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Page # 26 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B
8. A 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. A
15. B 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. D
22. B 23. C 24. B
Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
1. A,B,C 2. C,D 3. A,B 4. A,B,D 5. C 6. B 7. A

8. D 9. A 10. A 11. C,D 12. A 13. A,D 14. C,D
15. C 16. D 17. A 18. A,B,C,D
Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2

2. n2 (sec x + tan x) – n2 (sec y + tan y) = c 3. x 2  1 – sec–1 x + y2  1 = c
 x  y y x
4. n 1  tan =x+c 5. (a) n tan = c – 2 sin , (b) y = etan(x/2)
 2  4 2
6. y = (x + 1) . n (x + 1) – x + 3
1 5
7. (a) P = 1000 + 1500 e–kt where k = n  3  ; (b) T = 10 log5/3(3); (c) P = 1000 as t  
10  
1    1
8. m = m0e–kt where k = – n 1   9. x2 + y2 = k2 10. y= n c k 2 x 2  1
 
to    k
11. y = x1/n 12. y = kx or xy = c

 1 x  2y 
13. (a) c(x – y)2/3 (x2 + xy + y2)1/6 = exp  tan 1  where exp x  ex
 3 x 3 
2 2 2 2 2
(b) y – x = c (y + x )
2
y2  y y2  x2  y  y 2  x 2 . c
14. = n 

 x 3 , where same sign has to be taken

x2
1 a y
16. x2 + y2 – 2x = 0 18. n |x2 + a2| – tan–1  x  = c, where a = x + y2 19. xy cos = c
2   x
2y  1 2 2 1 4
20. x2 + y2 = cx 21. arc tan = ln c x  y  x  y  22. x+y+ = ce3(x – 2y)
2x  1 2 3
1
24. 25. y = c (1 – x2) + 1 x 2 26. y = cx2 ± x
2
27. y = cx – x2 28. y = cx + x n tan x 29. x = ce–arctany + arc tan y – 1
a2 2 cos x
30. y = cx ± 32. cos x – 1 33. f(x) = – – Ce–sin x. cos x
2x (1  sin x )2
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Page # 27
7 dy y
34. 27 minutes 35. =4– 36. y2 + x n ax = 0
9 dt 200  t
x2
37. sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x) 38. cx2 + 2xe–y = 1 39. y = cex ; y = c +
2
c c
40. y2 = –1 + (x + 1) n or x + (x + 1) n 41. e y = c . exp (–ex) + ex – 1
x 1 x 1
2 c
42. y2 = sin x +
3 sin2 x
Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1
1. y = 2sin x 2. y= (2 ex – e + 1) 3. f(x) = e2x
3e
4. (i) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v(x)) where K is any constant ; (ii)  +  = 1; (iii) constant

2 2  4  x2  y sin1 x y 
5. y=±  4  x  2n  6. xy + tan–1 =c 7. + = –2
 x  x 2 xy 4
 
x

2 2x x
x 1 x 2
8. y = 2x + 1 – e 9. f(x) = e – cos x 10. y= = ce
1  x2
11. x (x2 y2 + cos xy) = c 12. x(ey + n y + 1) = 1 13. y2 = cx
ex / a  e x / a 2 y/x 2 y / x
14. y=±a &y=±a 15. xe ;xe
2
 50  2
16. T = log4/3 2 hrs from the start 17. y = 5t  1   gms ; 91 gms
 50  t  3
19. 2y + Kx3 = cx
1 1 1
20. (i) x2 + 2y2 = c, (ii) siny = ce–x, (iii) y = cx if k = 2 and – k 2 = k 2 if k  2
xk 2 y c
(iv) x2 – y2 + 2xy = c; x2 – y2 – 2xy = c
Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS
1. (a) C, (b) A,C, (c) x2 + y2 – 2x = 0

3  x  2y  2  2 
2. y = n ((x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y) + 2) – n   +c

2 2  x  2y  2  2 
7   10 5
4. sec. 5. y = (x – 2tan–1 x) (1 + x2) 7. (a) T = H/k
135 g
8. (a) C ; (b) y = x2 – 2x, area = 4/3 sq. units
2
1 1 y2
9. (a) C; (b) A; (c) 1 y + ln =±x+c
y
10. B, C 11. (a) A, (b) C 12. C
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EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

8. The differential equation whose solution is
1. The order and degree of the differential equation
( x  h)2  ( y  k )2  a 2 is (where a is a constant)
2
 dy d3 y
3
1  3   4 3 are 3 2 3
dx  dx   dy  2   2    dy  2  2
 2 d y  2 d y
(A)  1      a (B) 1      a
  dx    dx 2    dx   dx 2
 
2
(A) 1, (B) 3, 1 (C) 1, 2 (D) 3, 3 3 2
3   dy    2 
2 d y
(C) 1      a  2  (D) none of these
  dx    dx 
2. The degree and order of the differential equation
of the family of all parabolas whose axis is x-axis are
respectively 9. If y  e (K 1)x is a solution of differential equation
(A) 2, 1 (B) 1, 2 (C) 3, 2 (D) 2, 3
d2 y dy
2
4 4 y  0 , then k equals
dx dx
3. The order and degree of the differential equation
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
2
dy d y
3  4 2  7 x  0 are a and b, then a + b is
dx dx 10. The differential equation for the family of curves
x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary constant is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
(A) ( x 2  y 2 )y'  2xy (B) 2( x 2  y 2 )y'  xy
4. Number of values of m  N for which y  emx is a (C) 2( x 2  y 2 )y'  xy (D) ( x 2  y 2 )y'  2xy
solution of the differential equation
D3 y  3 D 2 y  4 Dy  12y  0 is 11. The general solution of the differential equation

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
dy 1  x

5. The value of the constant ‘m’ and ‘c’ for which dx y is a family of curves which looks most like
y = mx + c is a solution of the differential equation which of the following ?
2
D y  3 Dy  4 y   4 x
(A) is m = – 1, c = 3/4 (B) is m = 1, c = 3/4
(C) no such real m, c (D) is m = 1, c = –3/4 (A) (B)
6. The differential equation of the family of curves

represented by y = a + bx + ce–x
(where a, b, c are arbitrary constants) is (C) (D)
(A) y  y (B) y  y  0
(C) y  y  y  0 (D) y  y  y  0 12. The solution to the differential equation yny+xy'=0,
where y(1) = e, is
7. The differential equation whose solution is (A) x( ny )  1 (B) xy(ny )  1
2 2
Ax  By  1 , where A and B are arbitrary constants
 2
(D) ny   x

is of- (C) (ny ) 2  2  y 1
(A) first order and first degree  2 
 
(B) second order and first degree
(C) second order and second degree
(D) first order and second degree
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13. A curve passing through (2, 3) and satisfying the 17. The solution of the differential equation
x
dy
differential equation ty( t )dt  x 2 y( x ), ( x  0 ) is ( 2x  10 y 3 )  y  0 is

