Elizabeth Sharman

across cultures

Literature l - . language

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 Elizabeth Sharman

across cultures

culture I literature I music I language

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 What's in your book?

Across Cllltllres is divid ed into eleven modules looking at eleven different aspects
o f life in the Eng lish-speaking world.
Modules 1-10 are eac h divided into 6 ma in units, plu s a language practice page.

In each module AN OPENING PHOTO PAGE ~

you vvill find: This acts as an introduction to the theme of the

module, presenting the topics that will be featured
in the units that follow. It includes warm -up
activities to help you discover and express what
you already know about the subject.

FIVE DOUBLE PAGE SPREAD UNITS a-e) ~

These contain reading, listening, speaking it1i~~?
and writing activities connected to a
different theme f or each unit. ~~~14

In Modules I, 3, 5, 7 and 9 you will also find:

....An ENGLISH EVERYWHERE spread (unit f)

These give information about an English-speaking
country outside of Britain and the USA.

In Modules 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 you will also find :

A SOUNDTRACK spread (unit f) ~

These l ook at music and song lyrics from the
English -speaking worl d.

....A LANGUAGE & CULTURE PAGE (unit g)

Another text relevant to the module present s grammar
and skills connected to the general theme.

--- ---
. ~-

Module 11 - Links to literature ~

Module 11 looks at extracts from plays, poems

or novels written in English, from Shakespeare
to the modern day. The tex ts connectto the themes
of the units in Modules 1-10.

" This is the numberofthe module
(1-11) and the unit (a-g).
" This box tells you the topic ofthe unit, the
countries you will look at, and the vocabulary
that you will practise. There is also a list of
links to other units connected to this one.

" This is the title

ofthe module.

" This is the topic " This tells you the meaning
ofthe unit. of difficult words in the texts.

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L- ... Listening activities are recorded on
CD and cassette.
...There are at least two reading texts in
every unit. There are lots of different types,
and many are real-life texts that have been L-_ _ '" Exercises with an EP symbol give
published in the English-speaking world. useful'practice in exam-style tasks .

... Reading, listening,speaking and

writing activities help you to explore
the texts, and to compare life in the-
English-speaking world with your
own culture.
 Table of contents

Unit page

•• • 7
la Two ordinarydays Daily routines UK and USA Cultural differences 8
lb Home swap Houses UK and USA Facilities in a house 10
Ie Modernfamilies Families UK, USA and Australia Family members 12
ld What's in your basket? Food shopping UK and USA Food 14
Ie Time out Leisure activities USA Leisure activities 16
11 English everywhere: South Africa 18
19 Language & Culture: Diana's day 20

• • • • 21
2a Four nations British national identity UK National symbols 22
2b British Islands The geography of the UK Features of a landscape 24
smallerBritish islands
2c The seven natural wonders Natural wonders USA and Canada Adjectives 26
of America of America of measurements
2d Climate extremes Extreme weather Australia and USA Wea ther and 28
natural disa sters
2e Town... and country Urban and rural UK The city 30
lifestyles
2f Soundtrack: A world of music 32
2g Language & Culture: Old or new, big or small, Oxford's got it all' 34

~lTJr.r. m r:'l1ID1 I rrm ~i;n.'n-~ .t'"l-.... ~ 35

3a England: a historical tour English history England and Scotland Historical events 36
3b Britain's colonial past British colonia lism Britain, Ireland, India, Wordbuilding 38
Singa pore, Hong Kong,
USA, West Africa,
West Indies
3c The British at war British history UK Military words 40
3d Historyat the movies American history USA Historical events 42
3e The USA: makingthe news Am erican history USA Historical events 44
in the 20th century
3f English everywhere: Jam::a::.:lc::a'--- _ 46
].g language & Culture: A short history....:o....:f. . :A....:us....:t....:ra....:l.i. :a -r-r- -r-' r-~
48

Module 4 - States and systems 49

4a UK parliament: tradition... British politics UK Politics 50
and change
4b The ups and downs The British monarchy UK Monarchy 52
i of the British monarchy
4c The land of the free The US Constitution USA Historical documents 54
4d US law: show business... The US legal system USA Crime 56
and big business ..
4e National celebrations National days Scotland, Ireland, National celebrations: 58
USA and England food, drink, songs
,
4f Soundtrack: Protestsongs 60
4g language & Culture: The US government 62
Unit page

•• 63
5a Too much too young? Educating very UK Education and exams 64
young children
5b Students at home... and abroad Higher education UK Education and exams 66
5c High school culture Belonging to cliques USA and Canada Aspects of American 68
and being popular high school life
at school
5d Cyber High On -line education USA Words connectedto studying 70
5e Star pupils Spec ialist performing UK and USA Performing arts 72
arts schools
5f Eng lish everywhere: Canada and Wales 74
5g Language & Culture: Choices, choices... 76

Module 6 - Global markets 77

6a Overworked and underpaid Working life in hospitals UK and USA Employment/Hospitals 78
6b Downshift ing Escaping from UK Words connected 80
a stressful lifestyle with breadmaking
6c The global supermarket Superma rkets USA, UK and Kenya Business/ 82
as business Food cultivation
6d Whenthe tourists stayed away Crisis in the tourism UK and USA Tourist attractions 84
industry
6e UK + EU = OK? The UK's relationship UK Metric and imperial 86
with the EU measurements
6f Soundtrack: The music business 88
6g Language & Culture: Business letters 90
----!:.~~~

Module 7_' ~~~Sport and leisure 91

~"~" '_'T~" , ~,'

7a The FriendlyGames The Commonwealth Britain and its Names of countries/Sports 92

Games ex-colonies
l--- - - --
7b Extreme sports Extreme sports Australia Sports equipment 94
7c Mall rats Leisure time spent Usa and UK Leisure facilities 96
in shopping malls
I--
7d Popular television Rea lity TV programmes UK Words connected 98
and soaps with television
i--- - - --
7e Holidays Holidays UK and USA Types of holidays 100
7f English everywhere: Australi a 102
7g Language & Culture: FitzGym 104

Module 8 - The arts 105

8a A child could do that Modern art Scotland Art 106
8b The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings UK Literature and myth 108
and other epic myths
8c West End musicals Musicalsin London UK The theatre 110
theatres
8d Hollywood kids Child stars USA Fi lm stars' 11 2
of Hollywood films
8e Dancing in the streets Breakdancing USA Movement 114
Sf Soundtrack: Cinema music 116
8g Language & Culture: I capturethe castle 118
Unit Topic ICountries IVocabulary Ipage
tt9
9a The UK press UKtabloid Heat and hot weather 120
and broadsheet
~ws p a p e r s
I I
9b Texting Sending text messages UK Telecommunications/ 122
The language
of text messages
I
9c Internet innovations New internet USA Telecommunications/ 124
technology_ _ Computers
9d Internet cheats Internet plagiarism I USA and UK Wordbuilding 126
by students
~
ge Language change How new technology World - l lnternetlThe language 128
has affected of text messages
the English language
9f Englisheverywhere: The Republic of Ireland 130
9g Language & Culture: The networked home 132

Module 10 - Society t33

lOa Positive discrimination Positive discrimination UK Education/Discrimination 134
in edu cation
lOb Immigration Citizenship USA and UK Immigration 136
I and citizenship
' 10c G1obalisation Globalisation and the USA and world Protest/Marketing 138
anti-globalisation and advertising
movement
10d Working mothers Working mothers, the USA, UK and Australia Children and childcare 140
birthrate and childcare
10e Caring for the elderly Institutions UK Care of the elderly 142
for old people
101 Soundtrack: Changing societies 144
t Og Language & Culture: The Saga story t46

•• Links to literature 147

lta William Shakespeare Henry, England and Saint George (from Henry V) 148
ltb William Wordsworth Composed uponWestminster Bridge, Sept. 3. 1802 149
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 149
ttc
-
Jane Austen
-- ---- Emma passes judgem ent (from Emmal 150
-----
ttd James Fenimore Coope.!..- Magua demands justice (from The Last of the Mohicans) 151
tte Harriet Beecher Stowe Property and possessions (from Uncle Tom's Cabin) 152
An English lesson at Doth eboys (from Nicholas Nickleby)
ttl
-Charles
- Dickens -- 153
ttg George Bernard Shaw Eliza enters society (from Pygmalion) , 154
l.tt h WiIfred Owen Parable of the Old Man and the Yo ung 155
lt ~i rg i n i a Woolf Sh akespea re's sister (from A Roamof One 'sOwnl 156
!.1L John Steinbeck
-- A crime that goes beyond denunciation (from The Grapes of Wrath) 157
,
tt ~ylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night 158
ttl Zadie Smith A clash of cultures (from White Teeth) 159
 Everyday life

I) W hich of the photos on this page do you think El What do you know about homes. schools and
were taken : in the USA? in the UK? in South Africa? food in those countries? Howare they different to
life in your own country?
 Everyday life
Topic a Dail y routine s Vocabulary a CUltural differences
Countries a UK and USA Link s a lb . re. 5( . IOd

Two ordinary days

33 , Regent Avenue
l eeds
West Yorkshire
3rd March lE3 SOX
Dear Tracey UK

Thanks for yo ur letter - f 've finally found an American penfriendl To ansWer some
of your questions: I 'm 16 . My dad 's a comp ut er techn ician and m y mum wo rk s in a
a fad ory. I 've got t wo younger siste rs - Kirsty and laura. You say that you don 't
Our house.
kno w anything about life in th e UK, so I'm going to tell yo u about a typicai da y in

My mum gets up reall y ear ly, before 6.00, because she has to leave t he house at
6.45. The rest of us get up at 7.00. We don 't sit down together for br eakfast _ it 's
too chaotic. We ieave the house at 8 .15. Dad drives to the centre of town , and I
waik With my sisters to the bus stop. School starts at 9.00. We have lunch at school
at 12 .30, and lesson s fini sh at 3. 30. SOmetimes we walk home. We get home at the
same ti me as Mum - 4.00. She gives us sOmething to eat at about 6 .00, because
we're astarv ing, but Dad does n't get hom e until after 7.00, becaus e the t raffic can
be reall y bad . She and Dad eat a meal at abo ut 8 .00, wh ile we're watChing IV or
doi ng our hom ework. Mum and t he girls go to bed at about 10 .00 and Dad and
I ast ay up watc hing fil ms On aSKY. I have to go to bed at 11.00. I don 't know why
Dad and
film doesn 't goto tobed
goes bedat the n too,
about because he aiways falls asleep in the middie of a
lam!

Tell me about a typical day in your house,

You can ema il me on ssm it h.3@freemaiLco. uk
Best wishes

(iHte?
. '&itab< 6M th-1iM.t
5" q=''U ~ 1ollowour
Make sure~::V1VAl GUIDE!
EVERYDAY ldn't have any
5 1. You shou log your
n~ _ British t raffic ~
. t before you eros problems chang anks st ay
1. Look money because don't
the roaon the left. open all day _\;~ rBefore you Lead .
driveS 're travelling by bus, close at lunch t s a;e open
n Ie and their houses.
Look at the photos of the p.eo~ ? What time do you think
W~lch
2. If you 't have to buy a 8 Most large shop d 4pm on
you do." advance. J ust pay . between roam an countries do youl~hin~~~~~~~ m.
they: start schoo . co
ticket 10 Sundays.
on the bus. mething t o
f ou order so ,
3. J Y . k in a caf e,
eat or dnnt pay for it El eRead ;Sim~n's letter to Tracey an d complete the tahle with
member 0 • the correct times.
re . given It.
when you re'ntraduces you
4. If someone lnew, greet Simon Simon 's mum Simon's dad
to someone. "HeUo".
t hem by saylOg , Get up .. ...... . ....... .. .........
, ki s them. "
Don tIS" d "thank you
"please an . Leave the house ....... .. ......... .........
5. Use .d soundlOg
a tot, to avci
Get home ....... ... ..... . .........
rude. a send
6. If you want t need to look Have dinner .. ....... ... .. .... ...... ...
Postcards, you
for a red Post box. Go to bed ...... ... ....... ...... ...
 factory
prett y IIIaqu
a ite
bulldin q w here th ings are m anuf act ured starving III ext rem e I y hu nqr y ( li t er al ly . dyinq o f h
10 stay up III to not go to b ed unqer ]
SKY III a sate lli te TV company

- 21 8

c
....
'.

10
"
. \1il Simon Smith
<: ssmith.3@freemail.C1J.uk>

<garofalot@aol.com :>
from Tra~Y GarofalO

.-;.-' : our day

OK _ yOU asked for it! Here is a normal day with my family.

Hi Simon!
My mom and dad get up at 6. 30, and Mom makes breakfast
fo r us all. My brot her Tom and I get up at 7 .00. We're lucky,
because t he school bus stopS right outside our door! We
leave t he house when we see it coming around the corner!
That' s at eight o'clock . our school day starts at half past
eight, and we eat lunch at school too - at 12 o'clock.
Lessons fini sh at half past three, but we don't usually get
hom e until 5 .00 , because Tom and I stay at school to do
sport and mu sic after the lessons. Dad leaves for work at
7. 30 (he's a dentist) , and he gets hom e at 6 .00. My mom
doesn't work. We all eat dinn er t ogeth er at about half past
seven. Then we do home work , play compute r games or surf
the Int ernet until bedtim e (10 .00) . We don't watch much TV

in our house.
So that'S it - apretty boring, huh?
Tracey:)

,. .

ID Now read Trace 's . L;sten;n

1. four ways in whi ~h t~~~' 1 to Simon and find:
2. other ways in which the"irsch~o l days are the same iii . ~ 0 a conversation b
(D Usl e t
sc 0 01 days are differeni survi~~I';u~~:~~a:~d
stayiE p.
his h?st. Tick t~':;::~~ :~~eigthn student
e mentions, m e
Vocabuw "

~.. Pkrssmq
[] Read Ihe Everyday survival . . 1. driving
1. to ask for food or drink in gu~de. Find words thaI mea . aying for things in cafes 0
2. to tell someone wh a cafe, restaurant etc n. 0
3. to speakto sam 0 another person is ' . 4. talking politely 0
" time. eone,ora
t e first m ke a gesture,
. when you m

~. ~UYlng
h 5.finding a postbox 0
4. the opposite of' I' • eet for bus tic kets -, 0
5 th po rte . . ank opening hours 0
. e box that you put letters in when
"' Wh' h
... tc of Ihe tips in h
you want to send them
.
8. shopping on a Sunday B
a. buying things and t e text dealts) with: a CD ~i ste n again. Note do
b. how to behave Wit~SI~~ money? exercise 6 are differenl in t~:f~~~ the topics you licked in
S. e'gn student's country.
c. how to use publi t a er people?
d h c ransport?
. owto avoid an accident? . _ Qe a k '" q
e. the postal system? " ~ How is life in the UKand
In your country? Discuss wi:~~h~S~ differenl or similar to life
ass.
 Everyday 'ife
To pic a Houses v ocabular y a Facilities in a house
Cou nt r ies a UK and USA li nks a la. re

I Home swap
small!" acomplained Daniel. The Millers
Our 'Home Swap' this month concentrates found it difficult to live in a house w ith only
one bathroom . At home they have two
on the Keane family from England, bathrooms and three toiletsI " And we have
and the Miller family from south Carolina, USA. a study, where we keep the computer, and
a playroomin the basement, " saidHelen. " In
As usual, our families had a two-week holiday Gloucester we had to all stay in the living
room together or go to our bedrooms." So
in each other's houses, and we interviewed them
was there anything positive about the
at the end of the stay. So how did they Dcope? experience? "The house was beautifully
decorated," said Sandy, "and it was very
DCOSY. It was April when we stayed in the
house. but theweather wasterrible. Wewere
very gratef ul for the carpets, the central
we w ere pleased to find that there were three
heating and a real fire in the living room."
bedrooms," said George. But the kids
Another good point for George w as the
eweren't impressed. " Mum and Dad's room
garden. "We were verysurprised by the large,
was OK, but our bedrooms were really

George and SandyMiller and thei r children,

Helen(17) and Daniel(8), had a shock when
they first saw the Keanes' three-bedroo m
aterraced house in Gloucester. " It's 50
smallI " said Sandy. Where will w e all
sleep?"
But inside, the house wasmoreDwelcoming.
"It's bigger than it looksfrom the outside, and

B efore ypY r ead 4. a room justfor games?

g Which things are common in houses in your country? 5. a feeling of w armth inside?
6. lots of colours inside?
o a study 7. a pretty garden?
o a basement 8. a lot of electronic systems?
o carpets
o central heating t e P ~ atch the people w ith their opinions of the house they
I!l
o a real fire s ayed m.
o a garden ~. ~ e o~g eM~: lI er a. " It was strange not having separate
o a barbecue 3' Hanl YM·'II er rooms for using the computer and
o a swimmingpool . e en I. er playmg games."
o an air-conditioningsystem ~. ~~n~ 1 Mill er b. ::1loved playing and eating outdoors!"
o a security system 6' K ty ~ an e c. The house was so big it looked like it
. a eane ~ el o n g e d to a famous person!"
7. Bethany Keane d. I was really impressed by the
Beading garden."
El e p Read the.magazine article. Which house (the English e. "Two of the bedrooms were too
one or the Amencan one) has got: small."
1. other houses attached to it? f. "The house was warm and colourf ul"
2. the most bedrooms? g. " I didn't like the garden orthe decor '
3. small bedrooms? much."
 to be impressed D t o be ha ve a positive re act ion
to co pe D to succeed in do ing something diffic ult
to com pl ain a t o p rotest
cos y III warm and co mfor t abl e
du ll Q plain and bor ing
en -su ite (b at hroo m) a a ba throom t hat is attac hed to a bedroom
and not shared with the rest of the ho use
to fid~le wit h D to try wi th d if f iculty to ope r at e som et hing
complica ted
huge D very big
terraced. hous e D a ho use that is joi ned to gether w ith oth ers in a row
welcom ing a p leasant. making you wan t t o st ay
yard D the open a.rea around an Amer ican hou se. consistinq of
lawn. q erue n . patio. etc

long garden at the back of the house. We

couldn't really enjoy it because of the
weather, but it was obvious that the Keanes
had put a lot of work into it. It was w ell
designed and fu ll of beautiful plants and
flowers. Actua lly, I th ink British people have
a bit of an obsession with housesand gardens
_ there are so many N programmes about
them !" •

the yard," said Katy, "but I found it a bit

down stairs toilet. "O Uf bedroom was
a dull. I like nice English gardens w it h lots
a huge, and it was lovely having an a en-
of fl owers. All t he M illers had we re a few
suite ," said Katy. " It w as like staying in a
tree s." And Katy didn't t hink mu ch of t he
hotel ! " " W e didn't see mu ch of the
decor, eit her. " It was all very sma rt and
children for two weeks I " says Tim . " They
clean, " she said. " but it w asn't very
were either in the computer room, in the
colourful. It's obvious that Americans
basement or outdoors." The weather was
Tim and Katy Keane and their children, spend more time outdoors than the
fin e for the Keanes' visit t o South Carolina,
Bethany (8), Charles (9) and Joe (16), Briti sh! We had good weather, but luckily
so th ey made good use of t he Mi llers'
couldn't believe thei r luck when t hey arrived we didn 't need to use the air-conditioning
a yard. "Th e Millers had sports equipment
at Washington Drive, Greenville. "The houses system . The Mi llers had lots of security
and a perma nent bar becue in the ir yard,"
were all enormous," said Tim. " I expected to systems and alarms that we had to afiddle
said Joe. "And their neighbours had a
see film stars coming out of them!" w ith every night and morning - tha t was
sw imming pool, which we used once. It
The Millers' ho use has fi ve bedrooms, a complicat ed enough! " •
w as great I " " The children really enjoyed
stu dy, t w o bathroom s and an extra

The Millers' scores for the Keanes' house

[] Look allhe lables of scores for the two houses Which
house scored the mosl in each calegory? '
Space: 4/10
Comfort: 6/10
S peaking Decoration: 8/10
III Dis.cuss Ihese questions with a partner, Garden: 10/10
1, Which house sounds nicerto you - t he English house orthe
Tota:-I-"---
American one?
2, Wou ld you like to try living in another f amily's house for two
w eeks?
--- 28/40
--
3. How do the Millers' and the Keanes' houses diff er from The Keanes' scores for the Millers' house
homes In your country?
Space: 8/10
[;I Think abou~ your ideal house, How many rooms would il
Comfort: 7/10
have? Would .1 be old or new?
Decoration: 6/10
Garden:
Total
 / 1LC
.I
~I TOpic a Families Vocabulary a Fam il y members
Countries a UK. USA and Austra lia Links a IOd. IDe. ttc . II i. 111

I Modern families
W hat is a "trad itio nal" fam ily no wadays? Wit h mo re and
more cou ples choosing not to get married, and with th e
number of divorces end second marriages increa sing. th e ide a
o f the "trad itional fam ily" (two marri ed pare nts, a n average
o f two ch ild ren, g ra nd pare n ts livi ng nearby) is rapidly
d isa pp earing in some co u ntries. Here ar c so me pe rsonal
examples a nd sta tistics fro m th e English - sp eaking world.

Families in the USA in the UK

Marriages that end in divorce
Families with only one parent
Children wholivein a
single-parent home at some time
Children whose parents
aren't married
Single parents whoare men
50% 33%
25% 25%
50% 33%
33% 40%
10%
109 I
'm Callum, and I live with my
parents in Cambridge, in the east
of England. We moved here when I
was five because of Dad's job, but
my mum comes from the north of
England, and Dad comes from
Scotland I've got a grandma in
Edinburgh and a granddad in
Yorkshire. And I've got two cous ins
who live near London, because
that's where Dad's sister and her
husband live. We see my cousins
about three times a year, and we
go up to Edinburgh every New Year,
but I can't remember when I last
saw my granddad in Yorkshire. He
always sends me presents, though!

y name's Meera, and I live in Wolverhampton, near Vocabulary

M Birmingham, in England I live with my parents , my EJ Match the words to the definitions.
1. ex-wife/ex-husband a.someone that is married to
brother and my sister. My grandmother lives next door.
2. late wife/late husband oneof your parents, but
My mum was born here in Britain, but my grandmother 3. second wife/second isn't your parent
moved here from India in the 1960s when my dad was husband b.someone who hasthe same
a little boy. My dad has two sisters - Auntie Sunita 4. stepmother/stepfather mother. or the same father. as
5. stepsister/stepbrother you. but not both parents
and Auntie Rani. Auntie Sunita lives in the same street 6. half-sister/half-brother c. someone that you were ma rried
as us, and Auntie Rani lives in Birmingham, which is to in the past who is now dead
only 15 miles away. They're both married, and I've got d.the child of someone that
is married to one of your parents
live cousins. We see them almost every week.
e.someone that you were married
Someone is always visiti ng our house, or we go to to in the past but are now
Birmingham to see them. And t wo years ago we all divorced from
w ent to India t o see our family there. f. someone that you marrywhen
you have alreadybeen married
to someone else before
 e very other a alte rnate
'm Ben, from Portland, Oregon,
I and my family is a bit
complicated! I've got a sister
called Ella, but three years ago my
parents got divorced and now both
of them are re-married. We live
with my mom, Julie, and my
stepfather, Bob. Bob's got a
daughter called Daisy, but she
doesn't live with us, she lives with
her mom. My f at her's name is
Pete. He and his second wife have
just had a bab y boy, Charles, so
I've got a new half-brot her!
ead"n
Bl Read the texts and find out how manypeople Callum,
Meera, Ben andTrudi share a house with .
[) ~ U n de rl i n e the correct alternatives to complete the
sentences.
1. Callum's aunt and uncleI grandparents live near London.
2. Callum oftenI sometimes seeshis cousins.
3. Meera's aunts both live nearI far away.
4. Meera oftenI rarely sees her cousins.
5. Daisy is Ben's half-sisterI stepsister.
6. Julie is Pete's ex-wife I stepmother.
7.Trudi's mum and dad live in different placesI together.
8. Tru di never sees her dadI sees her dad regularly.
Speaking
o Read the statistics aboutfamilies in the USA and the UK.
Which of the children in this unit lives:
, in a single-parent family?
, in a stepfamily?
suburbs a residential areas around the eeq e of a tow n or city
y name's Trudi, and I've got a sister
M called Beth. Our mum and dad are
divorced, so we live with just our mum in
the a suburbs of Melbo urne, Australia. Our
dad has an apartment in the centre o f town,
and we spend a every other weekend there.
After school every day we go t o our
grandma's house and have a meal there,
because our mum doesn't finish w o rk until
six o'clock. She collects us at half past six,
except on Wednesday evenings when we go
swimming with ou r dad,
o How do youthink that the same statistics would be different
in your country?
~ What are the advantages and disadvantages of the four
family situations in the texts? Discuss with a partner.
Lisfe -n
o (D Listen to Jamesdescribing his family situation and
answer the questions.
1. Who are: Rachel? Louise? Richard?
2. What is James's opinionof Ric hard?
3. Who is the oldest child in the house?
4. Why doesn't James like Louise's behaviour?
5. What does their mum say when James and Rachel complain
about Louise? •
6. What happens whenthey have an argument with Louise?
Spe a k in a
11) Discuss what youthink James should do about his family
situation.
 Everyday life
TOpiC a Food sh oppinq Voc abulary a Food
Cou ntries a UK and USA Li nks a 3b. 6b. 6( . 7( . IOc

I What's in your basket?

