sakin
(‫ ) ْم‬and the other meem has a haraka ( ُْْ‫) َم‬. When these two meems
merge, the sakin and haraka meems become one meem with a sheda
(‫ فيدغم الحرف ( ) ّم‬،‫ األول ساكن و الثاني متحرك‬،‫الحرف المش َدد أصله مكون من حرفين‬
‫)الساكن في الحرف المتحرك بحيث يصيران حرفا واحدا مشددا‬.

‫ َمُْْ = ّم‬+ ‫ْم‬

Definition of Al Ghunna (Nasalization) (‫)الغنة‬:
Linguistically: a sound that has two counts while exiting from the
‘khayshoom’ (‫ – )خيشوم‬the nasal passage (‫)صوت له رنين يخرج من الخيشوم‬.

Rule for Al Meem Al Mushadada (‫)الميم المشددة‬: Al meem al mushadada

(‫ )الميم المشددة‬must be ‘nasalized’ (sound of ghunna) as complete as can
be, it is called (‫)حرف غنة‬.
(‫)الميم المش َددة يجب غنةا أكمل ما تكون و تسمى حرف غنة‬

Examples: ‫ أ ُم َك‬، ‫ ا ُ َم ُت ُك ْم‬، ‫ مح َمد‬، ‫َع َم‬

Al Noon Al Mushadada (‫)النون المشددة‬: It is a noon (‫ )ن‬that has a sheda
( ّْ) on it. It is originally composed of two noons – one noon is sakin
( ْ‫ )ن‬and the other noon has a haraka ( ُْْ َْ َ‫)ن‬. When these two
noons merge, the sakin and haraka meems become one noon with a
sheda ( ّ‫)ن‬.

- 33 -
 ّ‫ نَ ُْْ = ن‬+ ْ‫ن‬
Rule for Al Noon Al Mushadada (‫)النون المش َددة‬: Al noon al mushadada
(‫ )النون المشددة‬must be ‘nasalized’ (sound of ghunna) as complete as can
Rules of Meem & Noon al Mushadadtain (‫)أحكام الميم و النون المشدَ دَ تين‬

be. Al noon al mushadada (‫ )النون المشددة‬is called a nasalized letter or

‘harf ghunna’ (‫)حرف غنة‬.

Examples: َ‫ إن‬، ‫الج َن ُة‬

َ ، ‫الخ َناس‬
َ ، ‫ال َناس‬

Examples of both Meem and Noon Mushadada:

ُ ‫ ال َن َبأ‬، ‫ ال َنب ُي‬، ‫ َج َه َن ُم‬، ‫س‬
ُ ‫ ال َنف‬، ‫ أ َن ُهم‬، ‫الخ َناس‬ َ ، ‫ َفل َما‬، ‫النور‬
‫ أ َم ُه‬، ‫س َمى‬ َ ‫ألَ َم‬
َ ‫ ُم‬، ‫ ال َن َهار‬، ‫ ُيمن َي ُهم‬، ‫ َد َم َر‬، ‫ أَ َن ُه‬، ‫ارة‬

- 34 -
‫& ‪Rules of Noon Sakina‬‬
‫‪Tanween‬‬
‫أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

‫‪- 35 -‬‬
 Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween
(‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

Rules of Noon Sakina & Tanween

(‫)النون الساكنة و التنوين‬
Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween (‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

Ikhfa' - Iqlab - Idgham -

Idh'har - Making
Hiding Flipping Merging
clear ( ‫)اإلظهار‬
(‫)اإلخفاء‬ ( ‫)اإلقالب‬ ( ‫)اإلدغام‬

Noon sakina Noon Noon

or tanween Without With sakina or
sakina or ghunna
with ghunna tanween
tanween
‫صشزذقف‬ with with
‫ثستكدض‬ ‫ب‬ Noon sakina or ‫غخعحأه‬
‫جطظ‬ Noon sakina or
tanween with tanween with
‫ل ر‬ ‫ينمو‬

First: Idh’har – Making Clear (‫)اإلظهار‬

Linguistically (‫)لغة‬: It is to make obvious and clear (‫)البيان و اإليضاح‬
Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: To release each letter from its exit point without
nasalization (without ghunna) (‫)إخراج كل حرف من مخرجه من غير غنة‬
Letters of Idh’har (‫)أحرف اإلظهار‬: ‫غخعحأه‬
Ruling for Idh’har – Making Clear (‫)اإلظهار‬: If noon sakina or tanween
appear, followed by one of the the idh’ar letters, then the ruling is
idh’har, which is to pronounce these letters clearly. These letters exit
from the lower end to the upper end of the throat. These six letters
are pronounced without nasalization (without ghunna) (‫)غير غنة‬
(‫اإلظهار الحلقي هو إظهار النون الساكنة أو التنوين عند حروف اإلظهار الستة بدون غنة‬.).

- 36 -
 Noon Sakina (‫)النون الساكنة‬
Letter of
Tanween
Idh'har Two Words Single Word
(‫)التنوين‬
(‫)اإلظهار‬

Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween (‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

)‫الهمزة (ء‬ ‫ِمن أَه ِل‬ ‫يَنـَو َن‬ ٌ‫سو ٌل أَ ِمين‬ُ ‫َر‬
)‫الهاء (ه‬ ‫اج َر‬َ ‫َمن َه‬ ‫يَن َه ٰى‬ ‫فَ ِريقًا َه َد ٰى‬
)‫العين (ع‬ ‫ِّمن َع َم ِل‬ َ ‫أَن َعم‬
‫ت‬ ‫س ِمي ٌع َع ِلي ٌم‬ َ
)‫الحاء (ح‬ ‫يم‬
ٍ ‫ِّمن َح ِك‬ َ ُ‫يَن ِحت‬
‫ون‬ ‫َغفُو ٌر َح ِلي ٌم‬
)‫الغين (غ‬ ‫ِمن َغي ِر ُكم‬ ‫ون‬
َ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫سيُن ِغ‬ َ َ‫ف‬ ‫َّمآ ًء َغ َدقًا‬
)‫الخاء (خ‬ ِ ‫ِّمن َخو‬
‫ف‬ ُ‫ٱل ُمن َخ ِنقَة‬ ٌ‫ش َعة‬
ِ ‫يَو َم ِٮ ٍذ َخ ٰـ‬

Second: Idgham – Merging (‫)اإلدغام‬

Linguistically (‫)لغة‬: To merge (‫)اإلدخال‬

Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: To merge the noon sakina / tanween letter into
the one of the idgham letters so at the time of recitation, they
become one letter with sheda ( ‫إدخال حرف ساكن في حرف متحرك بحيث يصيران‬
‫)عند النطق بهما حرفا واحدا مشددا‬.

Two types of Idgham – Merging (‫)إدغام‬:

There is merging (idgham) with nasalization (with ghunna) → ( ‫إدغام‬
‫ )بغنة‬and merging (idgham) without nasalization (without ghunna) →
(‫)إدغام بغير غنة‬.
The letters that form this rule are → ‫يرملون‬ (‫ ن‬، ‫ و‬، ‫ ل‬، ‫ م‬، ‫ ر‬، ‫)ي‬

- 37 -
 Merging with Nasalization (Idgham with ghunna) (‫)إدغام بغنة‬:
It is merging the noon sakina or tanween with a letter that is part of
the nasalization letter’s group (ghunna) (‫)غنة‬.
The letters are: ‫ و( ينمو‬، ‫ م‬، ‫ ن‬، ‫) ي‬
Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween (‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

Examples of Idgham with Ghunna (‫ )إدغام بغنة‬with Noon Sakina and

Tanween

Idgham with Ghunna Noon Sakina

Tanween (‫)النتوين‬
Letters (‫)حرف اإلدغام بغنة‬ (‫)النون الساكنة‬

)‫الياء (ي‬ َ ‫َف َمنْ َي ْع َمل‬ ‫َخيرا َي َر ْه‬

)‫النون (ن‬ ‫منْ ّنفعهما‬ ‫َيو َمئ ٍذ ّناع َم ُة‬
)‫الميم (م‬ ‫منْ ّما ٍل‬ ‫كونا ّمن‬
ُ ‫َولي‬
)‫الواو (و‬ َ ‫ير ٍة َو َال‬
‫سآٮ َب ٍة‬ َ ‫َبح‬ ٍ ‫َوصيلَ ٍة َو َال َح‬
‫ام‬

Idgham without ghunna – Merging without Nasalization (‫)إدغام بغير غنة‬:

It is merging the noon sakina or tanween with a letter that is not one
of the nasalization letters (without ghunna) (‫)إدغام بغير غنة‬.
The letters are: ‫ل ر‬

- 38 -
‫‪) with Noon Sakina‬إدغام بغير غنة( ‪Examples of Idgham without Ghunna‬‬
‫‪and Tanween‬‬

‫‪Idgham without Ghunna‬‬ ‫‪Noon Sakina‬‬

‫)التنوين( ‪Tanween‬‬
‫)حرف اإلدغام بغير غنة(‬ ‫)النون الساكنة(‬

‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين( ‪Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween‬‬

‫الالم (ل)‬ ‫أن لَن‬ ‫مصدقا ل َما‬
‫الالم (ل)‬ ‫منْ لَدُن َك‬ ‫َو ْيل ل ْل ُمطففين‬
‫الراء (ر)‬ ‫منْ َر َب ُكم‬ ‫عي َ‬
‫ش ٍة َراض َي ٍة‬
‫الراء (ر)‬ ‫منْ َرسول‬ ‫َغفُور َرحيم‬

‫‪- 39 -‬‬
 ‫‪) and‬النون الساكنة( ‪) with Noon Sakina‬إدغام( ‪Examples of Idgham‬‬
‫)التنوين( ‪Tanween‬‬

‫حرف‬
‫التنوين‬ ‫النون الساكنة‬ ‫نوع اإلدغام‬ ‫اإلدغام‬
‫‪Al Tanween‬‬ ‫‪Sakina Noon‬‬ ‫‪Type of Idhgam‬‬ ‫‪Letter of‬‬
‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين( ‪Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween‬‬

‫‪Merging‬‬
‫ون ‪>--‬‬ ‫إِنْ يَقُولُ َ‬
‫يَو َم ِٮ ٍذ يَص ُد ُر‬ ‫بغنة ‪ghunna‬‬ ‫الياء (ي)‬
‫إِيَقُولُ َ‬
‫ون‬
‫ِمنْ ِنع َم ٍة ‪>--‬‬
‫أمشاج نبتليه‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫بغنة ‪ghunna‬‬ ‫النون (ن)‬
‫ِمنِع َم ٍة‬
‫لجأ ‪>--‬‬ ‫ِمنْ َم َ‬
‫صراط مستقيم‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫بغنة ‪ghunna‬‬ ‫الميم (م)‬
‫لجأ‬
‫ِم َم َ‬
‫اق ‪>--‬‬ ‫ِمنْ َو ٍ‬
‫ون‬ ‫َجنَّ ٰـ ٍ‬
‫ت َو ُعيُ ٍ‬ ‫اق‬
‫بغنة ‪ghunna‬‬ ‫الواو (و)‬
‫ِم َو ٍ‬
‫ُه ًدى لِّل ُمتَّ ِق َ‬
‫ين‬ ‫لَ ِئنْ لَم ‪ >--‬لَ ِئلَم‬ ‫بغير غنة ‪no ghunna‬‬ ‫الالم (ل)‬
‫ِمنْ َر ِب ِهم ‪>--‬‬
‫عيش ٍة راضيه‬ ‫بغير غنة ‪no ghunna‬‬ ‫الراء (ر)‬
‫ِم َر ِب ِهم‬
‫)اإلقالب( ‪Third: Iqlab – Flipping‬‬

‫تحويل ( ‪): Changing something from its current state‬لغة( ‪Linguistically‬‬

‫)الشيء عن وجهه‬
‫)م( ‪): Flipping the noon sakina or tanween into‬اصطالحا( ‪Application‬‬
‫‪).‬قلب النون الساكنة أو التنوين ميما مخفاة( )ب( ‪when followed by‬‬

‫م >‪ --‬ب‪ ٍْْ ْ +‬أو نْ‬

‫‪- 40 -‬‬
 Examples of Iqlab (‫ )اقالب‬with Noon Sakina (‫ )النون الساكنة‬and Tanween
(‫)التنوين‬

‫النون‬
‫النطق‬ ‫التنوين‬ ‫النطق‬ ‫الساكنة‬
Pronounciation Tanween Pronounciation Residing

Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween (‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

Noon

‫سمي َعمبَصيرا‬ ‫سمي َع ۢا بَصيرا‬ ُ‫تُم ِبت‬ ُ‫تُ ۢن ِبت‬

‫حلمبهذا‬ ‫ح ۢ ُل ِبهذا‬ ‫ممبخل‬ ‫َم ۢن بَ ِخ َل‬
‫بسلطانمبَين‬ ِۢ
‫بسلطان بَين‬ ‫ليمبذن‬ َّ‫لَيُ ۢنب َذن‬
َ َ‫لَن‬
‫سف َعمبالنَّاصية‬ ‫سف َع ۢا بالنَّاصية‬
َ َ‫لَن‬ ‫ِممبَعد‬ ‫ِم ۢن بَعد‬
Fourth: Ikhfa’ – Hiding (‫)اإلخفاء‬:

Linguistically (‫)لغة‬: To conceal or make hidden (‫)هو الستر‬

Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: To pronounce the letter between making it clear
(idh’har) (‫ )إظهار‬and merging (idgham) (‫)إدغام‬. There is a sound of
nasalization (ghunna) (‫هو نطق بدون الحرف بصفة بين اإلظهار و اإلدغام ( )غنة‬
‫)بدون تشديد مع بقاء غنة‬.

