AAP Finals

Topic: Functions and Philosophical Import of Art Examples:

I. Functions of Art

The functions of art normally fall into three categories.

These are personal, social or physical functions. These
categories can, and (often) do, overlap in any given piece
of art.

1. Physical Function- works of art that are created
to perform some service have physical functions.
Architecture, any of the crafts, and industrial design
are all types of art that have physical functions.
Examples:
Japanese Raku Bowl Fijan War Club
Romanian Water Pitcher Classic Laminated Chair
circa 1800 CE Eames Chair by James and Ray Eames
2. Social Function- works of art that addresses
aspects of (collective) life, as opposed to one person's
point of view or experience. Art that depicts social
conditions performs social functions. Art that are
religious and political in nature falls under this
function.
Satire Fur covered Dada Teacup
Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan Reluctant Givers
by Antipas Delotavo by Jon Jaylo
3. Personal Function- works of art that are subjective
and will, therefore, vary from person to person. An artist
may create out of a need for self-expression, or
gratification. S/he might have wanted to communicate a
thought or point to the viewer. Perhaps the artist was
trying to provide an aesthetic experience, both for self
and viewers. A piece might have been meant to "merely"
entertain others. But sometimes, a piece isn't meant to
have any meaning at all.
Examples:
Self-portrait of William Utermohlen
The Scream by Edvard Munch
Fujeirah Mosque Modern Living
by Nahida Beshara
Non- Motivated Functions- purposes of art are
those that are integral to being human, transcend the
individual, or do not fulfill a specific external
purpose. In this sense, art, as creativity, is
something humans must do by their very nature.
Including:
- Human instinct
- Experience of the mysterious
- Expression of imagination
- Ritualistic or symbolic purposes
Motivated Functions- refer to intentional,
conscious actions on the part of the artists or
creator. Including:
- Communication
- Entertainment
- Political advocacies
- Social causes
- Therapy or treatment in Psychology
II. Philosophical Import of Art
For the medieval theologian St. Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274), a beautiful thing had three primary
characteristics (Summa Theologica, First Part,
Question 39, Article 8):
a. Integritas (wholeness) – It must not be deficient
in what it needs to be most itself.
Integrity refers to the consistent practice of moral
standards of honesty and truthfulness, that you refuse to
deny or let go.
Integrity in art means:
- Always painting with passion
- Being original, not normal
- Having the courage to take a chance
The Subject of Art
 Refer to any person, object, scene or event
described or represented in work of art.
 Subject is the term used for whatever is
represented in a work of art.
 Answers the question: What is it about?”
 Not all arts have subjects.
Types of Subject
1. Representational or Objective
 Arts that have subject
 Term that generally refers to a painting or
sculpture that is clearly recognizable for
what it claims to be.
 Referred to as Figurative Art, being that it is
derived from real object sources.
 Representational artists act as observers,
and interpret what they see in their own way
through their work.
Examples: Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Arts, Literature
and Theatre Arts
 David by Donatello (1440s), Perhaps the
greatest statue of the Renaissance.
 The Blue Dancer (1898) by Degas, one of the
greatest exponents of figure painting as well as
various types of figure drawing.
2. Nonrepresentational or Non-objective
 Arts that do not have subject
 They do not present descriptions, stories, or
references to identifiable objects or symbols
rather they, appeal directly to the senses
primarily because of the satisfying
organization of their sensuous and expressive
elements.
 The artist uses form, shape, color, and line—
essential elements in visual art—to express
emotion, feeling, or some other concept.
 It's also called "complete abstraction" or
nonfigurative art.
Example: Makoto Fujimura’s Golden Summer
Sources of Subject
1. Nature
 A focused view or interpretation of specific
natural elements
2. History
 painting of scenes from history in its
narrower sense
3. Greek and Roman Mythology
 The Gods and Goddesses or stories from the
Greek and Roman mythology
4. Judeo-Christian Tradition
 A term which is used to group Christianity
and Judaism together
5. Sacred Orientation Text
 Shows relationship between people and their
God
6. Other Works of Art
 Uses the work of others to get inspiration for
their own work
Kinds of Subject
1. History
 The use of events or lifestyle from history
2. Still Life
 Long ago, some artists love to paint
inanimate objects arranged in an indoor
setting. Chinese and Japanese painters would
portray flower arrangements with its leaves
on its natural setting; some painters would
also portray dishes on dining tables.
However, nowadays, artists would prefer
something more complex with different
combinations of shapes and colors. One
example of that type of painting would be
cubism. In cubism, it focused more on the
two dimensionality of the object rather than
the traditional technique.
3. Animals
 Animals have been represented by artist from
every age and place. Some earliest known
paintings are representation of animals on the
walls of caves. Animals can be a form of
symbolism of our characteristics.
4. Figures
 Figures has traditionally been the human
body, nude or clothed.
5. Everyday Life
 Use of sceneries or events you can see
everyday
6. Landscape, Seascape, and Cityscape
 Artists have been always fascinated with
their physical environment. In countries like
Japan and China, during the ancient times,
landscapes and seascapes have been the
favorite subjects of their painters. Filipinos
have also captured on canvas our
countryside, as well as the sea. In Europe,
landscapes have been merely used as a
background of portraits or setting in a
religious scene until the emergence of
Renaissance, when people have learned to
appreciate their natural environment.
7. Mythology
 The use of myths of different cultures
8. Myths
 The use of stories that is not true, but
believed by many people
9. Dreams and Fantasies
 The use of images that are made by the mind
that are not real
Content in Art
Content
 Refers to what the artist expresses or
communicate on the whole in his work.
 Refers to what is being depicted and might be
helpful in deriving a basic meaning.
Levels of Meaning  These meanings stem from the viewer’s or Artisan
audience’s circumstances that come into
1. Factual Meaning play when engaging with art (what we  An artisan is essentially a manual worker who
 The most rudimentary level of meaning for know, what we learned, what we makes items with his or her hands, and who
it may be extracted from the identifiable or experienced; what values we stand for) through skill, experience and talent can create
recognizable forms in the artwork and things of great beauty as well as being
 Meaning may not be singular, rather,
understanding how these elements relate to functional.
multiple and varied
one another.  Artisans are craftsmen who make practical
Example: Ivan Manailo’s “subjective reality” artistic products, such as earrings, urns, stained
Example: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon by Pablo
glass and other accessories. Artisans gain their
Picasso
knowledge by studying under master craftsmen
2. Conventional Meaning and then practicing with continued study.
 Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation Artisans work to create something new, original,
of the artwork using motifs, signs, and and at times, provocative.
symbols and other cyphers as bases of its Examples of Artisans
meaning.
 Smiths (goldsmiths, blacksmiths, locksmiths,
Artist Artisan gunsmiths)
Definition An artist is a An artisan is a  weavers, dyers carpenters,
person who skilled worker  potters, etc.
performs any of who makes
the creative arts. things by Differences of Artists and Artisans
hand.
Characteristic The object has a The object has Artists and artisans articulate a vision through
clear artistic an artistic their art or craft. Fine artists work with paint, watercolor,
value. value. pen and ink, or illustrations, while artisans craft work like
Functional The object has no The object has jewelry, glasswork, pottery or other functional products.
Value functional value. a functional Artists focus on creating aesthetically pleasing works,
ARTIST AND ARTISAN
value. while artisans' work focuses on accessorizing and
Object The object has a The object Artist functionality more than aesthetics. The work of artists
lot of aesthetic though tends to be shown in museums or galleries, while artisans
value and is utilitarian has  refers to the person who makes tangible or sell their crafts at fairs and shops.
appreciated for certain intangible products as an expression of creativity
this quality as it aesthetic and imagination for purely aesthetic reasons.
pleases the attributes to it.  dedicated only to the creative side, making
individual. ARTIST AND THE ARTWORK
visually pleasing work only for the enjoyment and
 These conventions are established through
appreciation of the viewer, but with no functional
time, strengthened by recurrent use and
value.  More times than not, the relationship between
wide acceptance by its viewers or audience the artwork and the artist is on an intimate level.
and scholars who study them. Examples: The artist’s stories can be heard or seen
 Painters throughout their work
Example: André Derain, Portrait d'Henri Matisse
 Sculptors
 Illustrators Artwork
3. Subjective Meaning
 When subjectivities are consulted, a variety  Basically, Fine Artists.  aesthetic physical element or artistic creation.
of meanings may arise when a particular
work of art is read.
  the pieces of art, such 1. Pre-production: Initial planning, TECHNIQUES
as drawings and photographs, that are used conceptualizing, and gathering of materials/equipment.
in books, newspapers, and magazines  the manner in which the artist controls his