Nevv markets - shopping for food in the 21st century

A stall at a farmer's
market.

Home deliveries are

common these days.

M a king a lon g trip to the su pe rm arket
and queui ng for hours used to be th e
normal weekly routin e for British and
American sho ppe rs. But since the 19905,
th ere is .1 better \\'(1 )' to get yo ur
a gro n -rics. Supermarket sho pping on
the Internet has e boomed in the UK and
till' USA.
The ma jor supermarkets have their own
wc bsitc s. and if y O ll order on- line with
t hem, for a s ma ll ex tra sli m su ch as
Sa/ £ 5 th e superma rkets w ill d o yo u r
sho ppi ng fo r yo u a nd deliver it to yo u r
do or. If y Oll sho p with th em regula rly,
th ey'll ' reme mb e r' yo u r favo u rite items
so y O ll ca n o rde r the m next time
witho ut scorch ing for them !
These d a ys th ou sand s o f
peo ple in t he UK a nd the
Stat es reg u la rly do the ir
su perma rket shopp ing in this WilY.
In contrast, in ma ny rural a reas of Britain
there has been il ret urn to the traditiona l
outdoor market. Farmers' markets. where a p rcser ves. Or ganic food ha s beco me
fanners sell their prod ucts direct ly to th e very pop u lar, and some producers a ru n
cus to mer, had practicall y e d icd out in a ' b ox servic e'. wh er e t he )' delive r a
Britain b ecau se of the attractio n of the wee kly box o f fru it a n d vegetables to
large su perma rkets, but th ey ha ve been yo ur d oo r. Cus to me rs ca n't select the
e rcsu rrcct cd recent ly, both to help food - they ju st receive what ever is a in
far mer s make mo re profit s, a nd to season- hu t it is a gua ra ntccd to he fresh
provide customers with 'real' food again, end free from che m icals, and now you
suc h i1S fresh meat, eggs, vegetables and can often order th ese on-line to o!

r
Before you read o Look at the websites and answer the questions .
D Who shopsfor food in your family? How often do they go 1. From how manydifferent countries do the frozen ready
shopping? Where do they buy the food from? meals come? What do you think a ready meal is?
2. How much does a box from the organic food companycost?
Reading 3. What sort of food does it contain?
EJ Read the text about food shopping. Which different ways of 4. What food is depicted on the delicatessen web page?
shopping for food does it mention? 5. Imagine you are having a picnic at the weekend.Which of
the foods would you like to order?
El E P Underline the correct alternatives in these sentences
about the text.
1. It is cheap I expensive to order your supermarket shopping
on-line and have it delivered.
2. Supermarket websites canI can't rememberwhat you have
ordered in the past.
3. Farmers' markets have always been well-supportedI have
recently become popular again.
4. Organic food has a lotofI no chemicals in it.
5. The customerl producer decides whatfruit and vegetables
are used in a 'box service',
 to boo m a to grow very qui ckly In season a gro w ing natu rally at a particu lar t ime of year
to d ie out a to d isappear co m pletely preserves a preserved fru it and vegetables. particular ly jam
qrccenes a everyday items of shopping to resurrect a to make ali ve aqain some thing that was dead
t o guarantee a to promise to run a to cr qentse

Virtual shopping

[J

.....
.& 1M!" I www.OI'9anidood. CO. uk
D __··~·. -

r....... It"d hlQ.ld

:.i
Homt

J&,lhttp:/ / w_ .betterway.co.ul<.
s.0?!-
_
_.
Ool L

Organic food delivered to your area

$35 reg ular bo x cont ent s

The best
1cucumber on- li ne deli
3 apples
Red potatoes 4 lemons you can f ind!
4 oranges
1yellow onion 1bunch of spinach
4 pears
1bunch of carrots 1lettuce
1 avocado
1red cabbage 1 box of beansprout s
1bunch of bananas
Zucchini .:. Cooked beef
and ham
.:. Fresh dips
o and salad
.:. Olives
d
3
Jt.lINcl
:.i ....
Hootnt k irWl .:. Pate
00 To:
,&. Jhllp :/1"'.......betterwa y.( o.l,Ik
"'., .:. Salami
.:. Sandwiches
.:. Sushi
Frozen foods
: :: ~:eu~rsee~:~:d sorbets t o re ady meals and sna cks,
n from Our superb range of frozen food
.:. Chicken and turkey _
burgers and steaks .:. Pies
.:. Chips, waffles .:. Pizza
and potato shapes ~ .:. sausages and sausage rolls
.:. Cream cakes and desserts .:. Ready meals American
.:. Fish breaded/battered and MeXican
.:. Fish cakes and fish fingers .:. Ready meals - Chinese
.:. Ice cream and sorbets .:. Ready meals Indian
.:. Party food .:. Ready meals - Italian
• .:. Ready meals Vegetarian
~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::= ::::---- ---
§peakjng
mWhich of the foods on the websites can you put under these EiI Discuss in pairs. What are the advantages and
categories? disadvantages of getting your food from : a) a supermarket b) a
smaller shop or a market? Think about:
Meat and fish: > price.
> choice of products .
> quality of prod ucts.
Vegetab les: > convenience.
) service.
Fruit: ) ec ologica l reasons. '
>w ho gets the profit.
Bread and pastry:
Spe a k i n a /Bea d i n g
mHave you ever tried to do virtual shopping?
Sw eets: Are there any supermarkets in your area where it is possible
to buy on-line?
With your teacher's help visit an English-language
Ii! Write a shopping list in English of twelve of your favourite supermarket website with the shopping list that you compiled
items of food . in exercise 6.
 Everyday life
Top ic a Leisure activities vocabulary III leisure activiti es
Countries a USA lin ks a la. 5c. r c. Be

I Time out
..

LEISURE USA QUESTIONNAIRE

1 How ofte n do you do these activities? write ofteJl , sOlflelilJl fS
or new,.,

• Aerob ics
• Comp uter activit ies
• Coo king
• Cycling
• Dan cin g
• Goi ng to th e m ovies
• Readi ng
• Shop ping
• Swimming
• Walking
• watchi ng TV

2 Now n umb e r th e a cti vi tie s t hat yo u d o in ord er, w it h

nu m b er I as yo u r favouri te.

3 Which ot her activi ties do y Oll do in yo ur free time th at are n' t

listed above?
 b~dy -mo ldinq a t hat make t he bod . sede ntary a sitti nq dow n
set a qroup
skinny a very t hin
stationa ry a not mo vinq . fi xed
workout a a session of phy sical. exer cis e• usuer Y .In a gy m

12 - - Ages 6-11
- - Ages12-17
The New York Times
10

6
Kids need exercise,
4 but what kind?
1963-70 1971-74 1978-80 1988-94 by Rand! Hutter Epstein
Percentage of young people
who are overweight (1963-1994). become Teen Fit members. They tend to
Haley Moran-Wollens is not an a elite go for the a stationary bicycles and weights,
100
athlete. She is a 13-year-old who, like lots said Cindy Breakfield , sports manager,
90 of other teenagers, wants to be fit. And, like who adde d that pe rso nal train ers were
80 a growingnumberof teenagers whose parents available for the younger a set.
70
can afford it, she has a personal trainer.
60
J 50
40 ______ In her case, the trainer is Rodi ca
T he Eastcoast Athlet ic Club in Port
Washin gton, NY, has a program called
30 ____________
Vranceanu- who charges $75 an hour for Excel, which offers personal training at
20
after school a workouts at Radu Physical $45 an hour to children aged 12 to 17, said
10
Culture, a gym in Midtown Manh attan . Christopher Patti, the fitness director.
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Perc:ntage of teenagers taking daily "I don't want to be the a skinniest," Haley Some health expe rts a hail the trend ,
physical exercise. said. "1just want to work out. But a lot of saying that too many children do not get
people do it for the nice bodies, even at enough exercise. But others disagree.
my age."
"It's a sad a precedent," said Richard
Though per sonal tr ainin g is b y no Killin gsworth , a scientist at the Centers
means the norm for American children, a for Disease Co ntrol and Prevention in
small but growing numb er of their parents Atlanta. "We are teachin g a behavior that
are paying the membership e fees to private it's O .K. to be a sedentary all day excep t
gym s for aerobi cs, wei ght lifting, and for the one-hour exercise class. In the past
abody-molding activities once considered deca de, our childre n have lost the idea of
for adults only. wha t it is to enjoy be ing yo ung and
physically active."
At the Spectrum Club in Vale ncia,
California, children aged 13 to 17 ca n

Befere yo u listen
-- Re din
EJ look at
popular in the
yourquestionnaire
country? . Are the activities
- - - on the list m Read the newspaper art' I
1. When does Halev go to t~Ce ega~~ answer the quest ions.
2. How much does h V .
El Complete the questionna ire lor vourself. 3. Howald are the T:;~~rsonal t rainer cost?
4. Howa ld are the memb~~:emb ers of the Spectrum Club?
I!IWork with a partner 0 -d Eastcoast Athletic Club? 01 the Excel program at the .
teenage girl would co';'p~e~~:h ehow v thin~ an American
ou
quesncnnarre, 5. Athletic
How much does a personal
. tramer
.
Club? cost at the Eastcoast
Liste i n ~' ~hh o is Richard Killingsworth?
, V does he disagree with .
[] Iml(j) li sten to Kirsten A . ear
completing the questionnai an men can 16-v old, 8, Do all hea lth experts thi ~ tterson al training for kids?
n a~person a l training for ki ds is
answers the same as you e~~::t:~I~11n her answers. Are her
a bad idea?

Sgeaking 5 e kin
t) With a partner, write five '
m,lml l ook at the graphs Wh
leisure activities of voung' A at do theVsuggest about the v classmates enjov sport~ues~,~ns designed to find out if
' ~n ow much exercise the
our
d~wn
men cans? get each week . Ask our
everyone's answers VThenquest,ons to the class and note
graphs or diagrams: present the results in the lorm 01
 v----
~I 1f
J
I Everyday life
Topic III Ever yd ay li fe in South Afri ca Vocabulary III Ev eryday activit ies
I. Countries III Sout h Af ric a Links III 21. 7a

EnglisheM
South

A crowded
pedestr ian street .
~

Dm~eGJ(ij)eDDem ~DI!J~
South Africa
Total area III 1.2 million sq. km Before ypu read
Total population III 43 million
D Doyou know anything about South Africa? Can you name
Ethnic mix III 75 % Black any South African cities or anyfamous South Africans? What
147, White Afrikaans sports is the country famous for?
3'10 Indian
Capital III Pretoria (qovernment) Reac:ling
Cape Town + Bloemfontein (law)
El Lookat the map and read the Information File on South
Populo of capital III Pretoria: 650,000 Africa, then answer the questions.
Cape Town: 1.000.000 1. What is the second biggest ethnic group in South Africa?
Bloemfontein: 150.000 2. How manycapital cities does South Africa have?
Government III A republic with a president 3. Which is the largest of the capital cities?
Climate III West coast: dry and arid 4.Where is it in the country?
East coast: wetter, with forest 5.Which part of South Africa getsthe mostrain?
veqetation
I!l Read the website. Complete the table with the correct
information aboutlzak.

18
 al syste-m In
.a pa rt he-id 0 t he- pol itic multi -racial D inv olvin
:r~:;~'e-t f',om di.ffe-re-nt e-th nic qro ups
sUburbs 0 re-s ide- ntia l u s de ctne s

:. i
HiomIt
.;i!.
S.... ch
e
~t so...
wl
lmi9 t'
Stet 4 R.1ooIo:l

.swanepoe l.co .za

00To: ..&. Ihttp ://w ww

·I
My name's Izak Ford.
I go to Swanepoel Bo
ys School in

HI .
school's
Town, and this is my
the asuburbs of Cape ooms . There
e of one of our cla ssr
website. Here's a pictur
we had the aapart heid
stu de nts in my cla ss. Before 1994 , when
are 25 re educated separately
,
and white stude nts we
system, black stu dents
am ult i-racial.
but my school is now
r school day sta rts at
Monday to Friday. Ou
We go to school from t's OK, because it 's
, so I ge t up at ab out 6 o'clock, bu t tha
7.40 am dy
iform . I hate it ! We stu
We have to wear a un
hot and su nny then . als o
raphy, etc., but we
Science, History, Geog
the usual subjec ts - ,a
e), English and Xhosa
h is our first languag
study Afr ikaans (w hic , one at half pa st ten
ica n ian gu ag e . We have two sho rt breaks
local Afr er
y finishes at 2.15. Aft
twe lve . The school da
and one at ha lf past y and swimming or ,
s we can do sp ort s such as rugby, hocke
lesson d watch TV.
g we do ho me wo rk an
sic an d ph oto graphy. In the evenin
art ist ic acti vities like
mu at or chicken with rice
d Fri en ds . For din ne r we alw ays have me
ER an
My fav ourite shows are
h as sweet potato. At th e
an d veget ables suc
hu ge
ger Valley, which is a
weekends we go to Ty ve
Town, and we oft en ha
sho pping mall in Cape
of
uth Afr icans eat a lot
braais (barbecues). So
meat!

ical day!
Tell me about your typ
or d@netmail.co.za
Yo u can email m ea tiJ

Name;
o Answer the questions
Nationality;
Tow n/ City; . ............. ~: ~~~~~ ;~~c~~h ~~fthO,~~k ~~~:us t~dents only?
. p.
at does
Name of school;
3. Wh
~ hls school uni form?
4. Wh en does h~ h~~e reak
per week; do s at school?
Number of school days -.. 5. What can stUdents hiS school after lessons?
a bra ai? at
Schoolday' 6. What is
From ......... a"m to ......... p.m.
. e;
First Ianguag
d;
. W; Of;
Other languages studie .
m Fill in th~ table in exercis
- .. e 3f ilarities
Evening activities: en ces are the re bortwyourself. What SIm
. and what dIffer n
e ee yOU and 'zak?
es;
Favourite TV programm . . '
t to a on
Usual dinne r; 0 1n g.raups,w rite a tex th~ d .,. website for your school.
d
.. Desc"be your school an al y r~utme there. Reme
mber to
t mi
Weekend actiVities ' mentIOn everything tha
~th t ere nt to
........... ..
a stu de nt fro m an oth er cou ry.
Sound mtere stin g or diff

= .
 Gram ma r III Present te nse review (present simple. prese nt continuous. present perfect )
Skills III Using sequenc ing words to order sente nces in a pa ragraph

I Langua e& Culture

•

GRAMMAR S KiLLS
D Read the text quickly. How is Diana's day different to yours? o Read the text and underline the sequencing words IFirst .. .,
etc). What do you think the man's job is?
B Lookat the verbs highlighted in the text. Write them in the
correct column in the table. Then say why each tense is used Mfj d ad gets "1' eve'1J dafj at 4 .00a.,.,.
each time. Ftr-st l1e l1~s ~ sl10wer ~~ puts 0"'" I-1ts
u"",tfot1"\ll. . "'rt1e"", l-1e goes dowv...statrs ~~ l1~s
Presentsimple Present continuous Presentperfect brett R.fttst. t-te ~lwa tjs l-1 ~s a coo~d brettR.fttst
wttl1 baccw eg gs, s ~usttges tt"",d bea "",s!
live
Next, l-1e cl-1ecRs itlts bt~ ~"",d v.<.. ~ R.es sure
tl1ere ~ re ""'0 problev.<..s.
A.fte rtl1~t, l-1e ctjcles to worR. tt"",d sorts
eve'1Jt I'1 L....g for tl'1 e dafj.
FtLIIA lltj, l1 e ctjcles rou "",d lots of l-1ouses ~~
deltvers tl-1t~s to people.

~ Put the sentences a-e in thecorrect order to make a

I!J Presentsimple, present continuous or present perfect? paragraph. Then rewrite the paragraph using these
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbsin brackets. sequencers to improve it.

My school day (1) starts (startl at 8.00am but I (2) ...... (get up) at After that Finally First Next Then
6.30am. First. I (3) ...... [qet dressed) and then I (4) ...... (have!
breakfast. Every day I 15! ...... (catch) a bus to school. It 161 ...... a. I go to bed at midnight.
(leaveI at 7.30am. b. I drive to work.
This year I'm in 10th grade and 1(7) (st udy! a lot of subjects. c. I get dressed and have breakfast.
I (81 ......(just start) Italianthis year. It (9! (be) really interesting. d. I get up at 7.30am.
School(101...... (finish! at 1.00pm and I always (11 ) ...... (have) lunch e. I work until 5.30pm.
with my fri ends.
Sometimeswe (12) (play)football while w e (13) ...... (waitl for (J Choose your favourite popstar, film star or sports star.
the school bus. I (14! (justwinl afootball competition with my Imagine their daily routine and write a paragraph about it.
school t eam. Rememb erto use sequencers.
 Habitats
and hOnJelands

o the four nations of the United

Kin gdom
o small and remote British islands
o the natural wonders of the USA
and Canada
o extreme weather in the USA and
Australia
o life in Londo n and in an English
village
o popu lar music in the USA,
Ireland, Jamaica and South
Africa
o a British city

[J Look allhe pictures of the differentenvironments. El In groups, make a list of as many British cities
Which onedo you think is of:the USA? Australia? and American slates as you can think of.
England? Scotland? Then compare lists. Which group hasthe most?
2t
 Habitats and hOnlelands

/~ r cprc III British national identi ty

Countr ies III UK
Vocabulary g Nationa l symbols
Link s III zb. Sa. 4a . 4e . Sf . 6e. 9f. tte

I Four nations
om~l:Jm(ijJeD

Scotland
Total population a 5 million
Capital a Edinburgh
National day a November 30th
(St Andrew's Day )
National symbols a a Thistle. a t artan

In 1922 the south of Ire land was made

independent from Great Britain
(England. Scot land and Wa les ) and . DOl:Jm ~Ol!~
became the Republic of Irela nd.
Northern Ireland rem ained joined
England
Total population a 49 million
politically to Britain . and the United
Capit al a London
Kingdom was born. While this was a
National day a April 23rd
popu lar decision with most Irish
(St Georqes Day )
Protest ant s. it was unpopula r with
Nat ional symbols a Red rose. lion.
most of the Catho lic population. who
bulldog
wished Ireland t o re ma in a united
country. Conflict between these two
groups came to crisis point in the 1970 5
with the terrorist activities of t he IRA Wales
and the arriva l of British soldiers. Even Tota l population a 2.5 million
today . the Northern Irish populatio n Capital a Cardiff
remains divided betwee n Unionists (or
Loy alists ). who wa nt to rema in a part
of the United Kinqdom. and
Republicans. who oppose it .

r
Before ou read [] Read the text about Northern Ireland and answer the
D What's the difference between England, GreatBritain and questions.
the UK? 1. How many countries arethere in Great Britain?
2. When did the south of Ireland become independent from Britain?
Vocabulary. 3. Howmany countries are in the UK?
4.What do Northern Irish Republicans want?
E) List the national symbolsfrom the Information Files under 5.What do Northern Irish Unionists want?
these categories.
Plants: 5 eakin
Real animals: III Lookat the photos in the magazine article. What specific
countries do the people in each photo comefrom? How can
Mythical animals: you tell ?
Abstract patterns:
Reading
Rea ing
ID ~ Rea d the Information Files on England, Scotland and
rn ~ Read the article . Match the beginnings andthe endings
ofthe sentences.
Wales. Which of the countries: 1. Welsh and Scottish sportspeople get annoyed when
1.has the largesVsm aliest population? 2. If England and Scotland playa rugby match,
2. has a national day in the spring? 3. People enjoy St Andrew's Day and St David's Day now, but
3. has a national day in the autumn? 4. Some buildingsin England used to display the Union Jack,
4. has a blue and white flag? but now
5. has a red, green and white flag?
22
" Hi13 ,
~~ r ~a::odiJ ~ yellow sprlnq flower (narcissus) thistle a plant with h e~
tartan a checked . colour
pattern used on text iles
Union Jack a the re~ ar~. eaves and a purple trow er
. W rt e and blue f1aq of the United Kinqdom
1
...- .....

Who are
the British?
he UK is a
T confused nation
when it comes to
national identity,
especially in relation to
major sporting events.
Comment ators proudl y
refer to the country's
internationally
successful sportspeople
as 'English' if they
come specifically from
England. Welsh and Scot tish athletes,
however, are usually given the general
label 'British' without any recognition
of their individual homeland s.
But it's when the countries compete
individually. especially
agai nst each other. that the
idea of a 'united kingd om '
becomes completel y lost.
At football and rugby
matches there has been a
strong revival of the
individual flag s, songs and
symbo ls of England .
Scotland and Wales -
and there often isn't a
" Union Jack to be
seen.
Away fro m the sports
apitch. the national
saints' days of St
David in Wale s and St Andr ew in
Scotland are starting to be marked with
large celebrations in the same way that
St Patrick' s Day has alway s heen
ce lebrated in Ireland. And the n ag of St
George can be seen in England on
public buildings and churches where
the Union Jack used to be. With
Scotland and Wales now having their
own parliaments. there is
even extreme talk of an
'English Independence
Movement'. and some
people are wondering if
the United Kingdom will
last into the next
century.

a. they display their own symbols d 0 (J) li slen again. Who feels that they are:
b. they show the Englis h II an flags, not British ones .
c th' ago
d' th:Y~ r~n,t referred to as 'Scottis h' or 'Welsh'
. Y in t use to cele brate them much. . British?

Listening Irish?
EI ~ (J) li ste n to leenagers f
Note down where they co f rom each o! the four countries.
me rom and their ages. English?

Name Country A Scottish?

Dean European? .........., ~ .

Welsh?
Claire

Writing
J aso n I1lWrile a paragraph about '.
national flag, Ihe national d~our ~o~ntry. ~nte about the
your country 'united' a yan I e national symbols. Is
Emma separate idenlity? ' r are there some parts of it that have a
 Habimts and ho....e.ands
TOpiC CI The qeoqr.aph v of the sma ller British islands Vocabu lary a Feat ures of a landsca pe
Count ries CI UK links a 2a . 3c. Sf . 6b . 7e

I British islands
D id )'o u know th at 'the British Isles' doesn't just m ea n the two lar ge island s of Brita in a n d
Irela nd . but hu nd reds o f o ther sma ll islan d s a round their coasts? J\ lan)' of these islands a re
inhabit ed , a nd a lo t of the m a re popular touri st destinations.

J\tan, Isle of
Location: In the Irish Sed betw een
Great Britain and Ireland .
Area: 572 sf). km .
Cltm a tc: Cool sum me rs and a rnild
wi nters.
Gl'ograph)': Hills in no rth and
south, va lle, ' in centre.
POpUlilliol;: 73,873.
Nalionalit,,: j\ larix (a uorsc-cc ltic).
languagc~: English, but the
ancient Ma nx langua ge is being
revived .
Coverument: gBritish dep enden cy
wit h its own parliamen t called the
Tyn wa ld, Election s every 5 years.

