Citations for Books:

The basic entry for a book consists of the author’s name, the book title, the
publisher, and the year published.
Format:
Author’s Last name, First name. Book Title. Publisher, Year published.
Example:
Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones, 1818.
The first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma being placed after the
last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name
should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears on the title
page.
For a book written by two authors, list them in order as they appear on the title
page. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the second author’s
name is written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and place
the word “and” before the second author’s name.
Smith, John, and Bob Anderson. The Sample Book. Books For Us, 2017.
For books with three or more authors, only include the first author, followed by a
comma and the abbreviation “et al.”
Campbell, Megan, et al. The Best Book. Books For Us, 2017.
The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be italicized and followed
by a period. If the book has a subtitle, the main title should be followed by a colon
(unless the main title ends with a question mark or exclamation point).
The publication information can generally be found on the title page of the book.
If it is not available there, it may also be found on the copyright page. State the
name of the publisher.
If you are citing a specific page range from the book, include the page(s) at the
end of the citation.
Smith, John, and Bob Anderson. The Sample Book. Books For Us, 2017, pp. 5-12.
When a book has no edition number/name present, it is generally a first edition. If
you have to cite a specific edition of a book later than the first, see the section
below on citing edited books.

Citations for E-Books:

 Format:
Author’s Last name, First name. Title of E-Book. Publisher, Year published. Title of
Website, URL.
Example:
Rodgers, Tara. Pink Noises: Women on Electronic Music and Sound. Duke UP,
2010. Google Books,
books.google.com/books?id=syqTarqO5XEC&lpg=PP1&dq=electronic%20music
&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=electronic%20music&f=false.

Citations for Edited Books:

If your book is an edition later than the first, you should note this in the citation. If
the book is a revised edition or an edition that includes substantial new content,
include the number, name, or year of the edition and the abbreviation “ed.” after
the book title. “Revised edition” should be abbreviated as “revised ed.” and
“Abridged edition” should be “abridged ed.” The edition can usually be found on
the title page, as well as on the copyright page, along with the edition’s date.
Format:
Author’s Last name, First name, editor. Title of Book. Numbered ed., Publisher,
Year published.
Examples:
Ferraro, Gary, and Susan Andreatta, editors. Cultural Anthropology: An Applied
Perspective. 10th ed., Cengage Learning, 2014.
Smith, John. The Sample Book. Revised ed., Books For Us, 2017.
If your edited book has more than one author, refer to the directions above under
the heading “Authors.”
Also, BibMe helps you create your citations with more than one author quickly
and easily!

Citations for Websites:

The most basic entry for a website consists of the author name(s), page title,
website title, sponsoring institution/publisher, date published, and the URL.
Format:
Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Individual Web Page.” Title of Website,
Publisher, Date, URL.
 Example:
Fosslien, Liz, and Mollie West. “3 Ways to Hack Your Environment to Help You
Create.” Huffpost Endeavor, Huffington Post, Dec. 7, 2016,
www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/3-ways-to-hack-your-environment-to-help-you-
createus580f758be4b02444efa569bc.
The first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last
name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name should
not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears on the website.
For a page with two or more authors, list them in the order as they appear on the
website. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are
written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and place the word
“and” before the last author’s name. For pages with three or more authors, only
include the first author, followed by the abbreviation “et al.”
If the article was written by a news service or an organization, include it in the
author position.
If no author is available, begin the citation with the page title.
The page title should be placed within quotation marks. Place a period after the
page title within the quotation marks. The page title is followed by the name of
the website, which is italicized, followed by a comma.
Include the sponsoring institution or publisher, along with a comma, after the
website title. The sponsoring institution/publisher can usually be found at the
bottom of the website in the footer. If the name of the publisher is the same as
the name as the website, do not include the publisher information in your citation.
Next, state the publication date of the page. In some cases, a specific date might
not be available, and the date published may only be specific to a month or even
year. Provide whatever date information is available.
End the citation with the URL. Remove http:// and https:// from the beginning of
the citation. End the entire citation with a period.
Looking for an MLA formatter to create your website citations quickly and easily?
Check out BibMe!

