1.

Is it true that heat energy of the universe is steadily growing less available, if

so why?

Yes, it is true that heat energy of the universe is steadily growing less available

because thermal pollution is going on increasing which results to increase in

entropy of the universe.

2. How would you increase the efficiency of a Carnot engine? By increasing T H

only? By decreasing TL only?

The efficiency of an ideal heat engine is given as e=1 -TL/TH. According to this

formula efficiency increases when TH is increased and TL is kept constant.

Similarly, efficiency increases when TL is decreased and TH is kept constant.

3. What factors reduce the efficiency of a heat engine from its ideal value?

The friction and heat losses to environment reduce the efficiency of a heat engine

from its ideal value.

4. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is always less than 100 %. Why?

The efficiency of Carnot heat engine is given as e=1- Q2/Q1 . The efficiency will

be 100% if Q2 is zero, It is against second law of thermodynamics. Hence,

efficiency of Carnot heat engine must be less than 100%.

5. Explain why a room cannot be cooled by leaving open the door of a kitchen

refrigerator.

The room cannot be cooled by leaving the door of a kitchen refrigerator opened

because heat absorbed from the room is exhausted in the same room. The net heat

transfer is zero. When LTR and HTR are placed in the same room, net heat

transfer is zero.

6. Why do we call heat energy as energy in transit? How is it sometimes related

to thermal equilibrium?

Heat energy flows from hot body to a cold body when both bodies have thermal

contact until thermal equilibrium is reached. The temperature determines the

direction of heat flow so heat is called energy in transit.

 7. Under what conditions would an ideal heat engine be 100 % efficient?

The efficiency of ideal heat engine is given as e = 1- T2/T1. . The efficiency of an

ideal heat engine will be 100 % when temperature of LTR is O K.

8. Give some examples of irreversible processes in nature?

Chemical explosion is irreversible process. The dissipation of energy through

conduction, convection and radiation are irreversible process. The isochoric

process and isobaric process are also irreversible.

9. Can we calculate work done during an irreversible process in terms of area on PV diagram?

We cannot calculate work done during an irreversible process in terms of area on

PV diagram because pressure and volume are not well defined in this process.

Therefore, we cannot plot a line as continuous line on PV diagram. Yes, work

done can be calculated during reversible process on PV diagram.

10. Give examples in which the entropy of a system decreases and explain why the second law of
thermodynamics is not violated.

The entropy of a system decreases when its temperature is reduced. For example

formation of ice from water. The second law of thermodynamics is not violated

because heat flows from cold body to hot body with the help of work.

11. Is there a change in entropy in purely mechanical motion?

The change in entropy takes place in purely mechanical motion because

temperature rises and disorderness increases in pure mechanical motion.

12. Show that total entropy increases when work is converted into heat by friction between
sliding surfaces.

The temperature increases when work is converted into heat by friction between

sliding surfaces, which results increase in disorderness. Therefore, entropy of

System increases.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An automobile engine whose thermal efficiency is 22 % operates at 95 cycles per
second and does work at the rate of 120 hp. (a) How much work per cycle is done on
the system by the environment. (b) How much heat enters and leaves the engine in
each cycle.
Sol.

DATA

e = 22 % = 22/100 = 0.22

P = 120 hp = 89520 J/s

R = 95 cycles/s

Work/s = ? , Q H = ? , Q L = ? , t = 1s

CALCULATIONS

In 95 cycles. work done = 89520 J

In One cycle, work done = 89520/95 = 942 J

Hence work done / s = 942 J

Heat entering the engine in each cycle

e = W/QH

0.22 = 942/QH

QH = 4.3 x 103 J

Heat leaving the engine in each cycle

QL = QH – W

QL = 4.3x 103 – 942 = 3.4 x 103J

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2. A household refrigerator whose coefficient of performance k is 4.7, extracts heat from
the cooling chamber at the rate of 250 J/cycle. (a) How much work per cycle is
required to operate the refrigerator (b) How much heat per cycle is discharged to the
room (HTR).

Sol,

DATA
 K = 4.7

Q = 250 J

W=?

QH = ?

CALCULATIONS

W = QL / K = 250/4.7 = 53 J

Heat per cycle discharged to the room (HTR)

QH = W + Q L

QL = 53 +250 = 303 J

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3. A heat pump acting as refrigerator is used to heat a house. The outside temperature is
– 10 C˚ and interior is kept at 22 C˚. Find the maximum coefficient of performance of
the heat pump. It is necessary to deliver heat to the interior at the rate of 16 kW to
make up for normal heat loses. At what rate must energy be supplied to the heat
pump.
Sol

DATA

TH = 22 C = 295 K

TL = -10 C = 263 K

QH/t = 16 KW

K = ?

W/t = ?

CALCULATIONS

K = TL/ TH – TL = 263/295 – 263 = 8.22

The rate at which energy be supplied to the heat pump

K = Q1/W = QH - W/W

QH = W(K + 1)/t

W/t = QH /Q(K + 1) = 16x 103/( 8.22 + 1)

= 1735 Watt

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 4. A lump of ice whose mass is 235 g melts to water. The temperature remaining at 0 C˚
throughout the process. What is the entropy change for the ice. The heat of fusion of
ice is 333 kJ/kg.
Sol.

DATA

m=235 g

T= 0 C˚ = 273 K

L= 333 kJ/kg

ΔS = ?