Daily flights
to the Scilly Isles
The Scilly Isles,withtheir subtropical
climate and exotic flowers, are only
28 miles fromCornwall, and arethe
most southwesterly point of the
British Isles. Enj oy the 20-minute
flight fr om Penzance to St Mary's,
the largest island, in one of our
helicopters.

Why not make a day of it?

After exploring St Mary's, you could
take a boat to visit the famous tropical
gardens and gshipwreck museum on
the island ofTresco.
Flight ttmes Penzance-St Mary's: every hatf hour from 7.30 to 18.00
St Mary's-Penzance: every hatf hour from 8.00 to 18.30
gFares £80 adult, £60 chitd/ gOAP (day return)
 ~ ). j J{ British dep ende ncy a a te rr itor y that has its ow n elect ions and OAP II old aqe pensioner
• , governme nt. but th at is r uled by Britai n shipwreck a the ru ins o f a ship th at has been d est roy ed at sea
- tare a t he price of a j ou rney to slope a to have an Incline fro m a high poin t to a low poi nt
m il d a w ar m an d comforta ble unm issabl e a som eth in g t hat you mu st definit ely see
norse a fr om anci ent Scandinavia

:3 :.i Pr int $toe", ily

(",., R.1otd Homt
\\ 8 ack

: 00 To:
.&. ~ :" Www.channelislands.co ,uk

I I I s s
( h a n n e

The Orkney Islands

Before y'o u read
ill Trave l i nformat io n: Be warned - the Ork ney Islands.
El ~ Loo k at the text s quickly. Which text has come from:
off t he nor t h-east coast of Scotlan d, are very remote I t. an encyc lopedia? 3. a postcard?
2. an advertising 4. a guidebook?
Ai r: Flights opera te from Glasgow (90 rnins),
leaflet? 5. a w ebsite?
j. Edinburgh (90 mins) or Aberdeen (45 mins). There are
plenty of intern al flights with in t he islands. Reading
1 Sea: Ferries leave Abe rdeen in the evening and arrive ID Readthe texts . What are the names of the islands, or
groups of islands, that have been enlarged on the map (1-5)?
IoooioI in Lerwick in the morning.

~ The geography of the Orkneys is fla t and rat her

[) ~Wh i c h texts mention:
1. the history of the islands?
uni nteresting , and the climate is wet, but t he islands'
2. the climate of the islands?
ancient history make them an e unrnissable 3. the wildlife of the islands?
destination . There are 1,000 prehistoric monuments 4. transport to the islands?
here - the mo st in Euro pe. And rare birds and flowers 5. the government of the islands?
are a popu lar attraction in spring and summer too.
III ~Are these sentences true or fals e?
1. The helicopter flight from Penzanee to the Scilly Isles is short.
2. Tresco is th e biggest of the Scilly Isles.
3. The Isle of Man is to the east of Great Brita in.
4. The Isle of Man has its own language and cult ure.
5. The Channel Islands are in Scotland.
6. Guernsey has a lot of mountains.
7. You can fly between the different Orkney Islands.
8. There are many ancient sites on th e Orkneys.

5 1? aking
e Which of the islands you would most like to visit and
why? Which other places in Britain would you like to visit?
I'd like to go...
I'd also like to visit...
Writing
Ei Write a postcard to an English-speaking frien d from one
of the islands you've read about, or from any other island
that you know.
25
 1;-- Habitats and homelands
i 2c
I
Topic III Natural wonders of America
Countries a USA and Canada
Vocab ulary a Adjectiv es of m easu rem en t
Li nks III 2d . Sf . 7e

I The seven natural wonders

of America

2 Giant Redwood
and Bristlecone Pine Trees <California)
General Sherman, a giantredwood tree in theSequoia National Park
measuring 84metres tall, isthe largest plant intheworld. It isalso 3,000
yearsold,butit isn't the oldest tree inthe worldI That's also in Califomia.The
bristleconepine growsintheWhite Mountains, and it isthe oldest living
thing onearth.Themostfamous, named Methuselah, isover 4,000 years old.

1 Death Valley 3 The Grand Canyon

<California) (Arizona)
Death Valleyisa 250 km valley between two The Grand Canyon,eroded over
Californian mountain o ranges. It isthe hottest thousands of years by the Colorado River
and thelowest place in the USA, and at one and its e trlbutaries, is400 km long. It is
famous point - Badwater Basin - youarrive at 2,000 metres deep at its deepest point
the lowest place inthe western hemisphere and30km wide at its widest point. It is
(86 metres below sea level). Summer one of the mostimportant geological
temperatures inDeath Va lley can reach 54°C, sites in theworld (some of therocks are
and for several months of the yearthe average over 1,800 million years old) and it is
night-timetemperature is over 27"C. home to a great diversity of wildlife.

r
Before y-o u read o Read the texts again. Complete the tables with the correct
D Look at the photos. Do you recognise any of these places? statistics .
Can you locate numbers3, 5, 6 and 7 on the map?
Length Depth
Death Valley: ................. Death Valley: .................
Vocabulary- Grand Canyon: ................. Grand Ca nyon: .................
El Putthe adjecti ves into six pairs of opposites.
deep high large long low narrow shallow short short small Height Width
tall wide General Sherman: ................. Grand Canyon: .................
Old Faithful: .................
Reading Niagara Fa lls: .................
ID illE) Read the texts quickly. Which of the natural w onders: Age Size
1. are partly in Canada? General Sherman: ................. La ke Superior: .................
2. are further north than Ca nada? Methuselah: .................
3. are in California? Oldest rocks in
4. consist entirely of water? the Grand Can yon: .................
 • •• to erupt a to eject something viole ntly sp ri ng a w here water comes up fro m below th e gr ound . f or m ing
ge y se r CI a spr tnq t hat eje cts steam and hot water the start of a riv er
glacier D a large mass of ice tr ibutary a a small river th at flo w s in to a lar ger river
ra ng e D a group of mou nt ains w ilde rness a a w ild . nat ural pl ac e

4 Old Faith ful

(Idaho)
Much of the
Yellowstone National
Park (which extends
into Idaho, Montana
and Wyoming) is
volcanic rock, and
there are over 10,000
ageysersand hot
a springs inthe park
- the biggest
concentration in the
world. The most
famous geyser, called
Old Faithful, aerupts
about every 75 6 Glacier Bay <Alaska)
minutes. The aGlacier Bay is a awilderness of mountains, glaciers, estuaries,
5 The Great Lakes eruptions last for1-5 beachesand lakes which was covered by ice only 200 yea rs ago.
(Michigan, Wisconsin, minutes, and shoot The glaciers of Glacier Bay arestill retreating, revealing new
Minnesota and Ontario, hot water upto 50 landscapes every few yea rs. Glacier Bay is now a nature reserve and
Canada) metres in theair. is used extensively for scientific research.
The Great lakes (la kes Superior, Michigan,
Huron, Erie and Ontario) form the largest
systemof fresh water on earth,containing
18%of the world'ssupply. l ake Superior is
the largest and the deepest. It has the
largest surface area of any freshwater lake
in theworld (81,000 sq. km) and holds
enough water to cover the entirecontinents
of North and SouthAmerica with a third of
a metre of water.

7 Niagara Falls (New York State

and Ont ario , Canada)
The Niagara Falls are formed where the Niagara River flows between
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.There are two main waterfalls:the
Horseshoe Falls in Canada and the American Falls in the USA. The
fallsare 55 metres high, and 160,000 cubic metres of water flows
overthem every minute.

5 eak i ng ~ (I) listen again and answ er the questions.

Ii) How can humans pose a dangerto natural features such as 1. How many people visit the Grand Canyon each year?
the ones in this unit? 2. What two problems can pollution cause in the canyon7
3. Which tw o months does the ranger say are particularly hot
Listening and dry?
o ~ (!) You are going to hear a ranger talking about the 4. What are tw o ways in which visitors start fir es?
5. Why should visitors not feed the animals in the canyon (two
negative effects 01 tourism on the Grand Canyon. Guess which
of the following environmental problems he will talk about, reasons)?
then listen and see il you were right.
o litter Sp-eaking
o fires mDiscuss in pairs. What are the most-visited attractions in
o danger to animals your country (natural or man-made)? Are they being damaged
o erosion of paths by tourism? Is anything being doneto preservethem?
o noise
o traffic
o vandalism
27
 Habitats and ho....e.ands
Topic Q Ext reme wea t her Vocabulary a Wea th er and na tura l disas t ers
Countries Q Australia and USA Li nks a z c. 7f

I Climate extremes
H ow doe s the wea ther affect yo ur day-to-day life? Docs it influ en ce wh at Snovv and extreme
clo the s you put o n? Whethe r yo u put an umbrella in your bag or not? In cold
certain parts of the wo rld, people's actua l su rv ival depends on the wa y Valdez in No rthe rn Alaska is u sed to
th at they adapt their lives to the extreme weather conditions of their battling aga inst the elemen ts. The town
enviro nments. was relocat ed in 1964 afte r a n
earthq ua ke and tidal wav e com pletel y
destroyed it, a nd it currently has the
Extreme heat th is part of the world. Austra lia ha s th e record sno wfa ll for the who le continen t
Tem peratures in th e Austra lian outback - highest fate of skin cancer in the world. of No rth Am eri ca - 7.7 m etres per year.
the central desert a rea of Australia - can Since 1981, there has b een an official Snow and ice are pa rt of dail y life for
often exceed 50 U( for the slim me r cam paign by th e Austr alian gove rn me nt Alaska ns. Ma ny tow ns, includi ng th e
mo nths. New hou ses a re so met imes to enco u rage Australians to prot ect the ir sta te cap ital Jun eau, are acces sib le on ly
specifica lly situated toward s the east or skin from th e sun. Forest fires arc another by sea or by air, as roads eithe r do n' t
west, to avo id the summer sun. The ir roofs result of consistently high temperatur es. exist or are blocked for most of the yea r.
are insulated to stop heat getti ng in, and Thes e have becom e more an d more Some hou ses a re b ui lt w itho u t
their wood is specially trea ted to resist the common in the past few years, even ex cavat ing a ny fou nd ations , and m ost
hea t. Due to the strength of the su n over happening aro und th e city of Sydney. ha ve specia l stro ng roofs to su pport the
snow, and feat ures such as windo ws th at
on ly open e inwards so tha t th ey aren't
•
a rip pcd off by the Arctic wind.

Change in sea level

in Nevvlyn, Cornvvall, UK

7100
Global temperature rise
due to greenhouse gas emissions

I 7050

4 ]
~
g!

7000

-1 6950 +'--~-""'-~"""""-~""T''''''-~T'"
1960 1950 2000 1960 1970 1970 1980 2000

28
 \ :;..,
~fi'Jj~ cellar a underground room to pun dow n a to destroy
concret e a cement > sand· water to rip a to tear one thing vtctentty from another
crust a hard outer covering to shelter a to cover and protect yourself
funnel a a utensil with a wide mouth that gradually reduces to a shutter a a cover for a wi ndow
small hole to spin a to turn quickly
inw ards a towards the interior of something worth a value
on average a normally

Hurricanes prefer e co ncrctc walls to wooden or metal Earthquakes

Thanks to its coastal locatio n and tropical
climate, Florida is the American state most
regularly hit by hurricanes. aOn average
a hurricane happens along the Florida
coast every 3 years. Most cause so me
damage to buildings and vehicles but
some, such as Hurricane Andrew in 1992,
can cause devastation. Andrew was the
worst hurricane in America's history and
caused 65 deaths and $26 billion a worth
of damage to property. Not surprisingly,
Floridans spe nd a lot of money protecting
their homes from hurricane damage.They
constructions, and most windows and
doors have hurricane e shutrers. Some
new ho uses are also bei ng built with
special reinforced rooms for esheltering
from hurricanes.
Tornadoes
Tornadoes happen during storms wh en
warm air and strong w inds begin to
aspin upw ards. These distinct afunnel-
shape d wind s can cause great dam age
along their path s. Central states such as
Kansas and Oklahoma sec the majority
of the USA's tornado es. In fact, there is
a famou s tornad o 'route' through ten
midwestern states w hich is known as
'Tornado Alley'. I Iomcs in that area often
have sto rm acellars where families can
shelter from the weat her.
111e San Andreas Fa ult is a break in the
Earth's e cru st that lies underneath
California, causi ng se veral small
earthquakes eve ry year. Most of the
earthquakes are not even noticeable, and
the last large one happened in 199..J..
However; a catastrophic eart hquake nearly
destroyed San Francisco in 1906. Scientists
say that it is possible that another
massive earthquake may happen in the
future. but the)' predict that the)' will
recognise the warning signs years befo re
it happ ens. As a precaution against
earthquakes, so me older buildings in
Californian cities are being a pulled down.
and there is very little new building along
the fault line itself.

3. Can you drive to the state capitalof Alaska?

4. How often do hurricanes hitthe Florida coast. on average?
5. Where do most ofthe USA's tornadoes happen?
6.When was the last serious earthquake in California?
7. Whydo scientists say that peopleshould not panic about
a future major earthquake in California?
o How are houses and house-building in certain areas ofthe
USA and Australia influenced bythe extreme weather
El Read the text quickly and note down all the words that you conditions there?
can find connected to weather.
S/?eaking
Reading 0 l ook at the graphs showing climate change overthe last 60
I!l lmJ Read the text again and matchthe weather conditions years and answerthe questions.
to the geographical areas. 1. Which graph shows information aboutthe world, and which
1.earthquakes a. Australia graph shows information about Britain only?
2. extreme heat andforest fires b. central USA 2. What do the horizontal axes of both graphs indicate?
3. hurri cane s c. northern USA 3. What does the vertical axis of the first graph indicate?
4. snow and extreme cold d. southeastern coast 4. What does the vertical axis of the second graph indicate?
5.tornadoes ofthe USA 5. What do you think might have caused these changes?
e. western coast ofthe USA
Writing
[) Answerthe questions about the text, Eil Write aboutth e climate in yourcountry. Which regions get
1. What health problem does the sun cause in Australia? which type ofweather? Do any regions get extreme weather?
2.Why was Valdez rebuilt inthe 1960s? Hasthe climate changed overthe last 100 years?
29
 Hab;ta~ and homelands

/~ TOpiC a Urban an d rur al li f est y les

Countries a UK
Vocabulary a The cit y
links a 3a. ee. 8e. llb. lie

II Town...

My home - love it or hate it!

by Ali KJ,QZQI'l
A I live in f3 lac kheath in Sovth London. London's one of th e large5tand mo5t excit in9
cities in th e world, and there are advantage s and disadvantages to livin9 here.
13 The "l ain advantage is that there's a lotto do and see. In the centre of Lond on
there are touris"t attractionS' like Madam TVHQlIdJr alld the Science Morev"",
and th ere are all kinds of parks and histori c bvildin9S. I sv ppose that We don't
alwaysa make the "lOst of it. We only visit places like the Tower of London when
One of o u r relativeS' COmeS' to v;,it{

C Sec ondly, London is a 9reatplace for enterta inme nt. All the neWf,lms Come he re
first, and if We wantto 90 t o a pop co ncert or a bi9 sports events, there's always
somet hin9 ri9ht a on ovr doorstep . And of cev rse t he shoPpin9 isqrec't - there's
everythin9 from department stores like Harrods to Camde n Market.
D A not he r advantage of livin9 in London is that yov can tra vel easily and qvickly
acroSS the city on the vnder9rovnd. And we've 90t railway stations and airports
to ta ke yov anywhere in the world.
E La5tly, London is trvly cosmopolitan. ~id s at my school are from lots of different
cv lt vres, bvtthat doesn't5top vS bein9 friends. It's 900d to mix with people from
different a bac k9rov nds. It stops yov from becomin9 a narrowminded.
F f3 vtthere are SOme major problems if yov live in London. Like mo5t other ca pital
c it ies, it is noisy, poll vted and con gested wit h traffic. The t raffic problem is So
bad t hatthey have recentl y introdvced a conge5tion acharge for cent ral London.
Drivers noWhave t o pay if t hey wantto ta ke th eir car5to t he
city ce nt re. Hopefvlly t hatwill improve the sitv ation.
G Secondly, thin9s are very expensive here - apparently it 's more
expel1 S'ive t o live here than to live in any A me ric a n city . for
example, if yov 90 to the cinema in the centre of Londol'l it can
c ost yov £12. And to 90 jv5t one st op on the vnder9rovnd can
co5tyo v nearly £1.
H f3vt the worst problem ebect livin9 in Londo n is that, in genera l,
people aren'tveryfriendly. Nobody will talk to st ran9ers or help
peoplein the 5treetif they are intreoble. They do n'ttrv5teach
other, and I think that's beca vse they are scared of becomin9
victimS' of crime. LO l"ldof'l J,ar the J, i9hert crime rate ill the
country.
J f3vta in spite of t he se ne9ative points, I still wov ldn't want t o
live ovtside of London. It's my home -r lcve it or hate it'
 backqround a the ty pe of hom e and family t hat someone has m ak e the most of somethinq a use some th inq fo r your benef it
_ _ _.. char qe a dema nd fo r money narrowminded a conservat ive and prejudic ed
in spite of a Iqnorinq on y our doorst ep a very near to your home

...and country

Before y'o u read mRead the postcard andfind out:

O The places in the photos on page JO are all in Lnndon. Can you 1. the name of the village.
identily anyof them? Can youthink of any otherfamous places in 2. where it is.
london? 3. how manypeople live there.
4.what facilit ies it has got.
Reading
El lmJ Read Ali's essay. Match the paragraphs A-I with these Sneaking
topics. rn Is living in the country better than living in the city? What
....... Conclusion ....... Leisure Ch oices are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a small
....... Crime and People's Attitude ....... Multic ultural London village?
....... Environmental Problems ....... The Cost of Living
....... Introduction ....... Famous Sights Listening
.......Transport
ElI (1) Listen to Alice talking about her life in Gladwell. Find at
least two advantages andtwo disadvantages of living there
I!JFind the namesof all the places in the photographs in Ali's
that she mentions.
essay.

o lmJ Complete the summary of the essay. Usethese words: 0 (1) Listen again and answerthe questions.
1. Why did the village shop have to close?
activities expense home multicultural principal shops 2.What other facility in the village might close?
3. Does Alice think that everyone in the village is friendly?
unfriendliness variety
4. What time does the last bus leave from the village?
For Ali, the (11advantage of living in London is the (2) 5. How many buses are there on Sundays?
ofthings that there are to see anddo. He thinksthat the 131.
the choice of leisure (41 and the transport are good. and he Writing
likes the fact that London is a (51 city. The disadvantages for I1lWrite a paragraphabout the contrast between rural and
him are thetraffic. the 161. people's (71 and the crime. urban life in your country. What problems are there for people
but he doesn't want to leave his (8). who live in the citiesor in the country?
 Hab;m~ and hOnlelands
Topic III Popular music styles Vocabulary a Types o f mu sic
Cou nt ries III USA. Jamaica . Irel and. Sout h Afr ic a link s III If . 31. Be. 9 f

Soundtrack
A world of music
Em inem
~~ Lose Yourself

Urban USA .
These styles of music evolved in the 1970s in
New York and Los Angeles. Black youths started
to mix rhythms and melodies from existing
records and then add poetry about their lives on
the streets. The lyrics of their records are often
aconfront at ional and competitive, and most of
them deal with modern social problems. Eminem
is one of the few successful white artists in this
type of music.

Sha n ia Twa in
~~I Yo u ' re Still the One No wo ma n, no cry (repeal 4 li"u's)

'Cause I remember when we used to sit

Rural USA In th e govern ment yard in Fren chtown
Observing th e hyp ocrites
This type of music developed in As they wo uld a mingle with the good people we meet
the 1920s from the folk music of Goo d friends we have had , o h good friends we've lost
the midwestern states of the alon g the way
USA, and it has a distinct In this br ight fu ture yOll ca n't forge t yo u r past
'cowboy' feel to it. Nashville, So dry your tears I say
Tennessee, is the official home
of this type of music, and it is still No woman , no cry
growing in popularity today. Garth Brooks, one No woman , no cry
of its top artists, has sold over 100 million little da rlin' don't ashed no tears
albums, and is the most popular solo artist of
all time. In recent years Shania Twain has No woman , no cry
given this music a stylish modern look.
Said, sa id, sa id I re member wh en we used to sit
In th e go ve rn ment yard in Trench town
And the n Georgie would make the fire ligh t
a l .og wood b u rni n' thro ug h the n igh t
Then we would cook a co rn mea l porridge
Bob J" lade)' Of which I'll sha re with you
~~ No Woman No Cry
1\ 1)' feet is my onl y e ce rriagc
So I've go t to pu sh on th rou gh
Jamaica .. But wh ile I'm go ne...
Popular music is a key part of everyday life in
Jamaica, even forming a Ev'ryt hin g's go nna be alrigh t (repeal 8 limes)
part of the island's
Rastafarian religion. Its So, no wo m an , no cry
superstar was Bob Marley No, no woman, no wom a n, no cry
who came to world Oh, little da rlin g. don 't shed no tear s
recognition in the 1970s No wo ma n, no cry
and 80s, and today
Jamaican music has No wom an , no wom an , no wo m a n, no cry
evolved into 'dancehall', No wo ma n, no ery
an electronic form of Oh, my little da rlin ' please don' t shed no tea rs
dance music.
No wo ma n, no cry, yea h

3Z
 ballad a a slow . romantic sonq to rninqle a to be mixed with
,I:O~_-I ceerteqe a horse -drawn transport to rely on a to depend on
confrontational a anqrily opposinq scmetnmq to shed a to release
corn meal porridqe a flour made from corn. cooked with a liquid unaccompanied a without any musical instrum ents
loq wood a wood cut for a tire whistle a a simp le cheap me t al instrument. like a flute

Enva
,
~~ Orinoco Flow

IreIand """"""""""""""""""""".,.""""""",."""...""..""",
Irish folk music has
evolved over hundreds of
years and a relies on the
voice and traditional
instruments such as the
harp, violin, drum and
e w hlst le. The two different
sides to Irish music are
energetic dance music and
haunting a ball ads with
ly ri cs that tell a story.
Eny a, from County
Donegal, came to fame in
the 1990s, Her melodic
vocals keep the traditional
Irish feel to her songs, but
she uses electronic
sy nthesisers widely too.

Ladvsmith
, Black Mambazo
~~ R a i n , Rain, Beautiful Rain

So uth Africa ..".""""" " """""." """" "".

Black South African m iners, fo rced t o work f ar away f rom
h ome, developed a style of co m petit ive, a unacco m panied
singi ng to he lp pass t heir days, ladysmith Black Mambazo , a
ch oir wh o sing in this style and who took t hei r name f rom thei r
home to w n of Ladysmi t h, came t o inte rnational notice in the
1980s. The ir m us ic m ain t ains th e traditional African sinqinq
st yle and uses lyrics with a religi ou s t heme, so metimes i n their
native Zulu langu age and som etim es in English.

3. In which two American cities did hip-hop begin?

4. Why is Eminem's success unusual?
5. Which instruments are common in Celtic music?
6. In which industry did l adysmith Black Mambazo's style
Vocabula ry of singing originate?
7. Which languages do l adysmith Black Mambazo sing in?
EJ look at the map. Which countries do you associate with the
following types of music? Insert them in the correct text. Listening
traditional Celticmusic rap traditional Zulu music reggae
country and western hip-hop m(!) l isten to the song No Woman No Cry by Bob Marley, then
look at the lyrics. Say which of these features you think are
Reading important in a reggae song.
!!l 1!ID Re ad the texts. Match the eventsto the decades. a. Romantic lyrics
1920s 1970s 1980s 1990s b. Political or social message
c. Use of a lot of different inst ruments
1. Enya became popular. d. Beat and rhythm
2. Bob Marley was most famous.
3. Hip-hop music began.
S e.eaking
4. Ladysmith Black Mambazo became world-famous,
5. Country and western music began. rn Discuss in pairs. Doesyour country have a traditional form
of music? Do you like it? What are the most popular forms of
o Answer the questions about the texts. music in your country?
1. Which town is the country and western capital of the USA?
2.Who is the biggest-selling solo recording artist of all time?
33
 Habitats and ho.nelands
Gram mar Q Compar ative and superlative adjectives. prepositions of place
Skil ls a Speaking: giving dir ections

Language & Culture

Old or nevv, big or small,
Asllmolean
Oxford's got it all! Museum

The city of Oxford is situated 50 mile s west of

• Trinity
London. The Cotswold hills are just beyond Oxford College
wh ere yO ll ( a ll gel so me lovely views ov er the west
Cou n try fro m th e high er poin ts, a nd the River • Tourisllnformalinn
Tha mes sta rts its journey near the city. Oxford is BROAD STRE ET
fam ou s for its Univers ity and its co lleges.