2. Production: The production proper. It is the stage medium to achieve the desired effect
where the plans and concepts are given form through  the ability which the artist fulfills the technical
May be in the form of: materials and equipment needed.
requirements of his particular work of art
3. Post-production: Embellishment of the raw
 Paintings: visual art work where paint or ink is used material. This is where additional requirements are
on a canvas or, more often in the past, wooden panels applied, such as the graphics in Digital Art and tidying EVENTS/EXHIBITS/MANAGING AUDIENCE
or plaster walls, to depict an artist's rendering of a sculptures and architectures.
scene or even of an abstract, non-representational EVENTS
DIFFERENT MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES, AND
image. APPROACH IN ART Management
 Photography: visual art where an artist uses a keen
eye to establishing aesthetically-pleasing MEDIUM  Management is the art of getting things done
composition in his photos. through people.
- the material the artist used to create the art.
 Installations: where the art is an entire experience,  It involves planning, organizing people and
- comes from the Latin word “medium”,
often taking up a whole room, and is often designed resources, and controlling performance against
which means the artist is communicating
to communicate to the viewer with several senses. approved plans.
with his idea
 Found objects: a common aspect of pop art, where Importance of Event Management
the artist finds an object that already exists in the COMMON MEDIUM IN ART
world and either incorporates it into an installation,  Most intense or significant form of advertising or
In painting In drawing In sculpture
marketing
or displays it as-is, assigning it a meaning that it may  Oil  Ink  Stone
 Involve the seminars, fashion shows, wedding,
not have had before.  Temper  Charcoal  Jade
product launches, and exhibitions.
 Plays: a combination of storytelling and visual art, a  Bistre  Ivory
 Present the art in most artistically way
where actors play out a script in front of an audience.  Pastel  Silverpo  Metals
These stories usually have a plot and incorporate  Water int (such as Classification of Events
spoken lines, but they do not always, and can often Color aluminu Size
also take the form of abstract art.  Encaust m, brass, o Mega Events
ic gold, Targets International market (eg. The
 Architecture: a medium that combines both
 Acrylic etc.) Olympic Games, world cup soccer and
functionality and artistry, it is the art of designing the  Plaster the super bowl).
buildings that people will use. Architecture is closely  Clay o Regional Event
related to sculpture, and both art forms are often  Glass Increase the appeal of a specific tourism
found in the same spaces.  Wood destination or region (eg. Nashville,
Tennessee, the Kent yucky Derby, and
Arts in the park, a Memphis art
PRODUCTION PROCESS The Artist and his Medium and Technique Festival).
The materials and techniques selected define the forms of o Major Events
What is a production process? Attract significant local interest and
visual expression the artist or designer can develop in
large number of participants as well so
their work. The various media offer both distinctive generating significant tourism revenue
The production process is the procedure in which the
idea or concept is realized to reality through three phases limitations and opportunities for the artist/designer. (eg. Chinese New year celebrations).
that must be completed to produce a product or
masterpiece.
The three (3) stages of production process are:
 Type are aligned, and that the objectives are  Curators
o Board and Committee o Commercial always kept in sight. Museums and galleries typically
Meetings Marketing and employ numbers of curators whose role it is to
ART EXHIBITIONS acquire, care for and develop a collection. They
o Seminars/Workshops Promotional
o Professional/Technical Events  Art exhibitions are a basic way of acquainting will also arrange displays of collection and
loaned works and interpret the collection in order
o State and Regional o Meeting and viewers with painting, sculpture, and the
graphic arts (both contemporary art and the to inform, educate and inspire the public.
Conventions Exhibitions  Buyers
o Annual Conventions o Festivals artistic heritage). Art exhibitions can be
international, national, or regional. Art Buyers find and purchase artwork
o Sporting o Families to suit the distinguished taste of their clients.
 Art exhibitions can be held periodically, often
o Entertainment, Arts, and o Fundraising An Art Buyer can work for many
annually or biennially. Works displayed at art
Culture o Varied Events exhibitions are often selected on the basis of clients, from wealthy individuals to advertising
some distinguishing feature. agencies. Daily tasks include previewing auction
The Elements of Management offerings, overseeing the packaging and
The first art exhibitions were public shows of art transportation of the purchased pieces, and
Planning works in ancient Greece (beginning in the sixth working with the Art Director of the client's
century B.C.), in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries company to understand what they want.
o Refers to the determination in advance of
during holiday processions, and in Holland and Flanders Collectors
the objectives to be attained, the best
in the 17th century at fairs and marketplaces. Collectors are the person who loves
strategy to achieve these objectives
certain pieces of art or painting and collect art
considering the external and internal At the end of the 19th century, many exhibitions not necessary to sell later. They are also called
environment of the organization, and were recognized as ground-breaking and influential for an art investor with possibility of having a
eventually the quantity of people, material, the development of the different styles and concepts. personal project in mind for their collection in
capital, and technology needed and how
the future, such as having own museum use/rent
these will be employed. Art exhibitions devoted to different phenomena
the collection form films/movies and TV shows
- Objectives, priorities, strategy, in the history of art are very important for the study and
etc.
programs, projects, activities, budgets, criticism of art. At these exhibitions, works preserved in
and timetables are standard components various countries are often shown.  Art Dealers
of any plan Art dealers have to be updated on what
o The longest period of time in the event Art exhibitions outline the profile of artists, is exciting, new or collectible. They stay in tune
management process. galleries, museums, non-profit and collector's venues and with the changing trends and tastes of the art
o Committees that might include curators. They are fundamental for self-understanding, world. They buy from both markets—auction
 Logistics branding, fundraising, future development, networking, houses and artists alike. They then sell the works
 Speaker /Performer public awareness, breaking new ground, finding new they acquire in their galleries or find collectors
 Publicity / Outreach contacts, finding new clients. who are interested.
 Press / Media
 Managers
 Finance / Fundraising MANAGING AUDIENCE
An art gallery manager is in charge of various
Organizing
activities involved in running an art gallery. Tasks of
o Organizing involves the design and an art gallery manager ranges from general 1. Audiences are at the center of your
assignment of authority and responsibility administration, accounts, marketing, developing communication strategy. You should adopt a
to the people who comprise the relationships with both artists and clients, assessing clear user orientation without forgetting your
organization and electing artworks, organizing and supervising art essence.
exhibits, negotiating with curators from other art 2. You should establish stories with your audiences.
Controlling galleries, attending art fairs and auctions, to working You should share your values with your
with community art directors in establishing and communities.
o Control means making sure that work promoting art programs. 3. You should segment. You should use relational
proceeds according to plan, that there is no marketing to optimize the interactions you want
slippage in the timetable, that attainment to have with all our audiences.
of the objectives and resource expenditure
 4. You should get to know your audiences. You
should act rigorously but without giving up
intuition, turning the data into information and the
information into knowledge. You should take into
account the new forms of cultural consumption.
5. You should listen actively and proactively. You
should adapt constantly to a changing society, be
flexible. You should go wherever your audiences
are, both in person and online. You should think
positively about marketing because it is just
listening.
6. You should design the user experience. Do not
forget that your value is the creation of user
emotions. You should consider the whole breadth
of their experience, before, during and after. You
should pay attention to all points of contact. You
should give due importance to your customer
service staff; this is also communication.
7. You should be engineers. You should build
bridges between creators and audiences.
8. You should learn management formulas for
audiences. You should be aware that, in addition
to creating, attracting and holding audiences, your
great need is to retain new ones.
9. You should collaborate with each other. You
should learn and relearn, based on methodology,
tools and resources for sharing experiences about
communication and audience management.
10. You should be obsessive about relevance. You
should not be satisfied with what you already do
through inertia. You should not forget that, in
addition to working for your organization, you
should work especially for your communities, for
your audiences.
Elements of Visual Art
Like most languages, the language of art has its own
special vocabulary. Unlike a spoken language, this
vocabulary contains no words. Rather, this visual
vocabulary is made up of art elements. The elements of
art include: line, color, shape, form, space, and texture.
Line
 