The letters of ikhfa’ (‫ )اخفاء‬are 15 (they are the remaining letters):

‫ف‬،‫ت‬،‫ز‬،‫د‬،‫س‬،‫ش‬،‫ج‬،‫ك‬،‫ث‬،‫ذ‬،‫ظ‬،‫ض‬،‫ط‬،‫ق‬،‫ص‬

- 41 -
 ‫‪) with Noon Sakina and Tanween‬اخفاء( ’‪Examples of Ikhfa‬‬

‫النون الساكنة‬
‫التنوين‬ ‫‪Two‬‬ ‫في كلمتين‬ ‫في كلمة واحدة‬ ‫حرف‬
‫‪Al Tanween‬‬ ‫‪Words‬‬ ‫‪Single Word‬‬ ‫‪Letter‬‬
‫ص ًرا‬‫صر َ‬ ‫يحا َ‬ ‫ِر ً‬ ‫ص ٰـ ٍل‬
‫صل َ‬ ‫ِمن َ‬ ‫صر ُك ُم‬
‫يَن ُ‬ ‫ص‬
‫ب قَيِّ َمةٌ‬‫ُكتُ ٌ‬ ‫فَإ ِن قَاتَلُو ُك ْم‬ ‫يَنقَلِبُ َ‬
‫ون‬
‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين( ‪Rules of Noon Sakina and Tanween‬‬

‫ق‬
‫ش َرابا ً طَ ُهو ًرا‬
‫َ‬ ‫ِمن طَيِّبَا ِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫يَن ِطقُ َ‬
‫ون‬ ‫ط‬
‫ين‬ ‫قَ ْوما ً َ‬
‫ضالِّ َ‬ ‫يع‬
‫ض ِر ٍ‬
‫ِمن َ‬ ‫ضو ٍد‬
‫َمن ُ‬ ‫ض‬
‫قُ ًرى ظَا ِه َرةً‬ ‫َمن ظُلِ َم‬ ‫فَانظُ ْر‬ ‫ظ‬
‫س َراعا ً َذلِ َك‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َمن َذا الَّ ِذي‬ ‫ُمن ِذ ٌر‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ع ثَ َّم أَ ِمي ٍن‬
‫ُمطَا ٍ‬ ‫فَأ َ َّما َمن ثَقُلَتْ‬ ‫َمنثُو ًرا‬ ‫ث‬
‫ِك َراما ً َكاتِبِ َ‬
‫ين‬ ‫فَ َمن َك َ‬
‫ان‬ ‫يَن ُكثُ َ‬
‫ون‬ ‫ك‬
‫فَ َ‬
‫ص ْب ٌر َج ِمي ٌل‬ ‫أَن َجا َء ُك ْم‬ ‫أَن َج ْينَا ُك ْم‬ ‫ج‬
‫سولً شَا ِهداً‬
‫َر ُ‬ ‫إِن شَا َء َّللا‬ ‫أَن َ‬
‫ش َرهُ‬ ‫ش‬
‫ت‬
‫سائِ َحا ٍ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫َعابِ َدا ٍ‬ ‫س َاللَ ٍة‬
‫ِمن ُ‬ ‫س ْخ‬
‫نَن َ‬ ‫س‬
‫قِ ْن َوانٌ َدانِيَةٌ‬ ‫َو َمن َد َخلَهُ‬ ‫أَن َدا ًدا‬ ‫د‬
‫ص ِعيداً َزلَقا ً‬
‫َ‬ ‫َمن َز َّكا َها‬ ‫أَن َز ْلنَاهُ‬ ‫ز‬
‫ِح ْليَةً تَ ْلبَ ُ‬
‫سونَ َها‬ ‫َصبِ ُروا‬
‫َوإِن ت ْ‬ ‫ُمنتَ ُه َ‬
‫ون‬ ‫ت‬
‫ش ْيئا ً فَ ِريَّا‬
‫َ‬ ‫ِمن فَ ْ‬
‫ض ِل َّللا‬ ‫فَانفِ ُروا‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪- 42 -‬‬
Exercise: Identify the rules - Making Clear (Idh’har) (‫ ;)اإلظهار‬Merging
(Idgham) (‫ ;)اإلدغام‬Flipping (Iqlab) (‫ ;)اإلقالب‬Hiding (Ikhfa’) (‫ ;)اإلخفاء‬Noon
and Meem with Sheda (Mushadadtain) (‫)النون و الميم المشددتين‬

‫أَن َز َل‬ ْ‫فَ ِريقا ً ِّمن‬

Rules of the Noon Sakina and Tanween (‫)أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬
ً‫صيرا‬ِ َ‫س ِميعا ً ب‬
َ
َ ‫َمنْ َخ‬
‫اف‬ ِ ‫ى لِّنَّا‬
‫س‬ ً ‫ُهد‬ ‫ِبأَن تَأْتُوا‬
‫ص‬
ٍ ‫ِمن ُّمو‬ ‫ت ِّم َن‬ ٍ ‫َوبَيِّنَا‬ ‫ث‬ُ ‫َو ِمنْ َح ْي‬
َّ‫إِن‬ ‫َمن َخفَّت‬ ‫أَن ِفقُوا‬
‫َغفُو ٌر َّر ِحي ٌم‬ ‫َعن بَيِّنَ ٍة‬ ‫ص ْرتُم‬ِ ‫فَإِنْ أُ ْح‬
‫قَ ْولً َغ ْي َر‬ ‫فَإِنِّي‬ ِ ‫ِمن َّر ْأ‬
‫س ِه‬
ٍ ‫أَيَّاما ً َّم ْع ُدو َدا‬
‫ت‬ ُ ‫يب أُ ِج‬
‫يب‬ ٌ ‫قَ ِر‬ ‫فَفِ ْديَةٌ ِّمن‬
‫ان‬َ ‫فَ َمن َك‬ َّ‫هُن‬ ‫صيَ ٍام‬ ِ ‫ِمن‬
‫ِمن ُك ْم‬ ‫اس لَّ ُك ْم‬ ٌ َ‫لِب‬ ‫َو َمن لَّ ْم‬
‫ِمنْ أَيَّ ٍام‬ ‫ثُ َّم‬ ُ‫يَ ُكنْ أَ ْهلُه‬
Noon sakina ( ْ‫ )ن‬and tanween ٍْْ ْ with ‫_____________ ? أ ه ع ح غ خ‬

Noon sakina ( ْ‫ )ن‬and tanween ٍْْ ْ with ‫? ى ن م و‬ _____________

Noon sakina ( ْ‫ )ن‬and tanween ٍْْ ْ with ‫? ل ر‬ _____________

Noon sakina ( ْ‫ )ن‬and tanween ٍْْ ْ with ‫? ب‬ _____________

Noon sakina ( ْ‫ )ن‬and tanween ٍْْ ْ with remaining letters? _______

- 43 -
Rules of Meem Sakina
‫أحكام الميم الساكنة‬

- 44 -
 Rules of Meem Sakina (‫)أحكام الميم الساكنة‬

)‫( ْم‬

‫اإلظهار الشفوي‬
‫اإلدغام الشفوي‬ ‫اإلخفاء الشفوي‬
Verbal Making
Verbal Merging Verbal Hiding
Clear

Rules of Meem Sakina (‫)أحكام الميم الساكنة‬

‫باقي الحروف‬
Rest of the ‫َم م ُم‬ ‫ب‬
letters

First: Al Ikhfa’ Ash Sheffawi – Verbal Hiding (‫)اإلخفاء الشفوي‬

This is when the meem sakina (‫ ) ْم‬is followed by the letter ba’a (‫)ب‬.
‫ ْم‬+ ‫ = ب‬Verbal Hiding (Ikhfa’a Ash Sheffawi) (‫)اإلخفاء الشفوي‬

The (‫ ) ْم‬is read between idh’har (making clear) (‫ )إظهار‬and idgham

(merging) (‫ )إدغام‬with complete ghunna (‫)غنة‬. (‫)وجب إخفاء الميم مع غنة‬

Example:

‫تَر ِمي ِهم ِب ِح َجا َر ٍة‬

‫سي َم ٰـ ُهم‬ِ ‫تَع ِرفُ ُهم ِب‬
‫َمنَا ُم ُكم ِبٱلَّي ِل‬

- 45 -
 Second: Al Idgham Ash Sheffawi – Verbal Merging (‫)اإلدغام الشفوي‬:
The meem sakina (‫ ) ْم‬is merged into the moving meem (‫ُم‬ ‫) َم م‬ to
become one meem with a sheda (‫) ّم‬. It is also called ‘similar idgham’
(‫)إدغام مثماثلين‬. The meem takes complete ghunna (‫)غنة‬.
‫ و يسمى‬.‫تدغم الميم الساكنة ( ْم) في الميم المتحركة َم م م فتصيران ميما واحدة مشددة‬
‫إدغام متماثلين‬
Example:
Rules of Meem Sakina (‫)أحكام الميم الساكنة‬

‫و منكم َمن‬ ً‫سعيكم َّمشكورا‬ َ

‫يمتعكم َمتاعا‬ ‫َجزا ُؤ ُهم َمغفرة‬

Third: Al Idh’har Ash Sheffawi – Verbal Making Clear (‫)اإلظهار الشفوي‬:

This is to clearly pronounce the meem sakina (‫ ) ْم‬with all of the letters
that follow it except ba’a (‫ )ب‬and meem (‫)م‬. ( ‫إظهار الميم الساكنة ( ْم) عند‬
‫)جميع الحروف ماعدا الباء و الميم‬

Example:

‫يَ ْم َحق‬ ‫َكأنه ْم لُ ْؤلُ ٌؤ‬

‫يَ ْم َهدون‬ ‫أعمالهم فيها‬
‫و ه ْم نائمون‬ ‫َم ْرجعك ْم و هو‬

- 46 -
 ‫)غنة( ‪Levels of Nasalization – Ghunna‬‬

‫)غنة( ‪Levels of Nasalization – Ghunna‬‬ ‫‪Examples‬‬

‫ص ِب َر ‪،‬‬ ‫ا ْل َجنَّ ِة ‪ ،‬لَن نَّ ْ‬
‫‪) / Idgham‬ن) ‪( /‬م(‬
‫‪Complete as can be‬‬
‫)إدغام( )‪(Merging‬‬ ‫ب ‪َ ،‬و‬ ‫الحطَ ِ‬ ‫َح َّمالَةَ َ‬
‫لَ ُكم َّما‬
‫‪Complete‬‬ ‫)اخفاء( )‪Ikhfa'a (Hidden‬‬
‫ان ‪ ،‬ت َْر ِمي ِهم‬ ‫س َ‬ ‫اإلن َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫بح َجا َر ٍة‬
‫ِ‬
‫أَ ْن َع ْم َ‬
‫)‪Idh'har (Making Clear‬‬
‫‪Reduced‬‬
‫)إظهار(‬ ‫ت ‪َ ،‬علَ ْي ِه ْم‬

‫)أحكام الميم الساكنة( ‪Rules of Meem Sakina‬‬

‫‪Noon & Meen with‬‬
‫‪Reduced as can be‬‬ ‫صفُوفَةٌ‬ ‫َو نَ َما ِر ُ‬
‫ق َم ْ‬
‫‪Harakat‬‬

‫‪Exercise: Identify the rule for meem sakina‬‬

‫َع ْن ُه ْم أَ ْم َوالُ ُه ْم‬ ‫نَ َّج ْينَا ُكم ِّمنْ‬ ‫ا ْل َح ْم ُد‬

‫سى‬ ‫َجا َء ُكم ُّمو َ‬ ‫َذلِ ُك ْم بَ َال ٌء‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أَ ْن َع ْم َ‬
‫ُكنتُم ُّم ْؤ ِمنِ َ‬
‫ين‬ ‫ش ُك ُر َ‬
‫ون‬ ‫لَ َعلَّ ُك ْم تَ ْ‬ ‫ُه ْم يُوقِنُ َ‬
‫ون‬
‫قَ ْبلِ ِهم ِّم ْث َل‬ ‫اجو ُك ْم بِ ِه‬ ‫لِيُ َح ُّ‬ ‫ض ُه ْم َعلَى‬ ‫َع َر َ‬
‫آ َمنتُم ِب ِه‬ ‫لَ ُهم ِّم َّما‬ ‫ُه ْم يَ ْح َزنُ َ‬
‫ون‬
‫‪Exercise: Identity the rules for noon sakina, tanween & meem sakina‬‬

‫َع َذابًا َّل‬ ‫ض َّل‬‫ض ُّر ُكم َّمن َ‬ ‫يَ ُ‬ ‫ص ْي ُد‬ ‫َمتَا ًعا لَ ُك ْم َ‬
‫ش ِهي ٌد‬
‫ش ْي ٍء َ‬ ‫َعلَى ُك ِّل َ‬ ‫َعن َك‬ ‫َغفُو ٌر َّر ِحي ٌم‬
‫لَ ُه ْم َجنَّا ٍ‬
‫ت‬ ‫إِنْ َه َذا‬ ‫ِمن بَ ْي ِته‬
‫ِمن ت َْح ِت َها‬ ‫سلُ ُهم ِبا ْلبَيِّنَا ِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َجا َء ْت ُه ْم ُر ُ‬ ‫شيَا َء‬ ‫َعنْ أَ ْ‬
‫ْاْل ْن َها ُر‬ ‫سح ٌر ُمبين‬ ‫إنْ تُبد‬

‫‪- 47 -‬‬
Rules of the Lams
Sakina
‫أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

- 48 -
 Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬
‫حكم الالمات االساكنة‬
Rules of the Residing (Sakina) Lams

‫الم األمر‬ ‫الم الحرف‬ ‫الم االسم‬ ‫الم الفعل‬ ‫الم التعريف‬
Lam as a Lam as a Lam in a Lam in a Lam of
Command Letter Name Verb 'The'

First: Lam of ‘The’ (‫)الم التعريف‬

Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

It is an additional ‘Lam’ that is inserted in front of indefinite names in
order to make it definite. It is a lam sakina with hamzah before it ( ‫هي‬
‫)الم زائدة تدخل على األسماء النكرة لتعريفها و هي ساكنة مسبوقه بهمزة وصل‬. And
the ‘Lam’ is pronounced in two ways:

‫الم التعريف‬
Lam of 'The'

‫الالم الشمسية‬ ‫الالم القمرية‬

Solar Lam - Lam Ash Lunar Lam - Lam Al
Shamsiyah Qamariyah

Lam Al Qamariyah – Lunar Lam (‫)الالم القمرية‬:

When the Lam is followed by the following 14 letters, which is

grouped as:

‫ابغ حجك و خف عقيمه‬

- 49 -
 And these are called the “Lunar Letters” (‫ – )األحرف القمرية‬Lam Al
Qamirayh (‫)الالم القمرية‬.

The letters are:

‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ء‬
If one of the above letters follows the Lunar Lam (‫)الالم القمرية‬,
pronunciation of the (‫ )ل‬is clear, so the ruling for it is idh’har (‫)إظهار‬.
The reason it is clear is because of the distance between the lam exit
Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

point relative to the other lunar letters. Their distance is far. ( ‫العلة في‬
‫)اإلظهار بالتباعد مع حرف الالم لتباعد هذه الحروف مع مخرج الالم‬

Example:

َ‫ا ْل َجنَّة‬ ‫ْاْل َّو ُل‬ ‫ا ْلقَ َم َر‬

‫ا ْلغفور‬ ُ ‫ا ْلبار‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ا ْلكريم‬
Lam Ash Shamsiyah – Solar Lam (‫)الالم الشمسية‬:

It is when ‘lam’ is placed in front of an indefinite name to make it

definite. It is lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬with a hamzah before it. This hamzah
always has a fat’ha.
‫و هي الم زائدة تدخل على األسماء النكرة لتعريفها و تسبقها همزة وصل مفتوحة دائما‬
When you read )‫شمس‬ ّ ‫ (ال‬it is pronounced as ‫أشمس‬
The letters are:
‫ز‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫س‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ط‬
‫ل‬ ‫ش‬
If the lam (ْ‫ )ل‬is followed by one of these 14 letters, then it is required
to merge without nasalization and this is called, ‘solar idgham
(merging) (‫’)إدغام شمسي‬.
- 50 -
 ‫الالم الشمسية إذا وقع بعدها حرف من الحروف األربعة عشر وجب إدغامها بدون غنة و‬
‫يسمى إدغاما شمسيا‬

The reason for idgham is because the lam exit point (ْ‫ )ل‬is close to
these letters. So the lam (ْ‫ )ل‬is written (but it is not pronounced) and
the following letter has a sheda ( ّْ).