O ne of th e best ways to sec the be aut iful buildin gs

a nd a rchi tecture is to do a wal king tour aroun d the
cen tre. Yo u can visit th e uni versity's lar gest colle ge,
Christ Ch urch, and visit England's sma llest ca thed ral
th er e! Go to Me rto n Stree t whe re y O li can see some Calfa"
of Oxford's m ost b eautiful a rch itecture. Merton Towef
College is o ne of th e three o ldest colleges in Oxfo rd QUEEN STREET HI GH STREET

with the oldest library in th e co u ntry. If yo u wa nt

~
to sec so me b igge r co lleges, Balliol a nd Saint John's
are further out of town, so ta king a bu s is a b ett er "::i
~
~
~

idea. If it's more mo de rn architectu re you prefer then Post. §: • CllristChurch MERTONSTREET
Office ;:;:l College ••
go to sec the new Busin ess School nea r th e railwa y en CorpusChristi Merton
College College
stat ion.

GRAMMAR 8. The river Cherwell passes Magdalen bridge.

(J Re ad the description of Oxford and find the places that it 9. From Sa int Giles, Balliol College is Trinity College.
mentions on the map. 10. If you walk down Beaumont Street from Saint Giles, the
Playhouse Theatre is .....
El Complete the table with words from the text.

Adjective Comparative Superlative [J Someone is asking for directions at the Tourist Information
(1) ............ older (2) ............ Office. Complete the dialogue with the correct expressions.
(31 new er new est Usethe mapto help you.

141 (5) ............ biggest

Go straight across Thank you very much ~1J"tIfIrm;
161 sma ller (7) ............ Keep on the right hand side turn left into
181 ...... lovelier loveliest Walk straight down You can't miss it
Is it far from here? go past
high (9) ............ highest
110) ............ more famous most famous Tourist: Excuse me. 11) Can you tell me where the nearest post
good (11) ............ best offi ce is?
Local: Yes, of course.
large larger 11 2) ..... ?
Tourist: (2)
far 113) ..... furthest Local: Well, notto o far. You can walk there in aboutfive
modern (14) ............ most modern minutes. We're in Broad Street just now. You need to
walk to the crossroadswith George Street and (31 .
Bl Look at the map. Complete the sentenceswith the correct Cornm arket Street. 141 Cornma rket Street, (51 .
prepositions of place. all the shops until you cometo the tr affic lights atthe
bottom.16) the traffic lights onto Saint Aldate's.
behind between in in lront 01 near next to 171 and after a short distance, about 50 metres down
on the left on the right opposite under Saint Aldate's, you'll seethe main post office. (8) .
Tourist: 19) .
1. The main post office is Christ Church college. Local: Good luck!
2. Corpus Christi college is Merton College.
3. If you walk down Cornmarket Street, Carlax Tower is . o You're outside the main post office in Oxford. In pairs, use
4. The covered market is the High Str eet and Market the map of the centre to ask for and give directions to these
Street. places:
5. Fromthe High Street, Lincoln College is Brasenose 1. The Rand olph Hotel
College. 2. The Playhouse Theatr e
6. The cinema on George Street is the Pla yhouse 3. Christ Church College
Theatre. 4. The bus station
7.The smallest cathedral in England is Christ Ch urch 5. The cinema in George Street
college. 6. Thetourist information office
34
 I.inks vvith the past

• the history of Britain from the

Roman occupation to Elizabeth I
• the storyof British colonisation
from Elizabethanto Victorian times
• ordinary British people's
experience of the two World Wars.
• the history of the USA from the
17th to the 19th century
• ways of reporting the news in the
USA in the 20th century
• piracy and the slave trade in
Jamaica
• the early history of Australia

D Look at the photos onthis page. Doyou know anyof the people? Can youput them in chronological
order? What part did they play in British and American history?

a Match these dates with the events in British and American history.
1066 a.Th e USA declares independence from Britain.
1534 b.The Second World Wa r ends.
1776 c. The beginning of the Great Depression in the USA.
1914 d. The Normans invade Britain.
1929 e. An American man walks onthe moon.
1945 I. England breaks awayfrom the Catholic church.
1969 9. The First World War begins.
35
 Links vvith the past
Top ic a Enqlish hist or y Vocabu lary a Hist orical events
Cou ntr ies a Enql and and Scotland Link s a z e. ze. 4b . a e. 6d, lla

I England: a historical tour

Discover England's fascinating early history

on our exclusive non-stop one-week t our.

here at his command. After his death, his

DAY 1~
Hastings, East Sussex
Ourfirst stop is the beach at Hastings where
William the Conqueror's armies arrived from
' 1066 then we visit Battle Abbey,
Norman dYm , d
built by William to celebrate his victory, an
watch actors in period costume a re-enact the
battle and the death of the English King Harold.
DAY 2~
Tilbury Fort, Essex
Elizabeth I's reign was a golden age ?f sea
exploration, discovery and military victory,
On the second day of our tour we visit the exact daughter ELizabeth was imprisoned. her.e by her
, 1588 ELizabeth gave her famous older sister Mary. But when Mary died in 1558,
spot where, in ,
speech to her troops on t he day before they she was obliged to make Elizabeth her successor.
faced the much superior Spanish Armada - and
defeated them! DAY 4 ~ . .
mornmg , · Stonehenge, Wlltshue
DAY 3~ aft ernoon - Bath, Somerset
The Tower of London
On Day 4 we visit the WestCountry, sto~ping at.
mysterious Stonehenge, buiLt by the nat1:,e CeltlC
, d 2000 BC and then spendmg the
Britonsaroun '
afternoon at Bath - once the Roman a spa town
' (fhe waters of the a qoddess
of Aquae 5ul1S
SuUs'). The tour includes a visit to the famous
hot a springs and Roman baths.

London's most famous a landmark w~s built by

William the Conqueror in 1078, bUt,ltS best- r
known historical connections are with the Tude
of Henry VIII's six wives, Anne
monarc hs. Two h d d
Boleyn and Catherine Howard, were a be ea e

I'
Vocabulary R e ading
a Write these wo rds in the correct column of the table, El lmlComplete the table with the missing dates and names
from the text
abbey army battle tort invasion kingdom
monarch monastery navy occupation reign
successor defeat troops victotv Date
- - -Event ----
Stonehe!:!ge built by nativ_e_B_ri_to_n_s_ ---,-_ _
Military action Religion
Roman invasion of Britain under Julius Caesar
. -
Norman invasion of Britain under ..... "..
1509-1547 £leig.!:! ~K i n g..:::.:., ..,,",..,~ " , ..,~
England breaks with Rome and forms the Church of
_ _ _.:.:E
:;.:
ngland _ _~ _
1553-1558 Reign of Queen :::: 1
Before you read
1558-1603 Reign of Q ':'.':e ~ 1
El The people and places in the pictures are all important in
English history. Can you identify any of them? = =_-=D..:e.:.:
fe..:at of the Sp anish Arma da
 • ••
1lt'ru;,~ to behead a t o ki ll some one b y cutting t heir head off to re -enact a t o re-crea te by usin g drama
dissolution a breaking up spa a a t ow n whe re ther e is a m in eral spring
goddess a a female qod spring CI w he re wa t er comes up from under the ground
landmark a a prominent feat ure in the landsca pe tr ib e a an et hnic group o f people
Ie qion a a division of the Roman arm y (consisting o f about 5.0 00 m en) to wail a to make a sound like a miserable cry

exampleof the destruction caused ~Y Henry -40

DAY 5"f
Stratford-on-Avon ,
Warwickshire
N~ tour of England is com;te w~thout a ~~i~h~O
Elizabethan Stratford-cn-Avon, blrt~~Lace
most famous writer of that age - W~Lha~
Shakespeare - and home to ma~y hlstonc
buiLdings. In the evening we W1U see a play at
the world-famous Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
DAY6"f . warm, and it could also be used as a
Fountains Abbey, Vorkshtre
On Oay 6 we travel north and visit the majestic
ruins of Fountains Abbey. perhaps the best
VIII's a Dissolution of the Monastenes (1536 )
when Henry sold all the buildings ~nd land t,hat
belonged to the Catholic monast~nes. The ~mg
had broken away from the Cathollc church 10
1534 and made himselfthe Supreme Head of the
Church of England.
DAY 7 "f
Hadrian's Wall,
Northumberland
final day we visit the most famous ~y~bol
An our . , H dnans
of the Roman occupation of Bntam - . a
Wall Although Julius Caesar led the first
inva~ion of Britain in 55 Be. it was un?er the
Emperor Hadrian that the Roman ategl~ns .
reached the most northern point of then gmpt re
and built a wall from coast-to.coas~ as
protection against the Scottish a tobes.
(Days 8-11)
Why not extend ~our holid ay
and take our optional fou r-day
tour of Scotland too?
You'll learn all about the origins of these
famous symbols of Scotland: .
• th e haggis: some say that this Sco~tl~h
favourite (meat and cereal cooked inside
a sheep's stomach) originally came from
Scandinavia . .
• whisky : was it made accidentally 10
medieval times. when wet cereal was left
to ferment? . .
• bagpipes: used to frighten enernles with
their terrible a wailing sound. perhaps
t hese musical instruments were brought
to Scotland by the Romans.
• the kilt: worn by Scottish tribes because
it allowed them to move easily. it was
blanket.

[J Ans w er the questions. o ~Wh ic h of the things from exercise 5:

1. Why did the Romans build Hadrian's Wall? a, could be used to sleep in?
2, What was the Roman namefor the city of Bath? b. were used as protection from enemies?
3,What famous Roman site can you still visit there? c. might have originatedwithout the help of humans?
4. Who fought the Battle of Hastings, and who won? d. gavefreedom of movement?
5. Who built the Tower of London, and when? e. might have come from a country outside Scotland?
6. Name three famous female prisoners at the Tower of London,
7, What happened to the Catholic monasteries during Henry Speaking
VIII's reign? ElI What was happening in your country during these periods
8.Who was the monarch during Shakespeare's lifetime? of history? Who were the key people and which places are
associated w ith them?
Vocabulary
(11 Read the text about the Scottish tour. Name: Writing
1. a Scottish musical instrument O Write a table of key datesfor your country, lik e the one in
2, an article of Scottish clothing, exercise 3.
3, a Scottish drink.
4, a type of Scottish food,
 Links vvith the past
Top ic a British colonialism Vocabulary a Wordbuildinq
Co unt ri es a Britain . Ire land. India . Sinqapore. Honq Konq. USA. links a ld . 3d. 31. 4c. 4 e. 6c. 7 a. 91. lid . li e. 11 1
West Afr ica. West Indies

I Britain's colonial past

Food from the Colonies
H ow d id the following everyday food s sha pe th e history of Britain , Irela nd and th e USA?

Spices
In 1600 the East Indi a Company was for med
"'; . . u nde r Elizabe th I to com pete with Dutch traders
".,oC':-.::"~ in the or iental spice trad e. The co mpany was
;~ . . give n a monopol y on all egoods im ported to
ft.. Engla nd from Asia. From the 1750s the co mpa ny
beca me more ambi tiou s, sta rting to invad e and conquer parts
o f India . It was now the b iggest compan y in the world. and
also an un offici al ar m o f the British govern me nt. w hen Queen
Victor ia came to the th ron e in 1837, th e whol e of Indi a was
un der British rule, and she was made Empress of India. when
she d ied in 1901, the British Empire had expa nded so mu ch
th ai it includ ed o ne fifth of the tota l population of th e world .
Sugar
As tea and coffee gre w in po pular ity in Britain
in the 18th century, the dem and for suga r to
e sweeten the m also grew. Suga r pla nta tio ns in
~ the west Ind ies ow ned by Euro pean colonists
..- need ed more wor kers, so th eir ow ners imported
slaves from west Africa. A circu lar trad e develop ed and islands
such as Jamaica and the Bah amas became British colonies. Ships
from Britain carr ied cotton and meta l goods to Africa, where
th ey we re traded for slaves, \ VI1O were taken on a three- mo nt h
voyage to th e \-Vest Indies. They were trade d with the plantation
own ers for sugar, and the sugar return ed to Britain . a Georgia n
Brita in, especi a lly th e ports of Liverpoo l and Bristol, gre \v rich
on the profi ts o f the slave trade, a tu rn ing i.l blind eye to the
cruelty a nd th e suffering involved.

QueenVictoria with Indianserva nts. The slave trade.

Healing the past T h is lett er ap pea red in the Bristol Even ing Post abo ut the possibili ty of
building a new co nce rt hall to repl ace the city's old o ne. The old concert
hall is nam ed after Edwa rd Colsto n, a busi ness man who beca me rich from
I n rece n t years Bristo l City Council has th e slave trad e in the 18th century.
b egu n to publicly ack no wledge th e
con tribut ion that the slave trade ma de
10 the city's wea lth. In 1999 a foo t brid ge
na med Pcro 's Bridge was o pe ned ,
na med after a n African slave wh o was
the se-rvant to a rich Bristol fa m ily, and
the plaq ue below can be see n on the
Wil li o f the city's Ind ustrial Muse u m.
 mwm
~J~ cro p III pl ants grown for hum an use
to forg ive III to pardon
to sweeten Q to make sw eet
to turn a blind eye a t o igno re so methinq t hat you kn ow is w rong
the Georgian period III the per iod 1714-1830 in Brita in. w hen Georg es to wrong D t o hu r t or o ff end
I. II and III were t he kin gs yield III t he amo unt produced in a cro p
q oads III thin q 5 t ha t ar e bou qht an d so ld

Tea
The East India Compa ny also held a mono poly
on the import of Ch inese tea, which b ecame
pop ular a nd fas hiona b le in the 18th cen tu ry.
Trad ing posts a ro u nd China suc h as Singa po re
and Hon g Kong so o n b ecame co lo nies. At th e
same tim e, people in Ame rica, whi ch the British had colonised
in Elizabetha n times, were prot esting about high taxes on th e
impor t of commo n goods from England. A revoluti onar y
group ca lled the Sons of Liberty b egan tu rning bac k British
tea ships from American ports, an d in 1773 they threw tea
worth thousands of pounds into Boston Ha rb our. The 'Bosto n
Tea Party' was the first of many acts of reb ell io n tha t q uickly
led to war with England and , in 1776, to Ame rica n
ind ependence.
Potatoes
Po ta to es, origina lly from Co lombia, were
introduced to Eng la nd by Elizab ethan exp lorers .
Sir \Valte r Raleigh g rew th em o n h is land in
Ireland, wh ich in those days w as und er British
ru le. The Irish , poor and con stantl y a t war
in te rna lly or w ith the Eng lish, began to n-lv o n this e r- ro p.
wh ich wa s easy to gro w an d prod uced a go od e yicld. The
poo rest fa m ilies at e nothing else . But in the IH40s a fungus
infect ed the crops and mor e tha n o ne mi llion people died of
h un ger. Anot her two m illion emigrated, mo st ly to Nort h
America. a nd d de-populated In-la nd remained un der British
ru le u ntil 1922.

. ·/lIu'r trrm., tlurJw;,!l/ tlu (;'-(1!llt'J III 'tltl' I~ J'Iuiv Into thr I&Vrr ,
(1' Hurtnn
The Boston Tea Party in 1773. The Irish potato fami ne of the 1840s.

r
Before you read 2 became a British colony as a result of the
(] Look quickly at the English everywhere units in this book. sugartrade in the 18th century.
Which countries do they deal with? Why do you think that 3 became a British colony as a result of the
there are so many English-speaking countries in the world? spice trade in the 18th century.
How did the English languagetravel so far? 4 was a British colony from medieval times
until 1922.
El Look at the photos of the foods. How could these things 5 was a British colony from the 16th century
havehelped to spread Briti sh influence aroundthe world? until 1776.
6 was never a British colony.
Vo c a b u l ary
I!J Complete the table wi th w ords from the texts. III Look at the texts about Bristol on page 38and answer the
questions.
verb noun(the person) noun(the place)_ 1. Who was Pero?
2.What is significant about naming a bridge after him?
to colo
::n
.::i::se: .-_ _ . -_ _- 3. Why was 1997 an appropriate yearto put up a plaque in
to . settlement memory of African slaves?
4. What position did Ian White have in 1997?
to trade - - _.c
..;.:: . 5. What do you think Philippa Gregory's book is about?
6.Who was Edward Colston?
Reading 7.What does t he writer of the letter think about Edward
[] ffif) Insert the names of the countries in the correct Col ston?
sente nces.
America China Hong Kong India Ireland Sl?eaking
Jamaica Singapore o Do you think that Britain should feel guilty about its
involvement in the slave trade? Dogestures li ke the ones
1 and became British colonies made by Bristol City Council help to heal the past?Discuss
as a result olthe tea trade in the 18th century. w ith the class.
39
 ,- 1 Links ""ith the past
I

/ 3c I
Topic a British history
Count ries a UK
Voca bu lary III Military words
Li nk s a 2b . 3e. ue. llh

II The British at war

•

The:J tuLkL"a v~ w.:J0Y\t.~ fLakK"a

h/l.yt. I:u"
~od<I.:J AAd 1CM l-m :JOV L~ _Itu :J0lH" "''''''
aM.ke, l.lke" :JOV aw..ae M "'~ "'" L_aLMr:J
eJ\t.lo<:J wL~k ~ rLflt- "'~ ",,,,,'~ It-''a~ . 1~"lt
wL~ ~ h/l.ni ~"'""""a ~ke:J will. eL~kU _Itt r" .
'" """" of Me 0(' ltLu Me. YOV ovak~ ~o Me L"=
"':J ~"'pl\tL kt.tMe~ AAd a"'~ _~, L~ o..lOVld
Before you read
£) How was your country involved in the first and the Second
_Itt :JOV lllVak, upeWill.:J U ~ke kt.tMe~ World Wars? What dates do you give to those wars in your
country?
awobblu fro... ~ ~o ~ evt.r:J KMe llJlUll.
B ~ M atc h these captions to the texts A-D.
1. British public informatio n poster fr om World War II.
Yu, 1ao!- "':J food W'Lak~ ••• AAd :JOV CM be~ I 2. Extr act from the diary of Thomas How es, an English soldier
llUJ<l:J~ ao fO(' wppu. 1"'''' ~",ltL"a :J0lH" ...o.v<a. w ho fought in World War I in France and Belgium.
3. Government leaflet delivered to every house in Britain in 1940.
AAd t"-K"a oJ.!. 1CM. 4. Letter to his fathe r from Ted Poole, w ho joine d the British
army in 1918 and w as killed at the age of 18.
Yu, 1dL.d rtMe",bu 'DoU.:J'~ bLr~:J, AAd I
Vocabul ry '
h/l.yt. ~,,~ kU '" l<.Hlt- b<Ul.ae of "':J ~eaLMe"~ 111 Match the military words to thei r definitions.
uhd.k ~ "'~ fO('. 1. shrapnel a. exploding missile
2. Cavalry h. the point on a battlefield whe re
3. shell soldiers meet the enemy
IlopL"a :Jov "'rt '\lIae welL 4. bayonet c. sharp point fixed to a gun
5. Infantry d. soldiers on foot
fro... :J0lH" lovL"a _ 6. front line e. soldiers on horses
f. pieces of metal - the results
of an explosion
40
 ... ,.-----------------------------------------....
w;m:~ A.R.P. warden III m em b er of the Air Raid Patrol who qe ve
i nst ructions to the pu blic abo ut bomb att ac ks fr om t he air
f ak e a non genu ine
fell o w III man
•
to ac he III to hurt to get mix ed up III t o be co nfused
be y o nd description iii impossib le t o de scr ibe t o k eep w at ch III to be obse rvant
b lizza rd III b ad snowst orm to lunq e out III to make a sudden f o rw ard movem en t
c el lar a und erground ro om to st ay put a to not move
to cl ea r out III to rem o ve to w obble III to m ov e d angerou sl y. as if going to fa ll

. ith the War Office

Issued by the Ministry of ln fo.m.lation in co.(:~raU~~yW I
and the Mini stry of Hom e ecun

If the

INVADER comes
AND HOW TO DO IT
WHAT TO DO
V
I Be ready to help the military in any way.
If the Germans come, by p urachutc . but do not block roads Ul1l1l ,o.rder ed to
'\eroplane or ship. you must remat~ do so by the military authon ues.
~\'here you are. The order is a ' Stuy put. VI
n In factories and shops. ~\l managers.and
Do not believe rumours ~nd do n~t workmen should orgamse some system
s read them. \Vhen you recelve an order. for resisting a sudden attack .
I~ake quite sure that it is a true order and vn
not a efake order. Most of you know Think before you act. but think ~lways.
.our poli cemen and your a A.R.P. of your country before you think of
~\'ardens by sight. You can trust them . yourself.
ll\
aKeep watch. If you see anything
suspicious. note it carefully and go at
~I~ce to the nearest police ~f~cer or
station. or to the nearest nnlttary
officer.
IV
Do not give any Genna n.anythin g..Do
not tell him anything. HIde your toad
andyour bi cycles. Hide your maps. See
that the enemy gets no petrol.

Part of London in ruins.

Reading Before you listen

C Answ er the questions about the two First World War texts. fjl Were any members of your family directly involved in the
1. What was the w eather like nearthe front line in France in First or Second World War? Doyou know anyone who
April1917? remembers the Second World War?
2. What reference does Thomas Howes make to newspaper
reports of the war? Listening
3.What did Ted Poole think about his military training?
4. What two questions do you think his father had asked him in
o (j) Listen to Betty remembering what it was lik e to be a
teenager in England during the Second World War and answer
an earlier letter? the questions.
1. Howald was Betty during the war?
m~ Match these commands to the instructions I-VII in the 2. What does she remembe r about the day that Britain entered
Second World War leaflet. the war?
a. Be observant. 3.What was her father's job? Did he go to war?
b. Hide things that the invader needs. 4. What happened to her home town during the war?
c. Make a plan for your place of work. 5. What did she do in 1945? _
d. Don't move. 6.What are her feelings about the war now?
e. Put the needs of your country first.
I. Don't follow false orders. Speaking
g.Wait for command s before you act.
o Does the British experience of the First arid SecondWorld
Wars seem similar or different to people's experience in your
rn What is the intention of the poster?
country?