0
dx
2 9 (A) x  y  ce 2x (B) y 2  2x 3  c
(A) x 2  y 2  13 (B) y  x
2
(C) xy 2  2y 5  c (D) x ( y 2  xy)  0
2 2
x y
(C)  1 (D) xy = 6
8 18
18. Solution of differential equation
14. The equation of the curve passing through origin and 1
(1  y 2 )dx  ( x  e tan y
) dy  0 is
dy
satisfying the differential equation  sin(10 x  6 y ) is
dx 1 tan 1
y 1 2 tan1 y
(A) y e tan x
 tan 1 x  c (B) x e  e c
2
1  5 tan 4 x  5 x
(A) y  tan 1   1 1
3  4  3 tan 4 x  3 (C) 2x  e tan y
c (D) y  xe tan x
c
1 1  5 tan 4 x  5x
(B) y  tan  
3  4  3 tan 4 x  3
1  3  tan 4 x  5 x 19. The general solution of the differential equation,

(C) y  tan 1   (D) none of these
3  4  3 tan 4 x  3 y'y'(x)  (x).'(x)  0 where ( x ) is a known function is
(A) y  ce ( x )  ( x )  1 (B) y  ce ( x )  ( x )  K

dy
15. If x  y (log y  log x  1) , then the solution of the (C) y  ce ( x )  ( x )  1 (D) y  ce ( x )  ( x )  K
dx
equation is
20. The solution of the differential equation,
x y e x ( x  1) dx  ( ye y  xe x ) dy  0 with initial condition
(A) log  y   cy (B) log    cx
  x
f(0) = 0, is
x (A) xe x  2y 2 e y  0 (B) 2xe x  y 2 e y  0

y
(C) x log    cy (D) y log  y   cx
x   (C) xe x  2y 2 e y  0 (D) 2xe x  y 2 e y  0
  21. The solution of the differential equation

16. A curve passes through the point  1,  & its
 4 ydx  ( x  x 2 y ) dy  0 is
y y 1
slope at any point is given by  cos 2   . Then the (A) xy  log y  c (B) log y = cx
x x
1 1
curve has the equation (C)  xy  c (D)  xy  log y  c
1 e
(A) y  x tan  n  (B) y  x tan1 (n  2) dy
 x 5
22. The solution of y x  y  x  0 is
dx
1  e (A) x 4 / 4  1/ 5( x / y )5  C (B) x 5 / 5  (1/ 4) ( x / y ) 4  C
(C) y  tan 1  n  (D) none
x  x (C) ( x / y )5  x 4 / 4  C (D) ( xy) 4  x 5 / 5  C
xdy  y 
23. The solution of 2
 22 2
 1 dx is
x y  
x y 
(A) y  x cot(c  x ) (B) cos 1 y / x   x  c
(C) y  x tan (c  x ) (D) y 2 / x 2  x tan(c  x )
24. Which one of the following curves represents

the solution of the initial value problem Dy = 100 – y
where y(0) = 50
y y
100 100
50
50
(A) (B)
O x O x
y y
100 100
50 50
(C) (D)
O x O x
EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

6. Number of straight lines which satisfy the differential
1. Which one of the following is homogeneous function ?
2
1 2
dy  dy 
xy  x equation + x   – y = 0 is
(A) f(x, y) = (B) f ( x, y )  x 3 .y 3 tan 1 dx  dx 
x2  y2 y
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(C) f(x, y) = x (n x 2  y 2 – ny) + yex / y

7. The solution of the differential equation,
 2x 2  y 2   x  2y  dy 1 1
(D) f(x, y) = x n  n( x  y ) + y2 tan   x2 .cos – y sin = –1, where y  –1 as x  is
x  3x  y  dx x x
 
1 1 x 1
(A) y = sin – cos (B) y =
2. The function f(x) satisfying the equation, x x 1
x sin
f2(x) + 4f’(x) . f(x) + [f’(x)]2 = 0 is x
1 1 x 1
(A) f(x) = c . e( 2  3 )x
(B) f(x) = c . e( 2  3 )x (C) y = cos
x
+ sin
x
(D) y =
1
x cos
x
(C) f(x) = c . e( 3  2 )x
(D) f(x) = c . e ( 2  3 )x
x
8. If y = (where c is an arbitrary constant) is
3. The equation of the curve passing through (3, 4) & n | cx |
satisfying the differential equation, the general solution of the differential equation
2
 dy  dy dy y x x
y   + (x – y) – x = 0 can be = +    then the function    is
dx
  dx dx x y
  y
(A) x – y + 1=0 (B) x2 + y2 =25
2 2
(C) x + y – 5x – 10=0 (D) x + y – 7=0 x2 x2 y2 y2
(A) 2 (B) – (C) 2 (D) –
y y2 x x2
4. The graph of the function y = f(x) passing
through the point (0, 1) and satisfying the differential
x
dy 2
equation
dx
+ y cos x = cos x is such that 9. If  ty(t )dt  x
a
+ y(x) then y as a function of x is
(A) it is a constant function
(B) it is periodic x 2  a2 x 2  a2
(C) it is neither an even nor an odd function (A) y = 2 – (2 + a )e 2

2
(B) y = 1 – (2 + a )e 2
2
(D) it is continuous & differentiable for all x.

x 2  a2
5. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank (C) y = 2 – (1 + a )e 2

2
(D) none
by opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is
known that the rate at which the water level drops is 1
proportional to the square root of water depth y, where 10. A function f(x) satisfying  f (tx)dt  nf ( x) ,
0
the constant of proportionality k > 0 depends on the where x > 0, is
acceleration due to gravity and the geometry of the
1 n n
hole. If t is measured in minutes and k = 1/15 then
(A) f(x) = c.x n (B) f(x) = c.x n 1
the time to drain the tank if the water is 4 meter deep
to start with is 1
(A) 30 min (B) 45 min (C) 60 min (D) 80 min (C) f(x) = c.x n (D) f(x) = c.x(1–n)
d2 y dy 18. The orthogonal trajectories of the system of curves

11. The differential equation + + sin y + x2 = 0
dx 2 dx
2
is of the following type  dy  4
  = are
(A) linear (B) homogeneous dx
  x
(C) order two (D) degree one
 x3 / 2
(A) 9(y + c)2 = x3 (B) y + c =
12. A curve C passes through origin and has the 3
property that at each point (x, y) on it the normal
line at that point passes through (1, 0). The equation x3 / 2
(C) y + c = (D) all of these
of a common tangent to the curve C and the parabola 3
y2 = 4x is
(A) x = 0 (B) y = 0 (C) y=x+1 (D) x+y+1=0
13. The solution of the differential equation