Examples:

‫صلَ َٰو َة‬

َ ‫ال‬ ‫ال َث َواب الضآلين‬ ‫ال َت ّواب‬ ُ ‫ال َط‬
‫يبات‬

Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

‫ال َناس‬ َٰ ‫الر‬
‫حمن‬ َ ‫ال َذاكرين‬
Hint: When reciting the Qur’an, a noun is qamariyah if there is no
sheda after (‫)ال‬. It is shamsiyah if there is a sheda after (‫)ال‬.
Example: (‫ٱلض َرآ ُء‬
َ ‫َو‬ َ ‫( ) ۡٱل َب ۡأ‬shamsiyah, qamariyah)
‫سآ ُء‬

Comparison Between the Lam Qamariyah (‫ )الالم القمرية‬and Lam

Shamsiyah (‫)الالم الشمسية‬

Exception: These words must always have ‘lam of the’ (‫)الم التعريف‬,
otherwise the word is incomplete:

- 51 -
 ‫– )وجوب اإلدغام( )‪Example: Requires Idgham (merging‬‬

‫ٱلَذينَ )‬ ‫(هللا ‪ ،‬ٱلَذى ‪،‬‬

‫(ا ْل َي ْ‬
‫سع) – )وجوب اإلظهار( )‪Requires Idh’har (clear‬‬
‫)شمسية( ‪) Idh’har or Solar‬قمرية( ‪Exercise: Identify from the following words if it is Lunar‬‬
‫‪Idgham.‬‬

‫ا ْل َم ْغ ِر ُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫س َما ِء‬‫ال َّ‬ ‫الض َحى‬ ‫َو ُّ‬
‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة( ‪Rules of Lams Sakina‬‬

‫يل‬‫س ِب ِ‬‫ال َّ‬ ‫ص ِّو ُر‬‫ا ْل ُم َ‬ ‫ا ْل ِكت َ‬

‫َاب‬
‫ا ْل ُغ َرا ِ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا ْل َخ ْو ِ‬ ‫الثَّ َم َرا ِ‬
‫ت‬
‫ا ْل َج ْه َر‬ ‫صا َرى‬ ‫النَّ َ‬ ‫ي‬‫ا ْلقَ ِو ُّ‬
‫ا ْلفِ َرا ُ‬
‫ق‬ ‫يف‬ ‫اللَّ ِط ُ‬ ‫الَّ ِذ َ‬
‫ين‬
‫ا ْلقَلَ ِم‬ ‫ا ْل ِع ْل ِم‬ ‫الظَّا ِه ُر‬
‫ا ْل ُك ْف ِر‬ ‫س ِمي ُع‬ ‫ال َّ‬ ‫اح‬‫ا ْلفَتَّ ُ‬
‫ا ْليَ ْو ِم‬ ‫التَّابُوتُ‬ ‫ال َّز َكاةَ‬
‫ش ْه ُر‬ ‫ال َّ‬ ‫الثَّ َوا ِ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ا ْل َعلِ ُّي‬
‫ق‬ ‫ا ْل َح ُّ‬ ‫صيَا ُم‬ ‫ال ِّ‬ ‫س‬
‫ش ْم َ‬ ‫ال َّ‬
‫اللَّ ْي ِل‬ ‫ا ْل َح ِّج‬ ‫ا ْليَ ِق ِ‬
‫ين‬

‫)الم الفعل( ‪Second: Lam in a Verb‬‬

‫‪) that appears in verbs (past or present or‬لْ( ‪Definition: It is lam sakina‬‬
‫‪command).‬‬
‫هي الم أصلية ساكنة واقعة في فعل ماضيا أو مضارع أو أمر‬

‫‪- 52 -‬‬
 Rules of Lam in a Verb ( ‫الم‬
‫)الفعل‬

Idh'har (clear) Idgham (merge)

(‫)إظهار‬ (‫)إدغام‬

If lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬appears before all letters If lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬appears before
except (‫ )ل‬and (‫)ر‬ (‫ )ل‬and (‫)ر‬

‫ أَ ْمه ْل ُه ْم‬- ‫َو َت َو َكلْ َعلَى‬ ‫َو َي ْج َعل لَ ُك ْم – َوقُل َرب‬

Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

Lam in a Past Tense Verb: The lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬appears in the middle of
the word but never at the end. ( ‫حكمها اإلظهار دائما ألنها تأتي في وسط الكلمة و‬
‫ال تأتي متطرفة أبدا‬.)

Middle like: ‫إ ْل َت َقى‬

Lam in a Present Tense Verb: The lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬appears in the middle
or end of the word. ( ‫الم الفعل أصلية في بنية الفعل و تأتي متوسطة في الكلمة و‬
‫)متطرفة‬

Middle like: ‫َي ْل َتفت‬ ، ‫َي ْل َع ُبون‬

End like: ْ‫َي ْع َمل‬ ، ْ‫َن ْج َعل‬
Lam in a Command Tense Verb: The lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬appears in the
middle or end of the word. ( ‫الم الفعل أصلية في بنية الفعل و قد تأتي متوسطة و‬
‫)متطرفة‬

Middle like: ‫إ ْلق‬

End like: ْ‫ قُل‬، ْ‫إ ْع َمل‬

- 53 -
 Exercise: Identify the Idgham (‫ )إدغام‬or Idh’har (clear) (‫ )إظهار‬in the
following words

‫ب‬ِّ ‫َوقُل َّر‬ ‫أَ ْل َها ُك ُم‬

‫قُ ْل أَ َرأَ ْيتُ ْم‬ ُ‫يَ ْلتَ ِق ْطه‬
‫أَ ْم ِه ْل ُه ْم‬ ‫س ْلنَا‬َ ‫أَ ْر‬
َ‫صاك‬ َ ‫ق َع‬ ِ ‫أَ ْل‬ ‫ون‬
َ ُ‫يَل َعب‬
‫يَلتَ ِفت‬ ‫أَن َز ْلنَا‬
Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

‫َويَ ْج َعل لَّ ُك ْم‬ ‫تَ َو َّك ْل َعلَى‬

Third: Lam in a Name (‫)الم االسم‬

It is a lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬that appears in a name and it is always in the

middle of the word. Its rule is Idh’har (clear) (‫)إظهار‬. ( ‫و هي أصلية واقعة في‬
‫)اسم و تكون متوسطة على الدوام‬

Examples: ‫ َخ ْل َف ُه ْم‬، ‫ أَ ْل َفا َفا‬، ‫سب َيال‬ ُ ، ‫ أَ ْلس َن َت ُه ْم‬، ‫أَ ْل َوا ُن ُه ْم‬
َ ، ْ‫س ْل َطان‬
َ ‫س ْل‬
Fourth: Lam as a Letter (‫)الم الحرف‬

It is a lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬that appears in the (‫ َهلْ )حروف‬and ْ‫ َبل‬. These are
the only ones that appear in the Qur’an. ( ‫و هي الالم الواقعة في َهلْ و َبلْ و ال‬
‫)يوجد غيرها في القرآن‬

- 54 -
 ْ‫ َهل‬and ْ‫َبل‬

Idh'har (clear) (‫)إظهار‬ Idgham (merge) (‫)إدغام‬

All letters except (‫ )ل‬and (‫)ر‬ If it appears before (‫ )ل‬and (‫)ر‬

‫َبلْ هو‬ is >-- ‫َبلْ ْلبثت‬ is >-- ‫َبلْ َرفعه‬ is >-- ‫َهلْ لـَك‬
‫> َبلَبثت‬--read ‫> َب َرفعه‬-- read ‫> َهلَ َك‬--read
‫بلْ أحياء‬

Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

There is no "‫ "ر‬after
ُ ‫َهلْ َت َر َب‬
َ‫صون‬ ‫ هل‬in the Quran

َ‫َهلْ َين ُظ ُرون‬

Exercise: Identify the words as Idgham (merge) (‫ )إدغام‬or Idh’har (clear)

(‫)إظهار‬

‫َهل لَّ ُك ْم‬ ‫ستَ ِوي‬ ْ َ‫َه ْل ي‬

‫َه ْل أُنَبِّئُ ُك ْم‬ ُ‫بَل َّرفَ َعه‬
َ ُ‫بَل َّل يَ َخاف‬
‫ون‬ ‫بَ ْل طَبَ َع‬
ْ‫س َّولَت‬ َ ‫بَ ْل‬ ‫َه ْل تَ ْعلَ ُم‬

Examples:

(‫)بَ ْل‬ (‫) َه ْل‬

with (‫ )ل‬is read with (‫)ر‬ is read with (‫ )ل‬is read with (‫)ر‬
‫بَلَّما‬ ‫هلَّكم‬
Does not
‫ب ْل لما‬ ‫بل ربى‬ ‫بَ َّربى‬ ‫َه ْل لكم‬ appear

‫بل ل‬ َّ‫بال‬
‫هل لَنا‬ ‫هلَّنا‬
in the
‫بل رفعه‬ ‫ب َّرفعه‬
‫يخافون يخافون‬ Qur’an

- 55 -
 Exception: َ‫َران‬ ْ‫َبل‬ → Idgham (‫ )إدغام‬is not allowed so it is pronounced
clearly (‫)إظهار‬.

Fifth: Lam as a Command (‫)الم األمر‬

It is a lam sakina (ْ‫ )ل‬in that is added in the beginning of a present

tense verb. What happens? The present tense verb → is converted to
the command tense, if preceded by ‫ ثم‬or ‫ الواو‬or ‫ الفاء‬. Its rule is
Idh’har (clear) (‫)إظهار‬.
Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

‫ بشرط‬، ‫ تدخل على الفعل المضارع تحوله إلى أمر‬،‫هي الالم الساكنة الزائدة عن بنية الكلمة‬
.‫أن تكون مسبوقة بثم أو الواو أو الفاء‬

Examples:

‫ ُث َم ْل َيقضوا‬ ‫ثم‬
‫ َو ْليوفوا‬ ‫الواو‬
ْ‫ َف ْليمدُد‬ ‫الفاء‬
Examples of Lam as a Command (‫)الم األمر‬:

‫َف ْليكتب‬ ‫َو ْليكتب َو ْل َيصفحوا‬ ‫َو ْل َتأت‬ ‫ُث َم ْليقطع َو ْليعفوا‬

- 56 -
Revision of past lesson:

Rules of Lam Sakina

Lam as a Lam of 'The'

Lam as a Name Lam as a Letter Lam as a Verb
Command ( ‫الم‬ (‫)الم التعريف‬
(‫)الم االسم‬ (‫)الم الحرف‬ (‫)الم الفعل‬
‫)األمر‬
Idh'har
Idh'har Idh'har Past, (clear)
‫ بل‬، ‫هل‬
(clear) (clear) Present, Lunar
Command
Middle of Idgham Idh'har
(ْ‫ )ل‬is added Idgham

Rules of Lams Sakina (‫)أحكام الالمات الساكنة‬

noun (merge) (clear) (merge)
to present Present,
Past
tense --> Command Solar
command Remaining
) ‫( ل ) (ر‬
if preceded letters
Idgham Idh'har
by ‫ واو‬، ‫فاء‬ (merge) (clear)
‫ ثم‬، with )‫(ل) (ر‬

Idh'har
(clear)

Exercise: Identify the type of ‘lam’ and whether it is idgham (merge)

(‫ )إدغام‬or idh’har (clear) (‫)إظهار‬

‫َهل لَّ َك‬ ‫ُم ْلت ََح َدا‬ ‫بَل لَّ َّما‬
‫ا ْعتَ َز ْلتُ ُموه‬ ‫َه ْل أَ ُدلٌّ ُك ْم‬ ‫فَ ْلتَقُ ْم‬
ْ‫َو ْليَتَلَطَّف‬ ‫ثُ َّم ْليَ ْقطَ ْع‬ ‫أَلَ ْم أَقُل لَّ ُك ْم‬
‫َخ ْلفَ ُه ْم‬ ‫سى‬ َ ‫َوقُ ْل َع‬ ‫أَن َز ْلنَا‬
‫ت‬َ ‫بَل لَّ ِب ْث‬ ‫ب‬ِّ ‫َوقُل َّر‬ ‫بَ ْل ُكنتُ ْم‬
َ ِ‫سب‬
‫يال‬ َ ‫س ْل‬َ ‫يَ ْع َمل لَّ ُك ْم‬ ُ‫َو ْليَ ْلتَقِ ْطه‬
ْ‫يَ ْلتَفِت‬ ‫يَ ْع َم ْل َعلَى‬ ‫س ْلنَا‬ َ ‫أَ ْر‬
‫َهل لَّ ُكم‬ ‫أَ ْلقَى‬ ‫بَ ْل ِه َي‬

- 57 -
 Rules of Stretching
(Med) in the Qur’an
‫أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

- 58 -
Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an ( ‫أحكام المد في‬
‫)القرآن الكريم‬
Definition of stretching (med) (‫)المد‬
Linguistically (‫)لغة‬: Addition (‫)الزيادة‬
Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: Extending the voice with one of the med letters

Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

(‫)إطالة الصوت بحرف من حروف المد‬

Letters of Med Examples

Alif sakina (‫ ) ْا‬with a fatiha before it ‫ َعا ٰلِ ُم‬، ‫ ال َّر َحمٰ ِن‬، ‫قَا َل‬
Waw sakina (‫)و‬
ْ with a dhammah before it ‫ قُلُوبِ ِهم‬، ‫ تُوبُو ْا‬، ‫يَقُو ُل‬
Ya'a sakina (‫)ي‬
ْ with a kasrah before it َ ‫ الَّ ِذ‬، ‫ين‬
‫ين‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬، ‫قِي َل‬
َ ‫مس‬

All of these letters are combined in one word → ‫ُنوحي َها‬

- 59 -
 Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

- 60 -
 Types of
Stretching

Normal
Side Stretch
Stretch

Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

Minor
Stretch b/c Stretch b/c Substitute Compensate
connecting
Sukoon of hamz stretch stretch
stretch

Major Permitted, Required,

Stretch due Required
Soft Stretch
to sukoon stretch
connecting separate connected ) ( ُ ‫ لَ َك ب ي ُر ُكم‬،ُ‫إ نَه‬ ) ( ْ‫َءا َم نُوا‬ َ َ‫أ‬
) ( ‫فواجا‬
stretch stretch stretch

Required
ُ‫نَس تَع ين‬ Required ) ( ) (
) ( ‫َخ ْوف‬ stretch ) ( ‫َجآء‬
) ( stretch word ُ‫َمالَ ُه أ َ ۡخلَ َده‬ ‫قُولُ ٓواْ أ َ ۡسلَ ۡم نَا‬
letter

Light Heavy Light Heavy

) ( َ‫َءآل َٰئَن‬ ) ( ‫ال َطآ َم ُة‬ ) ( ‫حم‬

ٓ ) ( ‫ا ٓل ٓم‬

Types of Stretching (‫)المدود‬:

First: Natural Stretch (med) – (‫)مد طبيعي‬

Definition (‫)تعريفه‬: It is the stretch (med) that occurs with the med
letters (‫ي‬
ْ ‫) ْا ْو‬
‫هو المد الذي ال تقوم ذات الحرف إال به و ال يتوقف على سبب‬
Example: ‫ قيل‬، ‫ َيقُول‬، ‫َقال‬
Reason for being called ‘natural stretch (med)’ (‫)مد طبيعي‬
Normal (‫)طبيعي‬: Because it is accompanied with a natural, relaxed
stretch that does not increase or decrease from two counts. ( ‫النه صاحب‬
‫)الطبيعة السليمة ال يزيد و ال ينقص عن حركتين‬
- 61 -
 Letters:
Alif sakina (‫ ) ْا‬with a fat’ha before it (‫→ )األلف الساكنة المفتوح ما قبلها‬ ، ‫َقاْل‬
‫ َعاْلم‬، ‫الرح َٰمن‬
Waw sakina (‫ ) ْو‬with a dhammah before it (‫)الواو الساكنة المضموم ما قبلها‬
Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

→ ‫ُت ْو ُب ْوا‬ ، ‫َيقُ ْول‬

Ya’a (‫)ي‬
ْ with a kasrah before it (‫→ )الياء الساكنة المكسور ما قبلها‬ ، ‫ق ْيل‬
‫ الذ ْين‬، ‫خمس ْين‬

ْ‫ َخا‬، ْ‫ َجا‬، ْ‫ َتا‬، ْ‫ َما‬، ْ‫َقا‬

‫ ُخ ْو‬، ‫ ُج ْو‬، ‫ ُت ْو‬، ‫ُم ْو‬ ، ‫قُ ْو‬
‫ خ ْي‬، ‫ ج ْي‬، ‫ ت ْي‬، ‫م ْي‬ ، ‫ق ْي‬

Natural Stretch (med) – (‫)مد طبيعي‬:

1. Compensate Stretch (med) (‫)مد عوض‬

Definition: When you stop on a tanween while reciting, you are
‘compensating’ for the tanween by pronouncing it as an alif (‫) ْا‬
stretched for two counts. If we continue reading there is no med.
‫التعويض عن التنوين بالنصب حالة الوقف بألف تمد بمقدار حركتين‬
Measure of the stretch (med) (‫)مد‬: 2 counts
Examples:

‫ → ثوابا‬upon stopping → ‫ثوابا‬

‫ → ماء‬upon stopping → ‫ماءا‬
‫ → شيئا‬upon stopping → َ ‫شيئا‬
‫ → إنشاء‬upon stopping → ‫إنشاءا‬

- 62 -
Exception: When there is compensate stretch (med) (‫ )مد عوض‬with the
feminine ha’a (‫)هاء التأنيث‬, what should you do? When you stop, the
tanween is eliminated and the end of the word becomes ha’a sakina
(‫) ْه‬. See below.

Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

Example:

‫ → شجرة‬upon stopping → ‫شجره‬

‫ → إمرأة‬upon stopping → ‫إمرأه‬
‫ → َج َنة‬upon stopping → ‫َج َنه‬

2. Substitute stretch (med) (‫)مد البدل‬

Definition: the hamzah (‫ )ء‬becomes stretched, which means hamzah
(‫ )ء‬is followed by one of the med letters (‫) ْا ْو ْي‬. (‫)كل همز ممدود‬
Measure of stretch: 2 counts
Examples:
‫ → ءامن‬hamzah (‫ )ء‬stretched with an alif (‫ ) ْا‬for 2 counts
‫ → شنئان‬hamzah (‫ )ء‬stretched with an alif (‫ ) ْا‬for 2 counts
‫ → أوتوا‬hamzah (‫ )ء‬stretched with an waw (‫ ) ْو‬for 2 counts
‫ → َيؤ ُودُه‬hamzah (‫ )ء‬stretched with an waw (‫ ) ْو‬for 2 counts
‫ → أيمانا‬hamzah (‫ )ء‬stretched with an ya’a (‫ ) ْي‬for 2 counts

3. Minor connecting stretch (med) (‫)مد صلة صغرى‬

Definition:
‫ و بياء‬،‫هو صلة هاء الضمير (للمفرد المذكر الغائب) بواو إذا كانت الهاء مضمومة‬
.‫ و ال يأتي بعدها همز‬،‫إذا كانت الهاء مكسورة بشرط ان تقع بين متحركين‬
• Connecting ha’a (‫ )ه‬adh dhameer (pronoun) (‫( )هاء الضمير‬for the
hidden, masculine singular) (‫ )المفرد المذكر الغائب‬with waw (‫)و‬, if
the ha’a has a dhammah (ُ‫)ه‬. Example: ( ‫)إ َن ُه‬
- 63 -
 • Connecting ha’a (‫ )ه‬adh dhameer (pronoun) (‫( )هاء الضمير‬for the
hidden, masculine singular) (‫ )المفرد المذكر الغائب‬with ya’a (‫ )ي‬if the
ha’a has a kasrah (‫)ه‬. Example: (‫)ل ُنورهۦ‬
• With the condition that the ha’a (‫ )ه‬appears between two letters
Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

with harakat, and there is no hamzah appearing after it.

َُْْ ُ‫… َْ ُْْ ه‬or... َُْْ ‫َْْ ُْ ه‬ ...

• When we continue reading we have med and if we stop there is

no med.
Measure of stretch (med): 2 counts
Examples:
َ ‫خل َق ُه ; بهۦ‬
‫صدرك ; ومالئك َت ُهۥ ُيصلون ; ل ُنورهۦ َمن ; إ َن ُه م ۡن‬
‫من‬
‫به ۦ َبصيرا ; لَ ُه َما‬ ; ‫إ َن ُه لَيقول‬ ; ‫َقبلهۦ من‬

Hint: You will recognize minor connecting stretch (med) (‫)مد صلة صغرى‬
in the Qur’an when the ha’a (‫ )ه‬is followed by these symbols ( ) (‫)ۦ‬.

Exercise: Identify types of stretch (med) (‫ مد طبيعي – )مد‬/ ‫ مد عوض‬/ ‫مد بدل‬
/ ‫مد صلة صغرى‬
‫صابِ ًرا‬ َ ً ‫َج ِمي َعا‬ ‫س ْلطَانَا‬ ُ ‫لِ َولِيِّ ِه‬ ‫بِنَآ ًء‬
ً‫بِ ِه َخبِيرا‬ ْ‫بِ ِه ِمن‬ ‫َكبِي ًرا‬ ‫َمآ ًء‬
‫صا‬ ً ‫ص‬ َ َ‫ق‬ ‫ڪلِ َم ٍة‬ َ ‫إِيتُونِي‬ ‫َءا َمنُو ْا‬
ْ‫َءاتَت‬ ٌ‫َءايَات‬ ‫َو ْح َدهُ َولَّ ْو‬ ‫بِ ِه ُمتَشَابِ َها‬
ً ‫إِي َمانا‬ ‫ش ًدا‬ ِ ‫ُم ْر‬ ‫َم ْك ُرو ًها‬ ‫يرا‬َ ِ‫بِ ِه َكث‬
‫لَهُ فِي‬ ‫ب‬ُ ‫لَهُ َغ ْي‬ ُ‫اَ ْلقُ ْر َءان‬ ً‫َءايَة‬
‫َءاتُونِي‬ َ ‫دُونِ ِه ُم ْل‬
‫تح ًدا‬ ‫طَ ْو ًل‬ ‫قَا َل‬
‫لَهُ نَ ْقبَا‬ ً‫ضرا‬ ْ ‫ُخ‬ ‫أُوتِ َي‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ِ ِإل َيال‬
- 64 -
Second – Branch Stretch (med) (‫)المد الفرعي‬:
Definition (‫)التعريف‬: It is what ‘branches’ out from the natural stretch
(med) (‫)مد طبيعي‬
Reason (‫)أسبابه‬: Hamzah (‫ )ء‬or sukoon (ْْ ) (‫)الهمز أو السكون‬
I. Med due to Hamzah (‫)المد بسبب الهمز‬

Rules of Stretching (Med) in the Qur’an (‫)أحكام المد في القرآن الكريم‬

Med due to hamzah (‫)المد بسبب الهمز‬

Major Permissible
Obligatory connecting
connecting med separate med ( ‫المد‬
med ( ‫المد الواجب‬
(‫)المد الصلة الكبرى‬ ‫)الجائز المنفصل‬
‫( )المتصل‬4,5,6)
(2,3,4,5) (2,3,4,5)

Obligatory connecting med (‫ = )المد الواجب المتصل‬med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬+

hamzah (‫ )ء‬in one word (‫ همزة في كلمة واحدة‬+ ‫)حرف المد‬

Definition
After med letter (‫ي‬ْ ‫ ) ْا ْو‬--> it is connected to a
hamzah (‫ )ء‬in one word
Connection of med letter with hamzah in one
Reason of name
word
It should be stretched longer than the natural
Rule
stretch (med)
Measure of (4,5) counts if continuing recitation/stopping or
count (6) counts if stopping on a hamza
Examples ‫ جآء‬، ‫السمآء‬

- 65 -
 Permissible separate med (‫ = )المد الجائز المنفصل‬med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬+
hamzah (‫ )ء‬in two words (‫ همزة في كلمتين‬+ ‫)حرف مد‬

Definition ْ ‫ ) ْا ْو‬--> it is separated from the

After med letter (‫ي‬
hamzah in the next word
Reason of
Separation of the med letter from the hamzah
name
Permissible (permissible to shorten or stretch) the
Rule
med
Measure of (2,3,4,5) counts if continuing recitation and no med
count when stopping
Examples ‫ إنآ أعطيناك‬، ‫ بمآ أنزل‬، ‫ في أنفسكم‬، ‫قالوا ءامنا‬
Major Connecting Stretch (‫)المد الصلة الكبرى‬
Hamzah appears after 'ha'a al dhameer' (‫)هاء الضمير‬,
Definition
pronoun
Measure of (2,3,4,5) counts if continuing recitation and no med
count when stopping
Examples ‫ لَهُ ۊ أصحاب‬، ‫لَّهُ ۊ أواب‬

Types of Connecting Med (‫)مد الصلة‬

Major Connecting Med ( ‫المد الصلة‬ Minor Connecting Med ( ‫المد الصلة‬
‫)الكبرى‬ ‫)الصغرى‬
ِ ََ) + ha'a dhameer (‫ )ه‬+ Haraka ( ََُِ ََ) + ha'a dhameer (‫ )ه‬+
Haraka ( ََُ
hamzah (‫)ء‬ haraka ( ََُِ ََ)
Measure of med: (2,3,4,5) counts Measure of med: 2 counts
Examples:‫إل‬ ‫ أهلِ ِهۓ‬، ‫مالَهُ ۊ أَخلده‬ Examples:‫َخبيرا‬ ‫ بعبا ِد ِهۦ‬، ‫لَهُ يَتزكى‬

- 66 -
‫‪)’,‬المد الصلة الكبرى( ‪Exercise: Identify as ‘Major Connecting Med‬‬
‫‪)’, ‘Obligatory Connected‬المد الجائز المنفصل( ‪‘Permissible Separate Med‬‬
‫’)المد الواجب المتصل( ‪Med‬‬

‫شفَا ٌء‬
‫ِ‬ ‫أُ َ‬
‫ولئِكَ‬ ‫َجآ ُءو‬ ‫س َما ِء‬
‫ال َّ‬
‫أَ ْم ِر ِه إِنَّ‬ ‫يَ ْه ِدي إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ِ ِإل ْم َرأتِ ِه أَ ْك ِر ِمي‬ ‫نُ ْ‬
‫ص ِحي إِنْ‬
‫دُونِ ِه إِ َّل‬ ‫ا ْل ِذي أَ ْو َح ْينَا‬ ‫َعلَى أَ ْم ِر ِه‬ ‫بِ ِه إِلَ ْي ُك ْم‬
‫ا ْل َم َالئِ َكةُ‬
‫إِ َذا أَ َر ْدنَاهُ‬ ‫إِبتِ َغا َء‬ ‫شَا َء‬
‫أَبَا ُؤنَا‬ ‫سى إِنْ‬
‫ُمو َ‬ ‫ت َْر ُزقَانِ ِه إِ َّل‬ ‫َغ ْي َرهُ إِنْ‬

‫بِ ِه أَيَ ْم ِ‬
‫س َكهُ‬ ‫ُجفَا ًء‬ ‫أَ ْ‬
‫س َما ٌء‬ ‫بَ ِري ٌء‬
‫إِلَى أُ َم ٍم‬ ‫سلَهُ إِنَّ‬
‫ُر ُ‬ ‫تَ ْعبِدُوا إِ َّل‬ ‫إِ ْبنَهُ َو َك َ‬
‫ان‬
‫أَ َر ْدنَا إِ َّل‬ ‫بَ َال ٌء‬ ‫دُونِ ِه إِ َل‬ ‫َولَّ ِكنِّ ٍي أَ َرا ُك ْم‬
‫َع َذابُهُ إِنْ‬ ‫نُنَ ِّزلَهُ إِ َّل‬ ‫ست َْخلِ َ‬
‫صهُ‬ ‫بِ ِه ا ْ‬ ‫تَ ِع ُدنَا إَنْ‬
‫َجآلء‬ ‫الضعفآء‬ ‫أَش َر ُك ٓو ْا أَ ًذى‬ ‫َم َعهُ إل‬

‫)المد بسبب السكون( ‪II. Med due to Sukoon‬‬

‫)المد بسبب السكون( ‪Med due to sukoon‬‬

‫المد الالزم ( ‪Required Lettered Med‬‬

‫)المد الالزم الكلمي( ‪Required Word Med‬‬
‫)الحرفي‬

‫‪Heavy Letter‬‬ ‫‪Light Letter‬‬ ‫‪Heavy Word‬‬ ‫‪Light Word‬‬

‫)حرفي مث ّقل(‬ ‫)حرفي مخ ّفف(‬ ‫)كلمي مث ّقل(‬ ‫)كلمي مخ ّفف(‬

‫( ) ا ٓل ٓم‬ ‫حم‬
‫( ) ٓ‬ ‫الضآلّين ( )‬ ‫َءآ ْل َٰئن ( )‬

‫‪- 67 -‬‬
First: Required Word Med (‫)المد الالزم الكلمي‬

Required Heavy Word Med (‫)المد الالزم الكلمي المث ّقل‬

Definition: It is a med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬followed by a letter with a sheda

(‫→ )حرف مشدد‬ ‫ آ‬+ )‫ َخ‬+ ‫ ( َخ = ْخ‬in one word. You might ask why
is this under the category of ‘sukoon’? Because ‘sheda’ is composed of
a sukoon.
‫ َخ) في كلمه واحده‬+ ‫> ( َخ = ْخ‬-- ‫هو أن يأتي بعد حرف المد حرف مشدد‬

Examples: ‫ الطآ َمة‬، ‫ضآلّين‬

َ ‫ال‬ َ ‫ص‬
، ‫آخة‬ َ ‫ ال‬، ‫دآ ّبة‬
Measure of count: 6 counts

Required Light Word Med (‫)المد الالزم الكلمي المخ ّفف‬

Definition: It is a med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬followed by a letter with sukoon

(‫ )حرف ساكن‬in one word. ( ‫يأتي بعد حرف المد حرف ساكن سكونا أصليا في كلمة‬
‫)واحدة‬
Lighter part: The sakin letter is not merged (‫)الحرف الساكن غير مدغم‬

Example: ‫ءآ ْل َٰئن‬

َ
Measure of count: 6 counts

Exercise: Identify the types of Required Word Med (‫)المد الالزم الكلمي‬:

ُ‫اخة‬
َّ ‫ص‬
َّ ‫ال‬ َّ‫ص َواف‬َ َ ِّ‫ضآل‬
‫ين‬ َّ ‫ا ْل‬
‫اجونِّي‬ُّ ‫أتُ َح‬ ُ‫اَ ْل َحاقَّة‬ َ َ‫َءآ ْلئ‬
‫ان‬
ُ‫الطَّا َّمة‬ ‫اب‬
ِّ ‫ال َّد َو‬ َّ ‫َء‬
ُ‫َّللا‬

- 68 -
Second: Required Letter Med (‫)المد الالزم الحرفي‬

Required Letter Med (‫)المد الالزم الحرفي‬

Light Letter (‫)حرفي مخ ّفف‬ Heavy Letter (‫)حرفي مث ّقل‬

Definition of the severed letters (‫)المد في الحروف المقطعة‬: They are 14

letters of the alphabet which Allah began with in 29 surahs of the
Quran. These letters can be gathered together: ‫نص حكيم قطعا له سر‬

Med in the severed letters (‫)المد في الحروف المقطعة‬: They are divided into
four categories according to their med:

)‫(سنقص لكم‬ ‫)ع( َع ْين‬ )‫(حي طهر‬ ‫)ا( ألف‬

3 letters, middle is In the beginning 1st letter, 2nd No med -
med letter, and it is of Surat Maryam letter is med because no
6 counts & Ash Shura, letter (2) med follows
(ie: ‫ س ي ن‬- ‫)س‬ med (4,6) counts counts alif (ie: no ‫)اا‬
(6) counts ‫سنقص لكم‬ ، ‫ ها‬، ‫ طا‬، ‫ يا‬، ‫( حا‬no counts)
‫( َع ْين‬4,6) counts
or ‫نقص عسلكم‬ counts )2( ‫را‬ ‫أ‬

Hint: Remember (‫ )غ‬as 6 counts instead of 4, then it is easier to

remember that severed letters will either be 6 or 2 counts, except alif.