Citations for Online Journal Articles:

The most basic entry for a journal consists of the author name(s), article title,
journal name, volume number, issue number, year published, page numbers,
name of website or database, and URL or Direct Object Identifier (DOI).
Format:
Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Journal Article.” Title of Journal, vol.
number, issue no., date, page range. Database or Website Name, URL or DOI.
Example:
Snyder, Vivian. “The Effect Course-Based Reading Strategy Training on the
Reading Comprehension Skills of Developmental College Students.” Research
and Teaching in Developmental Education, vol. 18, no. 2, Spring 2002, pp. 37-
41. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42802532.
The first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last
name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name should
not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the journal.
For an article written by two authors, list them in order as they appear in the
journal. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the second is
written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and place the word
“and” before the second author’s name.
Krispeth, Klein, and Stewart Jacobs.
For articles with three or more authors, include the name of the first author in the
citation, followed by a comma and the abbreviation “et al.”
Jones, Langston, et al.
The article title should be placed within quotation marks. Unless the article title
ends with a punctuation mark, place a period after the article title within the
quotation marks. The article title is followed by the name of the journal, which is
italicized.
Include the volume number of the journal, but use the abbreviation “vol.” You
may also need to include the issue number, depending on the journal. Use the
abbreviation “no.” before the journal’s issue number.
Jones, Robert, et al. “Librarianship in the Future.” Libraries Today, vol. 5, no. 2, Mar.
2017, pp. 89-103. Database Life, www.dbl.com/6854.
When including the URL, make sure to exclude http:// and https:// from the
citation.

Citations for Lectures:

The most basic entry for a lecture consists of the speaker’s name, presentation
title, date conducted, and the name and location of the venue.
Speaker’s Last name, First name. Title of Lecture. Date conducted, Venue,
Location.
Pausch, Randy. Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams. 18 Sept. 2007,
McConomy Auditorium, Pittsburgh.
Begin the citation with the name of the speaker. This person’s name should be
reversed. If the lecture has a title, place it, along with a period, in italics after the
speaker’s name. State the date on which the lecture was conducted, followed by
a comma. Conclude your citation with the location/venue name and the city in
which it occurred, separated by a comma.

Citations for Newspapers:

The most basic entry for a newspaper consists of the author name(s), article title,
newspaper name, publication date, page numbers, and sometimes a URL, if
found online. Volume numbers, issue numbers, and the names of publishers are
omitted from newspaper citations.
Format if found on a website:
Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper’s Website,
publication date, page range, URL.
Format if found on a database:
Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper, publication
date, page range. Title of Database (if applicable), URL.
MLA format example:
This example is for a print newspaper:
Hageman, William. “Program Brings Together Veterans, Neglected Dogs.” Chicago
Tribune, 4 Jan. 2015, p. 10.
The full article title should be placed within quotations. Next, state the name of
the newspaper in italics.
Towards the end of the citation, include the page numbers on which the article
appears, along with a period. Cite all inclusive page numbers – if the article
spans pages that are not consecutive, cite only the first page, followed by a plus
sign.
Don’t forget, BibMe’s MLA cite generator creates citations for you quickly and
easily!

Citations for Encyclopedias

The most basic entry for an encyclopedia consists of the author name(s), article
title, encyclopedia name, publisher, and year published.
Last Name, First Name. “Article title.” Encyclopedia Name, Publisher, Year
published.
Smith, John. “Internet.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012.
Notice that the name of the publisher was not included in the example above.
Only include the name of the publisher if it differs from the name of the
encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica is the name of the encyclopedia AND the
name of the publisher. It is not necessary to include Encyclopedia Britannica
twice in the citation.
If there are no authors for the article, begin the citation with the article title
instead.
“Media.” World Book Encyclopedia, 2010.
If the encyclopedia arranges articles alphabetically, do not cite the page
number(s) or number of volumes. If articles are not arranged alphabetically, you
may want to include page number(s) and/or volume number, which is preceded
by the abbreviation “vol.” The volume should be cited after the encyclopedia
name (or any edition), and before any publication information. After the
publication year, include the page numbers on which the article appears, along
with a period. Cite all inclusive page numbers – if the article spans pages that are
not consecutive, cite only the first page, followed by a plus sign.
Saunders, Bill. “Treasure.” Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 18, 2012, p. 56.
If the encyclopedia entry is found on a website, use the following structure:
Last name, First name. “Encyclopedia Entry.” Title of Encyclopedia Website,
Publisher, Year published, URL.

Citations for Films:

The most basic entry for a film consists of the title, director, distributor, and year
of release. You may also choose to include the names of the writer(s),
performer(s), and the producer(s), depending on who your research project may
focus on. You can also include certain individuals to help readers locate the
exact source themselves. Include as many individuals as you’d like.
Example of a common way to cite a film:
Film Title. Directed by First name Last name, performance by First Name Last
Name, Distributor, Year.
BibMe: The Movie. Directed by John Smith, performance by Jane Doe, New York
Stories, 2017.
 If your research focuses on a specific individual, you can begin the citation with
that individual’s name (in reverse order) and their role. Format it the same way as
you would an author’s name.
Doe, Jane, performer. BibMe: The Movie. Directed by John Smith, New York
Stories, 2017.
If the film is dubbed in English or does not have an English title, use the foreign
language title in the citation, followed by a square bracket that includes the
translated title.
Citas gobiernan el mundo [Citations Rule the World]. Directed by Sara Paul,
Showcase Films, 2017.
If the film was found online, include the name of the website and the URL.
“Film Title.” Website Title, directed by First Name Last Name, performance by First
Name Last Name, Distributor, Year Published, URL.
Since the citation has two titles included in it (the title of the film and the title of
the website), the title of the film is placed in quotation marks and the title of the
website is in italics.