2
 dy  dy x
  – (e + e–x) + 1 = 0 is
dx
  dx
(A) y + e–x = c (B) y – e–x = c

(C) y + ex = c (D) y – ex = c
14. Let y = (A + Bx)e3x be a solution of the differential
d2 y dy
equation 2 +m + ny = 0, m, n  I, then
dx dx
(A) m+n=3 (B) n2 – m2=64 (C) m=–6 (D) n=9
15. The differential equation 2xy dy = (x2 + y2 + 1) dx

determines
(A) A family of circles with centre on x-axis
(B) A family of circles with centre on y-axis
(C) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre on x-axis
(D) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre on y-axis
16. If f’’(x) + f’(x) + f2(x) = x2 be the differential

equation of a curve and let P be the point of maxima
then number of tangents which can be drawn from
point P to x2 – y2 = a2 is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) either 1 or 2
17. The solution of x2dy – y2dx + xy2(x – y)dy = 0 is
xy y2 xy x2
(A) n = +c (B) n = +c
xy 2 xy 2
xy x2 xy
(C) n = +c (D) n =x+c
xy 2 xy
EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
[FORMATION AND VARIABLES SEPARABLE] 9. A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It

1. State the order & degree of the following differen- meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length k,
tial equations : then show that the differential equation describing
dy
 d2 x 
3 4 such curves is, y   k   y 2 . Find the equation of
 dx  dx
(i)  2    dt   xt  0
 dt   
such a curve passing through (0, k).
3/2
d2 y   dy  2 
 1     10. Find the curve for which the sum of the lengths of
(ii)
dx 2   dx   the tangent and subtangent at any of its point is
proportional to the product of the co-ordinates of the
n(sec x  tan x ) n(sec y  tan y ) point of tangency, the proportionality factor is equal to k.
2. dx  dy
cos x cos y
11. Find the curve y = f(x) where f(x)  0, f(0) = 0,
bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x]
dy ( x 2  1)( y 2  1)
3.  0 whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f (x).
dx xy
It is known that f(1) = 1.
dy
4. = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) 12. A curve is such that the length of the polar radius
dx
of any point on the curve is equal to the length of the
tangent drawn at this point. Form the differential
dy xy xy
5. (a)  sin  sin equation and solve it to find the equation of the curve.
dx 2 2
dy  [HOMOGENEOUS]
(b) sin x . = y. ny if y = e, when x = 2
dx 2 dy x  xy
13. (a) 
dx x 2  y 2
6. e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0, y = 3
(b) (x3 – 3xy2) dx = (y3 – 3x2y) dy

7. The population P of a town decreases at a rate
proportional to the number by which the population
14. Find the equation of a curve such that the projection
exceeds 1000, proportionality constant being k > 0.
of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa.
Find
(a) Population at any time t, given initial population
15. The light rays emanating from a point source
of the town being 2500.
situated at origin when reflected from the mirror of a
search light are reflected as beam parallel to the
(b) If 10 years later the population has fallen to 1900,
x-axis. Show that the surface is parabolic, by first
find the time when the population will be 1500.
forming the differential equation and then solving it.
(c) Predict about the population of the town in the 16. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent
long run. at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the
8. It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly point of contact. Find the equation of the curve
proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find satisfying the above condition and which passes
the law of variation of a mass of radium as a function through (1, 1).
of time if at t = 0, the mass of the radius was m0 and
during time t0 % of the original mass of radium decay.
17. Show that the equation of the curve intersecting dy

28. x – y = 2 x2 cosec 2x
with the x-axis at the point x = 1 and for which the dx
length of the subnormal at any point of the curve is
equal to the arithmetic mean of the co-ordinates of 29. (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1 y – x)dy
this point is (y – x)2 (x + 2y) = 1.
30. Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle
18. Use the substitution y2
= a – x to reduce the constructed on the abscissa of any point and the
dy initial ordinate of the tangent at this point is equal to
equation y3 . + x + y2 = 0 to homogeneous form a2. (Initial ordinate means y intercept of the tangent).
dx
and hence solve it. 31. Let the function ln f(x) is defined where f(x)
exists for x  2 and k is fixed positive real number,
d
 y y  y y  dy prove that if (x. f(x))  – k f(x) then f(x)  A x–1–k
19.  x cos  y sin  y   y sin  x cos  x dx
 x x  x x  dx
where A is independent of x.
20. Find the curve for which any tangent intersects
the y-axis at the point equidistant from the point of
32. Find the differentiable function which satisfies the
tangency and the origin.
x x
equation f(x) = –  f ( t ) tan tdt  tan( t  x )dt where


21. (x – y) dy = (x + y + 1) dx 0 0
x  (–/2, /2)
dy x  y 1
22. 
dx 2x  2y  3   
33. Find all functions f(x) defined on   ,  with
 2 2
23. Show that the curve such that the distance
between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary real values and has primitive F(x) such that
point is equal to the distance between the origin and sin 2x
f(x) + cos x . F(x) = . Find f(x).
the normal at the same point. (1  sin x )2
y
 tan 1
x2  y2  ce x
34. A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution
containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs into
[LINEAR] the tank at the rate of 1 lit/min and the mixture is
24. Let y = y (t) be a solution to the differential pumped out of the tank of 3 litres/min. Find the time
y when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.
equation y’ + 2t y = t2, then find Lim .
t  t
35. A tank with a capacity of 1000 litres originally
dy
25. (1 – x2) + 2xy = x (1 – x2)1/2 contains 100 gms of salt dissolved in 400 litres of
dx
water. Beginning at time t = 0 and ending at time
t = 100 minutes, water containing 1 gm of salt per
26. Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium
litre enters the tank at the rate of 4 litre/minute and
formed by the co-ordinate axes, ordinate of an arbitrary
the wheel mixed solution is drained from the tank at a
point and the tangent at this point equals half the
rate of 2 litre/minute. Find the differential equation
square of its abscissa.
for the amount of salt y in the tank at time t.
27. Find the curve possessing the property that the

[GENERAL - CHANGE OF VARIABLE BY A SUIT-
intercept, the tangent at any point of a curve cuts
ABLE SUBSTITUTION]
off on the y-axis is equal to the square of the abscissa
of the point of tangency.
36. (x - y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0
dy tan y
37.  = (1 + x) ex sec y
dx 1  x
dy e y 1
38.  
dx x 2 x
2
 dy  dy
39.    ( x  y )  xy  0
dx
  dx
dy y2  x
40. 
dx 2y( x  1)
dy
41.  e x  y (e x  e y )
dx
42. yy’ sin x = cos x (sin x – y2)
EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

9. Find the continuous function which satisfies the
dy
1. – y n 2 = 2sin x . (cos x – 1) ln 2, y being x x
dx
t f ( x  t ) dt =
bounded when x  + .
relation, 
0
 f (t ) dt
0
+ sin x + cos x – x – 1,
for all real number x.