The severed letters appear in 14 surahs in the Qur’an:

‫حم‬
ٓ ،‫ص‬
ٓ ، ‫يس‬
ٓ ، ‫طس ٓم‬
ٓ ، ‫طس‬
ٓ , ‫ طه‬،‫ص‬ٓ̃ ٓ ‫هيع‬
ٓ ‫ڪ‬ٓ ، ‫ ا ٓل ٓمر‬، ‫ ا ٓلر‬، ‫ص‬
ٓ ‫ ا ٓل ٓم‬، ‫ا ٓل ٓم‬
‫ ٓن‬، ‫ ٓق‬، ‫ ٓع ٓس ٓق‬،

- 69 -
1. Heavy Letter (‫( )حرفي مث ّقل‬med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬+ mushadad letter
(‫))حرف مش ّدد‬
Definition: When the pronunciation of a severed letter consists of
three letters, (ie: (‫ ل‬- ‫ )الم‬and the middle letter is a med letter (‫)حرف مد‬.
It is followed by a letter which causes idgham. This makes the letter
mushadad (‫)حرف مشدد‬, thus making it ‘heavy’.

‫هو أن يأتي حرف من فواتح السور هجاؤه ثالثة أحرف أوسطها مد و الذي يليه حرف مشدد‬
‫إلدغامه فيما بعده‬
Examples:

‫ → ا ٓل ٓم‬letter of med in the lam

It is read: alif – lam – meem (‫ ميم‬- ‫ ل ا م‬- ‫)ألف‬

‫طس ٓم‬
ٓ → letter of med in seen and meem
It is read: ta – seen – meem (‫ ميم‬- ‫ سين‬- ‫)طا‬

2. Light Letter (‫( )حرفي مخفف‬med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬+ sakin letter ( ‫حرف‬
‫))ساكن‬
Definition: When the pronunciation of a severed letter consists of
three letters, (ie: (‫ ص‬- ْ‫ )صاد‬and the middle letter is a med letter ( ‫حرف‬
‫ )مد‬and it is followed by a sakin letter (‫)حرف ساكن‬. This makes the letter
‘light’.
‫هو أن يأتي حرف من فواتح السور هجاؤه ثالثة أحرف أوسطها مد و الذي يليه حرف ساكن‬

Examples: ‫صادْ → ص‬ ; ‫→ ٓن‬ ْ‫نون‬

- 70 -
Exercise: How many counts are in the following severed letters ( ‫الحروف‬
‫)المقطعة‬

‫ميم‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اآللف‬ ‫ا ٓل ٓم‬

‫صاد‬ ‫ميم‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اآللف‬ ٓ ‫ا ٓل ٓم‬

‫ص‬

‫راء‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اآللف‬ ‫ا ٓلر‬

‫راء‬ ‫ميم‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اآللف‬ ‫ا ٓل ٓمر‬

‫صاد‬ ‫عين‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫كا‬ ‫ص‬

ٓ ‫ڪهي ٓع‬
ٓ

‫ها‬ ‫طا‬ ‫طه‬

‫سين‬ ‫طا‬ ‫طس‬

ٓ

‫ميم‬ ‫سين‬ ‫طا‬ ‫ط ٓس ٓم‬

‫سين‬ ‫يا‬ ‫يس‬

ٓ

‫صاد‬ ‫ص‬
ٓ

‫ميم‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حم‬

ٓ
‫قاف‬ ‫سين‬ ‫عين‬ ‫ٓع ٓس ٓق‬
‫قاف‬ ‫ٓق‬
‫نون‬ ‫ٓن‬

Second: Med Exposed to Sukoon (‫)المد العارض للسكون‬

Definition: The 2nd to last letter in a word is a med letter (‫ )حرف مد‬and
the last letter is a moving (harakah) letter (‫)حرف متحرك‬. The last letter
becomes sakin (‫ )ساكن‬when stopping in a recitation. In the case of
stopping, it can be stretched for 2,4,6 counts and in the case of
connecting, it is stretched for 2 counts.
‫هو أن يأتي حرف المد و بعده حرف متحرك في آخر الكلمة ثم ُيسكن بسبب الوقف‬

Measure of med: 2,4,6 counts

Examples: َٰ
‫ مستقي ْم‬- ْ‫الرحمن‬ - ْ‫العالمين‬
َ when stopping recitation

- 71 -
Third: Soft Med (‫)مد اللين‬

Definition: They are two letters (‫ي‬

ْ ، ‫ ) ْو‬that are sakin (‫ )ساكن‬and the
letter before it has a fat’ha ( َْ).
‫ ْي) الساكنان المفتوح ما قبلهما‬، ‫وهما حرفان ( ْو‬
Measure of med: 2,4,6 counts in a case of stopping and in a case of
connecting, there is no med.

Examples: َ - ‫ال َق ْوم‬

‫ ال َب ْيت‬- ‫ َن ْوم‬- ‫الخ ْوف‬
Exercise: Identify as med exposed to sukoon or soft med in the case of
stopping.

‫َخ ْي ٌر‬ ‫ون‬

َ ‫ش ُع ُر‬ ْ َ‫ي‬
‫ست َِحيل‬ ْ ‫ُم‬ ‫ير‬ ْ ‫قَ ِد‬
‫ون‬َ ُ‫يَ ْج َهل‬ ‫يَ ْع َملُون‬
‫لَ ْو ٍم‬ ‫َو ْي ٌل‬
ْ‫ا ْلقُ ْر َءان‬ ْ‫ُم ْهتَ ِدين‬
‫َع ِظي ْم‬ ‫س ْو ٍء‬ َ
‫سطُو ٍر‬ ْ ‫َم‬ ْ‫ص ْيف‬ َّ ‫ال‬
ْ‫صا ِدقِين‬ َ ‫َر ْي ْب‬
‫س ْي ٌر‬ َ ‫ش‬ٍ ‫قُ َر ْي‬
‫ال َّر ِحي ْم‬ ْ‫ا ْلفُ ْرقَان‬

- 72 -
 Ranks of Med according to strength

The Scholars Ranked the Meds (‫ )مدود‬According to their Strength

5 4 3 2 1 Rank of Med
Med
Substiute Separated Exposed to Connected Required
Med Med Sukoon Med Med Med
(‫)مد البدل‬ (‫)مد منفصل‬ ( ‫مد عارض‬ (‫)مد متصل‬ (‫)مد لزم‬
‫)للسكون‬
2 2,3,4,5 2,4,6 4,5,6 6 Counts

- 73 -
Echoing (Qalqala)

‫القلقلة‬

- 74 -
 Echoing (Qalqala) (‫)القلقلة‬
Definition linguistically (‫)القلقلة في اللغة‬: Movement and hitting ( ‫الحركة و‬
‫)االضطراب‬
Application: We do qalqala (‫ )قلقلة‬when the below letters have a
sukoon on them. They are pronounced as if there is an echo that
follows it.
Letters of qalqala (‫)حروف القلقلة‬: ‫جد‬ ‫قطب‬

Types of Echoing (Qalqala) (‫)قلقلة‬

Minor Echo (‫)قلقلة صغرى‬ Major Echo (‫)قلقلة كبرى‬
When the qalqala letter is in the When the qalqala letter is
middle of the word in a place of stopping

‫ يَ ْط َم ُع‬،‫ يَ ْج َع ُل‬،‫ون‬
َ ‫يَ ْقطَ ُع‬ َ ‫ ا ْل ِح‬،‫ق‬
‫سا ْب‬ ْ َ‫ ا ْلفَل‬،‫َولَ ْم يُولَ ْد‬

Echoing (qalqala) (‫ )قلقلة‬is divided into three levels:

1. Highest: When the qalqala (‫ )قلقلة‬letter is at the end of the word and
ٍ ‫) َت َب ْت َيدا أَبي لَ َه‬
ْ ‫ب َو َت‬
there is a sheda ( ّْ) on it, like the ba’a (‫ )ب‬in (‫ب‬
2. Lowest: When the qalqala (‫ )قلقلة‬letter is in the middle of the word,
َ ‫أَ ْز َو‬
like the qaf (‫ )ق‬in (‫اجا‬ ‫) َو َخلَ ْق َنا ُك ْم‬

- 75 -
‫‪) in the‬قلقلة كبرى او صغرى( ‪Exercise: Identify as major or minor qalqala‬‬
‫‪following words.‬‬

‫ا ْقتَ َدى‬ ‫ق‬

‫ص ِّد ْ‬ ‫ُم َ‬ ‫اب‬‫ا ْل َو َه ْ‬ ‫َر َز ْقنَا ُك ْم‬
‫ق‬‫يَ ْط ُر ْ‬ ‫سبَا ْط‬ ‫ْاْلَ ْ‬ ‫قَ ْبلَ ُه ْم‬ ‫اب‬ ‫س ْ‬ ‫ا ْل ِح َ‬
‫َج ِدي ْد‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ِميثَا ْ‬ ‫ا ْل ِعبَا ْد‬ ‫ا ْل َح ْ‬
‫ق‬
‫اذ َه ْب‬ ‫فَ ْ‬ ‫يُ ْقبَ ُل‬ ‫س ْط‬ ‫ِبا ْلقِ ْ‬ ‫لَقَ ْد ِكدْتَّ‬
‫فَقَ ْد ُه ِد َ‬
‫ي‬ ‫اب‬ ‫َع َذ ْ‬ ‫َو ْج ِهي‬ ‫ا ْل ِمي َعا ْد‬
‫يُ ِري ْد‬ ‫يَ ْط َم ْع‬ ‫تُ ْب ُدو ْه‬ ‫ون‬ ‫يَ ْد ُع َ‬
‫تَ ْقتُلُوا‬ ‫َح ِدي ْد‬ ‫بَ ْط ِني‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ا ْل َمئَ ْ‬
‫ض َر ْبتُ ْم‬ ‫َ‬ ‫قَ ْد بَيَّنَا‬ ‫َه ْب ِلي‬ ‫يُ ْح ِب ْب ُك ْم‬
‫َح ْب ٌل‬ ‫ا ْل َح ْج‬ ‫ا ْل َغ ْي ْب‬ ‫قَ ِر ْ‬
‫يب‬
‫يب‬
‫س ْ‬ ‫َح ِ‬ ‫ِليَ ْقطَ ْع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َر ِّ‬ ‫َوتُب‬
‫ا ْل َح ِري ْ‬
‫ق‬ ‫ُم ِحي ْط‬ ‫قَ ْد َجا َء ْت ُك ْم‬ ‫ا ْقنُتِي‬

‫‪- 76 -‬‬
Inflation & Reduction

‫التفخيم و الترقيق‬

- 77 -
 Inflation and Reduction (Tafkheem and
Tarqeeq) (‫)التفخيم و الترقيق‬
Inflation (Tafkheem) (‫ )التفخيم‬linguistically (‫)لغة‬: To make bigger (‫)التسمين‬

Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: It is inflating the sound of a letter at the time of

pronunciation.
‫سمن يدخل على صوت الحرف عند النطق‬
ُ ‫هو عبارة عن‬

Reduction (Tarqeeq) linguistically (‫)لغة‬: To reduce (‫)التنحيف‬

Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: It is softening the sound of a letter at the time of

pronunciation.
‫هو عبارة عن نحول يدخل على صوت الحرف عند النطق‬

- 78 -
 Letters of Inflation & Reduction
(‫)حروف التفخيم و الترقيق‬

Inflated
Reduced (‫)مفخم‬ ‫ضغط قظ‬
(‫)مرقق‬ ‫خص‬

Inflated sometimes Reduced always, remaining letters

‫ر‬،‫ل‬،‫أ‬ )‫ي‬،‫و‬،‫ه‬،‫ن‬،‫م‬،‫ل‬،‫ك‬،‫ف‬،‫ع‬،‫ش‬،‫س‬،‫ز‬،‫ذ‬،‫د‬،‫ح‬،‫ج‬،‫ث‬،‫ت‬،‫ب‬،‫(ء‬

Inflation & reduction of alif: If alif (‫ )ا‬is preceded by one of the

'inflated letters' then alif is inflated (‫)مفخم‬. If not, then it is reduced
(‫)مرقق‬. ‫ َم َٰلك‬، َ ‫َقال‬

Inflating the pronunciation of Lam in (‫ )هللا‬if it is preceded by a

fat'ha ( َْ) or dhama ( ُْ): ‫ َوإذ َقالُوا اللَ ُه َم‬، ‫سول ُ هللا‬
ُ ‫ م َح َمد َر‬، ُ‫َقال َ هللا‬

Reducing the pronunciation of Lam in (‫ )هللا‬if it is preceded by a

kesrah (ْ): ‫شك‬ َ ‫ أَفى هللا‬، ‫ قُل اللَ ُه َم‬، ‫ لِل‬، ‫بسم هللا‬

Cases of inflating (‫ )تفخيم‬the Lam while (‫ )ل‬pronouncing ‘Allah’:

- Pronouncing ‘Allah’ (‫ )هللا‬if it is preceded by a fat’ha ( َْ).

Example: )ُ ‫هللا‬ ‫(قُلْ ه َُو‬
- Pronouncing ‘Allah’ (‫ )هللا‬if it is preceded by a dhammah ( ُْ).
Example: )‫هللا‬ ‫(نا ُر‬
- Pronouncing ‘Allah’ (‫ )هللا‬if it is preceded by a sukoon ( ْْ), before it
is a fat’ha ( َْ).
َ
Example: )‫ٱلِل‬ ‫(إلَى‬

- 79 -
- Pronouncing ‘Allah’ if it is preceded by a sukoon (ْْ ), before it is a
dhammah ( ُْ). Example: )‫هللا‬
َ ‫(اعبدوا‬
Cases of reducing (‫ )ترقيق‬the Lam (‫ )ل‬while pronouncing ‘Allah’:

- Pronouncing ‘Allah’ if it is preceded by an original kasrah.