Citations for Magazines:

The most basic entry for a magazine consists of the author name(s), article title,
magazine name, the volume and issue numbers if available, publication date,
page numbers, and URL if found online.
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name, vol. number, issue no.,
publication date, page numbers or URL.
Pratt, Sybil. “A Feast of Tradition.” BookPage, Oct. 2017, p. 8.
The first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last
name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name should
not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the magazine.
For an article written by two or more authors, list them in the order as they
appear on the title page. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while
the others are written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and
place the word “and” before the last author’s name. For articles with three or
more authors, only include the first author, followed by the abbreviation “et al.”
The full article title should be placed within quotations. Unless there is
punctuation that ends the article title, place a period after the title within the
quotations. Next, state the name of the magazine in italics.
 If volume and issue numbers are available, include them in the citation. Use the
abbreviations vol. and no. before the volume number and issue number.
Example: vol. 6, no. 1
The date the magazine was published comes directly after the volume and issue
number. Use whichever date the magazine includes, whether it’s a complete
date, a period spanning two months, a season, or just a month and year. Follow
this information with a comma.
Include the page number(s) on which the article appears. Cite all inclusive page
numbers – if the article spans pages that are not consecutive, cite only the first
page, followed by a plus sign.
If the magazine article was found online, include the URL. Remove http:// or
https:// from the beginning of the citation. End the citation with a period.

Citations for Interviews:

Begin your citation with the name of the person interviewed. This person’s name
should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after
the first name (or any middle name).
For an interview that has been broadcast or published, if there is a title, include it
after the name of the person interviewed. If the interview is from a publication,
program, or recording, place the title, along with a period, in quotation marks. If it
was published independently, italicize it, followed by a period.
Jolie, Angelina. “Being a Mother.” Interview by Steve Kroft, 60 Minutes, CBS, 3 Feb.
2009.
While names of other individuals are generally found after the title, for interviews,
include the name of the interviewee directly after the title if you feel it is important
to include their name.
If there is no title, use the word “Interview” in place of a title and do not use
quotation marks or italics. If the interviewer’s name is known, add it, preceded by
“by”, after the word “Interview”. Do not reverse the interviewer’s name.
Jenkins, Lila. Interview. By Jessica Grossman. 5 Mar. 2017.
For published interviews found online, include the title of the website after the title
of the interview. In addition, add the URL at the end of the citation.
Michaels, Jamye. “Fighting to Survive.” Women’s Magazine of Life, 2 Nov. 2016,
www.womensmagazine.com/fightingtosurvive.com.

Citations for Photographs:

 The most basic entry for a photograph consists of the photographer’s name, the
title of photograph, the title of the book, website, or collection where the
photograph can be located, the publisher of the photograph or publication where
the image was located, the date the photograph was posted or taken, and the
page number, location of the museum (such as a city and state) or URL if found
online.
Format:
Photographer’s Last name, First name. “Title of the Photograph.” Title of the Book,
Website, Collection, or other type of publication where the photograph was
found, Date photograph was taken, page number, location (such as a city and
state if necessary) where the photograph can be found, or URL.
Begin with the name of the photographer or main contributor (if available). This
person’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and
a period after the first name (and any middle name).
For a photograph taken from a publication or website, include the title of the
photograph in quotation marks followed by a period. If the photograph does not
have a formal title, create a description. If you make your own description, only
include a capital at the beginning of the description and at the beginning of any
proper nouns. Do not place the description in italics or quotation marks.
Place the title of the publication in italics immediately following it, followed by a
comma.
Digital image/photograph found online:
Photograph of the Hudson Area Public Library. JMS Collective, 19 Apr. 2016,
www.jmscollective.com/hudson-ny-3/historic-hudson-armory-now-public-library/.
*Note that the above photograph does not have a formal title, so the photograph
was given a description.
Photograph or Image viewed in a museum:
Vishniac, Roman. “Red Spotted Purple.” Roman Vishniac’s Science Work, early
1950s - late 1960s, International Center of Photography at Mana, New Jersey.
Photograph or Image found in a book:
Barnard, Edwin. Photograph of Murray Street, Hobart. Exiled: The Port Arthur
Convict Photographs, National Library of Australia, 2010, p. 20.