element of art that is a continuous mark made on
some surface by a moving point.
Five main types of line, each has the power to different
ideas and feelings:
 Horizontal lines - Run parallel to the ground and
suggest peacefulness or calm.
 Vertical lines - These run up and down and
suggest strength and dignity
 Diagonal or slanting lines - These suggest
tension.
 Curved lines - These suggest feeling movement.
 Zigzag lines - These suggest confusion and
action
Color
 An element of art that is derived from the
reflected light.
Color has three distinct properties, or traits.
 Hue - Name of color; The relationship of one hue
to another can be seen when they arranged on a
color wheel.
 Value - Refers to the lightness or darkness of a
hue. The value of a hue can be changed by
adding white to make it lighter or black to make
it darker.
 Intensity - Refers to brightness or dullness of a
hue. When a hue is strong and bright , it is said
to be high in intensity. When that same hue is
faint and dull, it is said to be low in intensity.
Color Schemes
 Monochromatic color scheme
 Analogous color scheme
 Warm or cool scheme
Shape
 An art element that refers to an area clearly set
off by one or more of the other elements.
 Limited to two dimensions, height and width.
Two classes:
 Geometric shapes
 Look as though they were made with a ruler or
drawing tool.
The square, circle, triangle, rectangle and oval
are the five basic geometric shapes.
 Organic or free-form shapes.
 Their outlines may be curved, angular, or a
combination of both.
Form
 In the language of art, there is a sharp distinction
between shapes and forms. In fact, the term form
is reserved for an object with three dimensions.
Like shape, forms have height and width and can
be either geometric or organic. Unlike shapes,
forms have a third dimension—depth.
Space
 An element of art that refers to the real or implied
distance between, around, above, below, and
within objects.
 Positive spaces
 In both two- and three-dimensional works of art,
the shapes and forms are called positive spaces.
 Negative spaces
 The empty area around and between these shapes
and forms are called negative spaces
Texture
 Element of art that refers to the way things feel,
or look as though they might feel, if touched.
 For example, an object might feel smooth, rough,
soft, or grainy.
Elements of Music/ Auditory Art
Pitch
 Register (high or low)
 Organization of pitches with a pattern
of intervals between them creates scales; Words
we might use to describe scales: major/minor,
chromatic, gapped, pentatonic.
Rhythm
 The time element of music.
 A specific rhythm is a specific pattern in time;
we usually hear these in relation to a steady
pulse, and mentally organize this pulse
or tempo into meter (sometimes called a "time
signature").
Melody/ Musical Line
 A combination of pitch and rhythm (some say
"duration").
 Sometimes a melody is considered to be
the theme of a composition. We might
 characterize melody by its contour (rising or
falling) and the size of the intervals in it.
 A melody that uses mostly small intervals (or
scale steps) and is smooth is said to be a conjunct
melody.
 Not surprisingly, a melody that uses large
intervals is called a disjunct melody.
 A motif (or motive) is either a very short
melody or a distinctive part of a longer melody.
Timbre
 Sound quality or tone color; timbre is the
characteristic that allows us to distinguish
between one instrument and another, and the
difference between vowel
 Terms we might use to describe timbre: bright,
dark, brassy, reedy, harsh, noisy, thin, buzzy,
pure, raspy, shrill, mellow, strained.
Dynamics
 Loud or soft.
 A composition that has extremely soft passages
as well as extremely loud passages is said to have
a large or wide dynamic range. Dynamics can
change sudd
Texture
 monophonic (one voice or line),
 polyphonic (many voices, usually similar, as in
Renaissance or Baroque counterpoint),
 homophonic (1. a melody with simple
accompaniment; 2. chords moving in the same
rhythm (homorhythmic)
 heterophony – “mixed” or multiple similar
versions of a melody performed simultaneously
(rare in European music; possibly used in
Ancient Greece)
 collage – juxtaposition & superimposition of
extremely different textures or sounds
The Elements of Audio Visual Art / Film Form
To analyze and write or talk about movies, we need to
start with a clear understanding of filmic components are
used to tell the story. So lets begin by establishing a
vocabulary of the five basic elements of film form –
literary design, visual design, cinematography, editing,
and sound design.
Literary design
 consists of the story ideas and the script.
 the story ideas include the characters and their
actions in the story, the setting of the story, and
any background story or subtext.
 the script includes the dialog and some broad
actions for the characters. (Some may refer to
this element as narrative design, a broader term
for storytelling.
Visual design
 consists of what we see on screen/inside the
frame, a very broad category of components.
 Performance - includes the actor’s mannerisms,
expressions, and movement.
 Blocking - the arrangement of actors and props
before the camera. Blocking also includes how
the actors move around the set during the scene.
 Lighting - includes the amount of light, the
specific areas that are illuminated, the shadows,
and the quality of light as in soft or harsh. The
lighting can contribute to perception, meaning,
and mood.
 Hair and makeup of the actors - adds to the
storytelling. This also includes special effects
makeup like wounds, blood or fake teeth.
Somebody has to make those zombies look real.
 Costume - what the actors wear. Period films
will try to create the look of the time with
costumes.
 Set design- consists primarily of the how the
room or space is set up as well as furniture and
props.
* Color is an important factor in lighting, costume,
and set design.
Cinematography
 Deals with the choices that are made for the
camera – the placement of the camera, the
camera angle toward the subject, the lens choice,
and the camera movement.
 Each of these choices has an affect on the
recorded image and how the viewer perceives
(consciously or unconsciously) that image.
Editing
 The sequencing of the shots in the film.
 Editors decide on the order and the duration of
shots, the visual transitions from scene to scene,
and visual effects.
 The editors have two major contributions to the
story.
 The first is the sequencing of shots in
terms of how the audience “reads” the
film. Cutting from an actor delivering a
line of dialog to another actor reacting
to what was said.
 The second is the pacing of the film
which helps establish the overall
feeling or mood. For example, fast cuts
from one shot to another create
excitement or tension. Longer duration
shots allow the audience to take in more
of the visual detail.
Sound design
 Deals with the sound components, what we hear
in the film.
 Dialog editing, sound effects, and music
contribute to the story.
 Mood, environment, character, time and place
are just a few of the story aspects that can be
established or emphasized with sound.
Performance Art