41
 p as f:
L in k s "" if :h f: he
ory cal eve nts
TOpic II America n hist Vocab ula ry a Histori
Countr ies II USA Links a 3b. 3r. 4 ( .
ae. lOb. lid. lie

t o r y a t t h e m o v ie s
His

e pr es en ts a se as on of
er , thE' Ar ts ci ne rn
Th ro ug h thE' su m m d 19 cE'nturiE's.
th

Ar no rtc en hi st or y in thE' lr" , ts " an

m s basE'd on
fil

995)
(1939) The Scarlet Le tt er (1
Gone w it h th e Wind ,. .- -- ,
Set in a community of early
on with this
We open our seas esettlers in east-coast New
popular cla ssic. aSet in Ge
orgia England, the film stars Demi
ose
during the south 's war ag
ainst Moore as Hester Prynne, wh
who
the northern states, Go ne
with husband is in England and
his.
the Wind tells the story of
how ha sa baby that cannot be
agers, buther story shows
Scarlett O'Hara sees her Hester is punished by the vill
stroyed, and how she us community she lives in.
traditional way of life de the ahypocrisy of the religio
and her family.
rebuilds a life for herself

on (1962) Amistad (1997)

H ow th e West was W
d
Steven Spielberg 'sAm ista
ent
reveals theterrible treatm
A cl assic western starring g
some of American cinem
a's that slaves received durin
ip to
biggest names, including
John their transportation by sh
on the
America . It concentrates
Wayn e, Henry Fonda and of
story real-life atrial of a group
Jam es Stewart. This epic
s of 39, revolted on ship and
shows us three generation African slaves who, in 18
they travel from the east
a 19th-century family as killed their masters.
community in the west.
coast to eesta blish a new

The Last of the Mohic

ans (1992) ~20 00 ) Mel Gibson stars in this sto
ry

Based on Cooper' s of America 's fight for

h
classic book, Daniel Day
Lewis independence from Britis
tion
plays Hawkeye, a white rule. Gibson plays a planta
e owner who is at first
man eraised by the nativ ht against the
Mohicans, who fights on
the _ .. .111 ereluctant to fig
's
the y realises that his country
side of the British against British, but who graduall
n of North America nd on it.
French in their colonisatio freedom and future depe
and Canada .
 • •• to ban a to make illega l to set ( a story ) a t o lo cat e in ti me o r place
to est abl ish a to buil d from no thing settlers a t he firs t pe opl e to build a com munity somewhere
hypocrisy a telling pe ople what to do. but not doing it yo ur self t o surrender a to st op l ighting and agree to lose
to raise (a person) a to help an d look after someone as the y gro w tria l D a leg al proc ess of judgement
re luctant D not wanting to

.ttI'-
landmarks 1776, th irtee n states declared indepen de nce fro m
Englan d. A w ar be tween th e English ar my a nd th e
in American history Ame rica ns lasted unt il 178 1, wh en the Un ited
States of America b eca me a n ind epen dent co un lry.
l:l European Settlement and the French Wars
In th e 17th cen tu ry, se tt lers fro m Eng la nd and [3 The Civil War
fro m Holl an d started to ma ke th eir home in In th e 19lh century, sta tes we re crea ted in the wcsl,
Amer ica. 1\l a ny of th em we re from sma ll religio us w he re se tt lers took lan d from the Na tive
grou ps wh o suffe red persecution in Euro pe. In the American s and farme d it. The so ut he rn states used
18th ce n tury, France foug ht Eng la nd for co ntrol of man y slaves fro m Africa a nd th e Caribbea n on
Canada and the nort he rn border. Bo th sides used th ei r plan ta tio ns, but the northern statt-s wan ted to
the help of Native Americans, but Engla nd wo n a ba n slave ry. In 1861, eleven southern states left
the war in 1763. the USA and set up their own Confederacy. A civil
war lasted until 1865, when the southern states
o The War of a s urrend ered and their slaves we re freed.
Independence
After th e French l eft: Declaration of
\ \'a rs, so me US Independence,
states began to 4 July 1776.
rebel egei ns t by John Trumbull.
co ntro l a nd Right: Artillery unit
on parade at their
laxa tio n by camp during the
England a nd its American
kin g, Geo rge I II. In Civil War.

Before you read

(J Do you know any of the films in the photos on page 42? Do you know who the stars are or whatthe films are about?

Reading
El lml Read the paragraphs about American history and the stories olthe films. Which period of history lA, B or C)does each of
the films deal with?

!1Ilml Complete the table with the missing dates and the names of the films.

Date Event Film

17th century_ _ English Purita~ettlers move to America ...... , , . . .
17th - 19th century The use of slavery in the south:-- _
....... ce ntury The French Wars
-'---'--
............................................................. , .
17 ....... The D ecl ar ati o ~f Independen_c_e _ . .
....... century Settlement in the w estern states ..........................................................................................................
18 ....... - 18 ....... The American Civil War . .
o Answer the questions about paragraphs A, Band C. Who:
1. w on the French Wars? 4. was King of England in 1776?
2.won the War of Independence? 5. helped the Europeans in the French Wars?
3.wo n the American Civil War? 6.w ere forced to w ork on American plantation s?

Listening
0 lml (j) Listen to someone giving his opinion about The Patriot. Circle his general opinion of the following things.

The main character The story The dialogue The cameraw ork The historical acc uracy
e c e e ©
G G G G G
8 8 8 8 8
o Q) li sten again and note down the reasons for his opinions.
Speaking
Ell If you have seen any of these films , tell the class your opinion of them. Talk about: the characters, the story, the camerawork,
the music.
 r· I
I.inks vvith the past
/ 3e I
TOpic a American history
Cou nt ries a USA
Vocabula ry D Hist orica l events
Links a 3( . 9a. lI j

The USA: making the news

th
in the 20 century
In 1999 the Newseum, a museum of journalism in Virginia , USA,
asked journalists and historians to select the top 100 news stories
of the 20th century. Here are their top 10.

1 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki 1945

2 First man walks on the moon
3 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. USA enters World War II
4 The Wright brothers fly the first powered aeroplane
5 Women in the USA given the right to vote
6 President John F. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas
7 Nazi concentration camps exposed
8 World War I begins in Europe
9 The end of racial segregation in US schools
( 10 The US e stock market crashes . Beginning of the
Great Depression
 ~~j~rbroadcast a a tr an sm issio n by ra d io or television
coverage amount 01 repo rti ng of an event
----t ell
slant ell i nc li nati o n in a certain d irec ti o n
Reporting the century
During th e Greet Depression of the
1930s, when the USA su ffered
fin.m r ia l cri sis, poverty and hu nger,
Presiden t Frankl in D. Roo sevelt bega n
a ser ies of radi o a b roadcn sts in w h ich
he addresse-d the Anu- ric'an people in
a frie nd ly, info rma l WilY. Th ese fifteen-
minu te ta lks, brondr.i st in the
('\'('nings , b ecame known as his
'fireside cha ts' They made cJ g reat
imp ress io n o n th e pe ople, helping to
su..tain th eir morale th ro ug h d ifficult
times . O n De cem b er 8 t h , 194 1. th e d ay
a fter th e ja panese ou nck o n th e US
nd\')' tlt Pearl Harbo r. 90 million
Am er ica ns listened 10 Roosevelt refer
to December 7th as ' d dan- w h ich will
live in infam y' and ask Co ng res s to
c!edtlre war o n Ja pan . Th e declarati on
happen ed th e sa me da y, an d
Roo sevelt's firesi de cha rs con tin ued
thro ug hout th e w.u:
Althoug h rad io wa s the most po pu lar
form of mass media during the
Seco nd \\'orld \\'ar, around 100
million Am eri cans also wat ched
images of th e wa r's events a t their
loca l cin emas ea ch week. Sho rt news
films, call ed 'n('ws rce ls', were made by
film co mpani es such as Fox and
Paramou nt . often wit h a propaganda
a sldnt, a nd s hown before evcry mai n
film, The y were e updatcd twice d
week so that aud iences co u ld he
Before you listen
(J Which olthe events in the top ten list are illustrated by the
photos on page 44?
El Can you put the events fro m the top t en Jist into
chronological order? Do you know the exact years of any
of them?
Listening
l!J ~ CD Li ste n and check your answers. Complete the
missing years in the top ten list.
Speaking
[] What different ways of reporting the news can you th ink of ?
Which of these forms of communi cation existed before the
1970s?
Reading
IIIRead the text. Which form of mediais covered in each
paragraph? Which form of media isn't covered?
stock market ell w here shares in companies are bo ught and so ld
to update 0 to make m ore cu rr e nt
1
viewer 0 m ember of a TV audience "Ir"~-'"
in fo rmed of im po rtan t events of th e Austra lia. were bl ack ,11l<1 wh ite and
war, such as the dro pping o f the indistinct. The American networks
a to mic bo m b and the de-at h of the sho wed co ntinuous a co ve ragc of
pr es ide nt in 194 5. Apo llo I I's th ree-day jou rn ey frorn
Horid.r to th e moo n. \VI1('11 Neil
The USA W dS the wo rld's firs t T V Ar mst ro ng , Buzz Aldr in ,1I HI xlich .rc-l
socie ty', with 90% o f Ame rica n hom es Collins e ntered the moo n's o rb it it
o wni ng d TV b y 1960. In 1969, w hen wa s the middle of the n ig h t. There
600 million people watched the first were no video record ers in those da ys,
moon landings o n TV, over a th ird of so th e ne-tworks told o viewers to go to
the a udien ce was Amcrtcon . II wa s the sleep with the TV so und turne-d down
biggest TV audience in th e medium's low, and promised to wake thr-m with
history, even tho ug h the pictures, a lou d a la rm ju st before th e SjMn 'na ft
recei ved by a satellite sta tio n in land ed .
o Answer the questions about the text.
1. Who was th e President of the USA during the Great
Depression and the Second World War?
2. What were his 'fireside chats'?
3. On which date did the USA declare war on Japan?
4. What were newsreels?
5. How often was a new newsreel shown to the public in US
cinemas?
6. How many people wa tched the first moon landi ngs on TV in
1969?
7. Wha t we re the names of the th ree astro nauts?
8. Wh ere on earth y; ere.the pict ures received from space?
Speaking
Ell Discuss . Is the list on page 44 a fair summary of world
events of the 20th century, or is it too 'Ame rican'? What were
the important 20th century events 'or your country?
Writing
o Write your own list of top ten 20th century events. either for
the world or for your own country.
 Links I/Vif:h f:he p a s f:
rcprc III Jamaican history vocabulary g Wo rdbu ildinq
Countries a Jam aica Lin ks l:I 2f . 3b. Sd, 7a . li e

English everyvvhere
Jamaica

I n 1655, Jama ica, a Spa nish colo ny,

was tak en by the British a nd
beca me notori o us as a ba se fo r
e piracy, The u nofficia l ca pita l, Pe rt
Royal , was the b igge st porl in th e
Engl ish co lon ies at tha t time,
po pula ted by pira tes, slave trade rs,
rUIli:HvdY slaves a nd crimina ls. .
A large 18th century
colonial building.

.
Ahistorical print of
Captain Kidd and his
pi rates.

Before you read

OGJGJc::JGl[jj)fiJDOc::JGJ GJOl!(3 D Doyou know anything about Jamaica? Can you nameany
Jamaica Jamaican towns or any famous Jamaicans?What type of
Total area CI 11.0 00 sq. km music is the country famousfor?
Total popu lation III 2.7 milli on
Ethnic mix III 9 1/0 Black Reading
9 10 other B l ook at the map and read the Information File on Jamaica.
Capital III Kinqst on Answer the questions.
Populo of capital III 600 .000 1. Does Jamaica share a border with any other countries?
Government III A democracy w it h a prime minister. 2. Where in the country is its capital city?
Granted independence from the UK 3. How many people live in the capital city?
in 1962 4.When did Jamaica become an independent state?
Climate a Coast : t ropical. hot. humid 5. Is it hotter on the coast or insidethe country?
Interior: milder

46
 :J Il ;
r ,------------------------------------------"""
, ;)III bret hren a brothers
- - - - I chlllinq a very friqhte ninq
euercc n a qold coin
fleet a qroup of Ships
to flourish a to be rich and successful
to loot a to steal

Walking Tours
Begin your tour at Sam Sharpe Square, named after the
slave who led the Christmas Rebellion 011831. In the 18th
century, Jamaica was the largest producer 01sugar in the
world and British plantation owners imported 700,000slaves
lrom West Alrica. Although the slave trade was officially
abolished by the British government in 1807, Jamaican
plantation owners relused to give up their slaves. Sam
Sharpe was an educated slave and a Baptist preacher who
lived in Montego Bay. By reading newspapers, he learned
about the abolition movement and he spread the word
among his lellow slaves. He organised a peaceful estrike
lor the 28th 01 December, iust after the Christmas holiday,
when he knew that the sugar cane was ready and needed
to be cut quickly, but other slaves grew violent and the
government sent soldiers to end the rebellion. 300 slaves
were executed lor their part in the protest, including
Sharpe, who was hanged in this square in 1832.
Take a look at 'The Cage' in the northwest corner 01 the
square - a prison built in 1806lor runaway slaves and drunk
British sailors. Its bell was rung at 2pm every afternoon to
warn slaves Irom the country thalthey had an hour in which
to leave the town.

~
A British
plantation
owner
in a 19th
century print.

I!J Readthe plaque about Port Royal and answer the questions . Vocabulary
1.What did people call Port Royal in the 17th century? 0 lmJ Completethe sentences with new nouns lonned lrom the
2.The plaque mentions four men: Mor gan, Nelson, Benbow and words in brackets. All the missing nouns can be lound in this unit
Teach. Which tw o do you think were pirates and whic h two 1. The main business of Port Royal wa s (pirate)
do you think we re officers in the navy? 2. Slaves we re imported to w ork on British (plant)
3. How was the town destroyed? 3. Slaves were the property of their (own)
4. During a , slaves attac ked their masters. (rebell
o lmJRead the extractlrom the tourist guide. Are the 5. The of :· in Jamaica didn't happen unti l 1838.
following statements true or lalse? (abolish/slave)
1. Sam Sharpe w as a free man. 6. Jamaica celebrates Day an the first M onday in
2. He knew about the abolition of slavery in Brit ain. August.lindependent)
3. He wa nted to make a violent prot est against slavery. 7. Jamaica now has 2.7 million [inhabrtl
4. He wa nted to protest at the end of December because it was
an important time for sugar-grow ing. Speaking
5. He was killed during the rebelli on.
6. Slaves fr om the country had to leave M ontego Bay at 3pm
rn Do you think that Jamaica sounds like an interesting place
to visit? If you went there, would you be more interested in its
every day. history, or in its hot weather and beaches?
47
 Links lNith the past
Gram ma r a Past tense review (past simp le. past continuous. past per fec t )
Ski lls g Writing a summary
Language & Culture
A short history of Australia
1 Austra lia's first people were the Abo rigines. They have
occupied the contine nt fo r a t least 50,000 yea rs, and befo re
the Europeans ar rived in 1788 th ei r pop u lation was pro bably
betwee n 300,000 a nd 750,000. They o ccupi ed a lot of th e
no rt hern terri lo ry.
GRAMMAR
D Read the text A short history of Australia quickly and find
~ out why the British first settled in Australia.
El l ook at the verbs highl ighted in the text. Write them in the
correct column in the table. Then say why each tense is used
each time.
Past simple Past continuous Past perfect
were
I!l Complet e the te xt belo w with the correct form of the verb in
brackets (past simple, past continuou s or past perfect).
The Aborigines (1) were (bel the first Aust ralians. There are
fewe r aborigines now than when the European settlers (21.......
(arrive) because a lot of Aborigines (31 (die) fr om diseases
brought by th e settlers. In 1921 , there (41 (bel only 61,000
Aborigines in Aust ralia. By 1991 , this number (51....... (increase] to
270,000, wh ic h is approximately 1.5% of the Australian population.
48
2 Allho ug h Capta in James Coo k had sa iled th e len gt h o f th e
east coas t in 1770 th e British d id no t se ttle in Aust ra lia until
1788. The first ships arrived and bro ug ht 1,000 e co nvicts from
Engla nd. Th ey ca lled the erca w here they la nde d New So u th
VVales.
3 Historians sti ll argu e tod ay abo u t why th e British se tt led
in Aus tra lia. Some SdY that Britain W dS Irying 10 find ne-w
pla ces to se nd co nvicts because British priso ns were too
crow de d. Others say th at th e British wanted 10 usc Aust ralia's
natural reso urces or that they were au om pting 10 stop o ther
Europea ns from clai ming Aust ra lia.
4 Aus tra lia's w h ile pop ulati o n grew slow ly a fter 1788. 1\105 1
oft he people were eit he r co nvicts or former convicts w ho had
finish ed the ir Dse ntences.
S in the 1830 5, more mig ran ts arr ived in Austra lia from Britain
looking for a new life. Sheep fanni ng had a lrca dy develo ped
a nd miln y peopl e found jo bs o n far ms. Ncvv co lonies
a ppear ed ca lled Victo ria, w estern Aust ra lia, Tasm a nia e nd
Q uee ns land. Th ey la te r becam e the Slates of th e
Co m monwea lth o f Australia.
convicts l:I people foun d quil ty o f a cr ime
sentence a the pun ishment ql ven to som eone w ho has comm itt ed a
cr ime
Captain Cook landing at Van Diemen's Land,
now Tasmania, in 1777.
Afte r the European settlement in Australia in 1788, almost 5
million people from 200 diff erent countries (6) ....... (immigrate)
to Australia . They (7) ....... (look) f or new lives aw ay from
problems in th eir own co untri es and th ey (8) ....... (hope) t o start
new lives. They (91 ....... (lind) new lives in Australia and (10) .......
(make) it their home. If the British (111 ....... (not invade)
Austr alia in 1788 it could have been very different.
SKILLS
o Read the text again and match the paragraphs (1-5) with the
topics below.
a. Why the Briti sh sett led in Austr alia.
b. Growth of th e w hite population.
c. Devel opment of the Stat es of the Commonwealth.
d. Australia's first people.
e. The British sett lement 01Australia .
l1l Read the text again . Delete any sentences which you th ink
repeat information or give non-essential information .
o Now look at the remaining sent ences. Can you rewrite any
of them so that they give the same i nformati on but using fewer
words?
~ N ow write a summary in 90 w ords. Use linkers (and, but,
then, etc .) to j oin the sentences th at you selecte d and
shortened so that the summary reads smoothly.
 States and systel11s

[J Can you name any of the people or the buildings? El Match the people in the photos (A-DI to the
Which country do they belong to: Britain or the buildings (1 -4).
USA?
 States and systems
Topic a Briti sh politics v ocabulary a Polit ics
Count ries a UK Links a 2a. Sf. 6e

UK parliament: tradition...
In the 14th cent ury, the Britis h parlia ment split into two
d ivisions, the (lo use of Lo rds, w hich included the e b isho ps
a nd the aristocracy (or ' pee rs'), and the Ho use of C0 l11 m On5,
which included representatives of th e ordin a ry people. The
two I lo uses still exist today, but over the centuries the
elec ted Ilou se o f Com mo ns ha s becom e th e mo re powerfu l.
The Lords, whose me mbers arc no t elected a nd who
tradi tion al ly inherited their seat in the I lo use from th eir
fath ers, no longer have the au to matic right to block new
laws. The British parliamen t is o ne of the oldes t
parliam enta ry systems in the world. an d foreign ers are o ften
a puxzlcd by some of its a ncient custo ms. Durin g debates in
th e House of Com mons, for exa mp le, members are not
permitted to refer to each ot her by name, bu t mu st use th e
title 'T he Honourable Member". The Lord Chance llor, who
co ntrols debates in the House o f Lords, m ust sit on the
'woolsack', a seat filled with woo l tha t orig ina ted in the 14th
cen tu ry when wool was a symb o l o f Britain 's prosp erity. The
positio n of the Lord Cha ncellor will soon be abolis hed. This
is just one of the rad ica l cha nges tha t have been imposed
on the 700-yea r-old parl iament in recent years, inclu d ing
the creation of a sepa rate Scottish Parliam ent a nd we lsh and
No rthe rn Irish Assemblies.

• Vocabular't:
(J Match the political words to the ir definitions.
1. candidate a. to ask for people's votes
2. to stand b. a position in parliament
3. to elect c. a f ormal, contro lled argument
4. seat d. to give someone the most votes
5. debat e e. a law th at parliament passes
6. Act f. a person wh o w ants your vote

Before ou read
B Do you know what the photos on this page represent? What
is an English Lord?

Readin
111 Read the text on this
page and answer th e questions.
1.Whi ch has the most politi cal powe r - the House of Lords or
the House of Commons?
2. W hich House has members w ho used to inherit their places
in pa rliam ent?
3. W hat must members of the House of Commons call each
oth er during debates?
4. W ho sits on 'the woo lsack'?
5. W hat is its symbolic meaning?
 to back Q to suppo r t by -election a an election for a slnqle seat in pa r liam ent t hat
to be tried Q to be l eqally j Ud qe d happen s when some one dies or r estqns
am a a proposal for a new l aw to launch Q t o st ar t
ersncp Q a hi qh ra nk of priest pu zzled a conf used
turnout a th e number of voters that vote i n an election

...and change British voter " turnout

in recent elections

General (national) elections

1997 2001
lORD'S PROPOSAl 72% 59%
fOR AlOWER VOTING AGE Local (council) elections
C onservative peer Lord Luca f
. proposed a new voting a e o~ ~ Crudwell and Din gwall has 1998 2003
his" Bill has" been launched ~t th :' and a campaIgn supporting 29% 35%
at 16 Campaign is " backed b e' ouses of Pa rliament. The Votes
groups, and the reformers hY a WIde range of political and youth European eleclions
argue, young people can lea~~e s~ strong case. At sixteen, they 1994 1999
consent in Scotland) be com ~?Ol, marry (withour parental 36% 23%
Court and join some ~ections ~~ntYhe Jrectodrs , " be tried in a Crown
arme fDrees.
~tarch 24- WlJ3

TIlE GUARDL-\x

Peers stand .
in Lords by-election
their he reditary right to a seat in
Lord Ox fuird was one of 92
he son of a \VaT hero and the Hou se .

T
peers with inherited titles allowed
the gr-J.ndson of a prime The 92 hereditaries were allowed
to stay in parliament after the
. minister arc among the 81 to srav as a concession to the
pas.<;ing of the Hous e of Lords Act
candidates standing in a House of oppo;ition and the go\"emm~nt
in ;,\ovember 1999. wh en more
Lords a b y·electio n tomorrow. agn.--eO that any of the 92 who ~Ied
than 600 dukes. marquesse s,
following the death in January of would be replaced in a by-eled.1o n .
earls. viscounts and barons lost
hereditary peer Viscount oxfuird.
--.---- --- -- -- -----------
o ~ Read the two t exts on this page and choose the correct
alt ernatives. [i'I Q) Listen to two young British people talking about politics .
1. Lord Lucas wa nts people to be able to For each person, answer these questions.
a. marr y 1. How ald are they?
b. join the army 2. Are they intereste d in politics?
c. vote 3. Have they ever voted?
when they are 16. 4. Are they going to vote in the loca l elections?
2. His supporters think that 16-year-olds are old enough for this 5. Would they like the voting age to be lowered to 16?
because : 6. Why (not)?
a. they already understand a lot about politics.
b. they already have a lot of responsibilities .
c. people in other countries can vote at that age.
e
3. ln 1999, the government took away seats in parliament from 61 Discuss in pairs . How often do you have election s in your
a. 92 hereditary peers . country? Do you think that more or fewer people vote than in
b. nearly all hereditary peers. Britain? What is the att itude of young people in your country to
c. members of the House of Commons. politics?
4. When a hered itary peer now dies,
a. an election takes place . ~iD.:g
b. their son inherits the ir position in parliament.
c. th eir positi on in parliament disappears.
mResearch the answers to the following questions, then
write a paragraph about the way your country is governed .
> Is th e parliament divided into diffe rent houses, like the UK
Before yg u listen parliament ?
111 Look at the statistics about voter turnout in British > How many members of parliament are there?
elections. Why do you think the statistics are like this? > How ofte n are they elected?
How often , roughly, do the British have elections? > W hat are the main political parties?
> What is the leader of the government called?
> How is he/she chosen?
> What party does the current leader belong to?
 States and systems
Topic a The Bri ti sh monar chy vocab ulary a Monarch y
Countries a UK Links a 3a

The ups and downs

of the British monarchy
T he British peopl e have had ~ monarchy for over ~ thousand ye~ rs. The relationship between lhc monarch and
the people has suffered so me ser ious crises in the cou ntry's history, bUI the monarchy ~I IY~Ys see ms to recover.