Citations for TV/Radio:

The most basic citation for a radio/TV program consists of the individuals
responsible for the creation of the episode (if they’re important to your research),
 the episode title, program/series name, broadcasting network or publisher, the
original broadcast date, and the URL.
“The Highlights of 100.” Seinfeld, NBC, 2 Feb. 1995.
If your research focuses on a specific individual from the tv or radio broadcast,
include their name at the beginning of the citation, in the author position. Or,
begin the citation with the episode name or number, along with a period, inside
quotation marks. Follow it with the name of the program or series, which is
italicized, followed by a comma.
If relevant, you may also choose to include the names of personnel involved with
the program. Depending if the personnel are relevant to the specific episode or
the series as a whole, place the personnel names after the program/series name.
You may cite narrator(s) preceded by narrated by, writer(s) preceded by written
by, directors preceded by directed by, performer(s) preceded by performance by,
and/or producer(s) preceded by produced by and then the individual names.
Include as many individuals as you like. Write these personnel names in normal
order – do not reverse the first and last names.
“The Highlights of 100.” Seinfeld, directed by Andy Ackerman, written by Peter
Mehlman, NBC, 2 Feb. 1995.
Also include the name of the network on which the program was broadcasted,
followed by a comma.
State the date which your program was originally broadcasted, along with a
period. If including the URL, follow the date with a comma and place the URL at
the end, followed by a period to end the citation. Remove http:// or https:// from
the URL.

In-Text Citations and Parenthetical Citations

What is an In-Text Citation or Parenthetical Citation?
The purpose of the in-text citation is to give the reader a brief idea as to where
you found your information. If the reader plans to investigate the original source
further, they can find the full citation in the Works Cited list.
Format your MLA in-text citation as follows:
“Direct quote” or Paraphrase (Author’s last name and page number)
In-text citation MLA formatting example:
He goes on to say, “Jim never got back with a bucket of water under an hour -
and even then somebody generally had to go after him” (Twain 8).
 For sources without an author, use the main word of the title in place of the
author’s name.
If your in-text citation comes from a website or another source that does not have
page numbers, use the following abbreviations:
If the source has designated: - paragraph numbers, use par. or pars. - sections,
use sec. or secs. - chapters, use ch. or chs.
Example:
Gregor’s sister is quite persuasive, especially when she states to her parents,
"It'll be the death of both of you, I can see it coming. We can't all work as hard as
we have to and then come home to be tortured like this, we can't endure it”
(Kafka, chap. III).
If there aren’t page, paragraph, section, or chapter numbers, only include the
author’s name in parentheses for your in-text citation.
If the original source is an audio or video recording, after the author’s name or
title, place a time stamp.
To learn more about parenthetical citations, click here.
Need help creating your in-text or parenthetical citations? After creating your full
citation for a source, there is an option to create a parenthetical citation.

Your Works Cited Page

An MLA Works Cited page contains all of the citations for a project and is usually
found at the very end.
Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the first letter found in the citation.
If there are multiple sources by the same author, only include the author’s name
in the first citation. For each citation afterwards, MLA formatting requires you to
include three dashes and a period.
Example of a Works Cited List with Multiple Works by Same Author:
Riggs, Ransom. Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children. Quirk, 2011.
---. Tales of the Peculiar. Dutton, 2016.
When alphabetizing by titles, ignore A, An, and The, and use the next part of the
title. In addition, if the title starts with a number, place the title where it would
belong if the number was spelled out.
Example:
1492 The Year Our World Began would be alphabetized under F (for fourteen)
Formatting Your Header:
The Handbook does not include a required way to format the heading of your
paper. Check with your instructor to see if there is a recommended way to format
your header. BibMe recommends creating your header in the following format:
In the top left corner of your paper, place the following pieces of information in
this order:
Your full name
Your instructor’s name
The course or class number
Date
Double space this information.
In the top right corners, place a running head for your MLA header. The heading
should include your last name and the page number. Use Arabic numerals (1, 2,
3, 4…). Your word processing program should allow you to automatically set up
the running head so that it appears at the top of every page of your project.

Using BibMe to Create Citations for your MLA

Works Cited List or MLA Bibliography
Looking for an MLA Formatter? BibMe’s automatic citation generator formats
your citations in MLA format. Enter a title, web address, ISBN number, or other
identifying information into the MLA format template to automatically cite your
sources. If you need help with BibMe, or MLA format citing, see more across the
site here.

More Information:
For more information on the current handbook, check out this page. There is
further good information here, including MLA format examples and examples of
MLA in-text citations.

In the News:
Check out this article, which shares information on helpful sites including an MLA
citation machine.
Background Information and History:
The Modern Language Association was developed in 1883 and was created to
strengthen the study and teaching of languages and literature. With over 25,000
current members worldwide, the Modern Language Association continuously
strives to keep its members up-to-date on the best practices, methods, and
trends related to language and literature. The Modern Language Association
boasts an annual conference, journal, an online communication platform,
numerous area-focused committees, and one of its most popular publications,
the MLA Handbook, now in its 8th edition.