 Form of art in which artists use their voices,
bodies or inanimate objects to convey artistic
expression
 Artwork takes the form of actions performed by
the artist in a particular location for a particular
purpose.
 Presented in front of an audience.
 Performance can be in purpose built buildings,
such as theatres and opera houses, on open air
stages at festivals, on stages in tents such as
circuses and on the street.
 Performing arts may include dance, music,
opera, theatre and musical theatre, magic,
illusion, mime, spoken word, puppetry, circus
arts, performance art.
 Types of Performance Art
Dance
 Dancing is another type of performing arts. It is
defined as a performing art that involves rhythmic
body movement within a given space,
choreographed based on a musical beat. It is
performed either by dance performers in front of
an audience or by everyone on the dance floor.
Wherever it is performed, it is an expression of
idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply
taking delight in music and the dance movement
itself.
 From the earliest moments of known human
history, dance accompanied ancient rituals,
spiritual gatherings and social events.
Types of Dancing:
 Ballroom
 African-American and Traditional Jazz dances
 Worldwide Dances / Latin dances
 Professional performance dance:
 Ballet
 Contemporary dance
 Concert Dance
 Modern Dance
 Tap Dance
Music
Music is perhaps the most universal of the
performing arts and is found in every society.
Music is a form of art whose medium is silence
and sound. The word "music" was derived from
the Greek word "mousike" which means the art
of the muses. The common elements of music
include rhythm, pitch, dynamics, timbre and
texture. The performance, creation, significance
and definition of this art depend on the social
context and culture.
The Fundamental Music Genre List
 Spoken word is written on a page but performed
Blues
 for an audience. It relies on a heavy use of
Classical
 Country
 Electronic
 Folk
 Jazz
 New age
 Reggae
 Rock
Content of Music can vary from philosophical, social,
commentary, personal, or propaganda.
Opera
Opera is a form of performing arts wherein
musicians and singers perform a dramatic work
that combines text, which is called the libretto
and musical score. Sometimes it also includes
dance. The performance in an Opera is usually
done in an opera house, either a musical
ensemble or an orchestra also accompanies it.
The art incorporates a lot of elements of spoken
theatre, including scenery, acting and costumes.
Examples:
 La Traviata by Verdi
 The Magic Flute by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Theatre
Theater, as a form of art, uniquely employs a
specific language that applies to visual and
auditory elements, media, techniques, and
conventions. Its elements are varying and
complex, and may include physical presence of
the actors, the colors and shapes of the costumes
and scenery, sound and music, drama, and the
ideas and emotions expressed by the playwright,
among other things, that dynamically interplay
with each other within specific temporal and
spatial frames at each point of the performance.
(Wilson, 1991)
Examples of Theater:
 Romeo and Juliet – William Shakespeare
 Helen by Eurepidis
 Hamilton by Lin Manuel Miranda
Four Basic Theater Stages
1. Proscenium
2. Arena
3. Thrust stage
4. Created and Found
Magic and Illusion
Magic is one of the oldest performing arts; in
spite of the resonance of this term, natural means
are used to stage tricks and illusions of feats that
look impossible or supernatural. From card
tricks to endurance feats like being buried alive,
there are multiple types of magic performance,
each having attracted audiences for centuries.
Magic tricks were a common entertainment
source at fairs, and the art has evolved ever since,
making the best magicians in the world rich and
famous.
Types of Magic:
Production, Vanish, Transformation,
Transposition, Restoration, Escape, Penetration
Mime
Involves acting out a story through body
motions, without the use of speech. Mime is
considered one of the earliest mediums of self-
expression. Before there was spoken language,
mime was used to communicate what the
primitive people needed or wanted.
Examples:
 In film: A Dog's Life (1918), Charlie
Chaplin
 In stage and street: Mime artist wearing
tight black and white clothing with
white facial makeup
Spoken word
rhythm, improvisation, rhymes, word play, and
slang.
 Examples:
 Story telling – one of the oldest means
by which people communicate
 Poem performance – spoken word
poetry, slam poetry
 Monologues – a speech presented by a
single character to express their mental
thoughts aloud, though sometimes also
to directly address another character or
the audience.
 Rap
 Stand-up comedy.
Puppetry
 Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance
that involves the manipulation of puppets –
inanimate objects often resembling some type
of human or animal figure.
 Puppetry occurs in almost all human societies
where puppets are used for the purpose of
entertainment through performance, as sacred
objects in rituals, as symbolic effigies in
celebrations such as carnivals, and as a catalyst
for social and psychological change in
transformative arts.
Example: Shadow puppetry, Finger puppetry,
sock puppetry
Circus arts
Are a group of performers that may include
acrobats, clowns, trained animals, trapeze acts,
musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers
and other artists who perform stunts. A
traditional circus performance is often led by a
ringmaster who has a role similar to a Master of
Ceremonies. The ringmaster presents
performers, speaks to the audience, and
generally keeps the show moving.
Example: The Greatest Showman (2017)
Contemporary circus combines traditional circus
skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story
or theme. Compared with the traditional circus,
the contemporary genre of circus tends to focus
more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on
character and story development, and on the use
of lighting design, original music, and costume
design to convey thematic or narrative content.
Performance art
Form of fine art, in which the artists perform
their work live to an audience. Performance may
be either scripted or unscripted, random or
carefully orchestrated, spontaneous or otherwise
carefully planned with or without audience
participation. The performance can be live or via
media; the performer can be present or absent. It
can be any situation that involves four basic
elements: time, space, the performer's body or
presence in a medium, and a relationship
between performer and audience. Performance
art can happen anywhere, in any type of venue or
setting and for any length of time.
Examples:
 Painting
 Graffiti
 Sculpture
Fusions and Overlapping Interrelated Elements
Fusion Art
 artistic movement that is meant to be a catalyst
in bringing cultures together
 combines mysticism and artistic techniques
 art of living, includes visions and perception of
the soul
 connection of what's in canvass and the
emotional and spiritual energy of the artist
Overlapping Art
 artistic placement of objects over one another in