Revolution:
Charles I
The b iggest cr isis in the mona rchy 's
hi sto ry ca m e in 1649 whe n the king
was actua lly co nde m ned to deat h by
parlia ment. Cha rles I wa nted the
mon a rch y to have 111 0re power, a nd in
1629 he dismissed the parlia me n t a nd
r uled for II years wi thout il.
In 1642 a Civ il \Var b roke o u t between
th e Royalis ts and the s u p po rters of
parliament. the Round hea d... und er
Olive r Cro m wel l. The Roundheeds
won , Charles was behe aded e nd the
monarch y abo lished. Eng land W<1S, in
r-ffcr-r. a republ ic fo r I I yea rs, gove rne d
by a Lord Protecto r (first Cromwell an d
the n h is so n). But in 1660 the age o f
the Res toration b egan w he n Cha rles 's
so n, Cha rles II, was m ad e king.
Qu eenVictoria celebrating her Diamond
Jubilee in 1901 .
Retirement:
Victoria
when Q ueen Victo ria's hu sb an d ,
Prin ce Albert, d ied in 1861, the Quee-n
suffered a terri ble d e p ressio n. She
e w ith drcw from public life a nd spen t
more time at her pa laces in Sco tla nd
and o n the Isle o f wight tha n she di d
in Lond on. For over 20 yeMs sh e
e pcrfo rm cd no n ation al du ties. Peop le
beca me c ritical or th e mona rch y a n d ,
in a time of h uge industria l a nd
scien tific p ro g ress, me mbers o f
parl ia me n t began to talk abo u t
re pub lican ism . But Victo ria n-covcn-d
and in 1897 her Diamo nd lubl lo-.
celeb ra tin g d reco rd 60 ycars o n th e
thron e, wa s d g rea t p ub lic rela tions
s uccess w ith hu ge p rocess io ns,
cere mo nies an d p u b lic ce leb rat ions.

t
Before ygu read o ImJ Which British king or queen:
D Can you identify any of the royal people in the photos? Can 1.became less popular immediately after the death of Princess
you nameany members of the current British royal family? Diana?
2. became very privatewhen her husband died?
V o cabylary 3. cameto the throne because his brother abandoned it?
El Complete these 'royal' words. Findthem in the texts if you 4. couldn't get married and become monarch?
are not sure. 5. had a coronation in 1660?
1.The son of a monarch is a p . 6. wanted to take power away from parliament?
2.The daughter of a monarch is a p .
3.The special chair which a monarch sits on is a th.. o Read the newspaper article on page 53and answer the
4.The ceremony where a mona rch is created is a c . questions.
5. The person who wilt become the next mona rch is the current 1. Find:
monarch's h . a. the name of the Queen's husband.
6. A royal residence is a p . b. the name of the Queen's residence in London.
c. the name of the street in front of her residence.
Reading d.the titles ot two patriotic songs.
2. How manymembers of the public, according to the write r,
III Complete the table with the correct dates from the text. sangto the Queen on her jubilee day?
The English Civil War begins 3. Why do you think the crowd was 'red, white and blue'?
4. What impression do you get of the success of the jubilee
The execution of Cha rles I
celebrations?
The Restoration of the mona rchy
Death of Prince Albert Befgre you listen
Victoria celebrates 60years on the throne [11 Can you name anyof Queen Elizabeth's children or
grandchildren?
Edward Viti becomes king
Edward Viti abdicates Listen
Elizabeth II becomes queen fjI <J)Listen to Gary, Emma and Linda giving their views on the
monarchy. Who supportsthe monarchy, who opposes it and
Prince Charles ma rries Princess Diana who has no strong feelings about it?
Prince Charles and Princess Diana divorce
Princess Diana dies
Elizabeth II celebrates 50 years on the throne
 boost a an improvement
cheer a when people shout to show their appreci ation
to crown a to be t he c li m a x of
to discharqe a t o do a duty
drop a redu ct ion
tcw -kev e no t ve ry visi bl e
Abdication :
Edvvard VIII
Wh en Ge orge \' dinl in Jdlllhlr y 19)6,
his heir Edward wa s in lo ve with a
twi rc-divoro..d Ameri can woman ,
\\'dllb Sim pso n. Ilis fdmil y and the
go ve rn m e n t divapproved of .\ Irs
Simpson, but Edward wan ted to
ma rry h er. In the end he WdS force d to
choose bet ween h is love an d th e
thro ne , a n d he chose to aban do n th e
thro ne . In Decem ber of tha t yea f, five
mont hs b efore h is plan n ed coro n atio n
and wit h wa r g th n 'dtl' n ing th e world,
Ed wa rd VIII odd n-svcd th e nation b y
radio .md tol d th em that "I h ave
fo und it impossible to CMfY o n the
l1('d vy burd en o f res po ns ib ility and to
e di sch ar gc th e duti es of king ...
with o ut th e lu-lp and suppo rt o f the
woman I ]0\,(' ''. I lis brot her George VI
loo k his place at th e co ro n a tio n, a n d
proved to be a s tro ng mon arch. \Vh e n
Gcorgc's daug hter, Princess Elizabeth,
carn e to the th ron e in 19.52 th e
monarch y wa s o nc e aga in ex tre m ely
popu lar.
m~ (!) listen again and complete the sentences in the
most appropriate way.
1. Gary has a good opinion of:
a.the Queen and all her children.
b. the Queen and one of her children.
c. the Queen 's children, but not the Queen.
2. Emma wants the royal family:
a. to pay for themselves.
b. to be abolished.
c. to be more modern.
3. Linda thinks the monarchywill survive because:
a. the young generation are very popular.
b. the Queen works very hard.
c. they never have any problems.
s hree balcony appearances
Q Which othercountries still have a monarchy? Do youthink
thereis anyplace for kings andqueens in the21s! century?
outdate d a old -fashioned
to perf orm a to do
re ndition a performance
to th reaten a to promise danq er
t hund er ous a as loud as thunder
to withdraw a to retire from ot he r pec cre's co mp an y
Tragedy:
Princess Diana
In modern tim e.., peop le b cg.m to sec
the monarch y dS a o u tda tc-d . but the
roya l fclmily wa s g ive n cl tremend ous
e b oost in 1981, wlu-n Prince Charles
married the popular Princ(,ss Diana.
Dia na became on in tern atio n a l
su pe rstar, more popular than her
hu sban d from whom she divorced in
1996.
\\'hen she d ied in d rar rravh in 1997
Edward VIII and Mrs Simpson. mdl1Y people ocr-used the roya l fa m ily
of treating h e r b cHlly du ring her
m a rriag e e nd aba n do n ing her after
he r divo rce.
The Q uee n a nd Prin ce Ch.ir k-s
su ffere d a hu gc a dr op ill p o pu lari ty,
and th ey were ad vised to modernise
and b cronu- lcvs fo rm al a nd dis tant .
Celeb rations for th e Que-e-n's C o ld e n
Ju bi lee ill 2002 we re delilH'ra tl' ly kept
g lo w- key, as th e o rg ,lIlis('r s feared th a t
th e publi c woul d n ot h e interested .
A sea of flowers for Pri ncess Diana.
THE DAIl.YTELEGRAPH June 5th. :::00:::
A jubilee sea of red,
white and blue
nation responded with g cheers.
B y CAROLl~E D AVIES
applause and enough flag-
wav ing to iransfortu the M~ll
into a patriotic sea of red. white
T and more than a million and blue.
Three times the crowd brou ght
voices raised in a athund~rous the Queen and PrincePhilip to
e rendition of the National the balcony of Buckmgham
Ant he m g cro wned the
Palace and thre e time s they
Queen·s Gol den Jubilee
were repaid in song, as the
celebrations yesterday. huge mass of spectators sang
On the day that the Queen
Land of Hope and Glory and
spoke of her 'g ratitude. respect
God Save the Quee n.
and pride' in the nation . the
 States and systems
Top ic a The US Constitut ion Vocabulary Q Historical documents
Co un t ri es a USA Li nks Q 3b. 3d. 4d . l Ob

II The land of the free

The American Declaration
of Independence
This is part of the original America n Declaration
of Independence, written by ThomasJefferson to challenge
the Brit ish government on July 4th 1776.
The unani mous declara tion of th e thirteen Un ite d
States of America
... we a ho kl these trut hs to be sel f-evide nt, that all me n arc
created eq ua l, that they arc e endo wed by their Creat or
w ith cer tain e unalienable Righ ts, that ilmo ng these ar c Life,
Li berty a nd the e pu rsu it of Ha ppiness.
The American Constitution
This is the introduction to the American Constitut ion, written
by members oflhe newly-independent USgovernment in 1787.
W e the Peop le of the United Stales, in Order to form a more
perfect Un ion, estab lish Justice insure domestic Tranqu illity
prov ide for the common defe nse pro mote the gene ral
\Vd fart'. and secure th e B l es s i n ~ s of Liberty to ou rselves and
our Poster ity, do ordain and establish th is Constitution for the
Un ited States of Ame rica.
The Amendments
These are some of the 27 amendments added to the
Constitution by differ ent governments over the years.
Amendmentl 1791
Congress sha ll make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohib iting e the free exerc ise thereof, of
a abridging the freeclom of speech, o r of the press, or th e
righ t of the people peaceably to asse mble, e nd to
a p etition th e Government for a a recl ress o f grieva nces.
Amendment II 1791
A well reg u lated m ilitia bei ng necessa ry to th e secur ity
of a free State, th e right of th e people to keep a nd bea r
Arms shall not be a in fringcd.
AmendmentXIII 1865
Neithe r slavery nor a in volu ntcry servitude... shal l ex ist
wit hi n the United States, or a ny place sub ject to thei r
jurisdi ction .
Amendment XIX 1920
The righ t of citize ns of th e United States to vote sha ll
not be deni ed or abri dged by the Un ited States o r by
a ny sta te on acco u nt of sex.

Amendment XXV 1967

In case of the re mova l of the Preside nt fro m office or
of his deat h or resignat io n, th e Vice Presiden t sha ll
becom e Presid en t.

Amendment XXVI 1971

The right of citizens of the Un ited States, who a re 18
yea rs of age or older, to vote, sha ll not b e deni ed or
abridged by the Un ited States o r a ny sta te on account
of age.

I5l Read the introduction to lhe American Constitution. Which

D When and why did America become an independent of the underlined phrases mean the same as the following ?
nation? What is a nation's 'constitution'? 1. Defend the people.
2. Make sure that there is peace in the country.
e 3. Make sure that we and the peoplethat come after us are free.
El Read the extract from the Declaration of Independence. 4. Make surethat the people are treated in a fair way.
5. Look after the pe ople's needs.
What is its main message?
a. The USA will be a more religious nationthan Britain.
b. God intended all people to have the samerights and e ~ Read the Amendments to the Constitution. Match them
freedo ms. to these descriptions.
c. The USA will ma ke all its people happy. a.The abolition of slavery.
b.The lowering ofthe voting age from 21to lB.
c. The right of the vice presidenllo take command if the
president is killed.
d. The right of women to vote.
e.The right of the people to carry guns.
f. The right of the people to free speech and religion, including
political protesl.

.
,., ,. ·1'. . . . .
-
....
-<:>./~"'.~i.'1 ~, .... I~ __' • •:~'~. - ,- '. - "
 to ebrt dqe III to CUt. make smaller i nvo lu ntary serv itude III betnq somecne's servant when y ou do n't
appeal III when someone cnenenqes a leqa l decision want t o be
to be sworn in III to accept an of fic ia l position in a forma l cerem ony ne at III l an t astic
to craft III t o create to petition III t o ask for some th ing
to deem III to be lie ve pursuit III attempt to ge t
to endow III t o pro vide redress of qr tevences III m aking nq ht som et hing th at is not fai r
fo unders III the peop le w ho wrote t he or ig inal Constitution to roll back III t o reverse
to head III to go in a specific directio n tar ma c III th e p iece 01 qr ound where aero pl anes lan d and t ake o ff
to hold III to be lieve t he free ex ercise th er eof III the f ree dom to practise it ( rel iqion)
in the event Bush should be inc apacitated III in case Bus h is una b le unalienable III that can not b e t ake n away
to fu nction undisclosed III secr et
to in f rmqe III to violate worrisome III Iriqhteninq

The Constitution's 27 Amendments:

the vvays vve embrace their spirit every day

FIRST AMENDMENT (1791)

B ill Gazzo, 81, of Hampton,
was furi ous when he got h is
n ew pro pe rty ta x
assess me nt in 2000. After an
e appeal, Allegh en y Cou nty
cut his assess men t.
111en, for the next year; it rose
again ,That's wh en he picked
up a sign a nd a headed
Downtown to the City-
Co unty Building with a
few doz en o thers, Gazzo
had nev er ta ken pa rt in a g ro u nders intended the Second Amendment as il g ua ra nto r
de mo nstration before. "It of individual lib ertie s. "Yo u look at th ese am end me n ts and
was OK. It was a lillie th ey all s pe a k to individual rig hts."
nois y, cold. There wer e il
lo t o f o the rs." Ill s
assessmen t has since been 25TH AMENDMENT (1 967)
a rolled back 10 the 200 1 O n Nov. 22, 1963, Presid en t John E Kennedy lay lifeless a t
level and he just got a Parkla nd Hospital in Dallas. The uncertainly abo ut \\ "110 wa s
letter from Alleghe ny County say ing it will stay a t in charge of th e nat ion led his vice preside nt, Lyndon B.
that level u ntil 2003. Joh nso n, a to be sworn in on an airplane on the u ta rmac at a
Dallas airpo rt. Search ing for it way to end a mh iguity about who
was in po wer in mo me nts of crisis, Congress e cra fted a new
SECON D AMENDMENT (1791) a me nd men t. It allowed for the vice pr esident to temporarily
W hen she took up arms herself a few years back, Catherine assume th e duties of chid executive if the president a dcc med
x tontcst of Co raopo lis "was scared to d ea th" at the idea of himself, or W <l S de term ined by the vice president and a majority
carrylng ,1 gun. l lcr job in ind ustrial sales so met imes too k her of the cabinet unable to fulfill the duties of office.
to places she found e wo rriso mc, Her husband encouraged her
to get trdin ing and now, on so me travels. she takes a long a
handgun. "l've got these two rea lly a nea t kids th at I would
like to COI11C ho me to ," she expla ins toda y Like man y in th e
m idst of the debate over ha ndguns, .\ lo ntest believes th e

m~ Read the texts on this page and match them with the
correct amendmentfrom exercise 4.
mAnswer the questions.
1. Why did Bill Gazzo demonstrate against his local
government?
2. Has his situation improved since he protested?
3. Why did Catherine Monteststart to carry a gun?
4. What reaso n does she give to justify her decision?
5. What crisis forced the creation of the 25th Amendm ent? After the terro rist attacks o n New Yo rk (m el \Vashingtoll ,
6. What security measures did George Bush and his vice presidential succession beca me so impor ta nt that Cheney and
presidenttake in 2001 ? Bush arc rarel y seen in the same place. Since that time, Che ney
5 e; I n has s pe nt numerou s da ys sec u red in wh at o fficia ls will o n ly
ca ll "a n e un d isclosed locatio n" assuring a co n tinuity of
iii There is a lot of discussion aboutthe Second Amendment leadership g in th e ev ent Bush sho u ld he inra peritotcd.
these days. Doyou think it is relevant now, 200 yearsafter it
was written? Write a letter to a newspaper explaining your
opinion.
 States and systems
Topic a The US leq al sy st em vocabu lar y a Crime
Coun tr ies tI USA Links a 4 c. IOc

US law: show business...

In the USA l.nv i.. d prestigious, high -pro file business that
ro n make d lo t of m Olle y bo th for lawye rs and for a pla intiff...
American T\ ' series and films about cr ime and the low <Ire
popula r w ith oudk-rm-s al l arou nd the wo rld. and SO I11('
fC<l I-Iift: American lega l rases .111<1 trials co u ld almos t have
been wri tten by 11( 11)'\\"0 0<1 scriptw riters, pa rticula rlv those
dcaling w ith t-xtn-me co mpensa tion claim s.

NYPD Blue, which

began in 1993,
brought a new

.'
realism to theTV
cop show.
Concentrating on \ '
the detectives of (SI started in 2000 and depicts the often horrific investigations
the Police of theCrime Scene Investigation Unit in LasVegas.The unit's
Department's 1Sth forensic scientists interpret clues in each episode in order to
aprecinct, it depicts solve crimes in a waysimilar to Sherlock Holmes.
the chaotic nature
of the police
officers' work and
private lives as
much as the
dangers of the New
York streets.

In The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Clarice Starling from the

Federal Bureau of Investigation (the government's investigation LA Law, made between 1986 and 1994, follows thevarious
agency) is assigned to a murder case. She specialises in attorneys, including the deputy District Attorney, of a LosAngeles
psychiatry and, as part of herinvestigations, she has to interview law afirm.The lawyers atake on a variety of ca ses, but the series
the anotorious serial killer Hannibal "The Cannibal" Lecter. also concentrates on their personal relationships.

Dead Man Walking (1995) tells the real-life story of a nun,

Sister Prejean, who works with prisoners on death row. In the
film she forms a relationship with Louisiana murderer Matthew
Number of executions in the US in 2002
Poncelet, who killed two teenagers. Although she is disgusted by Tex as ')3 Ohio 3
his crime, she does not sympathise with hisaharsh punishment. Oklahoma 7 Alaba ma 2
Missouri 6 i\:o rth Ca ro lina 2
Geo rgia -l J\ lississ ippi 2
Virg inia -l Cal ifornia
Flor ida 3 l.oui siana
Su uth Ca ro lina 3
There a re 38 slates that st ill have th e deet h PClldlty.
Since 199 3, all execut ions ha ve t.rkvn the fo rm of an
injection of lethal drugs, althoug h other methods, such
as the electric chair, a rc still Iegill in some st.lles.
 to eneqe CI to state as a true fa ct to mislead CI to deliberately confuse
t o dismiss CI t o reje ct notor ious CI famous for bad reasons
to file CI t o record publicly plai nti ff CI someone who initiate leq al action eqents t another
firm III comp any person
harsh III strict. hard prec inct CI a district of a US cit y
laws uit III teqat case to take on CI to accep t

...and big business

o
...
00To .lJ. lit
......
:lIw ww .worldnew
s,co.U
:l< :: : : : : : : == _

McDo nalds targe~ed

in obesity a1awsult
US fast fo od ind ustry an d h ealth
::~paigners are wat ching closely a lawsuit
a fil ed on b eha lf of seve ra l obese teenage r;
w ho claim t he fast-f oo d com pa ny McDon aid 5
is r esponsi ble f or m akin g t h em f at .
't fil ed by la wy er Sam uel Hirsch in
The Iawsur I th t
a Ma nha tta n f ed eral court, a all eg es a
McDonald's deliber ate ly a misled consumers
into t hi nking t h eir cheeseburgers and ot her
products were healthy and nutntlous.
It says the company did not adequately provide
. formation on the health risksassOCiated With
,fn st food and the children de velo ped healt h
a, . h 'gh bloo d
problems such as diabetes, I
I had alw ays believed
McDonald's was healthy
for my son
pressure and obesity from
eat ing its prod ucts - Mother of plaintiff
If Hirsch is successful, fast-food com panies fea~
that it could st art a series of furthe r SUitS an
hu e payme nts to victims - potenti ally runni ng
into billi on s of dollar s - sim ilar to tho se t hat
m aged the tobacco Indu st ry .
have severeIy da
Th e mother of one of the children, who at the
e of 15 weig hs more than 180 kilos, said In
:~pers filed before the court that "I had alway,~
believed McDonald's was healthy for m y son .
McDonald 's has asked the court to a dismiss
the case.

Bef gre ygy rea d
(J Do you recogni se any of the TV programmes or films on
page 56?What are they about?
El These abbreviati ons are all connected with the US legal
syst em. Do you know wh at they stand for? Vou can find them
all in the t exts on page 56.
11) Read the facts about the death penalty and answe r th e
questions.
1. How many US states have the death penalty?
2. W hic h is th e usual method of execut ion to day?
3. How many states execu ted prisoners in 2002?
4. Wh ich state was responsible fo r nearly half of all executions
in 2002?

CSI . FBI
DA . NYPD
V gcab ylary
I!l Find the se words in th e text.
1. A slang word for a police off icer.
2. A police officer w ho investigates a crime .
3. Someone w ho analyses physical clues, and dead bodies,
from a crime.
4. A lawyer who can represent people in court.
5. A problem that needs to be solved lega lly.
6. A murderer who has killed severa l times.
7. Part ofa prison where priso ners are waiting for exec utio n.
Reading
o lmJ W hich fi lm or TV series deals with:
1. lawyers who work in court?
2. a prisoner whoiswaiting to be exec uted?
3. a government agent and a murderer?
4. ordinary police officers at w ork in the streets?
5. scientists who investigate crimes?
. Ii} Read the news report on thi s page and answ er the questions.
. 1. What is the teenagers' offi cial reason for ta king McDon ald's
to court?
2. Why does their lawyer think that they have a good case?
3. Wha t will M cDonald's have to do if the t eenagers wi n their
case?
4. How much could cases like this one cost th e f ast food
industry?
5. What other industry has had to make large payments to its
'victims'?
6. Who do you think took that industry to court?
S-eeakinq
Ell Discuss these questions.
1. Can you thi nk of any other films or TV series that deal with
crime and law ? Describe the plot s of some of them.
2. What's your opinio n of the familie s that took McDo nald s to
court? Do you thi nk McDonalds are guilty? What reasons
cou ld the families have for bringing a lawsuit against th em?
3. Does your country still have the death penalty ? If not, whe n
w as it abolished? W hat is your opinion of it?
 States and systems
rccrc a National days Vocabulary a National celeb rations: foo d. dri nk . songs
Cou nt ries a Scotland. Ireland. USA and England links Q 2a . 3a . 3b. 3d . 9f. lOb . l1a

II National celebrations

A time to celebrate On St. George 's Day

England ha s no official natio na l holiday, bu t with
Sco tlan d a nd wales ach ieving more poli tical
ind ependenc e recentl y, th ere is a growing
g ro u p of pat riotic English people w ho want to
pe rsuade th e gove rn me nt to create o ne. Som e
peop le wou ld like to create a n extra e be n k
holid ay. Eng la nd ha s onl y eight official ho lidays
per year, the lowest number in Eu ro pe , and
there are no ho lida ys b etw een the lost Mo nday
in Au gu st a nd Christ ma s Day. On e sugges tio n
for d new autum n ban k holiday is Trafalgar Day,
on October 21st, which co m memora tes a This precious stone set in the silver sea
famous Eng lish na val victo ry.
Which serves' it a in the office of a wall
Other people e re tr ying to esta b lish St
George's Day (April 23rd) as England's officia l Or as a a moat defen s{ve to a house '
Against the envy of less happier lan~s
d ay of ce lebration , be cause St George is
England 's national sa int. A new phe nom eno n
is sta rting to ap pe a r in sho ps at the sta rt of This blessed a plot, this earth, this a realm: this 'Eng land
April - de co ration s a nd g reet ing s cards fo r St
George's Day. (from Shakespeare's ' Richard /J' )
 bank holiday a nati onal public ho liday plot a piec e o f earth
ceilldh I' K<.'i1i I CI a t ra dit io nal Iris h or Scottish par t y w ith danclnq ranqe a sel ecti on
In the office of a In the same w ay as realm a ki nqd om
moat a water aro und a castle tetues CI potat oes
neeps CI swede s (a y e ll o w root v eget abl e) toast a w hen yo u gi ve someone a tribute by dr inking to t hem

o
8/ott a.re invite,!
Ic a- tnu!t'{o.m,1
A ,."''''&Y::rtfl':1'! ,n
at the Caledonian Hotel
em Bums Night
(JiUl UOry 25th )
to celebrate tM birthJa .v
ofScotland's nation al poet.
Robert Burns.