1
dy
2.
dx
=y+
 y dx given y = 1, where x = 0
0 10. (1 – x2)2dy +  y 1  x 2  x  1  x 2  dx = 0.
 
3. Given two curves y = f(x) passing through the
dy
x 11. 3x2y2+cos(xy)–xy sin(xy)+ {2x3y–x2 sin (xy)}=0.
dx
points (0, 1) & y =  f (t ) dt

passing through the
points (0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves 12. Find the integral curve of the differential equation,
at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the dy  1
x-axis. Find the curve f(x). x (1–x ny). +y=0 which passes through 1,  .
dx  e
dy 13. Find all the curves possessing the following property;

4. Consider the differential equation, +P(x)y = Q(x)
dx the segment of the tangent between the point of
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) tangency & the x-axis is bisected at the point of
intersection with the y-axis.
and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the
same equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
14. A perpendicular drawn from any point P of the
curve on the x-axis meets the x-axis at A. Length of
(ii) If  and  are constants such that the linear the perpendicular from A on the tangent line at P is
combinations .u(x) + .v(x) is a solution of the given equal to ‘a’. If this curve cuts the y-axis orthogonally,
equation, find the relation between  and . find the equation to all possible curves, expressing
the answer explicitly.
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different
v( x )  u( x ) 15. A curve passing through (1, 0) such that the ratio
from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio . of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off
w( x )  u( x )
the y-axis to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of
the product of the co-ordinates of the point of
5. Find the curve which passes through the point tangency to the product of square of the slope of
(2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the tangent and the subtangent at the same point.
the point of tangency & the y–axis has a constant Determine all such possible curves.
length equal to 2.
16. A & B are two separate reservoirs of water.
x dy  y dx Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of
6. x dy + y dx + =0
x2  y2 reservoir B. Both the reservoirs are filled completely
with water, their inlets are closed and then the water
is released simultaneously from both the reservoirs.
y dx  x dy dx
7. = , given that y = 2 when x = 1 The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any
2
(x  y) 2 1 x2 instant of time is proportional to the quantity of
8. Find the equation of the curve passing through the water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the
origin if the middle point of the segment of its normal water is released, the quantity of water in reservoir A is
from any point of the curve to the x-axis lies on the 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservoir B. After
parabola 2y2 = x. how many hours do both the reservoirs have the same
quantity of water ?
17. A tank consists of 50 litres of fresh water. Two

litres of brine each litre containing 5 gms of dissolved
salt are run into tank per minute; the mixture is kept
uniform by stirring, and runs out at the rate of one
litre per minute. If ‘m’ grams of salt are present in the
tank after t minute, express ‘m’ in terms of t and find
the amount of salt present after 10 minutes.
18. Let f(x, y, c1) = 0 and f(x, y, c2) = 0 define two

integral curves of homogeneous first order differential
equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of
intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line,
y = mx then prove that the slopes of these two curves
at P1 and P2 are equal.
19. Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis

cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies as
cube of the abscissa of the point of contact.
20. Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family

of curves when ‘a’ is the parameter.
(i) y = ax2 (ii) cos y = a e–x (iii) xk + yk = ak
(iv) Find the isogonal trajectories for the family of
rectangular hyperbolas x2 – y2 = a2 which makes with
it an angle of 45º.
EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS
1.(a)A solution of the differential equation,

5. Find the equation of the curve which passes through
2 the origin and the tangent to which at every point
 dy  dy
  –x
dx
+ y = 0 is [JEE 99,2 + 3 + 10] x 4  2xy  1
 dx  (x, y) has slope equal to .
1 x2
(A) y = 2 (B) y=2x (C) y=2x–4 (D) y=2x2–4 [REE 2001 (Mains), 3]
(b) The differential equation representing the family 6. Let f(x), x  0, be a nonnegative continuous
x
 
of curves, y2 = 2c x  c , where c is a positive
parameter, is of
function, and let F(x) =  f (t ) dt , x  0. If for some
0
(A) order 1 (B) order 2 (C) degree 3 (D) degree 4
c > 0, f(x)  cF(x) for all x  0, then show that
f(x) = 0 for all x  0. [JEE 2001 (Mains), 5]
(c) A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the
property that the perpendicular distance of the origin
7.(a)A right circular cone with radius R and height H
from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to
contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional
the distance of P from the x-axis. Determine the equation
to its surface area in contact with air (proportionality
of the curve.
constant = k > 0). Find the time after which the cone
is empty. [JEE 2003 (Mains), 4 + 4]
2. Solve the differential equation,
(x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1)dx. [REE 99,6]
dP ( x )
(b) If P(1) = 0 and > P(x) for all x  1 then
3. A country has a food deficit of 10%. Its population dx
prove that P(x) > 0 for all x > 1.
grows continuously at a rate of 3%. Its annual food
production every year is 4% more than that of the
last year. Assuming that the average food requirement  2  sin x  dy
8.(a) If   = – cos x, y (0) = 1, then
per person remains constant, prove that the country  1 y  dx
will become self-sufficient in food after ‘n’ years, where 
‘n’ is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to, y   equals [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
2
 n 10   n 9 (A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4
. [JEE 2000 (Mains),10]
 n (1.04)  0.03
(b) A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of
4. A hemispherical tank of radius 2 metres is initially ( x  1)2  y  3

full of water and has an outlet of 12 cm2 cross tangent at point P (x, y) equals . Find
( x  1)
sectional area at the bottom. The outlet is opened
the equation of the curve and area enclosed by the
at some instant. The flow through the outlet is
curve and the x-axis in the fourth quadrant.
according to the law V(t) = 0.6 2gh( t ) , where V(t) [JEE 2004 (Mains)]
and h(t) are respectively the velocity of the flow 9.(a) The solution of primitive integral equation
through the outlet and the height of water level (x2 + y2)dy = xy dx, is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and
above the outlet at time t, and g is the acceleration y(x0) = e, then x0 is
due to gravity. Find the time it takes to empty the
tank. [JEE 2001 (Mains), 10] (A) 2(e 2  1) (B) 2(e 2  1)
e2  1
(C) 3e (D)
2
(b) For the primitive integral equation (C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
ydx + y2dy = xdy; x  R, y > 0, y = y(x), y(1) = 1, (D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
then y(–3) is [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
13. If. y (x) satisfies the differential equation
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5
y' – y tan x = 2x sex x and y (0) = 0, then
(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve  2    2