Example: )‫هللا‬ ‫(قل اللَ ُه َم) (ع ْند‬
Exercise: Is the Alif (‫ )ا‬inflated (‫ )مفخم‬or reduced (‫?)مرقق‬

ُ‫اخة‬
َّ ‫ص‬
َّ ‫ال‬ _______ ‫ا ْلقَا ِد ِمين‬
‫س َما ُء‬َّ ‫ال‬ _______ ‫صيَ ٍام‬ ِ
‫شَا َء‬ _______ ُ‫الطَّا َّمة‬
‫َكانُوا‬ _______ ‫ا ْل َحاقَّة‬
ْ‫ضالِّين‬ َّ ‫ال‬ _______ ‫قَا َل‬

- 80 -
‫?)مرقق( ‪) or reduced‬مفخم( ‪) inflated‬ل( ‪Exercise: Is the Lam‬‬

‫ِم َن َّللاِ‬ ‫ش ِه َد َّللاُ‬

‫َ‬ ‫قَ ْد َ‬
‫س ِم َع َّللا‬

‫إِنَّ َّللاَ‬ ‫ا ْعبُدُوا َّللاَ‬ ‫بِاهللِ‬

‫َحتَى يَأْتِ َي َّللاَ‬ ‫ُه َدى َّللاِ‬ ‫َل إِلهَ إِ َل َّللا‬
‫س ِم َّللا‬
‫بِ ْ‬ ‫ا ْللَ ُه َّم‬ ‫ِهلل‬

‫التفخيم و الترقيق ‪Inflation and Reduction‬‬

‫قُ ِل َّللاِ‬ ‫أَفِي َّللاِ‬ ‫سو ُل َّللا‬
‫ُم َح َّم ٌد َر ُ‬
‫قَ ْوما ً َّللا‬ ‫َوَّللاُ‬ ‫يَ ْعلَ ُم َّللا‬

‫ه َُو َّللاُ‬ ‫ُون َّللاِ‬

‫ِمن د ِ‬ ‫قُ ِل َّللاَ‬
‫يُنَ ِجي َّللاُ‬ ‫بَ ْل لَّ َعنَ ُه ُم َّللا‬ ‫َّللاُ‬
‫ِعن ِد َّللاِ‬ ‫فَ َزا َد ُه ُم َّللاُ‬ ‫َع ْب ُد َّللاِ‬
‫َعلَى َّللاِ‬ ‫فَ ْ‬
‫ض ُل َّللا‬ ‫قَا َل َّللاَ‬

‫‪- 81 -‬‬
 Cases of Inflating the Ra'a (‫)حالت تفخيم الراء‬
The Ra'a is inflated if:
‫ساكنة و قبلها همزة وصل‬
Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and
(‫ )مضمومة‬Dhammah (‫ )مفتوحة‬Fat'ha (‫) َر‬:
before it connecting
hamzah (‫)همزة وصل‬: (‫) ُر‬: ‫َكفَ ُروا‬ ‫ضان‬َ ‫َر َم‬
ْ ‫ار ُك‬
‫ض‬ ْ ، ‫َض ٰى‬
َ ‫ارت‬
ْ
‫ساكنة و قبلها مكسور و‬
‫بعدها حرف استعالء غير‬
‫مكسور‬
Inflation and Reduction ‫التفخيم و الترقيق‬

Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and ‫ساكنة و قبلها مضموم‬ ‫ساكنة و قبلها مفتوح‬

before it is kasrah Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and
(َِ ) and after it is a before it dhammah before it is a fat'ha
inflated letter that ( َُ): ُ‫القُ ْر َءان‬ ( ََ): ‫َّم ْرقَ ِدنَا‬
does not have a
kasrah (َ َ ‫لَبِا ْل ِم ْر‬
ِ ): ‫صا ِد‬
ٍ ‫ قِ ْرطَا‬،
‫ فِ ْرقَ ٍة‬، ‫س‬
‫ساكنة و قبلها ساكن و‬
‫ساكنة و قبلها ساكن و قبله‬ ‫قبله مفتوح (عند الوقف‬
)‫مضموم(عند الوقف عليها‬ )‫عليها‬
Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and
before it is sukoon before it is a
( َْ) and before that is sukoon (َْ ), and
dhammah ( َُ) (While before that is a
stopping): ‫سر‬ ْ ‫ُخ‬ fat'ha ( ََ) (while
stopping): ‫ر‬ ِ ‫ص‬
ْ ‫َوال َع‬

- 82 -
 Cases of Reducing Ra'a (‫)حالت ترقيق الراء‬
The Ra'a is reduced if:
‫ساكنة و قبلها ساكن و قبله مكسور (عند الوقف‬
)‫عليها‬
Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and before it is sukoon ( َْ)
ِ ‫َك‬
(‫ )مكسورة‬Kasrah (‫) ِر‬: ‫ري ٌم‬ ، ‫يح‬
ٍ ‫بِ ِر‬
and before it is kasrah (َ ِ ):
‫الس ْح َر‬
ِ ، ‫ِح ْج ٍر‬
)‫ساكنة و قبلها ياء ساكنة (عند الوقف عليها‬
‫ساكنة و قبلها مكسور‬
Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and before it is ya'a sakina
Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and before it is
(‫ي‬ْ ) (while stopping):

Inflation and Reduction ‫التفخيم و الترقيق‬

kasrah (َ ِ ): ُ‫فِ ْر َع ْون‬
‫ َخ ْي ٌر‬، ‫َخبِي ٌر‬

Times when Inflating & Reducting are allowed (‫)جواز التفخيم و الترقيق‬
Inflating & Reducing are allowed if:
In cases of connecting
Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and
(‫)الوصل‬: ‫ص َر‬ ْ ‫ِم‬ before it is a high Sukoon (‫ ) ْر‬and
becomes inflated, before it is a
letter (‫)استعالء‬
‫ ا ْلقِ ْط ِر‬becomes with sukoon (َْ )
kasrah (َ ِ ) and
reduced while after it is a high
and before that is
connected (‫ )الوصل‬but letter (‫ )استعالء‬with
a kasrah (َ ِ ):
can take both states kasrah (َ ِ ): ‫ق‬
ٍ ‫فِ ْر‬
while stopping ‫ ا ْلقِ ْط ِر‬، ‫ص َر‬
ْ ‫ِم‬

Rules of Ra’a (‫)أحكام الراء‬:

1. The ra’a is inflated (‫ )تفخيم‬in 8 cases
2. The ra’a is reduced (‫ )ترقيق‬in 4 cases
3. Both inflation and reduction are allowed in 2 cases

- 83 -
 ‫َ‬
‫)مفخم( ‪Exercise: Is the ra’a inflated‬‬ ‫?)مر َقق( ‪or reduced‬‬

‫َخ ِبي ٌر‬ ‫س َر‬ ‫َخ ِ‬ ‫صا َدا‬ ‫إر َ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫سا َها‬ ‫ُم ْر َ‬ ‫ص َر‬ ‫ِم ْ‬ ‫ِح ْج ْر‬
‫ا ْل َغفَّا ُر‬ ‫اضيَةً‬ ‫َر ِ‬ ‫ص ِر‬ ‫َوا ْل َع ْ‬
‫َوا ْلفَ ْج ِر‬ ‫َربَتْ‬ ‫َك ِري ٌم‬
‫ش َرةَ‬ ‫َع ْ‬ ‫ب‬‫َر ِّ‬ ‫قَ ِد ْ‬
‫ير‬
‫ُك ْف ٌر‬ ‫ُربَ َما‬ ‫ان‬
‫ض ِ‬ ‫َر َم َ‬
‫ين‬
‫اح ِم َ‬ ‫ال َّر ِ‬ ‫َغفُو ٌر‬ ‫َخ ْي ٌر‬
‫ت َْج ِري‬ ‫َر ِحي ٌم‬ ‫َم ْريَ َم‬
‫لِّۡلَب َرا ِر‬ ‫س َح ْر‬ ‫بِ َ‬ ‫فِ ْرقَ ٍة‬
‫ير‬
‫ص ْ‬ ‫بَ ِ‬ ‫ُم ْز َد َج ْر‬ ‫فِ ْر َع ْو ُن‬
‫س ْح ْر‬ ‫ال ِّ‬ ‫س ْي َر‬ ‫ال َّ‬ ‫ان‬‫ا ْلقُ ْر َء َ‬
‫َكفَ ُروا‬ ‫َوقَد َّْرنَا‬ ‫ار ِج ُعوا‬ ‫ْ‬
‫أَ ْف ِر ْغ‬ ‫يُ ْر ِج ُعون‬ ‫ِر ْحلَةٌ‬

‫‪- 84 -‬‬
Exit Point of the
Letters

‫مخارج الحروف‬

- 85 -
 Exit Points of the Arabic Letters (‫)مخارج الحروف‬
Definition of Exit Point of a Letter (‫)مخارج الحروف‬:
.‫المخرج هو المكان الذي يخرج منه صوت الحرف و يتميز به عن غيره‬
‫و لمعرفة المخرج ندخل همزة على الحرف بعد تسكينه أو تشديده فحيث ينتهي الصوت يكون‬
‫المخرج‬
The exit point is a place from where the sound of a letter comes out.
Each letter is distinguished by the place of its exit point.
In order to indentify the exit point, place a hamzah with a kesra (‫ )إ‬in
front of the letter with a sukoon (ْْ ) or sheda ( ّْ) on it. This will allow
ّ ٍ‫إ‬
you to locate the exit point for any letter. Example: ‫ق‬ ، ‫إٍ ْق‬

Location Number of Exit Points

Hollow (between mouth & throat) (‫)الجوف‬ One exit
Throat (‫)الحلق‬ Three exits
Tongue (‫)اللسان‬ Ten exits
Lips (‫)الشفتان‬ Two exits
Between nose & mouth (‫)الخيشوم‬ One exit

First: The Hollow (‫)الجوف‬

Linguistically: Empty space (‫)الخالء‬

Application: The empty space between the mouth and the throat ( ‫خالء‬
‫)الفم و الحلق‬

- 86 -
Its Letters:

1. Alif sakina (‫ ) ْا‬and before it is a fat’ha (‫) َقال‬

(‫)األلف الساكنة ما قبلها مفتوح‬
2. Ya’a sakina (‫)ي‬ ْ and before it is a kasrah
(‫)الياء الساكنة و ما قبلها مكسور( )قيل‬
3. Waw sakina (‫)و‬ ْ and before it is a dhammah
(‫)الواو الساكنة و ما قبلها مضموم()يقُول‬

Second: The Throat (‫)الحلق‬

It has 3 outlets and 6 letters exiting from there.

1. Farthest from the throat (‫)اقصى الحلق‬: farthest from the mouth
(place of the vocal chords) ((‫)أبعده من الفم) و هي منطقة األوتار الصوتية‬
Letters: (‫( )ه( )ء‬hamzah sakina exits by closing the vocal chords, the
moving hamzah exits by distancing the vocal chords, as for the ha’a it
exits by opening partially) ( ‫ الهمزة‬، ‫الهمزة الساكنة تخرج بانطباق الوترية الصوتية‬
‫ أما الهاء فتخرج بانفتاحها الجزئي‬، ‫)المتحركة تخرج بتباعد الوترية الصوتية‬
Examples: ‫ينهون‬ – ‫يأكلون‬
2. Middle of the throat (‫)وسط الحلق‬: It is where the epiglottis is located
(‫)وسط الحلق و هو ما الصق لسان المزمار‬
Letters: (‫()ح( )ع‬middle of the throat: place of the epiglottis so the ‫ ع‬is
coming from the back slightly and then the ‫)ح‬
Examples: ‫الرحمن‬ – ‫تعملون‬

- 87 -
3. Nearer to the throat (‫)أدنى الحلق‬: It is closest to the mouth, where
the root of the tongue is along the upper soft palate ( ‫أدنى الحلق أقربه مما‬
‫)يلي الفم‬. From it exits ‫ خ‬and then ‫غ‬
‫خ غ‬
Letters:
Examples: ‫خالدين – الغافلين‬

Third: The Tongue (‫)اللسان‬

It has 10 outlets which has 18 letters exiting from there

Side of the Tongue

Farthest
Middle Farthest

Tip Lower
Far Tip End

1. Farthest of the Tongue (‫)أقصى اللسان‬:

It has two outlets:
‫ق‬: Exits from farthest of the tongue, close to touching the soft upper
palate.
‫تخرج من أقصى اللسان مما يلي الحلق مع ما يحاذيه من الحنك األعلى اللحمي‬
‫ك‬: Exits from farthest of the tongue, close to the soft and hard part of
the upper palate. ( ‫تخرج من أقصى اللسان مع ما يحاذيه من المنطقة الرخوة و‬
‫)القاسية معا من الحنك األعلى‬

- 88 -
2. Middle of the Tongue (‫)وسط اللسان‬:
It has one outlet for three letters:
‫ش‬،‫ ج‬،‫ي‬ They exit from the middle of the tongue, touching the
upper palate.
‫وتخرج من وسط اللسان مع ما يحاذيه من الحنك األعلى‬

3. Edge of the Tongue (‫)حافة اللسان‬:

It has two outlets:
‫ض‬: From the edges of the tongue (left or right side of tongue, or both
sides) curls upwards and touches top line of teeth. The tongue always
remains behind the teeth.
‫من حافتي اللسان أي جانبيه‬
‫ل‬: Tip of tongue touches gums of two upper front teeth.
‫تخرج من إحدى حافتي اللسان من األمام مع ما يحاذيه من اللثة العليا‬

(4) Tip of the Tongue (‫)طرف اللسان‬:

It has five outlets:
‫ن‬: Exits from the tip of the tongue, touching the gums of the upper
teeth.
‫تخرج من طرف اللسان مع ما يحاذيه من لثة األسنان العليا‬

- 89 -
‫ر‬: Exits from the tip of the tongue, leaning back slightly from the gums
of the upper teeth. (‫)تخرج من طرف اللسان مع ما يحاذيه من لثة األسنان العليا‬

‫ط د ت‬: They exit from the tip of the tongue, touching the roots of the
two upper front teeth. (‫)تخرج من طرف اللسان مع أصول الثنايا العليا‬

‫ص س ز‬: They exit from the end of the tip of the tongue, touching
the inner plates of the two lower front teeth. ( ‫تخرج من منتهى طرف اللسان‬
‫)مع أسفل الصفحة الداخلية للثنايا السفلى‬

‫ظ ذ ث‬: They exit from the top tip of the tongue, touching the sides of
the two upper front teeth. The tongue goes past the teeth. ( ‫تخرج من‬
‫)طرف اللسان مع طرفي الثنايا العليا‬

Fourth: The Lips (‫)الشفتان‬

It has two outlets:
‫ف‬: The middle of the lower lip touches the bottom of the upper teeth.
‫تخرج من باطن الشفة السفلى مع طرفي الثنايا العليا‬

Exits of ‫م‬ ‫و ب‬:

- 90 -
)‫ (و‬Exits between the lips while opening and loosening the two lips
slightly.
‫تخرج من بين الشفتين مع انفتاح و انفراج الشفتين قليال‬
)‫ (م‬Exits between the lips while closing them.
‫تخرج من بين الشفتين مع انطباقهما‬
)‫ (ب‬Exits between the two lips while closing them but in a stronger
manner.
‫تخرج من بين الشفتين مع انطباقهما بشكل أقوى‬

Fifth: The Khayshoom (‫)الخيشوم‬

Khayshoom (‫)الخيشوم‬: The nasal cavity (‫)التجويف األنفي‬
It has one outlet and from it exits the sound of the nasalization
(ghunna) in the following cases:

Levels of Nasalization – Ghunna (‫)غنة‬ Examples

Complete (‫ (م‬/ )‫ )ن‬/ Idgham (Merging) ، ‫صبِ َر‬ ْ َّ‫ لَن ن‬، ‫ا ْل َجنَّ ِة‬
as can be (‫)إدغام‬ ‫ َو لَ ُكم َّما‬، ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫الحط‬ َ َ‫َح َّمالَة‬
Complete Ikhfa'a (Hidden) (‫)إخفاء‬
‫ ت َْر ِمي ِهم‬، ‫ان‬ َ ‫س‬َ ‫اإلن‬
ِ
‫ار ٍة‬
َ ‫بح َج‬ِ
Reduced Idh'har (Making Clear) (‫)إظهار‬ ‫ َعلَ ْي ِه ْم‬، َ‫أَ ْن َع ْمت‬
Reduced as ٌ‫صفُوفَة‬
can be
Noon & Meen with Harakat ْ ‫ق َم‬ ُ ‫َو نَ َما ِر‬

- 91 -
 Table to Clarify the General and Specific Exit Points for the Letters

5 4 3 2 1 General
Outlet
Lips (‫)الشفتان‬ Tongue (‫)ال لسان‬ Throat (‫) الحلق‬ (‫)المخارج العامة‬

Khaysho
Hollow
om
Lips Lower (‫)الجوف‬ Specific
(‫)الخيشوم‬
together lip with Edge Mid Farthest Closest Mid Farthest Outlet
Tip (‫)طرفه‬
(‫ الشفتان‬tip of (‫)أق صاه( )وسطه( )حافته‬ (‫)أق صاه( )وسطه( )أدناه‬ (‫المخارج‬
ً ‫)معا‬ upper ‫)الخاصة‬
17 16 fold
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Letters of
Ghunna ‫س‬ ‫ط د‬ ‫ج ش‬ Outlets
‫و ب م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظ ذ ث‬ ‫ض ل ن ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫غ خ‬ ‫ع ح‬ ‫ء ه‬ ْ‫ُن ْو ح ِْي َها‬
(‫)الغنة‬ ‫ص ز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ (‫حروف كل‬
‫)مخرج‬

- 92 -
Attributes of the
Letters
‫صفات الحروف‬

- 93 -
 Attributes of the Letters (‫)صفات الحروف‬
Attributes of Letters (‫)صفات الحروف‬
Language (‫)لغة‬: Qualities that define a letter. (‫)ما قام بالشيء من المعاني‬
Application (‫)اصطالحا‬: How the letter appears during pronunciation
and what makes it different to other letters. ( ‫كيفية تعرض للحرف عند النطق‬
‫)به و تميزه عن غيره‬
Benefits of Knowing the Attributes of the Letters ( ‫فوائد معرفة صفات‬
‫)الحروف‬:
- Differentiation between the letters that share a common exit point.
For example, (‫ ش ي‬، ‫ )ج‬all have the same exit point – the middle
of the tongue. But how is each one different from the other? ( ‫الحروف‬
‫)المشتركة في المخرج تتميز بالصفات اآلتية‬
- Knowing the stronger letters from the weaker ones, so that you
know what is completely merged and what is partially merged. ( ‫معرفة‬
‫)الحروف القوية من الضعيفة‬
- Improving the pronunciation of the letters from their respective exit
points. (‫)تحسين لفظ الحروف مختلفة المخارج‬

- 94 -
 Division of Attributes
(‫)تقسيم الصفات‬

Occasional Attributes Fixed Attributes

( ‫)الصفات العارضة‬ ( ‫)الصفات األصلية‬

Attributes that do not Attributes that have

- Idh'har (‫)اإلظهار‬, have opposites opposites
idgham (‫)اإلدغام‬, flip
(‫)القلب‬, ikhfa'a (‫)اإلخفاء‬ ( ‫)صفات ال ضد لها‬ ( ‫)صفات لها ضد‬
- Inflating ( ‫& )التفخيم‬
reducing (‫)الترقيق‬ - Hissing ( ‫ )الهمس‬vs.
Whistling (‫)الصفير‬
- Med ( ‫& )المد‬ announcing (‫)الجهر‬
shorten (‫)القصر‬ Lengthening
- Intensity (‫ )الشدة‬vs. weak
(‫)االستطالة‬
- Haraka ( ‫)التحريك‬, ( ‫ )الرخاوة‬and in between
sukoon ( ‫)السكون‬, or Repeating (‫)التكرير‬ (‫)البينيه‬
silence (‫)السكت‬ Swerving (‫)االنحراف‬ - Rising (‫ )االستعالء‬vs.
Echoing (‫)القلقلة‬ falling (‫)االستفال‬
Softening (‫)اللين‬ - Closing ( ‫ )اإلطباق‬vs.
opening (‫)االنفتاح‬
Spraying (‫)التفشي‬
- Prevention( ‫ )االصمات‬vs.
Ghunna (‫)غنة‬ flowing (‫)االذالق‬

1. Hissing (‫ )الهمس‬vs. Announcing (‫ – )الجهر‬Flow of the breath ( ‫جريان‬

‫)ال ّنفس‬
Flowing & Stopping of the breath

Announced (‫ )الجهر‬- Rest of

Letters Hissing (‫ )مهموسة‬- (‫)سكت فحثه شخص‬

- 95 -
Hissing (‫)الهمس‬: Extra flowing of the breath (‫)الخفاء‬
Application: Flowing of air while pronouncing the ‘hissing’ (‫)الهمس‬
letters (‫)جريان ال ّنفس عند النطق بأحرف الهمس‬. Notice if you say (‫)إس‬, there
is a ‘hissing’ sound.
Letters: ‫شخص‬ ‫سكت فحثه‬
Announced (‫)الجهر‬: It is to make known (‫)اإلعالن‬
Application: Trapping the air while pronouncing the ‘announce’
letters. Notice if you say (‫)إب‬, there is no flow of air after pronouncing
it. (‫)انحباس ال ّنفس عند النطق بأحرف الجهر‬
Letters: Rest of the letters

2. Intensity (‫ )الشدة‬vs. Weak (ُ‫ )الرخاوة‬and In Between (‫ – )البينية‬Flow of

the sound (‫)جريان الصوت‬
Flow of the Sound from the exit point

Weak (ُ‫)الرخاوة‬ In Between (‫)البينية‬ Intense (‫)الشدة‬

(rest of letters) )‫)لن عمر‬ )‫(أجد قط بكت‬

Intense (‫)الشددة‬: The sound is trapped while pronouncing the ‘intense’

(‫ )الشددة‬letters, so it comes off as ‘intense’. Sound of the letter stops
intensely. (‫)هي انحباس الصوت عند النطق بحرف من حروف الشدة‬
Letters: )‫(أجد قط بكت‬

- 96 -
In Between (‫)البينيددة‬: The sound is between flowing and stopping
strongly.
Letters: )‫(لن عمر‬

Weak (ُ‫)الرخاوة‬: The complete flow of the sound while pronouncing the
weak letters (ُ‫)الرخاوة‬. The sound does not stop with force. ( ‫هي الجريان‬
‫)التام لصوت الحرف الرخو عند مروره في المخرج‬
Letters: Rest of the letters

3. Rising (‫ )االستعالء‬and Falling (‫ – )االستفال‬Pressure of the letter ( ‫ضغط‬

‫)الحروف‬
Pressure of the letter rises or falls while pronouncing

Falling (‫)االستفال‬ Rising (‫)االستعالء‬

(rest of letters) )‫(خص ضغط قظ‬

Rising (‫)االستعالء‬: The direction of the pressure of the letter rises to the
upper jaw, so the jaw is more open when pronouncing the letter. ( ‫هو‬
‫)اتجاه ضغط الحروف عند النطق به إلى غار الحنك‬

Letters: )‫قظ‬ ‫(خص ضغط‬

Falling (‫)االستفال‬: The direction of the pressure of the letter falls to the
lower jaw, so the jaw is more closed when pronouncing the letter. ( ‫هو‬
‫)اتجاه ضغط الحرف عند النطق به إلى الحنك السفلي‬
Letters: Rest of the letters

- 97 -
4. Closing (‫ )اإلطباق‬and Opening (‫ – )االنفتاح‬Shape of the tongue inside
the mouth (‫)شكل اللسان في الفم عند نطق الحرف‬
Shape of the tongue inside the mouth

Closing (‫)اإلطباق‬ Opening (‫)االنفتاح‬

(‫ ظ‬، ‫ ط‬، ‫ ض‬، ‫)ص‬ (rest of letters)

Closing (‫)اإلطباق‬: The tongue is close to the roof of the mouth, so the
tongue does not feel relaxed – part of it is reaching the ceiling of the
mouth. ( ‫هو انطباق طائفة من اللسان على الحنك األعلى او محاذاتها له محاذاة شديدة‬
‫)عند النطق بحرف مطبق‬
Letters: )‫ ظ‬، ‫ ط‬، ‫ ض‬، ‫(ص‬

Opening (‫)االنفتاح‬: There is a gap between the tongue and the upper
jaw while pronouncing the ‘opening’ letters. The tongue is away from
the roof of the mouth. ( ‫هو انفتاح ما بين اللسان و الحنك األعلى عند النطق بحرف‬
‫)منفتح‬

Letters: Rest of the letters

5. Flowing (‫ )اإلذالق‬and Prevention (‫ – )اإلصمات‬Flow of pronouncing the

letters

Flow of pronouncing the letters

Prevention (‫)اإلصمات‬ Flowing (‫)اإلذالق‬

(rest of the letters) )‫لب‬ ‫(فر من‬

- 98 -
 Flowing (‫)اإلذالق‬: The letters are exiting from the tip of the tongue or
lips, so they are easy to pronounce )‫الحروف التي تخرج من ذلق (( (فر من لب‬
‫)اللسان أو الشفتين‬
Prevention (‫)اإلصمات‬: These letters are heavier to pronounce, thus the
‘flow’ is ‘prevented’ (rest of the letters) (‫)الحروف الممنوعة من أن تنفرد‬

Attributes that are not Opposites (‫)الصفات غير المتضادة‬

Attribute Swerving (‫)النحراف‬ Whistling (‫)الصفير‬
Swerving of the sound of the Sound of the letter exits
Definition letter because of incomplete from a narrow passage so it

Attributes of the Letters ‫صفات الحروف‬

flow of air sounds like a bird's whistle
Letters (‫ ر‬، ‫)ل‬ (‫ س‬، ‫ ز‬، ‫)ص‬
Attribute Repeating (‫)التكرير‬ Echoing (‫)القلقلة‬
When the letter is sakin,
there is collision of the letter
Resonating the tip of the
tongue with ra'a as a result of a
ْ َ‫)أ‬. There is pressure and
(‫ق‬
Definition no air. When there are
narrow passage, but not to over
harakat, the mouth is
do it
opened, )‫ق‬ ُ ( )‫ق‬
ِ ( )‫ق‬
َ ( and
easier to pronounce
Letters (‫)ر‬ (‫)قطب جد‬
Attribute Softening (‫)اللين‬ Lengthening (‫)الستطالة‬
Ease of flow from their outlets - Tongue will rise from the
waw & ya'a with sukoon (‫ي‬ ْ ‫) ْو‬ back of the mouth to the
and before them is a fat'ha ( ََ): front, until it reaches the
Definition
‫ قُ َر ْيش‬، ‫ البَ ْيت‬، ‫ قَ ْوم‬، ‫َخ ْوف‬ back of the upper teeth. The
Counts can be 2/4/6 when air puts pressure on the
stopping,but must be consistent back of the tongue
Letters (‫ ي‬، ‫)و‬ Softening (‫)ض‬

- 99 -
Attribute Ghunna (‫)غنة‬ Spraying (‫)التفشي‬
Sound that flows from the nasal Spraying of the air in the
Definition
cavity (al khayshoum) (‫)الخيشوم‬ mouth while pronouncing
Letters (‫ ن‬، ‫)م‬ (‫)ش‬

Table of Attributes of the Letters

Opposite Attributes (‫)الصفات المتضادة‬
In
Prevent Flowing Opening Closing Falling Rising Weak Intense Announcing Hissing
Between Attribute
(‫)اإلصمات‬ (‫)اإلذلق‬ (‫)اْلنفتاح‬ (‫)الطباق‬ (‫)الستفال‬ (‫)الستعالء‬ (‫)الرخاوة‬ (‫)الشدة‬ (‫)الجهر‬ (‫)الهمس‬
(‫)البينية‬

‫فر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫خص‬ ‫أجد‬ ‫فحثه‬

‫لن‬
Rest of ‫من‬ Rest of ‫ض‬ Rest of ‫ضغط‬ Rest of ‫قط‬ Rest of ‫شخص‬
Letters
Letters Letters Letters Letters Letters
‫ط‬
‫لب‬ ‫قظ‬ ‫عمر‬ ‫بكت‬ ‫سكت‬
‫ظ‬

Non-Opposite Attributes (‫)الصفات غير المتضادة‬

Ghunna Lengthen Spraying Repeating Swerving Softening Echo Whistling

Attribute
(‫)الغنة‬ (‫)الستطالة‬ (‫)التفشي‬ (‫)التكرير‬ (‫)النحراف‬ (‫)اللين‬ (‫)القلقلة‬ (‫)الصفير‬

‫ن‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫قطب‬ ‫ز‬

‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫جد‬ ‫س‬ Letters

‫ص‬

- 100 -
 Merging of Two
Coinciding Letters
‫إدغام الحرفين الملتقيين‬

- 101 -
 Merging of Two Coinciding Letters
(‫)إدغام الحرفين الملتقيين‬
Types of Coinciding Letters (‫)الحرفان الملتقيان‬:

1. Replicate Letters (‫)الحرفان المتماثالن‬: Two letters that are same in exit
points and attributes. If these two replicate letters meet, and the first
letter is sakin, then you must merge (idgham) (‫ )إدغام‬the first letter
into the second same letter.
َٰ
‫ وجب‬،‫ و األول ساكن‬- ‫التقى حرفان متماثالن‬ ‫الحرفان المتفقان في المخرج و الصفات فإذا‬
‫اإلدغام‬

Merging (Idgham) (‫ )إدغام‬of Two Replicate Letters (‫)الحرفان المتماثالن‬

Letter Example Pronunciation
‫ب‬ ‫ٱذ َهب بِّ ِكتَ ٰـبِى َه ٰـ َذا‬ ‫اذهبِّكتابي‬
‫ك‬ ُ‫يُد ِرك ُّك ُم ٱل َموت‬ ‫يدر ُّكم الموت‬
‫م‬ ٌ ‫َوبَينَہُم ِّميثَ ٰـ‬
‫ق‬ ‫وبينه ِّميثاق‬

If the first letter has a haraka or is a med letter (‫)ا و ي‬, then there is
no merging (idham) (‫)إدغام‬, just make clear (idh’har) (‫)إظهار‬:
(‫) َي ْعل ُم َما) (في َي ْو ٍم) (اصب ُروا ُو صاب ُروا‬

2. Similar Letters (‫)الحرفان المتجانسان‬: Two letters same in their exit

points, but different in some of their attributes. If these two letters
are similar and the first is sakin then you must merge (idham) (‫)إدغام‬
into the second similar letter.
‫و هما الحرفان المتفقان في المخرج و المختلفان في بعض الصفات‬

Examples of Similar Merging (‫)إدغام متجانس‬:

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(1) ‫ظ → ذ‬: )‫ (إذ ّظلمتم‬is read → )‫(إ َظلَمتم‬
(2) ‫ت → د‬: ) َ‫ (قد َتب َين‬is read → )‫( َق َت َبين‬
(3) ‫د → ت‬: )‫ع َوا‬ َ َ‫ (أ ْثقلت د‬is read → )‫(أثقلدَ عوا‬
(4) ‫ط → ت‬: )‫طآئفه‬ َ ‫ (فأمنت‬is read → )‫(فأ َمن َطآئفه‬
(5) ‫ذ → ث‬: )‫ ( َي ْلهث َذلك‬is read → )‫( َي ْله َذلك‬
(6) ‫م → ب‬: )‫اركب َمعنا‬ ْ ( is read → )‫(ارك َمعنا‬
(7) ‫ت → ط‬: this is partial merging (idgham) (‫ناقص‬ ‫ )إدغام‬because the
stronger letter (‫ )ط‬does not merge completely into the weaker (‫)ت‬. As
َ ‫س‬
Allah says: )‫طت‬ ُ ‫(أَ َح‬
َ ‫طت) ( َب‬

3. Close Letters (‫)الحرفان المتقاربان‬: Two letters are close in exit point and
attributes (‫)هما الحرفان المتقاربان في المخرج و الصفات‬.