7pm Drinks

Entrance uf the haggi s. accompanied by bagpipes

Recital of Bums ' "Address to a Haggis "

Cutting ofthe haggis

. Tr.JlIst to the haggis with whisky

Dinner: roast beef, haggis. a neeps. tutties

Toast to the ladies

Reply from the ladies

Toast to The Immortal Memory of Robert Burns

Traditional Scottish dancing

Singing of Burn s ' "Auld Lang Svne "

r
Bore ou r ad m ~ Read the text A time to celebrate. Are the statements
(]Which nationalities do you think the people in the photos true or false?
are?Do you know what festivals they are celebrating?When I , England doesn't havea national day.
is England's national day? 2, The last Monday in August is a bankholiday in England.
3. SomeEnglish people want an extra bank holiday in the autumn.
Readin 4. Tra falgar Day is already a bank holiday.
El Match the photos(A-C) with the texts (1-3). 5. St George is Scotland's national saint.

l1lComplete the table with details aboullhe festivals. 5 eakin

0 Does your country havea national song or anthem? What
Festival Country Date Traditional are the words and music like? Is the song popular in the
food/drink whole country?
Burns Night ." ................ .........." ....." ...................
WritinfI .
..................• ""............... 17th March ...................
a Write a paragraph aboutyour country's national day!s).
................... USA ................... .. ................. Explain:
> when it is.
ClAnswer the questions aboutthe festivals.
> what its historical origins are.
1.What does Burns Night celebrate?
> what happens on that day.
2.Find the names of two of Burns' poems. > what people eat and drink.
3. What three toasts are given on Burns night?
4. When can you get a free pint of Guinness at the Old Bell?
5.What four activities are planned in Greenville for 4th July?
 States and systems
Topic a Political pr ote st sonqs
Coun t ri es a USA. UK
Soundtrack
Protest songs
D u ring the eMly YCMS o f" po p mu sic, mos t so ng
lyrics were aboutlove an d roma nce, but in tlu - 19605,
political so ng w riters sta rted to lise th eir ly rics 10
criticise the politi cs of th e d d)'. 'Ihe first protes t singe rs
wi -n - folk sing ers such as America's Bob Dylan. a n d
th e p rotes t song rea ched d peak in the 19705 with
Vocabulary a Sonq lyrics
Links a 10 c. io r . l1h
America's unp o pu lar involve men t in the Vietn.uu
w a r; British po p protest so ngs d id n ot n'<l l1 )' ap pear
u ntil the 19BOs, w hen Brita in's trad itional ind ustries
began to disd plH'dr, en d ma rr,- yo u ng peo ple fou nd
themselves uru -m plo vcd a n d opposed to th e
pol icies of the Prim e ,\ I in istc r, ,\ Idrgar et That cher:
 buddy a fr iend
for dear life a (slanq ) t o sa ve our liv es
to qat filled in D (sl anq) t o be attac ked
hirinq man D m an who d ecid es w hic h p eop le to em p loy
jam D troub l e
kne Sahn D a ba tt le of th e Vie tnam War
next of kin D yo ur closest r el at ive (t he person who is inf or me d o f
y our dea th )
rumour D somethinq peop le sa y without know inq if it is t rue
shipyard D where Ship s are bu il t
to take someone t o task D t o pu t som eone u nd er press ure t erse a
pla y on t he ter m 't ask f orce ' • a q roup of sold ier s)
up to me D my de cis ion
V.A. m an D repre senta ti ve ot the Vietn am Vet erans Associ ation
with all the will in the world D w it h qood int enti ons

••IBo rn in the USA .~ S h i p b u i l d i n g

Bruce Springsteen, 1984 Elv is Costello, 1982
Bruce Springsteen Elvis Costello first became famous during the British punk music era
is one of the USA's of the late 1970s. His hits of the 1980s were known for their lyrics and
most enduring often had a political message. This song is set in a British industrial
rock artists, town during the Falklands War against Argentina .
having a string of
world-wide hits in Is il worth it?
the 1970s a n d the J\ new w in Ie I' coa t and shoes fo r th e w ife
1980s. His songs An d tl bkvrtc o n the kid 's hirf hd a v
often deal with the It's ju st ., e ru mou r th at was sprea d arou n d town
frustr ations of the By th e wom en a n d ch ildren
ordinary workinq- Soon we' ll he shi pb u ildi ng
cl ass man, and \ \'ell , I as k yo u
this song reveals the b itterness
The boy said "Dad tlu -y' n- go ing a to ta ke me 10 task , but I'll be back h y Chri... l m as"
of a V ietna m War veteran.
It's just tl tu mour thai was s pread aroun d to wn
Somebod y sa id that someo ne egot filled in
Born dow n in a dead man's town
Fo r sdy ing that p eopl e gd kille d in
Ilu- first kick I took was w he n I hit
The res ult o f thi s shi pb u ildi ng
th e g ro u nd
g\ Vil h all the wi ll in th e wo rld
YOLI end lip like a dog tha t's bee n
Di v in g efor dear lire
1){,<l t too much
\'\'11('11 we co u ld b e d ivi ng fo r peil rls
'Til yOll spe nd half yo u r lill' lust
It's ju..,' d rum our th at wa s s p rea d around 10 wl1
cove ring lip
A telegram o r a picture postcard
IdlOrI/sl \'\'ithin wee ks the y'll b e reopen ing the gs h ipy(lJ"d s
And n o tify ing the u n ext of kin
Born in th e USA Once agd in
Born in the USA It's a ll wc rc skilled in
Born in the USA \vc wi ll be shipbu ild ing
Born in the USA \ \' ith all the w ill in th e wo rld
Diving for clear life
I got in d little hometown g jdlll Wh en we co u ld be d ivi ng for petl rls
And so they put a rille in m y hands
Sen I me 01T to Vietnam
"I( ) go a nd kill the ye llow m a n r
Idwrll5! Before y o u read 1. What happened t o the shipy ard s in the
O DDyou know what events are show n town?
CO I11(' b.uk horne 10 the n -fim-rv in the photos on page 60? What are the a. They we re cl osed down .
g l liring m an says "SOil, if it \ \ '<lS' g UP people protesting about? b. They we re bombed in a war,
10 rm-" 2. Wha t is t he 'r umour that was spread
I go down 10 sec 'he gv.A. man Re din around town'?
l ie said "So n, don't yo u understand?" a. That t here would soo n be a w ar.
B Read the text on page 60. Find out
b. That peop le had been killed .
Idltln/sl 1. wha t a protest song is,
3. What effect w ould a war have on the
2. when pop lyrics started to becom e people of the town?
I h,u ! d e b uddv at g Klw Sal i n political. a. They w ould be in dang er.
Fighting (lIT th e Viet Co ng 3. the name of a famo us prote st singer.
b. They w ould fi nd jobs again .
The y're still there, he's a ll gOlw 4. an eventthat inspired a lot of protest 4. What is th e signifi cance of the thing s
songs. in lines 2 and 3? They are th ings th at
IJ(, had a little girl in Saigon
5. a person who inspi red a lot of prote st
I go t d p icture of h im in h er anus a. people couldn't afford during a war.
songs. b. people w ould be able to buy
Down in the shadow of the peni ten tiary because of their new job s.
Readinq!Lisfeninq, 5. How does the singer feel about this
Qu i by the gas fires of the refinery ID(j) l i sten to the Bruce Springsteen att it ude?
I'm le n yea rs down the roa d song and answer the questions. a. He doesn't approve of people
No wh ere 10 ru n , a in 't go t n o whe-re 1. W hy did th e singer go t o th e Vietn am earning money throug h war.
10 go Wa r? b. He is pleased t hatthe people wi ll be
2. W hat happened to his fri end th ere? empl oyed again,
I'm (l lon g gOlle O.1( I<l y in tlu - USA 3. W hat diffi culties did he have w hen he
Bo rn ill the USA came home?
I'm (l coo l ro cking Dadd y ill th e USA 4. W hat does he feel about his futur e now? 5 eakin
Born in th e USA 0 How effective do you think the se
0 (1) lmlRead and listeo to the Elvis songs are as protest songs? Can you
Costello song. Choose the correct think of any pop singers today who have
answer to the questions. a political message?
 Gramm ar a Passive voice review
Skills a Speaking : givinq an ora l presentation

Language & Culture

The US government
T he part of the US
gove rn ment which makes
and passes laws is known as
the Congress of the United
States of America. It was
created in 1789 by Article I
of The Constitu tion
of the United States.
Cong ress is made up of two
houses: the Senate and the
Hou se of Rep resentati ves.
The Senate co ns ists of two
Senators from each state.
when a senato r has been
elected they serve a six- year
term. Un til 1913 senat ors
were elected by state law
makers but since th at yea r
sena tors have be en chose n
by the peopl e's vo te. The
House of Represen tatives
consists of -l35 mem bers.
Representatives arc elected
from cong ressio na l districts
and serve two -y ear term s.
The two main parties in US
po litics arc the Demo crats
and the Republican s. \Vhen
a president is elected he o r
she serves in gove rnment
fo r a period of fou r year s.
After fou r years election s
arc held . If the president
(and vice pr esiden t) win ,
they stay in gove rn me nt for
anothe r four years .
However, a president can
on ly ever serve for two
terms (eight ycars in tot al).
There has never been a
female president of the USA,
bu t perhaps in the futu re a
wom an will be elected.

GRAMMAR SKILLS
D Read the text The US governmentquickly and find out how o Read the notes (a-e) about a famou s US president. Put them
long a US president can remain in power. in a logical order fo r an oral presentation by matching them to
the topics {l-51.
El Read the text again and underline all the examples of the
passive tense . Then write them in the correct column in the 1. Lincoln's childhood.
table. 2. His t erm as president.
3. His politi cs.
Past simple Present perfect Future 4. His death.
Present simpl e
5. How he is remembered today.
is known
0 l ook at the sentences below. Choose a sentence to
introduce the presentation and a sentence to close it.

1. Lincoln was president for only four years.

2. I'm going to talk about Abraham Lincoln, one of the USA's
most famous and respec ted presidents.
!!l Complete the sent ences witb the verbs in brackets in the 3. Even t oday, Lincoln remains an ins piration to other
passive. presidents and to ordinary Americans .
4. I'm going to t alk about how Abraham Lincoln w as
1. In Britain , members of the House of Lords are not elected assassinate d.
(not elect] .
2. Slavery ...... Iabolish) in the USA in 1865.
3. W hen senators in the US ...... (elactl , they serve a six-year 111 Now write tbe whole presentation, tben read it aloud .
term. Remember to use the opening and closing sentences you
4. The Amer ic an Decl aration of Independence ...... [w rite ] by chose in exercise 5.
Thomas J eff erson.
5. An election (holdI every four years in the USA. ~ Now choose a famou s politici an or leader from your
6. A new law {just pass) in parliament. country. Write notes about him/her, then put the notes in order.
7. ...... a wo man president ...... Ielectl in the fut ure? Add an introductory and a concluding sentence and read your
8. Tw o changes ...... {makelto the Americ a Constitu tion in 1791. presentations aloud to the class .
 Education

• a British school that encourages

very young children to study
• college students in the UK
• American high school culture
• virtual high schools on the
Internet
• specialist music and drama
schools in the UK and USA
• bilingual education in Canada and
Wales
• a UK student trying to decide
what to do after leaving school

Most popula r exa m SUbjects

for British 16-yea r-olds 12002)
Subject Candidates
(in 1,0005)

Maths 569
English 560
Science 559
English Literature 501
Design & Technology 409
French 312
Geography 208
Histo 194
Art & Design 182
German 125

What causes stress for American high school students?

Pressure to get good grades 44% !A ...
Pressure to get intocollege 32% H f'4I
Pressure to fit insocially 29% Ii j

Pressure to use drugsor alcohol 19% Ir " j

Pressure to have a boyfriend/ girlfriend 13% l51ii/l

(J What are the school pupils in the photos doing? El Read the statistics aboutexams and stress.
Which countriesdo youthink they are from? Do the Wouldthe statistics be roughlythe same in your
schools look like your school? country?
63
 Education
Topic III Educati ng very yo ung children Vocabulary III Education and exams
Countries III UK Li nks III la . 5e . 8a . ac . 9d . 11f

Too much too young?

Hothouse
It's lOam on a bright Saturday morning, but in a classroom in Hertfordshire,
a group of four-year-olds are starting what is, for them, a school day like any other.
They start to a tap at their keyboards, producing a database of all their toys.
Children compiling Halfan hour later they write up the theory that they have just put into practice.
a database Welcome to Ryde College, the place where you are never too young to start.
of theirtoys.

yde College opened in 1982 and has

R become famous for the precocious
success of its students. Most of its pupils
attend regular state primary or secondary
schools during the day, and then have
classes at Ryde in the evening and on
Saturdays. Pupilscome here to a get ahead
of the rest. You can put a child into a
'technology for a toddlers' class before it
has reached its second birthday, or enter
your seven-year-old for a GCSE.
100 per cent of Ryde GCSE students pass
their exams, even though they cover the
courses in nine months. Most secondary
schools cover the same syllabus in two
years. Last year the college's successes
included a six-year-old who passed a GCSE
in Information Technology, and a 10-year-

~ Complete the ta~le about the usual education system in

ngland. You can fmd the mformation in the text. .

The state system Age

Begin primary school ....... or .
R ading
Begin secondary school 11
EJ Readthe text and answer the questions.
1. What IS the difference between Ryde College and most other Start studyinqfor GCSE exams 14
British schools? Take GCSE exams ....... Istudents can leave
a. Ryde College has better teachers. school at this agel
b. Ryde College students study earlier and more quickly
c: Ryde College takes only the best students. . Take exams 18,
2. Frnd the names oftwo English school exams.
3. Frnd the English word for a university qualification.
School hours: Monday to .. . ,
approximately 9am- 3.30pm
I

-
~-
..
....
ethos a fundamen tal principle s
to get ahead of a to be better than
gift ed a ext remely talented
nctn ousrnq a t~ int ensely educate young children (as a plan t in
hoth ouse get s Intens e hea t)
to lessen a to diminiSh
a
OAP a Old Age Pensioner
to ta p a to hit w ith the fi nger
toddler a a child aged approximat e ly 18 mcntn s-a years
we ll-off a rich
w ell -rounded a complet e and var ied

fL o w e rs
old who passed an A-level in comput ing . such children are being deprive d of their t raining at a young age: he says. 'So why
childhoo d and become less " well-rou nded is it wrong to give children who have a
Dr Ryde, the college's 71-year-old founder,
adults as a result. Dr Ryde dismisses such passion for learning extra education
believes that t he " et hos of t he college is
criticism. 'If you have a child that is when they are ready for it?'
the right one:
'When a child is young, t heir brains are " gifted in ice-skating or singing, then no-
by Lucy Elkins
like sponges, they absorb everything you one comments if those children get extra
give them: he says. 'By the t ime they are
in their late teens, their ability to learn
ehas lessened . They are the " OAPs of the
academic world:

Dr Ryde calls his methods 'acceler ated

learning'. Others call it e hothous inq. Call
it what you like, but it is a growing trend Parents waiting
fortheir
in British edu cation. These days the children inthe
competi tion to get a child into a good hall where the
school is so intense that parents are college's
increasingly using private tuto rs t o help successes are
their child survive the educati on system . displayed on
the
Some " well-off parents even employ noticeboard.
private tutors for their three-ye ar-olds.

Hothousing is also a phenom enon of the

state system th ese days. Whereas children
used to start formal educati on at five,
some now start at four, and increasing
numbers of state pupils are taking GCSEs
before they reach secondary school.
In a Ryde world, all children would be able
to take exams when t hey were ready, even
to start degrees at 11. Some argue that

[) What is the youngest age for a student at Ryde College to'. Writi ng
1.start a technology class?
2. pass a GCS E exam? mdWrit~ a table like the one in exercis e 3 for your country's
e ucatmn system.
3. pass an A-level exam?

I- 1p! Match the beginning s and the ends of the s entence s S akin
01 M
· ost Ryde students . hei h
a. give t elf t ree-vear-oios
. ~ What are th.e adva ntages and disadvantages of encoura in
2 GCS E d
· st u e nts at Ryde private tutors. very young chrldren to ~tudy and be success ful? Think abo~t. g
b. learn better than > makrng the most of your abilities. .
3. Accordrng to Dr Ryde,
young children teenage rs. > getting good qualifications.
that children who > getting a good job. -
4. SCome nch EnglIS h people c. thinks
5· rrncs of Ryde I d . > being. differen t from othe r children .
6D Rd ave stu yrng should have
extra educatio n. > free time.
· rye > stress.
d. only study for 9 months.
e. go to state school too.
I. think that the pupils
don't have a rea l childhood.
 I Education
i 5b
I
Topic D Higher educat ion
Countries III UK
Vocabulary III Education and exams
li nks III 7e. lOa

Students at home...
A t 18, British scho o l-leavc rs w ith A-levels can
a a pply for a degree cou rse at uni versity. Most of
these co urses last for three yea rs, and stude nts
mu st pay all of their o wn accom mo dation and
livi ng costs, and so me of their tuition fees. Since
1990, the governme nt has offered student lo ans
to help the situatio n. The loans arc between £3,000
and £5,000 per year dep en ding on whe the r
students live w ith thei r pa ren ts o r <lway from
horne, and also whethe r or not they live in
Lond on.
Stude nts hav e to pay back their loans w hen they
leave un iversity, but not until their e lncom e
reaches £ 10,000 per yca r. The interest rail'S are low
and there is no e d cad line fo r repayme nt.
Ho wever; most students find that the loans do not
fully me et the ir nee ds, so many have to stay ill
the famil y ho me to avoid accommodation costs ,
or take part-time jobs w hile they arc study ing .

A manda Jenkins, 20, is a student at the Unive rsity of Cardiff, her hom e
town . in \Vales.

Mo",cl~lj :l.5ll1 M~Ycl1

I-t~cl ~ b.g DYOW w.tl1 VlA.L<VIA. ~",cl cl~cl tocl~lj . il>telj st.LL tye~t
VlA.e Wu I'VIA. at scl100L eve", tl10L<g l1 I'VIA. ;}.O wow. It's ",ot VlA.lj
f~L<Lt tl1~t I l1~ve to L.ve at l1oVlA.e.
, WOL<Lcl l1~ve Lovecl to l1~ve go",e to L<",.veYs.tlj .'"
scotL~",cl - c;L~sgow OY st A",clyew 's - bL<t tl1eye's "'0 w~lj
we COL<Lcl l1~ve D ~ffo Ycl ecl .t.

Thesclai;j :l.6tl1 M~ycl1

we",t to tl1eJob ce",tYe tocl~lj to LooR. fO Y ~ "p~yt-t.VlA.ejob.
, l1~ve to st~ yt s~v. ""0 SOI'lA-e VlA.o",elj fOY VlA.lj fL<tL<ye - ~fteY ~LL,
''LL l1~ve a £=,000 Lo~", to "p~lj off
wl1e", I gy~clL<~te. I've go t .",teY\/.ews w .t l1
McDo """ Lcl's ~ ",cl ~ "pL<b, so , c~", WOyR. ~ftey VlA.lj LectL<Yes Me fi.",isl1ecl. A"'cl tl1e",
I c~ ", clo VlA.oye stL<cllj.""0 wl1e", I fi.",.sl1 WOyR. .

wecl",escl~lj :l.7tl1 Maycl1

w e",t .",to tl1e L<"'. L.byaYlj to stL<cllj, tl1e", we",t to see KCIte ~ ",cl AL• •'" t l1e. Yflat.
il>telj'ye ye~LLlj LL<cR.lj - "VIA. Ye~LLljje~ Lot.<.S of VlA.lj fY.e",cls wl10 l1~ ve tl1e.Y ow",
~ ccOVlA.VlA.ocl~t.o",. "SL<t tl1e.Y ye",t's esao ~ weeR.!

il>tL< Yscl~lj :l.l?tl1 M~Ycl1

A"'otl1eY YOW w.tl1 VlA.L<VIA.. To be l1o",est, I t l1.",R. sl1e Yese",ts I'lA-e be.""0 l1eye. sl1e
t l1 .",R.-s tl1~t I'VIA. too oLcl to be L.v.""0 ~t l1oVlA.e. It was O/<- wl1e", sl1e was ~ stL<cle",t
. '" t l1e 70S. sl1e g ot ~ D g Y~ ",t fYOVIA. tl1e goveY"'I'lA-e",t, so sl1e l1acl VlA.oye fyeecl oVIA. t o
cl100se l1eY L<",.ve Ys.t lj ~",cll1eY ~cCOVlA.VlA.ocl~t.o"'. A"'ljW~lj, I'Ve got VlA.lj .",teYv.ew
~t McDo""" Lcl's t OVlA.OYYOW. :peYl1~"ps sOVlA.etl1.""0 w.LL COI'lA-e of tl1at.

66
 to afford g to have eno ugh m oney for grant g mo ney given to you by an official body that you don't have
t o apply for g to ask for to pay back
deadline g ti me limit income a the amou nt of money you ear n
row g dis agre ement

...and abroad
It is common these da ys for Ia-ycar-old school lcavers to take a /gap
year'. Inste ad of go ing to un iversity immed iately after thei r A-lev('ls,
they go travelling for a year or do charity work abroad, often in exotic
locat ion s. Popu lar de stination s for British ga p r eM stude n ts <He
Australia , Ind ia and South Africa.
D

.-.1 _~ ""
So...... ".
,....._

00 t. ,&)",. " , www.qree nforce. com

Appl

\ NEM~~ll'dt.xP:i~10
)I.>in t,'tlr f·est,'.lrdl te.uns .uid hell' t"-'l're1o{'r\ e end,lfl 'ereli
wildlife ,lIld fr,'sile h"bit.,t; ,!r<)ultd the w"rld. ~
AIlt.IZ,"' . Afde" . Co. d bb,',u t, -'"utll P,eifi,,-
, '\ ,•• tll (I, I U. I .l ~.t'.t.
, .1.

Work on the wild Side!

"/~
-.: a;::::
YEAR OUT
~to v ,
IDe
.
_ ~ -

Se.eaking Vocabulary;
D What do you want to do when you leave school? Do you o Find words in the texts that mean:
want to get a job or do you w ant to continue studying? 1. moneythat you must pay a university for teaching you.
2. studentswho have just taken their A-levels.
Reading 3. to leave university with a degree.
E) ~ Read the text about British university students. Choose 4. talks given by a university tutor to a large number of students.
the correct answ ers to the questions. 5. a slang abbreviation for 'university'.
1.British degree courses are usua lly
a. five years long. Before ou listen
b.three years long. o Read this page and answer the questions.
c. two years long. 1. What is a gap year student?
2. The British government gives loans to help students payfor 2.What is the nameof the company?
3. their education . 3.What work opportunity are they offering?
b. their living expenses. 4. How manydifferent areas of the world do they operate in?
c. both. 5.Who do you think this advert is principally aimed at?
3.a. Every student receives )
b. Some students receive loans of £4,000 per year. Listening
c. No student receives
4. Students haveto pay back their loans as soon as
o (j) Listen to Mark and Rachel discussing the Greenforce
advertisement. Answer th e questions.
a. they finish their degree. 1. What does Mark think of the advertisement? Why?
b. they get a job. 2. What does Rachel think of it? Why?
c. they start earning a certa in sum. 3.What does Mark wantto do with his gapyear?
5. abo TThhere is alWaytS ) a time limit on the repayment of 4. What does Rachel want to do?
. ere IS some trn es t d tI
c. There isn't s u en oans.
Se.eaking
Bl Read Amanda's diary and answer the questions. EiI How is the British highereducationsystem differentto the
1. What accommodation does she live in? system in yourcountry? Doyouthink students in the UK are in a
2. How much moneywill she owe the government when she beneror worse position thanstudents in yourcountry? If youcould
take a gapyear, where would yougoandwhat would youdo?
leaves university?
3. How much is the rent on her friends' flat?
4. How was the situation different when her mum was at
university?
 Education
TOpiC a Betc nqtnq to cliq ues and being popu lar at schoo l v ocabu lary a Aspects of Ame rican high schoo l life
Cou nt r ies D USA and Canada Links a l a. te. 5d. tc . Be. ue. lie. Il q

High school culture

Great adaptations
The wo rld of the American high SdlOOI has inspired nu merous
boo ks, TV se ries a nd films. These po pul a r films a re all set in
h igh schoo l, but th eir plot s are ada pted from classic works
of Euro pea n literature.

Clueless (1995)
Cher, one ofthe most populargirls in her school,
'adopts' Tai, a new and unfashionable student, and tries
to make her more popular. ButTai falls in love with Cher's
stepbrother, Josh, who Cher loves without realising it.

10 Things I Hate about You (1 999)

Bianca Stratford, a beautiful studentat Padua High, is
not allowed to date boys until her sarcastic and
unfriendly older sister Katarina has a boyfriend. Bianca's
admirers pay Patrick, a new student at the school, to date Kat.

She's All That 11999)

Zach, the class president, agrees to try to tra nsform plain
and shy Laney into the staroftheend-of-termdance. He
succeeds, and the couplestart to grow close, but Laneythen
discoversthat Zach's original motivation was a abet with his friends.