order to create the illusion of depth
Interrelated elements
 An organized, purposeful structure that consists
of interrelated and interdependent elements.
 having a mutual or reciprocal relation.
 connected in such a way that each thing has an
effect on or depends on the other
 each thing has an effect on the others
Graffiti
 an example of fusion art because it often has a
social or political message
 Illegal in Colombia but is still done because it
represents the indigenous people and their
culture
 Also illegal in United Kingdom but is still done,
however there are cities that has 'free wall' for
graffiti artists.
Elements of Art and Elements of Graffiti
-The first three elements of art which are the line, shape
and form are mirrored in graffiti. The terms used for
graffiti are tag, throw and piece.
Tag refers to the qualities of lines. Its essence is to develop
the next dimension in the form of line
Throw are letters that can be filled with color. This style
makes the letters have shape.
Piece is the illusion of form. It creates perception of
height, length and width. Overlapping letters create depth
in space. Color theory is applied in numerous schemes to
further enhance it.
Elements of Poetry
- Images - the pictures created through language
- Diction - the selection of specific words
- Form - the arrangement of words, lines, verses,
rhymes, and other features.
- Cadence - A rhythmic change of sounds from
words being spoken. Sometimes referred to the
flow of words.
- Couplet - two lines of verse that rhyme at the
end.
- Meter - A rhythm that continuously repeats a
single basic pattern.
- Rhyme - Words that end with similar sounds.
- Rhyming - Two lines of a poem together with the
same rhythm
- Rhythm - A pattern created with sounds: hard -
soft, long - short, bouncy, quiet - loud, weak -
strong.
 - Stanza - A part of a poem with similar rhythm
and rhyme that will usually repeat later in the
poem.
- Verse - group of lines in a poem
Performance Arts - form of art practice where people act
in a certain timeframe infront of an audience.
4 Pillars of Performing Arts
Body-brings the aliveness in the art
Site-potent element in framing of the work
Time-duration of the performance
Audience-the people watching and criticizing the
performance
Digital art
 is work made with digital technology or
presented on digital technology.
 This includes images done completely on
computer or hand-drawn images scanned into a
computer and finished using a software program
like Adobe Illustrator.
 Digital art can also involve animation and 3D
virtual sculpture renderings as well as projects
that combine several technologies. Some digital
art involves manipulation of video images.
 The term 'digital art' was first used in the 1980s
in connection to an early computer painting
program. It's a method of art-making that lends
itself to a multimedia format because it can
potentially be viewed in many ways, including
on TV and the Internet, on computers, and on
multiple social media platforms.
 In short, digital art is a sort of merger between power of the rigorous scientific approach with the
art and technology. It allows many new ways to subjectivity and experimentalism of creative arts.
make art.
The “digital arts” like CGI, animation, and virtual
sculpture use digital technology as a tool in the creative
FUSION AND DIGITAL ARTS process.
TRANSCREATION
 Development of an art into another form without
altering its purpose or meaning
3 COMMON TRANSCREATIONS
 A fusion composed by simple technological  Music to Text
elements and new elements of art as well.  Text to Dance
 Open art seen as art opened to media, free  Dance to Visual
diffusion, broadcasting and use of technology.
 The “dream of creation” does not only mean Music to Text
dreaming to overcome frontiers, but escaping
from one’s own identity too. Translated foreign songs on YouTube
 To behave in the world could become realer than
reality itself. Text to Dance
 The relationship between art and science has Novel-based musicals: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,
existed for a long time. Now, with the ongoing Harry Potter, Phantom of the Opera and Rock of Aegis
digital revolution, it has gained a much-needed
boost. Dance to Visuals
OVERLAPPING AND DIGITAL ARTS El Gama Penumbra
EXPERIMENTAL ART
 an art that tries to push boundaries and take risks.
Example: Titian (or Giorgione),
“Fiesta campestre” (“Pastoral
Concert”) (c1508)
Digitization is speeding up the convergence between art
and technology and provides a conducive environment for Diego Velázquez, “La
the combination of the two fields. Infanta Margarita”
At the crossroads between science and art, new forms of
(1653)
expression and discovery are appearing at every turn.
These new developments are leveraging the combined
HYBRID ART Examples: Wagnerian opera where the synthesis of song 2. Rhythm
and drama is that it becomes a sung drama or a dramatic
 Two or more different art forms coming together song  A visual tempo or beat that refers to a regular
to make a new art form repetition of elements of art to produce the look
and feel of movement.
2 Main Types of Hybrid Art Form  The two keys to using rhythm are repetition and
variation.
 Actual Hybrid
 Gedunken 5 Different Methods of Showing Rhythm
1. Alternating Rhythm
Actual Hybrid 2. Flowing Rhythm
TRANSFORMATION 3. Progressive Rhythm
 Art forms are clearly distinct and come together
4. Random Rhythm
to create another art form.  When one art form transforms into another 5. Regular Rhythm
Gedunken Example: 3. Balance
 Different “structural or mediumistic  The concept of visual equilibrium, and relates to
components” are modified. our physical sense of balance.
 The distribution of visual weight in a work of art.
3 Varieties of Hybrid
2 Types of Balance
 Juxtaposition
 Synthesis/Confusion 1. Symmetrical Balance
 Transformation  “Formal Balance”
George Warren Rickey’s “Space Churns with Cams II”:
 Parts of an image or object organized so that
An abstract kinetic steel sculpture
JUXTAPOSITION one side duplicates, or mirrors the other.
 If an imaginary line is drawn through the
 Addition of two distinct art forms coming to
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN center of the work, both sides are exactly the
create one art form with the qualities of each same, and balanced in that way.
separate art form. 1. Unity and Harmony
3 Types of Symmetrical Balance
Examples: Song accompanied by guitar; mime  Occurs when the elements in a space work 1. Reflection symmetry (bilateral
accompanied by flute; silent film accompanied by piano together to achieve balance. symmetry) – occurs when
roll  A pleasing combination of elements to create the everything on one side of the axis
big picture. is mirrored on the other side.
 Is accomplished by the repetition of a particular 2. Rotational symmetry (radial
design element, such as color, shape, and texture. symmetry) – occurs when
 achieved through the use of repetition in the everything rotates around a
colors and the materials used. common center.
3. Translational symmetry
Unity and Harmony uses the following:
(crystallographic symmetry) –
1. Shape and Form