y = f(x) intercepted between the point and the x-axis (A) y    (B) y'    [JEE 2012]
4 8 2  4  18
is of length 1. Find the equation of the curve.
[JEE 2005 (Mains)]    2    4 22
(C) y    (D) y'    
3 9  3 3 3 3
Sol.
10. A tangent drawn to the curve, y = f(x) at P(x, y)
cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively
such that BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f(1) = 1, then
[JEE 2006, 5]
dy
(A) equation of the curve is x – 3y = 0
dx
dy
(B) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8)
(D) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4
11.(a) Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, )
t2 f ( x)  x 2 f (t)
such that f(1) = 1 and Lim = 1 for
tx tx
each x > 0. Then f(x) is [JEE 2007, 3 + 3]
1 2x 2  1 4x2 1 2 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + 2 (D)
3x 3 3x 3 x x x
dy 1 y2
(b) The differential equation = determines
dx y
a family of circles with
(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, –1)
(C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis.
(D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y-axis.
12. Let a solution y = y (x) of the differential equation,

2
x x 2  1 dy = y y 2  1 dx = 0 satisfy y(2) = .
3
 
STATEMENT-1 : y (x)=sec  sec 1 x   [JEE 2008, 3]
 6
and
1 2 3 1
STATEMENT-2 : y (x) is given by = – 1 2
y x x
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true ;
Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true ;
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A. DEFINITION
An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent
variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
There are two types of differential equation :
(i) Ordinary Differential Equation : A differential equation is said to be ordinary, if the differential
d2 y 2dy
coefficients have reference to a single independent variable only e.g.  + cos x = 0
dx 2 dx
(ii) Partial Differential Equation : A differential equation is said to be partial, if there are two or more
u u u
independent variables, e.g. x  y  z = 0 is a partial differential equation.
We are concerned with ordinary differential equations only.
(a) Solution (primitive) of differential equation : Finding the unknown function which satisfies
given differential equation is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation. The solution
of the differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation can be
regarded as a relation derived from it.
(b) Order of differential equation : The order of a differential equation is the order of the
highest differential coefficient occurring in it.
(c) Degree of differential equation : The degree of a differential equation which can be written
as a polynomial in the derivatives is the degree of the derivative of the highest order occurring in
it, after it has been expressed in a form which is free from radicals and fractions so far as
p q
 dm y   dm 1( y ) 
derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation f (x, y)  m   ( x, y ) m 1  + ....= 0
 dx   dx 
is order m and degree p.
Note that : In the differential equation ey’’ – xy’’ + y = 0 order is three but degree doesn’t apply.
Ex.1 Find the order and degree of the following differential equation :
d2 y dy d2 y  dy  dy
(i) 2
3 3 (ii) = sin   (iii)  3x  5
dx dx dx 2  dx  dx
32
 d2 y   dy 
Sol. (i) The given differential equation can be re-written as  2     3
 dx   dx 
Hence order is 2 and degree is 3.
(ii) The given differential equation has the order 2. Since the given differential equation cannot be
written as a polynomial in the differential coefficients, the degree of the equation is not defined.
(iii) Its order is obviously 1 and degree 1.
3 2
 d2s   ds 
Ex.2 The order and degree of the differential equation  2   3   + 4 = 0 are
 dt 
   dt 
Sol. Clearly order is 2 and degree is 2. (from the definition of order and degree of differential equation).
B. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
If an equation with independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is given, then
a differential equation is obtained as follows :
(a)Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times as the
number of arbitrary constants in it.
(b)Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Note : A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties. This
can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.
Ex.3 Find the differential equation of all parabolas whose axes is parallel to the x-axis and having latus
rectum a.
Sol. Equation of parabola whose axes is parallel to x-axis and having latusrectum ‘a’ is (y – )2 = a (x –)
2 3
dy d2 y  dy  d2 y  dy 
Differentiating both sides, we get 2(y – ) = a  2(y – )  2  =0  a. 2
 2  =0
2
dx dx dx
  dx  dx 
Ex.4 Find the differential equation whose solution represents the family : c (y + c)2 = x3
dy
Sol. c (y + c)2 = x3 ...(i) Differentiating, we get, c.[2(y + c)] = 3x2
dx
2x 3 dy 2x 3 dy
Writing the value of c from (i), we have 2
(y  c)  3x 2   3x 2
(y  c) dx y  c dx
2x dy 2 x  dy  2 x  dy 
i.e. 3  =y+c Hence c = –y
y  c dx 3  dx  3  dx 
2
 2 x  dy    2 x dy 
Substituting value of c in equation (i), we get     y   3 dx  = x3,
 3  dx    
Which is the required differential equation.
C. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS
The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary constants
equal to the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL
OR COMPLETE PRIMITIVE). A solution obtainable from the general solution by giving particular values to
the constants is called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
Note that : the general solution of a differential equation of the nth order contains ‘n’ and only ‘n’
independent arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential equation are
said to be independent, when it is impossible to deduce from the solution an equivalent relation
containing fewer arbitrary constants. Thus the two arbitrary constants A,B in the equation y = A ex +
B are not independent since the equation can be written as y = AeB . ex = C ex .Similarly the solution
y = A sin x + B cos (x + C) appears to contain three arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent
to two only.
D. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
(1) VARIABLES SEPARABLE :
Type – 1 : If the differential equation can be expressed as ; f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 then this is said to
be variable separable type. A general solution of this is given by  f ( x) dx+  g( y) dy=c ;
where c is the arbitrary constant. Consider the example (dy/dx) = ex – y + x2.e-y.
dy 1  y 2
Ex.5 Solve the differential equation xy  f (1 + x + x2).
dx 1  x 2
dy  x  y 1 1
Sol. Differential equation can be rewritten as xy = (1 + y2) 1  2
 2
dy  
x 1 x2
dx
dx  1 x  1 y
1 1
Integrating, we get n (1 + y2) = n x + tan–1 x + n c 1 y 2 = cxetan x .
2
dy
Ex.6 Solve the differential equation (x3 – y2x3) + y3 + x2y3 = 0.
dx
dy
Sol. The given equation (x3 – y2x3) + y3 + x2y3 = 0
dx
1 y2 1 x2  1 1  1 1  x  1 1 1 
 3
dy  3
dx  0   3  dy   3   dx = 0
   log    2  2  +c
y x y y  x x y 2 y x 
   