Closeness in exit point: Two letters from near exit points, like: )‫ ك‬، ‫(ق‬.
For example: (‫) َنخل ُقكم‬
Closeness in attributes: Two letters that match in most attributes, like
(‫ ث‬، ‫ )ت‬For example: (‫) َت ۡثبيتا‬

- 103 -
4. Distant Letters (‫)الحرفان المتباعدان‬: Two letters distant in exit point
ْ ‫ ( َت‬، )‫ (أَ ْن َع ْمت‬، )‫ ( ُي ْؤم ُنون‬، ) َ‫َءا َمن‬
and attributes, like: ، )‫ش ُك ُرون‬ ْ‫( َمن‬
)‫علَ ْيهم‬
َ ( the rule for distant letters is to make it clear (idh’har) (‫)إظهار‬.
(‫)هما الحرفان المتباعدان في المخرج و الصفات‬

Questions:

1 What is replicate merging (‫?)إدغام المتماثلين‬

What are the types of similar letters (‫ ?)المتجانسين‬Write an example
2
for each.
3 Why is it called 'close letters' (‫?)الحرفان المتقاربان‬
Name the type of merging (idgham)
4
(‫ اركب معنا‬، ‫ بل رفعه‬، ‫صوا َّو كانوا‬ َ ‫) َع‬
5 Give different examples of replicate merging (‫)إلدغام المتماثلين‬.
6 Is there merging (idgham) in (‫ران‬ ‫)كال بل‬

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Solutions:

(1) Replicate merging (‫ )إدغام المتماثلين‬is the merging of two letters same
in exit point and attributes. Like: ‫اذهب بكتابي‬

(2) Similar letters (‫ )المتجانسين‬are two letters similar in exit point, but
different in attributes.

Its types are:

- Merging of ‫ت – د‬: ‫ومهدت‬

- Merging of ‫د – ت‬: ‫دَعوا‬

َ ‫أثقلت‬
- Merging of ‫ط – ت‬: ‫فآمتن طائفة‬

- Merging of ‫ت – ط‬: ‫فرطت‬

- Merging of ‫ذ – ث‬: ‫يلهث ذلك‬

- Merging of ‫ظ – ذ‬: ‫إذ ظلموا‬

- Merging of ‫م – ب‬: ‫إركب معنا‬

(3) Letters that are close in their exit point but different in their
attributes.

(4) ‫صوا َو كانوا‬

َ ‫ َع‬: replicate merging (‫ )إدغام متماثلين‬, ‫ بل رفعه‬: close
merging (‫)إدغام متقاربين‬, ‫ إركب معنا‬: similar merging (‫)إدغام متجانسين‬

(5) ‫ اذهب بكتابي‬: merging ‫ب – ب‬, ‫ في قلوبهم مرض‬: merging ‫م – م‬

(ghunna 2 counts), ‫ لهم ما يشاءون‬:merging ‫( م – م‬ghunna 2 counts),
‫نار‬
ٍ ‫ من‬: merging ‫( ن – ن‬ghunna 2 counts)
(6) When letters are close, the rule of merging (‫ )إدغام‬applies, like ‫(وقل‬
)‫ رب‬except in the case of )‫ (بل ران‬there is a gentle silence of the lam
(‫)ل‬, so there is no merging.

- 105 -
‫?)إدغام( )‪Exercise: What is the type of merging (idgham‬‬

‫إذ همت‬
‫لهم مغفره‬ ‫ما نَ ْنسخ‬
‫طائفتان‬
‫كم من فئة‬ ‫شقَقنا‬ ‫أثقلت َد َعوا‬
‫ولكم ما كسبتم‬ ‫لَهمت طائفة‬ ‫قد سمع‬
‫إن كنتم مؤمنين‬ ‫فآمنت طائفة‬ ‫أجيبت دعوتكما‬
‫أم من أسس‬ ‫بسطت‬ ‫إذهب بكتابي‬
‫إن نشأ‬ ‫قد تبين‬ ‫ومهدت‬
‫ِمن لدنه‬ ‫مهدت‬ ‫وقد تعلمون‬
‫من ربهم‬ ‫قد تقطع‬ ‫أحطت‬
‫بل ربكم‬ ‫عبدت‬ ‫قل ل أملك‬
‫إذ ذهب‬ ‫بل رفعناه‬ ‫يسرف في‬
‫بل ران‬ ‫وقل رب‬ ‫فنادوا ولت‬

‫‪- 106 -‬‬

Stopping, Starting, and
Pausing
‫الوقف و االبتداء و السكت‬

- 107 -
 Stopping, Starting, and Pausing
(‫)الوقف و االبتداء و السكت‬
Stopping (‫)الوقف‬: To stop the voice while reciting the Qur’an in order
to breathe, with the intention of continuing the recitation.
‫قطع الصوت على كلمة قرآنية بزمن يتنفس فيه عادة بنية استئناف القراءة‬

Types of Stopping (‫)أنواع الوقف‬

Stopping, Starting, and Pausing ‫الوقف و االبتداء و السكت‬

Being quizzed By Choice

Necessary (‫)اضطراري‬
(‫)اختباري‬ (‫)اختياري‬
While being Necessary to stop as a result For the reader to
quizzed or being of not feeling well, stop according to
taught by a teacher sneezing, forgetting, etc his choice

Types of Stopping (‫)أنواع الوقف‬

Being quizzed Necessary

By Choice (‫)اختياري‬
(‫)اختباري‬ (‫)اضطراري‬

Not Allowed Allowed

( ‫)غير جائز‬ (‫)جائز‬

Complete Sufficient Permissible

Hated ( ‫) َقبيح‬
(‫)تام‬ (‫ف‬
ٍ ‫)كا‬ (‫سن‬
َ ‫)ح‬
َ

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 By Choice Stops (‫)الوقف الختياري‬
Not Allowed (‫)غير جائز‬ Allowed (‫)جائز‬
Hated Stop Permissible Stop Sufficient Stop Complete Stop
(‫)الوقف القبيح‬ (‫)الوقف الحسن‬ (‫)الوقف الكافي‬ (‫)الوقف التام‬
To stop on a To stop on a
word in the word in the
To stop on a word in the To stop on a word
Qur’an, and what Qur’an and there
Qur’an, and what is after in the Qur’an, and
is after it is linked is no link after it
it is linked both by what is after it is
by meaning but in terms of
meaning and grammar. linked both by
not by grammar. meaning and
Stopping here gives an meaning and
You can stop here grammar. You
incomplete or rejected grammar.
or continue. stop and then
meaning. If such a stop Stopping here still
Common at end continue.
occurs, then go back and gives a complete
of verses and in Common in the
repeat without stopping. meaning.
between the end of surahs,
ayah. ayat, and stories.
‫﴿ٱل َحم ُد ِ َّهللِ َر ِّب‬ ‫﴿إِنَّ ٱلَّ ِذينَ َكفَ ُرو ْا‬
‫﴿يَ ٰـٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّ ِذينَ َءا َمنُو ْا َل تَق َربُو ْا‬ ﴾ َ‫ٱل َع ٰـلَ ِمين‬ ‫س َوآ ٌء َعلَي ِهم‬
َ ‫﴿أ ُ ْولَ ٰـ ٓ ِٮ َك َعلَ ٰى هُ ًدى‬
‫َءأَن َذرتَهُم أَم لَم‬
ُ ‫صلَ ٰوةَ َوأَنتُم‬
‫س َك ٰـ َر ٰى َحتَّ ٰى‬ َّ ‫ٱل‬ َّ ُ‫﴿ َك َذٲلِ َك يُبَيِّن‬
‫ٱهللُ لَ ُك ُم‬ ‫ِّمن َّربِّ ِهمۖ َوأ ُ ْولَ ٰـ ٓ ِٮ َك‬
‫تَعلَ ُمو ْا َما تَقُولُونَ ﴾ ﴿ٱل َحم ُد‬ َ‫تُن ِذرهُم َل يُؤ ِمنُون‬
‫ت لَ َعلَّڪُم‬ ِ ‫ٱْلَيَ ٰـ‬ َّ ‫) َختَ َم‬٦( )٥( َ‫هُ ُم ٱل ُمفلِ ُحون‬
‫ٱهللُ َعلَ ٰى‬
﴾ َ‫ِ َّهللِ َر ِّب ٱل َع ٰـلَ ِمين‬ ‫) فِى‬٢١٩( َ‫تَتَفَ َّك ُرون‬ ﴾ ‫إِنَّ ٱلَّ ِذينَ َكفَ ُرو ْا‬
‫قُلُوبِ ِهم َو َعلَ ٰى‬
﴾ ۗ‫ٱلدُّنيَا َوٱْلَ ِخ َر ِة‬ ﴾ۖ‫سم ِع ِهم‬ َ

Starting (‫)االبتداء‬: It is divided into two types: permissible (‫ )حسن‬and

hated (‫)قبيح‬.

Permissible (‫)حسن‬: To start reciting after stopping completely. For

example, starting at the beginning of an ayah, surah or in the middle
of the ayah, without changing the meaning.
‫هو االبتداء بلفظ بعد وقف تام أو كاف‬

- 109 -
Hated (‫)قبيح‬: To start reciting by changing the meaning of the ayah
(‫)االبتداء بلفظ يفسد المعنى‬, ie: 64 ‫ٱلِل َم ۡغلُو َلة ) المائدة‬
َ ‫‘ …( َي ُد‬Hand of Allah is
closed’ ‫أستغفر هللا‬

Pausing (‫)السكت‬: Stopping the voice for a short moment, to take a

slight breath, with the intention of continuing the recitation. ( ‫قطع‬
‫)الصوت زمنا دون زمن الوقف عادة من غير تنفس مع قصد القراءة‬

Hafs prescribed moments of pausing in four places:

1. Pausing at ‘Alif’ in (‫ )ع َو َجا‬in Surah Al Kahf 1, as Allah says:

(‫) َولَمۡ َي ۡج َعل لَ ُه ع َو َجا‬

2. Pausing at ‘Alif’ in (ۗ‫ ) َم ۡر َقد َنا‬in Surah Ya Seen 52, as Allah says:

(‫)من َم ۡر َقد َناۗ َه َٰـ َذا‬

3. Pausing at ‘Noon’ in (‫ ) َم ۡن‬in Surah Al Qiyamah 27, as Allah says:

ٍ ‫) َوقيل َ َم ۡن َر‬
(‫اق‬

4. Pausing at ‘Lam’ in (‫ ) َب ۡل‬in Surah Al Mutafifeen 14, as Allah says:

( َ‫) َك َالۖ َب ۡل َران‬

- 110 -
There are two places where it is allowed to pause momentarily or
continue, according to Hafs:

1. Between Surah Al Anfal and Surah At Tawbah

2. The ‘ha’ (‫ )ه‬in Surah Al Haqqah 28-29 ( ‫) َهلَ َك َعنى‬٢٨( ‫َما ٓ أَ ۡغ َن َٰى َعنى َمال َي ۡه‬
‫س ۡل َط َٰـن َي ۡه‬
ُ )

The Seven Alif's (‫)اْللفات السبع‬

There are 7 words in the Qur’an that end with an Alif (‫ ) ْا‬which is
deleted when reciting or remain if stopping the recitiation.
‫في القرآن الكريم سبع كلمات تنتهي بألف تحذف عند الوصل و تثبت عند الوقف‬
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ِ َ‫س ٰل‬
ََْ‫سال‬ َ ‫سبِيالََْ قَ َوا ِر‬
َ ‫ير ْا‬ ُّ ‫سولَ ال‬
َّ ‫ظنُونَاْ ال‬ ُ ‫ال َّر‬ ْ‫ٰلَّ ِكنَّا‬ ْ‫أَنَا‬
Surah
All of the
Surah Al Insan Surah Al Ahzab Al
Qur’an
Kahf
ََْ‫سال‬ِ َ‫س ٰل‬
َ
ٰ
ً‫َو أَغلَال‬ ‫َو‬
‫ت‬ َ ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ك‬َ
Can
َ َ ‫نون‬
َ ُّ‫َو أَطَعنَا تَظُن‬
stop in ‫ير ْا‬ َ
َ ‫ضلونَا ق َوا ِر‬ ُّ َ ‫فأ‬ ٰ
ِ ‫سولَ بِاهلل‬ ُ ‫لَّ ِكنَّاْ ال َّر‬ ْ‫قُل إِنَّ َمآ أَنَا‬
two - ََْ‫سبِيال‬َّ ‫ُّ ُ َ ْ ال‬
- ‫ َو الظنونا‬- ُ‫ه َُو َّللا‬
ways ‫يرا‬ َ ‫ َربَّنَآ قَ َوا ِر‬- َ‫ُهنَالِك‬ ‫َرب ِى قَالُو ْا‬
‫ش ٌر‬َ َ‫ب‬
)(1 ‫ِمن‬ ‫َءاتِ ِهم‬
‫ض ٍة سالس ْل‬ ‫ابتُلِ َى‬ ‫َربَّنَآ‬
َّ ِ‫ف‬
)2( َ ُ‫ال ُمؤ ِمن‬
‫ون‬
ََْ‫سال‬ِ َ‫س ٰل‬
َ

- 111 -
 Conclusion &
References
‫الخاتمة و المراجع‬

- 112 -
 Conclusion (‫)الخاتمة‬
‫ و أن يجعله حجة لنا‬،‫هذا و هللا نسأل أن يجعلنا ممن يتلون كتابه حق تالوته و ينتفعون به‬
.‫في اليوم الموعود و سائقا إلى جنات الفردوس‬
‫و الحمد لِل الذي بنعمته تتم الصالحات‬
‫و الصالة و السالم على أشرف األنبياء و المرسلين نبينا محمد عليه أفضل الصالة و‬
.‫التسليم‬
We ask Allah to make us of those who recite and benefit from His
book, giving it its due rights. And we ask Allah to make it a driver for

Conclusion & References ‫الخاتمة و المراجع‬

us to the Gardens of Firdaous on the Promised Day.

All praises to Allah that with His blessings, good deeds are completed.

Peace and blessings upon the most honorable of prophets and

messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, upon him the best of peace
and blessings.

References (‫)المراجع‬
‫زهرة محمد الجابري‬ - ‫البيان في تجويد القرآن‬ 1

‫ الدكتور أيمن سويد‬- ‫التجويد المصور‬ 2

‫مرشد الطالب اليي علم التجويد‬ 3

www.alroudh.com 4

- 113 -
- 114 -