SYNTHESIS/CONFUSION occurs when elements are repeated
2. Color
over different locations in space.
 When two or more art forms are brought together 3. Line
and each art form loses a little part of their 4. Style 2. Asymmetrical Balance
original identities.
5. Architecture  “Informal Balance”
  Usually off-center or created with an
odd or mismatched number of disparate
elements.
 To be considered asymmetrical, a
6. Subordination
design needs to have unequal visual
weight on either side, but those unequal
visuals need to balance each other.
4. Proportion
 Refers to the relative size and scale of the various
RULE OF THIRDS
elements in a design.
 It is the relationship of two or more elements in
a design and how they compare with one another
 If the proportions are incorrect, then the resulting
image will look less realistic or abstracted.
5. Emphasis
 A principle of art where in an element of the
artwork is given dominance in order for it to
stand out among other elements and to draw the
viewer's eye.
 Artworks may have more than one area of
emphasis but in order to avoid confusion on how
to interpret the art, one element must dominate
over all other elements of the piece.
Ways to Employ Emphasis
1. Use of Contrast - In artworks, contrast is
applied in more than one unique technique.
Contrast such as in color, value and texture
may help in drawing the attention of the
viewer to one particular area.
2. Use of Size - In order to employ emphasis,
one object may appear larger than other
elements may help draw the viewer's
attention to the element the artist wants to
emphasize.
3. Place the Subject in Areas That Are Known
to Attract Attention - Locations such as the
center of the medium or at the sides. The
element subjected to emphasis may also be
isolated through placement, tone or depth.
4. Repetition - may also be used to place an
emphasis on an element or subject. For
example, if you have a series of similar
elements and the subject differs from this in perception. That is to say expectancy, motives or
series or pattern, the change will be noticed interest also affect people perception.
by viewer.
Personality is another internal factor that
influences the perception of an individual.
 The term used to describe the secondary or Optimistic Beings – perceive the things in
favorable terms
accent elements of the artwork. The artists de-
emphasize the other elements of the artwork to Pessimistic Beings – perceive the things in
bring emphasis to the focal point. negative terms
Experience and knowledge have a constant bearing
on perception. It includes educational background
 One of the most useful techniques in and cultural upbringing.
photography
 Involves dividing an image using 2 vertical and b. External Factors
2 horizontal lines and positioning photography This refers to any characteristics of the perceived
elements on or near the intersection of those object, person, or event. These characteristics include
lines. The rule of thirds is versatile and can be size, intensity, contrast, colors, and etc.
used on several elements
III. Examples of Perception
Uses of Rule of Thirds in the Photography
a. Standing Bather with
 Landscape - Position the horizon along one
Raised Arms
of the horizontal lines and place the subject
along the intersections Artist: Aristide Maillo
 Portraits - Position the person off to the side
of the frame as it allows some breathing
space b. King of Kings
 Moving Objects - Pay attention to where  It was destroyed by a
they are moving. Leave space in front of lightning strike and
them to achieve the rule of thirds subsequent fire on June
14, 2010.
IDEAS OF PERCEPTION AND VISUAL  It is also called
AWARENESS “Touchdown Jesus”
because of its similarity to the touchdown
I. Definition of Perception
gesture in football.
Perception is the method by which the brain takes all
c. Lux Mundi
the sensations people experience at any given
 Latin for "Light of the
moment and allows them to be interpreted in some
World"
meaningful fashion (Ciccarelli & White, 2014).
 It replaced the statue
II. Factors Affecting Perception King of Kings which
was struck by lightning
The factors that influence perception are of two kinds and destroyed by fire in 2010.
– internal and external  The statue shows Jesus stepping forward
with a welcoming gesture.
. Internal Factors
 Because of its pose and inviting quality, it
The needs and desires of people play a vital role has earned the nickname “Hug Me Jesus”
IV. The Difference Between Looking and Seeing
Looking is to glance or gaze at something. It is simply
the manner of glancing back and forth, being aware
of surface qualities in the things that come into our
line of sight.
Seeing on the other hand, is deeper than looking. To
see is more about comprehending. Our gaze becomes
more specific, and with that comes specific meaning.
V. Context
Context consists of all of the things about the artwork
that might have influenced the artwork or the maker
(artist). These would include when the work was
made; where it was made (both culturally and
geographically); why it was made; and possibly some
other details or information.
Primary context is thus that which pertains to the
artist: attitudes, beliefs, interests, and values;
education and training; and biography.
Secondary context is that which addresses the milieu
in which the work was produced (historical context),
the apparent function of the work at hand; religious
and philosophical convictions; sociopolitical and
economic structures; and even climate and
geography, where relevant.
knowledge, techniques and creativity.
The degree earned by students usually ends with a
culminating exhibition and directs them towards
becoming exhibiting artists, graphic designers or
teachers.
Many artists learn their craft on their own through
practice, study and experimentation.
Whether they come from art schools or not, it takes a
strong desire to practice and become an artist today.
There are very few communities that can support the
selling of art on a large scale, as it is generally
considered a luxury item often linked to wealth and
power.
Some of these New York-Based Galleries are:
o The Laundromat Project
o To do
o In Complete
o Key to the City
Skill & Talent: A requirement for art
Skill is one of the hallmarks that we often value in a
work of art. Becoming skilled means a continual
repetition of a craft or procedure until it becomes
second nature.
culture, influences, schools of thought, schools of art,
tradition, methods, techniques and styles. If creativity
is free to bend constraints, it rarely works without
them altogether.
TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY OF THE
WORLD
40,000 BC – 2300 B.C. PREHISTORIC ERA –
prehistoric era refers to artifacts from ancient
civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece
and Rome.
- Artists employed resources from their
natural environments such as clay, rocks,
minerals, animal hair, bones, wood, fat
and blood to create images.
- Characteristics of prehistoric art include
Warrior Art and Narration in Stone
Relief, as well as petroglyphs.
Sumerian, Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Greek, and
Ancient Roman Art