dy
TYPE – 2 : = f(ax + by + c), b  0. To solve this, substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation
dx
reduces to separable type in the variable t and x which can be solved.
dy
Consider the example (x + y)2 = a2
dx
dy a1x  b1y1  c 1
TYPE – 3 : dx  a x  b y  c , b1 + a2 = 0. To solve this, simple cross multiplication and substituting
2 2 2
d (xy) for xdy + ydx and integrating term by term yields the result easily.
dy x  2y  5 dy 2x  3 y  1 dy 2x  y  1
Consider the examples dx  2x  y  1 ; dx  4 x  6 y  5 and dx  6 x  5 y  4 .
TYPE – 4 : Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In

this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials.
If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) xdx + ydy = rdr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2d2 (iii) xdy – ydx = r2 d
If x = r sec  and y = r tan  then x dx – y dy = rdr and x dy – ydx = r2 sec  d.
dy
Ex.7 Solve = cos (x + y) – sin (x + y)
dx
dy dy dt
Sol. = cos (x + y) – sin (x + y) Putting x + y = t, we get,  –1
dx dx dx
t
dt sec 2 dt
dt 2
Therefore – 1 = cos t – sin t   dx   dx
dx 1  cos t  sin t  t
21  tan 
 2
xy
Integrating, we get, –n 1  tan = x + c.
2
(2) HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
dy f ( x, y )
A differential equation of the form dx  ( x, y ) , where f(x, y) and (x, y) are homogeneous functions
of x & y and of the same degree, is called HOMOGENEOUS. This equation may also be reduced to the
dy x
form dx  g y  and is solved by putting y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another
 
variable v, where v is some unknown function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation
dy y( x  y )
with variables separable. Consider the example  0.
dx x2
dy sin y  x
Ex.8 The solution of the differential equation  is
dx sin2y  x cos y
dy sin y  x dy sin y  x
Sol. Here,   cos y dx  2 sin y  x , (put sin y = t)
dx sin 2y  x cos y
dt tx xdv vx  x v 1
  , (put t = vx)  v  
dx 2t  x dx 2vx  x 2v  1
dv v 1 v  1  2v 2  v 2v 2  v dx 2 y = x sin y + x
2
x  v  or dy  on solving we get sin +c
dx 2v  1 2v  1  2v 2  2 v  1 x 2
dy
Ex.9 A solution of the equation x = y (log y – log x+ 1) is
dx
dv dv
Sol. Putting y = vx in the given equation, we have v + x = v(log v + 1)  x = v log v
dx dx
dv dx
  log | log v | = log | x | + logc log v = cx y = xecx
v log v x
Equations reducible to the homogeneous form :
dy a1x  b1y1  c 1 a1 a 2
If dx  a x  b y  c ; where a1b2 – a2b1  0, i.e. b  b then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k
2 2 2 1 2
transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new variables u and v where h and k are
arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homogeneous which can be solved
by the method as given in (b). If
(i) a1b2 – a2b1 = 0, then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an

equation with variables separable and
(ii) In an equation of the form : yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the
substitution xy = v.
Important note :
(i) The function f(x, y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for any real number
t(0), we have f(tx, ty) = tn f(x, y). For e.g. f(x, y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a
homogeneous function of degree 2/3.
dy
(ii) A differential equation of the form = f(x , y) is homogeneous if f(x, y) is a homogeneous
dx
function of degree zero i.e. f(tx, ty) = tº f(x, y) = f(x, y). The function f does not depend on x and
y x
y separately but only on their ratio x or y .
dy x  2y  3
Ex.10 Solve =
dx 2x  3y  4
dY X  2Y  (h  2k  3)
Sol. Put x = X + h, y = Y + k. We have =
dX 2 X  3 Y  (2h  3k  4)
dY X  2Y
To determine h and k, we write h + 2k + 3 = 0, 2h + 3k + 4 = 0  h = 1, k = –2 so that =
dX 2 X  3 Y
dV 1  2V 2  3V dX
Putting Y= VX, we get V + X =  dV = –
dX 2  3V 3V 2  1 X
 2 3 2 3  dX 2 3 2 3
    dV = –  log ( 3 V – 1) – log ( 3 V + 1) = (– log X + c)
 2( 3 V  1) 2( 3 V  1)  X 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
log ( 3 Y – X) – log ( 3 Y + X) = A where A is another constant and X = x – 1, Y= y+ 2.
2 3 2 3
Ex.11 Solve the differential equation (1 + 2ex/y) dx + 2e x/y (1 – x/y) dy = 0.