CALCULATIONS

𝑄 𝑚𝐿
ΔS = =
𝑇 𝑇
ΔS = 250 x 10 x 333 x 10+6/273
-3

= 287 J/K

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5. The turbine in a steam power plant takes steam from a boiler at 520 C˚ and exhausts it
into a condenser at 100 C˚. What is its maximum possible efficiency?
Sol.

DATA

TH = 520 C˚ + 273 = 793 K

TL = 100 C˚ + 273 = 373 K

CALCULATIONS

e = TH - TL/TH

= 793 - 373/793

= 0.53

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6. Calculate efficiency of a fossil fuel power plant that is run by the heat supplied by coal
at the rate of 2968 MW to produce useful wok at the rate of 755 MW.
Sol.
DATA

Input power = 2968 MW

Output power = 755 MW

Efficiency = ?

Calculations

Efficiency = Output power/ Input Power

= 755/2968 = 0.25

Percentage efficiency = 0.25%

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7. A refrigerator extracts 185 kJ of heat at - 12 C˚. The freezer has a coefficient of
performance of 5.7. (a) How much work was required to run the refrigerator (b) How
much heat was delivered to the room?
Sol.

DATA

K = 5.7

Q L = 185 KJ

W = ?

CALCULATIONS

W = Q L / K = 185x 103/ 5.7

W = 32.5 KJ

The heat delivered to the room is

Q H = W + Q L = 32.5 + 185

= 217 KJ

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8. A heat engine absorbs 52.4 kJ of heat and exhausts 36.2 kJ of heat in each cycle.
Calculate the efficiency and work done by the engine per cycle.
Sol.

DATA

Q H = 52.4 x 103J
 Q L = 36.2 x 103J

e = ?

CALCULATIONS

e = 1 - Q L/ Q H

e = 1- 36.2 x 103/ = 52.4 x 103

= 0.309

The work done by the engine per cycle

W = e X Qin
= 52.4 x 103 x 0.309

= 16200 J

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9. 250 g of ice melts reversibly to water. The temperature remaining at 0 C ˚ throughout
the process. Calculate the entropy change for the ice. The heat of fusion of ice is 333
kJ/kg.
Sol

DATA

M = 250 g = 250 x 10-3 = 250 kg

T = 0C˚ + 273 = 273 K

Lf = 333 kJ/kg = 333 x 10+3 J/kg

CALCULATIONS

ΔS = ∫dQ/ T = Q/T = m L f/ T
ΔS = 250 x 10-3 x 333 x 10+3 / 273

= 305 J/K

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10. An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at 132 C ˚. The entropy of
gas increases by 46.2 J/K. How much heat was absorbed?
Sol.

DATA

T = 132 C˚ + 273 = 405 K

 ΔS = 46.2 J/K

Q =?

CALCULATIONS

ΔS = ∫dQ/ T = Q/T
Q = ΔS x T = 46.2 x 405

= 18711 J

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11. A car engine delivers 8.18 kJ of work/cycle. (a) Before a tune-up the efficiency is 25 %.
Calculate per cycle the heat absorbed from the combustion of fuel and the heat
exhausted to the atmosphere.
Sol.

DATA

W/ cycle = 8.18 kJ = 8.18x 103 J

e = 25 %

QH = ?

QL = ?

CALCULATIONS

Heat absorbed per cycle from the combustion of fuel

e = W/ QH

0.25 = 8.18x 103/ QH

QH = 32720 J

Heat exhausted per cycle to the atmosphere

QL = QH - W
QL = 32720 - 8.18x 103

= 2045 x 104J

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12. A refrigerator does 153 J of work to transfer 568 J of heat from its cold compartment.
Calculate the refrigerator coefficient of performance and how much heat is exhausted
to the kitchen.
Sol.

Data

QL = 568 J

W= 1533J

QH = ?

K = ?

CALCULATIONS

K = QL/W = 568/153 = 3.71

Heat is exhausted to the kitchen

QH = W + QL = 568+ 153

= 721 J

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13. An air conditioner takes air from a room at 70 F˚ and transfers it to the outdoors
which is at 95 F˚. For each joule of electrical energy, required to run the refrigerator
how many joules of heat are transferred from the room.
Sol.

Data

QL = ?
W = 1J

TH = 95 F˚

TL = 7O F˚
CALCULATIONS

K = QL / W and k = TL / TH - TL

On comparing

QL = W TL / TH - TL

QL = 1 x 294 / 308 - 294

= 21 J

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 14. An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at 77 C ˚ and increases its
volume from 1.3 to 3.4 L. The entropy of gas increases by 24 J/K. How many moles of
gas are present?
Sol

DATA

T= 77 C˚ + 273 = 350 K

ΔS = 24 J/K
Vi = 1.3 L

Vf = 3.4 L
n = ?

CALCULATIONS

ΔS = n R Ln Vf / Vi
24 = n x 8.314 Ln 3.4 / 1.3

n = 3 moles
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15. Apparatus that liquefies helium is in a room at 300 K. The helium in the apparatus is at
4 K. What is minimum ratio of heat delivered to the room to the heat removed from
the helium.
Sol.

DATA

TH = 300 K

TL = 4K

QH /QL = ?

CALCULATIONS

QH /QL = TH / TL
= 300/4