ARTISTIC TRAINING METHODS AND
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
For centuries craftsmen have formed associations that
preserve and teach the ‘secrets’ of their trade to
apprentices in order to perpetuate the knowledge and
skill of their craft. In general, the training of artists
has historically meant working as an apprentice with
an established artist.
In many traditional cultures, apprenticeship is still
how the artist learns their craft, skills and expressions
specific to that culture.
The model for these schools is the French Royal
Academy founded by in the Louis XIV, the
Victorians first introduced art to the grade schools,
thinking that teaching the work of the masters would
increase morality and that teaching hand-eye
coordination would make better employees.
Artists spend many years learning and applying their
Talent is certainly another consideration, but talent
alone does not necessarily produce good art. Like any
endeavor, becoming an artist takes determination,
patience, skill, a strong mental attitude and years of
practice.
Creativity: The Challenge in Art
Creativity is is linked to imagination and the ability
to transcend traditional ways of thinking, with an
exaggerated use of alternatives, ideas and techniques
to invent new forms and avenues of expression
Creative Constraints Egyptian
Art centers
A Forbes article, How Constraints Drive Genius on afterlife;
shares, “Constraints give us a starting point and some
pyramids
building blocks to work with—a problem to solve, an and tomb
innovative twist to be revealed, or a person to please.”
painting.
Creativity such as great art, music, designs and
innovations typically result from a constraint such as
 1400 – 1600 RENNAISANCE
Heavenly
Byzantine
Ancient Greek mosaics;
is characterized Islamic
as Minoan - architecture
Ocean Themes. and amazing
maze-like
design,
Beginning
of
manuscript
Illumination
The characteristic of Greek and Hellenistic art is on
idealism: balance, perfect proportions, architectural
orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)