Sol. The equation is homogeneous of degree 0. Put x = vy, dx = v dy + y dv,
Then (1 + 2ev) (v dy + y dv) + 2ev (1 – v) dy = 0  (v + 2e v) dy + y (1 + 2 ev) dv = 0
dy 1  2e v
y + dv = 0. Integrating and replacing v by x/y
v  2e v
n y + n (v + 2ev) = nC and x + 2 yex/y = c
(3) LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients occur
in the first degree only and are not multiplied together. The nth order linear differential equation is of
dn y dn 1y
the form ; a0 (x) + a1(x) +...........+ an (x) . y =  (x), where a0 (x), a1 (x) ... an (x) are
dx n dx n 1
called the coefficients of the differential equation.
Note that : A linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differential equation of
3
d2 y  dy 
the first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential equation +   + y2 = 0 is not linear,,
dx 2  dx 
though its degree is 1.
Ex.12 Which of the following equation is linear ?
dy dy dy dy
(A) + xy2 = 1 (B) x2 + y = ex (C) + 3y = xy2 (D) x + y2 = sin x
dx dx dx dx
Sol. Clearly answer is (B)
Ex.13 Which of the following equation is non-linear ?
dy d2 y dy 3
(A) = cos x (B) 2 +y=0 (C) dx + dy = 0 (D) x + = y2
dx dx dx dy
dx
Sol. Clearly answer is (D)
(a) Linear differential equations of first order : The most general form of a linear differential equations
dy
of the first order is + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x.
dx
Pdx
To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e  .
Note :
Pdx
(i) The factor e  on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the
differential coefficient of some function of x & y, is called integrating factor of the differential
equation popularly abbreviated as I.F.
(ii) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor, the left hand side
becomes the derivative of the product of y and the I.F.
(iii) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable
dy
and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ; (x + y + 1) = y 2 + 3 can be
dx
dx
written as (y 2 + 3) = x + y + 1 which is a linear differential equation.
dy
1 dy
Ex.14 Solve (1 + y2) + (x – e tan y
) = 0.
dx
1
dx 1 dx 1 e tan y
Sol. Differential equation can be rewritten as (1 + y2) + x = e tan y or dy + .
2 x = ....(i)
dy 1 y 1 y2
1 1
y tan1 y
 1 y2 dy 1 1 e tan e
I. F = e  e tan y
so solution is xetan y
  dy
1 y2
1
1 e tan y 1 1
Let e tan y
=t  dy = dt  xetan y
 t dt
 [Putting e tan y
= t]
1  y2
1 t2 c 1 1
or xetan y
   2 x e tan y  e 2 tan y  c.
2 2
dy 1
Ex.15 The solution of differential equation (x2 – 1) + 2xy = 2 is
dx x 1
dy 1 dy 2x 1
Sol. The given differential equation is (x2 – 1) + 2 xy = 2  + 2 y= 2
dx x 1 dx x 1 ( x  1)2
dy 2x 1
This is linear differential equation of the form + Py = Q, where P = 2 and Q =
dx x 1 ( x  1)2
2
P dx 2 x /( x 2 1) dx 2
 I.F. = e   e  elog( x 1)
 ( x 2  1)
dy 1
multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = (x2 – 1), we get (x2 – 1) + 2 xy = 2
dx x 1
1
integrating both sides we get y(x2 – 1) = x 2
1
dx + C [Using : y (I.F.) =
 Q.(I.F.) dx + C]
1 x 1
 y(x2 – 1) = log + C. This is the required solution.
2 x 1
dy
(b) EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM : The equation + Py = Q.yn where P & Q are
dx
function, of x, is reducible to the linear form by dividing it by yn & then substituting y–n+1 = Z. Its
solution can be obtained as in (a) . Consider the example (x3y2 + xy)dx = dy.
dy
The equation + Py = Qyn is called BERNOULI’S EQUATION.
dx
dy
Ex.16 Solve the differential equation x + y = x3y6.
dx
1 dy 1
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as 6 + = x2
y dx xy5
dy dv dy 1 dv
Putting y–5 = v so that – 5 y–6 = or y–6 =– we get
dx dx dx 5 dx
1 dv 1 dv 5
– + v = x2  – v = – 5x2 ...........(i)
5 dx x dx x
This is the standard form of the linear differential equation having integrating factor
5
I.F = e
  x dx  e 5 log x  1
5
x
Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. and integrating w.r.t r
1 1 v 5 –2 5
We get v .   5x 2.
 dx  = x + c  y–5 x–5 = x–2 + c which is the required solution.
x 5
x 5 x5 2 2
dy
Ex.17 Find the solution of differential equation – y tan x = –y2 sec x.
dx
1 dy 1 1  1 dy dv  dv
Sol. 2 – tan x = – sec x (Put =v; 2 = )  – v tan x = – sec x
y dx y y y dx dx dx
dv
+ v tan x = sec x , Here P = tan x, Q = sec x
dx
I.F. = e  tan xdx  sec x ; v secx =  sec

2
x dx  c Hence the solution is y–1 sec x = tan x + c
SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENTIALS MUST BE REMEMBERED :
xdy  ydx y

(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii) 2 = d 
x x
ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx

(iii) 2 = d   (iv) = d(nxy)
y y xy
dx  dy xdy  ydx  y
(v) = d(n(x + y)) (vi) = d  n 
xy xy  x
ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx  1 y 

(vii) = d  n  (viii) = d  tan 
xy  y x2  y2  x
ydx  xdy  1 x 
xdx  ydy
(ix) 2 2 = d  tan  (x) = d n x 2  y 2 
x y  y  x2  y2  
 1  xdy  ydx  ex  ye x dx  e x dy
(xi) d    = (xii) d   =
 xy  x2y2  y

 y2
 ey  y y
(xiii) d  x  = xe dy  e dx
 2
  x
dy
xy 4
Ex.18 Solve dx = x2 + 2y2 + y .
yx
dy x2
dx
xdx  ydy ydx  xdy y2 d( x 2  y 2 ) 1 x

Sol. The given equation can be written as = .   (x =2 x d  
( x 2  y 2 )2 y2 x2 2
 y 2 )2 2
/ y2 y
1 1 y 1
Integrating both sides we get – =– +c  – = c.
2
(x  y ) 2 x x (x  y2 )
2
y  sin x cos2 (xy)  x 

Ex.19 Solve 2 dx +   sin y  dy = 0.
2 
cos (xy)  cos (xy) 
y dx  x dy
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as ; + sin x dx + sin y dy = 0.
cos 2 ( xy )
 sec2 (xy) d (xy) + sin x dx + sin y dy = 0

d (tan (xy)) + d (– cos x) + d (– cos y) = 0  tan (xy) – cos x – cos y = c.
E. TRAJECTORIES
A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves according to a given law is called a
Trajectory of the given family.
A curve making at each of its points a right angle with the curve of the family passing through that
point is called an orthogonal trajectory of that family.
ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES :
We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of the form F(x, y, y ' ) = 0
  1
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form F  x, y,  = 0
 y' 
The general integral of this equation 1(x, y, C) = 0 gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.
Ex.20 Find the value of k such that the family of parabolas y = cx2 + k is the orthogonal trajectory of the
family of ellipses x2 + 2y2 – y = c.
dy dy
Sol. Differentiate both sides of x2 + 2y2 – y = c w.r.t. x, we get 2x + 4y – =0
dx dx
dy
or 2x + (4y – 1) = 0, is the differential equation of the given family of curves.
dx
dy dx
Replacing by – to obtain the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories, we get
dx dy
(1  4y ) dy 4y  1
2x + =0  =
dy dx 2x
dx
dy dx 1 1 1
  4y  1 =  2 x 
4
n (4y – 1) =
2
n x +
2
n a, where a is any constant.
 n(4y – 1) = 2 n x + 2 n a or , 4y – 1 = a2x2
1 2 2 1
or, y = a x + , is the required orthogonal trajectory,,
4 4
a2 1
which is of the form y = cx 2 + k where c = ,k=
4 4
Ex.21 Solve (y log x – 1) ydx = xdy.
dy
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as x + y = y2 log x ........(i)
dx
1 dy 1 1
Divide by xy2 . Hence + = log x
y 2 dx xy x
1 1 dy dv dv 1 1
Let =v  – 2 = so that – v=– log x ........(ii)
y y dx dx dx x x
1 1
(ii) is the standard linear differential equation with P = – , Q = – log x
x x
I.F. = e  pdx  e  1/ x dx  1/ x
1 1 1  log x log x 1 1 log x 1

The solution is given by v .
x
=  x   x log x  dx =–  x 2 dx =
x
–  x . x dx = x
+
x
+
1
 v = 1 + log x + cx = log ex + cx or = log ex + cx or y (log ex + cx) = 1.
y
(y 2 1)
x
y
Ex.22 The solution of e {xy2 dy + y3 dx} + {ydx – xdy} = 0, is
( y 2 1)
x
y
Sol. Hence e . y2 {xdy + ydx} + {ydx – xdy} = 0  e xy . y2. {xdy + ydx} + ex/y {ydx – xdy} = 0
{ ydx  xdy} x

 exy . {xdy + ydx} + ex/y 2 =0  exy . d (xy) + ex/y . d   = 0
y y
or d(exy) + d(ex/y) = 0, Integrating both sides we get exy + ex/y + c = 0.
d2 y
Ex.23 For a certain curve y = f(x) satisfying  6x  4 f(x) has a local minimum value 5 when x = 1. Find
dx 2
the equation of the curve and also the global maximum and global minimum values of f(x) given that
0 x 2.
d2 y dy
Sol. Integrating  6 x  4 , we get  3x 2  4x  A
dx 2 dx
dy dy
When x = 1,  0 , so that A = 1. Hence  3x 2  4x  1 ............(i)
dx dx
Integrating, we get y  x 3  2x 2  x  B
When x = 1, y = 5, so that B = 5. Thus we have y  x 3  2x 2  x  5 .
From (i), we get the critical points x = 1/3, x = 1.
1 d2 y
At the critical point x  , is negative. Therefore at x = 1/3, y has a local maximum.
3 dx 2
d2 y
At x  1, is positive. Therefore at x = 1, y has a local minimum
dx 2
1 157
Also f (1)  5, f    . f (0 )  5, f ( 2)  7
 3  27
Hence the global maximum value = 7, and the global minimum value = 5.
Ex.24 Determine the equation of the curve passing through the origin, in the form y = f(x), which satisfies
dy
the differential equation  sin(10x  6y) .
dx
dy
Sol. We have  sin(10 x  6 y ) . ........(i)
dx
dt dy dt dt
Let t = 10x + 6y   10  6  10  6 sin t   2 dx   5  3 sin t  2x  C .....(ii)
dx dx 5  3 sin t
t 2dz
Putting tan  z , we get  2x  C from (ii)
2   6z 
(1  z 2 )   5
1  z 2


dz C 1 dz C
  5z 2
 x   2 2
 x
 6z  5 2 5  3 4 2
z  5    5 
   
 10 x  6 y 
 1 5 z  3 C 1
 5 tan 2
 3
 tan  x  tan    4 x  2C
 4 2  4 
 
Since the curve passes through (0, 0)  2C = tan–1 (3/4)
Thus 5 tan(5 x  3 y )  3  4 tan[4 x  (tan1 3 / 4)]
Ex.25 The rate at which a substance cools in moving air is proportional to the difference between the
temperatures of the substance and that of the air. If the temperature of the air is 290 K and the
substance cools from 370 K to 330 K in 10 minutes, when will the temperature be 295K.
dT dT
Sol. Let T be the temperature of the substance at a time t. Then   (T  290 )    k(T  290 )
dt dt
dT dT
(negative sign. because
dt
is rate of cooling)   T  290   k  dt ...........(i)
Integrating the L.H.S. between the limits, T = 330 to T = 370 and the RHS between the limits
330 10
dT 330 10
t = 0 to t = 10, we get    k dt  log (T  290 )
   kt
T  290 370 0
370 0
log 2
 log 40  log 80  k .10  log 2  10 k  k ...........(ii)
10
Now, integrating (i) between T = 370 and T = 295 and t = 0 and t = t, we get
295 t
dT log16
   k dt  log ( T  290 ) |295
 370   kt  log 5  log 80   kt   log 16   kt  t 
T  290 k
370 0
log16
Hence, from (ii), t  10  40 min utes i.e. after 40 minutes.
log 2

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Page # 26 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. A,B,C 2. C,D 3. A,B 4. A,B,D 5. C 6. B 7. A

Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2

11. y = x1/n 12. y = kx or xy = c

Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS

1. (a) C, (b) A,C, (c) x2 + y2 – 2x = 0

10. B, C 11. (a) A, (b) C 12. C

EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

D3 y  3 D 2 y  4 Dy  12y  0 is 11. The general solution of the differential equation

6. The differential equation of the family of curves

1  3  tan 4 x  5 x 19. The general solution of the differential equation,

(A) y  ce ( x )  ( x )  1 (B) y  ce ( x )  ( x )  K

x (A) xe x  2y 2 e y  0 (B) 2xe x  y 2 e y  0

  21. The solution of the differential equation

24. Which one of the following curves represents

EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

(C) f(x, y) = x (n x 2  y 2 – ny) + yex / y

(C) it is neither an even nor an odd function (A) y = 2 – (2 + a )e 2

(D) it is continuous & differentiable for all x.

5. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank (C) y = 2 – (1 + a )e 2

d2 y dy 18. The orthogonal trajectories of the system of curves

13. The solution of the differential equation

(A) y + e–x = c (B) y – e–x = c

14. Let y = (A + Bx)e3x be a solution of the differential

15. The differential equation 2xy dy = (x2 + y2 + 1) dx

16. If f’’(x) + f’(x) + f2(x) = x2 be the differential

17. The solution of x2dy – y2dx + xy2(x – y)dy = 0 is

EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

[FORMATION AND VARIABLES SEPARABLE] 9. A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It

(b) (x3 – 3xy2) dx = (y3 – 3x2y) dy

17. Show that the equation of the curve intersecting dy

equation f(x) = –  f ( t ) tan tdt  tan( t  x )dt where

27. Find the curve possessing the property that the

42. yy’ sin x = cos x (sin x – y2)

EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

for all real number x.

dy 13. Find all the curves possessing the following property;

17. A tank consists of 50 litres of fresh water. Two

18. Let f(x, y, c1) = 0 and f(x, y, c2) = 0 define two

19. Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis

20. Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family

EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS

1.(a)A solution of the differential equation,

4. A hemispherical tank of radius 2 metres is initially ( x  1)2  y  3

(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve  2    2

11.(a) Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, )

12. Let a solution y = y (x) of the differential equation,

We are concerned with ordinary differential equations only.

is order m and degree p.

B. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

C. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS

D. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL

(1) VARIABLES SEPARABLE :

TYPE – 4 : Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In

If x = r sec  and y = r tan  then x dx – y dy = rdr and x dy – ydx = r2 sec  d.

(2) HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :

Equations reducible to the homogeneous form :

(i) a1b2 – a2b1 = 0, then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an

Ex.11 Solve the differential equation (1 + 2ex/y) dx + 2e x/y (1 – x/y) dy = 0.