While Roman Heavy

Art is about walls,
realism, smaller
practical and window,
down to earth; Pilgrimages,
arch imperial Relics
procession.

200 – 1400 AGES

1600 – 1775 BAROQUE

Stained
Glass, Tall
churches,
Flying
Buttresses,
Rayonnant
Style

Characteristics include Central plan churches,

Christian images
 1700 – 1800 NEOCLASSICISM POST IMPRESSIONISM

Art that
recaptures
Greco-
Roman
grace and
grandeur

 Splendor, art as a weapon in the religious wars A soft revolt against Impressionism

1700 – 1800 ROMANTICISM & REALISM 1880 – 1970 MODERN ART MOVEMENT
 Still-life’s, genre paintings, portraits, and
landscapes
 Expressionism
 Fauvism
 Cubism
Art that  Futurism
breaks the  Dada
rules;  Surrealism
elongated  Abstract Expressionism
and  Action Painting
twisted  Color Field
bodies  Pop Art
 Minimalism
 Romanticism focused on the triumph of  Op Art
imagination and individuality
1900 – 1910 GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM
 Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein
(outdoor) air rustic painting
Highly
decorative, 1886 – 1906 IMPRESSIONISM
‘frilly”
posh Louis Capturing
XIV fleeting
effects of
natural
light

Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism); emotion

distorting form
1905 – 1907 FAUVISM 1924 – 1940 SURREALISM COLOR FIELD PAINTING

1964 – OP ART

Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the

1908 – 1914 CUBISM unconscious, ready-mades

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Post–World
War II: pure
abstraction
and
expression
without form;
popular art
absorbs 1970 – PRESENT
consumerism
POST MODERN ART

Pre– and Post–World War 1 art experiments: new forms

to express modern life
1950
1916 – 1923 DADA
ACTION PAINTING

Art without a center and reworking and mixing past

styles