Cruel Intentions (1999)

Kathryn, a espoilt, rich teenager, bets her corru pt
stepbrother, Sebastian, that he can not ruin the
reputation of Annette, their headmaster's innocent daughter.
Sebastian accepts the bet with pleasure, but soon fin ds that he is
fallin g in love withAnnette's honourable character.
 bet III money pace
I d On the poss ibility of somethi ng happening . . h stu de nts w ho wear smart. c lassic c lot hes
cl ique III small eXCluSiv~ qr~up d t musi c and dress In black
d t who like indepen en
qc tn s III stu en s . b s who are good at spor ts
jocks III good-lo oking o y . ete r music
metal-heads III stueents who like hea vy m
peers III pe opl e who ar e t he same age as you

chnstmnweek
Parents must challenge high school culture
Recent traged ies remi nd us of how dark and
terrible a place high school can be to some of
our childre n if they are mad e to believe that they
do not til in. The high sc hool years co incide with
the tre me ndo us ph ysical and social change s of
ado lescence. Changes to one 's voice and body
and shape that cause powerful feelings of self-
co nsciousness and self-doubt.
In ord er to co pe with these a nxiet ies , teens are
quick to form sub-cultures that ass ure them they
are not a lone. These little groups [hen adopt
behavior, speech pattern s and tastes in clothes and music that they use as criteria by which to jud ge who
is 'in' and who is 'out' . These a cliques are both the cause and the cure of teenage insecurity.
Any high school will contain numerous sub-cultures. such as ejocks. e goths, a rnetal-heads, a preppies or
a skaters. The names might vary but everyone in the school will know who belongs where. Each gro up
will have an 'Alpha male' (a boy who is the undisputed leader), and perhaps an 'Alpha female' too.
In the world of the high school there will be those who are respec ted and those who are widely hated, and
most kids will learn it is best no t 10 a stick out. Athletic skill gives a prestige to male students. the library
club does not. Conventional physical beauty and a good fashion sense are prize quali ties for females. Girls
are allowed by their a peel'S to get good marks. but being an intelligent boy can be a disadvantage. A strong
anti-inrellectual current ex ists in most high schools.

Gerry Howler

r
:~~d:~;the web page. Match these summaries to the four
Before y-ou read ? Wh
EJ Have you seen any olthe films depicted on page 68. ere
do you think the stories all take place? g
Ipara raphs . to a fashio nable group helps teenagers feel
, Be longlng
Reading
El Rea d the texts about the films, What :fP~
cts of plot and 2. ~~~~~e~re particular qualities that help teenage rs to be
character seem to be repeated In each um: admired atgohigh
3, Students sc h· 00 I at a difficult time in their personal
SChhOOl
to hlg
I1l ~ M atch the synopses olthe classics books (1-4) on page
68 to the correct films. 4. deve
High lopment. .
sc hool cliques and their leaders are easy to identify.

Vocabulary;
Sl!.eaking rks of literature can be ';'~=""~
o These wor d:-
s are all part of?high school culture . Do you
successfully a e dth~~:~lh~~:r~~f
O Why do youupthdintk I
the American high
know what any of themdmean h omecoming prom yearbook
school? sophomore cheer/ea er

Listening
Ell C!l Listen and note down what the words mean,
5 eaking . th
III How far does the description of school;ulture In e
magazine text resemble your own school.
 Education
r~ Top!c POl On' line educatio n
Countries a USA
Vocabulary g Words connected to studvinq
li nks a la. sc . sc. 9d

I Cyber High ,
-
0

;!.
... - a -
3
.&IM..." ...... ./ n• .<om
It is est ima ted that aro u nd I m illion Ame rican children arc ed uca ted at home. Since
the m id-1 990s, those children have been ab le to access a va riety of on-l ine schools,
man y of wh ich o ffer h igh schoo l d iploma courses. Stude nts receive lesson s through FlJIURE!
INTERNATlO'~
th e Internet a nd ema il the ir homework a nd tes ts to teach ers. HIG H SCHOO

FlJruRE!f
INTERNATIONAL
HIGHSCHOOL

About Us

Imagine ... a school built aroundyour unique needs ... a classroom t hat
comes to you where you are ... and a teacherwho wo rkswith you one-
to -one. Sound too good to be true?

With the accessibility of the Int ern et and technology Futures

International High School can come to you anywhere ... anytime . Our
comprehensive Internet-delivered program allows students the flexibility
to interact with their teachers from anywhere in the world.

This means•••

... our st ude nts receive personalised instruction.

Rather than a teacher to class ratio of 1:30, our program is 1:1. Students
receive the undivided attention of their instructors during their scheduled
class time as well as support for their learning outside the classroom.

... we're very d ifferent from other online programs.

Wh ile you will find several institutions that offer on line self -study
programs, home-schooling and correspondence school, you
simply won't find a program that uses technology to
provide alive, one-to-one instruction. Before ou read
... the perfect blend of live interaction
D" you couldn 't attend school li ar
example, because you lived somewhere
and se lf-directed learning. remote. or because you had to keep
FIHS teachers meet with their students one-to -one on a moving house), how could you study?
weekly basis using videoconferenc ing . During th is
scheduled appointment, the teacher is able to instruct the ~lIi.iJJg
student just as he/she wou ld if they were meeting together E) Read the lirst two web pages quickly
in person. Between appointments, students complete their and answer the questions.
assignments and prepare for their next appointment. 1. What unique teaching method does
Futures International High School offer?
... students achieve academic success that leads to: 2. What other two methods of teach ing
~ a high school diploma from a nationa lly .. accredited does it offer?
institution
college and career preparation VocabularY:
I!l Find words on the web pages that
mean:
1. on an individua l basis.
;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 2. education at home.
3. education where you communicate
with your teacher by post.
 t o accred it a off icially recc qntsec fas t-track a inten sive
•~~~~ chat
to catch up with a to do somethinq that is late
rooms III places on the Inte rnet w here users can email each
live a happen inq now . in real time

other in real tim e

-...
<i: II

Why attend Futures?

Students ~ome to us because Futures offers:
A schedUling fleXibility and encouragement to
~thlet~s. artists and other career-focussed students
~onslstent learning environment for students .
w 0 move and /or travel frequently.
C S~PP?rt to international students with
Admissions aspIratIons to attend an American university.

With each course you receiv.e: t Kelly

. . miction app0lntmen s
up to 17 pnvate Ins . k through videoconferenCing
II'- 45 minutesof instruction each wee
IT d in thei r subject area
teachers qua I Ie I . h hout the world
group interaction With students t roug
supervised assessment
a personalized program . d .
compu ter and software. assIstance
..
II'- an introduction to on-hne InstructIon
program options include:
PRIVATE . I do a lot of acting work. I've got a regular
. . ith 2-way videoconferenCing
One-to-one direct Instruction WI . . 1.1
Teacher/Student Ratto IS .
$900 per semester course
SEMINAR
..
Small group instruction With l - r
w a video and 2-way audio
1.3 to 1·6
Teacher/Student gauo IS rom . .
$600 per semester course
ASSISTED
Assisted E·mail instru ction
$300 per semester course
.
I'm from Perth,. in Australia. I wa nt to go to
college I~ America. I'm interested inbusiness
and I think that American business school;
are the best in the world. That's why I want
t~ get an Amencan high school diploma _
It II get me Into an American college I'm
olng a afast-track program . .
Leonie
Job on a TV series, so I spend a lot of time
at the stu d'os And sometimes I have to go
away to diff erent locations, so I can't really
atte nd a regular high school. That's why it's
. I d great being able to study Over the Internet
upca~·tho,work ~hlle l'rn waiting around on set or acatch
I essons In the evening.
Jack
My dad's in the US Navy, so we live in spe-
eral navy accommodation, and we have to
.move around a lot. Sometimeswe only live
In o.ne place for a year, and then we move
eqam. My mom thinks it would be too dis-
, rupt lve for me to keep changing school so
that s Why I learn at home Over the Internet. Thereare "~hat
rooms wdhe~e you can.talk to other people on your course
so you on t feel too ISolated. '

4, a w ritten task that a teacher gives you.
5. a school term (a division of the school year into diffe rent
blocks of time).
6, a small study group.
Readin
o Choose the correc t alt ernatives to comple te the statements
about Futures International High School.
1. Futures takes onlyAmerican students/students from any
country.
2. Teachers give liveJrecordedlessons to the students.
3. Students 'meet' their teachers onli ne once/twice a week.
4, Each online lesson lasts for anhour/three quarters of anhour.
5, Students have to/don't have to do homewo rk betwee n the
lessons.
6, At the end of the course , students will have a college/high
schoof qualification.
7, Futures can help you solve any problems with your
computer/library.
8, The largest number of students in a seminar group is three/six.
Ii'! [iliJ Read Ihe three student profiles, Match them 10 the
reasons for choosing Futures lA , B and C),
Writins
0 W rite an email to Futures Internation al High School asking
for more information about the school. Ask about:
> students' age.
> courses offered.
>teachers Iwho?).
> semester dates.
> time of weekly interactive lessons.
> length of ti me needed to complete the high schoo l diploma.
5 eaking
~ Do children have 10 go to school in your counl ry, or are
other methods, li ke homeschooling, permitted'!-What are the
advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling?
 Education
{s;l
I I
Topic a Specialist performing arts schools
Countri es a UK and USA
Voca bulary a Pertorminq arts
Links a la. Sa. ae. 8d

Star pupils LaG4iudia High School

of Ml1~ ~ Art-
Md. ~ut~t\~ Arh
Dance department

In 1948 the School of Pertorming Arts opened in the

heart of NewYork's theater district to provide
professionallytrained talentfor NYC's important
theatrical industry. Now part of a larger school, and
with a new name, LaGuardia continues to give

Chetham's aspiring pertorme rsthe training, encouragement and

School
of Music
Chetham's School of Music is a unique school
taking pupils from many different backgrounds.
from all over the UK and abroad. With over 280
pupils. Chetham's is housed in and around a
historic fifteenth century colleqe buildinq. and
is a a t the forefront of music education in Britain
and Europe.
support needed to alaunch their careers in thearts,
In thedance entrance exam, students aregrouped in
units of 20·25 and are given a ballet class followed
by a modern dance class. Students arethen
evaluated by a group of 4-7 instructors, and may also
beasked to pertorm a solo work. aApplicants are
then given a grade from 1to 100,No-one with a
grade under 80 is considered.
Judgement acriteria include body alignment, dance
technique and pertormance skills.

Pupils, who are admitted solely on the basis of

musical audition. develop a specialist interest
to the hiqhest level. which may be in an
orchestral instrument . guitar. keyboard . voice.
electronic music. jazz or composition . and all
sing in choirs .

Since 1980, the government has provided

qrants for pupils at Chetham 's . The school is
open to all . a irr e spe ct iv e of financial or social
background . and 80 % of our pupils come from
state schools.

eadin
EJ ~ R e a d the school prospectuses quickly. Which schoolts):
1. is in the USA?
2. is in the UK?
3. was formed specif ically to provide performers for theatres?
4. allows students to work professionally at the same time as
they study?
5. receives mon ey fromthe UKgovernment?
 applicant a someone who ask s fo r somethinq officially irrespective of a ignoring
- - - - t at the f orefr ont of a among the best to keep your feet firmly on the ground a to have a lot of common
- to benefit a to help. improve sense
chaperone CI someone who accompanies you somewhere to make to launch a to be gin
sure you are safe to nurture a to take care of and help to grow
criteria CI standards by which you jUdge something to secure enqaqements CI to qet jobS
to equip CI to provide with sound a solid

Redroofs Theatre School

t Redroofs we ai m t o ekeep th ei r fee t firmiy on

A prov ide a esound th e ground.
academ ic educa t ion We t ry to arrange
and, within a caring auditions to take place
environment, to after school so as to
anurt ure the individ ual artist ic t ale nts of t he child di srupt t he school day as little as possible. Most
or young ad ult to t he hi ghes t professio nal audition s ta ke pla ce in central London, an d pupils
standard of w hich they ma y be capable, w ill be accompanied to and f rom thei r desti nation
aequippin g t hem for a career in th eatre and th e by a licen sed achapero ne.
re lated arts.

Daily life at Redroofs

Th e school has its own Th eatrical Empl oym ent
Age ncy. From t im e to time, pupi ls may be Pupils at Redroofs are aged between (1) and (2) .
per m it t ed to audition for, and to accept, 1V, film, Classes begin each day at (3) M orning s are
rad io and thea tre work that may abenefi t t heir dedicated to (4) .......... ciasses, and ah ernoon s are spent
careers and build confi de nce and k nowledge of
studyi ng performing arts such as speech, (5) ..........,
th e way the
indu st ry operates. (6) , (7) .........., modern dance , (8) .......... dance and
For th ose who are (9) dance. Pupils are taken on regular visits to
lucky eno ugh to (10) : (11) .......... and other places of interest to support
Dsecure
their studies. The school has its own pract ical exams every
engagements, we
are careful to summer, which pupils do atthe school's (12) , and
pupils must also take the Royal Academy of (1 3) .
exams. Senior students study for (14) exams.

Vocabular 6. What grade do they have to get from the instructors to be

I!J Findthese words in the texts:
1. when you sing, dance, act or play an instrument so that
people can judge your ability.
2. a general term formusical instruments like a piano or anorgan .
3. two styles of music.
4. the skill of writing music.
5. a large group of people who sing together.
6. a general term for music, singing, dancing and acting.
7. ciassical dance.
8. a performance given by one person alone.
Reading
[) Answer the questions about the texts.
1. How many pupils are there at Chetham's?
2. When was the college building at Chetham's built?
3. Doyou need a lot 01 moneyto study there?
4.When did the New York School of Performing Arts open?
5. What do applicants have to do at an audition for the dance
department?
successful?
7. What type of professional work might Redroofs students do?
8. When and where do most Redroofs students do professional
auditions?
Before ou listen
III Read the paragraph about daily lile at Redrools School and
predict what the missing words will be.
Li t ning
iii ~ (l) Li ste n to Natasha answering questions about her
lile as a pupil at Redrools and check your answers to
exercise 5.
S eaking
~ Do specialist schools like these exist i n your country? Do
you think that they are a good idea?Which at the performing
arts would you like to be good at?
 r:::""" " I Education
i 5f '
I
Topic a Bifinqual education
Count ries III Canada and Wale s
Vocabulary III Educati on
Links a ze. zc. 3d. 4a . 7a

English evetylNhel'e
Canada and Wales
Quebec - French by force
In the 19605, the Fre nch spe a kers o f the Quebec region of
DCJ~rEl(i)CiilfiJ[i rElCJ ~Dl!t3
Canada gai ned po litical pmvcr the re. Since th en , th ey ha ve Canada
passed many laws des igned to protect the French la nguage. Tota l area l:I 10.000 .000 sq. km
In 1977, BilllOI made Fren ch the officia l la nguage of Quebec, Tota l population l:I 32 million
im posed French language tests for admission to m dn y Ethnic mix l:I 5910 White
professio ns a nd ru led that most busin esses with mo re tha n (English-speaking)
fifty employees m ust opera te in French . It also prohibited th e 23'10 White
use of Eng lish on co mmercia l signs, altho ug h th is was (French-speakin q)
2'Z, Native American
mod ified in 1993, w hen it was de cided tha t Eng lish cou ld
16" Other
ap pear O il o utdoor signs as lon g as the Fren ch wo rds were
Capital l:I Ottawa
more promi nen t. There is st ill, however; a n o fficial 'la ng uage
Popul. of capital l:I 1million
po lice', the Office Q ue beco is de la Lan gu e Froncal sc. w ho
Government l:I A democracy with a prime minister.
co nstantly check that these lan gu age laws ar e nol bro ken.
Canada was a Briti sh colony until
1867. Canada is independe nt . but
Mos t controversia lly, Bill 101 made it obliga tory for almost th e British mona rch is still head of
all students, particularly those moving to Quebec from outside state.
th e region, (0 attend Frenc h-o n ly schoo ls until they rea ch Climate l:I South: moderate
college age. In 2002, on the 25th ann iversa ry o f Bit I 101 , a new North : subarctic and arctic
lilWeven dosed the e loophole that had allowed child ren who
h ad bee n prev ious ly educa ted at e an glophonc scho o ls, or
those in pr iva te educat ion, to co nt in ue 10 atte nd English-
spea king schools. Although all pupils a t o fran cop hon e schoo ls
in Q ue bec have Eng lish lesso ns,
they do not star t them until th e
fifth grade. Critics o f the sys te m
say th at this puts th em at a
serious disad vant age if they wa nt
10 study or Iry to get a job outside
of Quebec w he n the y leave school.

~ -J _ _
 anqlophone a Enqlistt -spe akinq
backward a no t wen-eevercpee
to ca rve a t o cut in t o wood
f ine a m oney that you mu st pa y as a pena lt y
fr anco pho ne a rrench -speekf nq
loophole a an omission in a law that all ows p eople to le qally tenere
the law
plaqu e a a fla t shape. lik e a plat e
tid e a the m o vemen t of t he sea as it qrows and r ecedes

Welsh - a lesson in survival

Welsh, the native Celtic lan gu age of wal es. is one of the oldest langua ges in Euro pe.
In spite of a variety of pressu res ove r the cen tur ies, th e lan guage has surv ived into
the pre se nt day.
One of the worst time s fo r the w elsh lang uage was th e 19th centu ry. Refo rmi ng
Victoria n ed uc ators reported that th e w elsh people were e beckwa rd, and that
welsh-spe a king chi ldren we re uneducated. English-onl y schoo ls were es tab lished
ill Wilk s, especia lly ncar the border with Eng lan d, and Eng lish teach ers we re
specially imported .
Children spea king w elsh in schoo l receiv ed severe punishments. The y we re mad e
to sta nd in a corner o f th e classroom for hOU fS, to pay a nnes to the tea cher or,
most not o rio usly of a ll, fo rced to wea r th e "\ Ve lsh No t" Of ca rry the "\Vcls h Stick:
a a pleq uc o r a st ick e ca rvcd with \Velsh ~ot or \V. i\'. This was passed to the next
child wh o spoke t vclsh in the classroom. a nd the ch ild who had it a t the e nd of
the lesson received a pu n ishment.
Howev er, after th e Second \\'orld war the e tidc star ted to turn, a nd \ Vd sh-o nl v
schoo ls began to be buill. These days, abo u t 250,0 of ch ild ren in \ Va les go to \ Velsh~
only schoo ls. Th e 1967 a nd 1995 \ Velsh Language Acts in parl ia me nt sta ted that
\\'{'Ish mu st have equa l sta tus wit h Engli sh in \ Va les, a nd the
1988 Edu cati on Refo rm Act m ad e \\'e1sh lan gu age a n
obligato ry sub ject for a ll ch ild ren age d 5 to 16, wh ether the y
OCJ~mlll(jj)eiiDmCJ (iDl!~
go to Eng lish-spea king o r \\'e1 sh-spea kin g schoo ls.
Wales
Total area a 21.000 sq. km
Total pcpuletlon a 2.9 million
Ethnic mix a 761, White
(Enqfish-speaklnq )
20 l White
(Welsh' speakinq)
4 '1: Other
Capital a Card if f
Popul. of capital a 320 .000
Government a Part of the UK. but has its own
National Assembly and First
Minister
Climate a Mild. wet

r
B e f o r e y-o u read
(J What are the two languages other than Englishthat you can
seein the photos? What countries do Canada andWales share
a border with?
Reading
EJ Look at the maps and read the Information Files on Canada
and Wales. Answer the questions.
1. What percentage of the Canadian population speakFrench
as their first language?
2. ls Canada governed by the British government?
3. What is the coldest part of Canada?
4.What percentage of the Welsh population speak Welsh as
their first language?
5. What title doesthe leader of the Welsh National Assembly
have?
111 Read the text Quebec - French by force and answ er the
questions.
1.Find five ways that Bill 101 affected day-to-day life in
Quebec.
2. What modification to the Bill was made in 1993?
3. What do the Office Quebecois de la Langue Francaise do?
4. What modif ication to the Bill was made in 2002?
5. 0 0 children at French-spea king schools in Quebec study
English?
6. Why could children at French-speaking schools be at a
disadvantage?
o ~ Read the text on Welsh education. Are the following
statements true or false?
1. The Welsh langu age is still alive today.
2. ln the 19th century, the Welsh language was promoted in
schools.
3. Children w ere giventhe "Welsh Not" if they forgot to speak
Welsh.
4. About a quarter of Welsh pupilstoday have teachers who
teach in Welsh.
5. All 17-year-olds in Wales have to study Welsh.
6. Children at Engiish-speaking schools in Wales have to study
Welsh.
S~eaking
!il What differences are there in the two different
governments' attitude to bilingual education?
Seeaking
Ii) Is there morethan one language in your country?
Are there local dialects?
If so, do peoplemake a special effort to preserve those
languages?
How are they dealt with at school?
Should we make an effort to stop minority languages dying out?
75
 Education
i 5q
I
Gramm ar a Present perfect
Skills a Writinq: wr ltinq an essay expre
ssinqdifferent points of view

Language & CU'tu~

. , . I · , ' 2· , . 3· , . 4 · "5· , . 6 · , . 7· , . 8· , '9- , '10- , '1' . , "l- , -l ~ • " 4 , '15. , " 6' , ' Ci

Choices, choices...

1 I am a student at a sixth-form college in Cambridge. I've just finished m y AS level

exams in Geography, Biology, Engli sh and Fren ch but I haven 't received the results
yet . I st ill haven't finished my studies because I have to do my A level ex ams next
sum me r. I haven 't decide d yet what to do after A levels: go to university, get a j ob
or do a gap year and then go to university after that.

2 On th e one hand, I could go to university immediately after my A levels. I could

cont inue m y st udies and then find a well-paid job. The main ad vantag e of a we ll -
pa id job is that I could pay back my loan qUickly. Howe ver, I've hea rd that lot s of
st udents end up borrOwing even more money. One of th e disad vantag es of going t o
university is that I couldn 't afford to leave home so I 'd end up having t o stay at
home for anoth er three years with m y parents .

3 On the other hand I could get a job straight after my A level s. There are t wo main
ad vantages to this . The first is that I could earn my ow n salary and be ind ependent
ve ry qUickl y. The second is that I could save up and bu y a flat. I 've seen flats for
£50,000 in the centre of town . Howe ver, there are also disad vantages t o getting a
job straight away. The main one is that I 'd miss m y friends . Since m y friend Matthew
started work last month, I've only seen him about three times. He's st uck in an
office from 9.00am until 6.00pm every day.

4 Then again, I could wait for a year before going to university and do a gap year.
One big advantage is that it would be a good experien ce to see a different country
and its lifestyle. I 've never been abroad before and I could even learn another
languag e. I 've searched th e Internet recently and found a lot of go od organisation s.
On th e other hand, if I do this I would need money to pay for th e trip. This would
mean getting a part-time job whil e studying for A levels .

5 In con clusion, I think that I might wait and see what results I get in m y exam s
next sum me r and I think I'll probabiy go to university straight after school. I 'm not
keen to get a job straight away and miss out on my yout h and I don't think a gap
ye ar is a good opt ion because I'm not sure I could Work and study at th e same tim e.

GRAMMAR
(] .
Readthe text Choices, cttoices... . kl y Iand find out what
qUlc [) Matc~ the subjects below with the paragraphs (1-51 in the
John thinks he will do after he leaves sc h00. essayabove.

Look at the verbs hi9h~!g~te s~nis :sed i~ each case?

athey? . d i th text Wh ich tense are d d',sad antages of a gap year. .
a. The advantages and d dVa ntages of going to university.
b. The advantages and d'~:d~a ntages of gettin g a job.
Can you say why t en
IS
c. The advantages an I

~::e~~ ~~~:~:.a:::rsimple or present perfect.

hand putthe verbs in the correcttense: d. Con clusion.
e. Introd uction.

I n Manchester. There 121 ..... (bel

1111 studylstudy) at a schodo 'e (31 (just take) our GCSE ~ Read thetext again ~nd t~nm:~~n~omparisons
d li the phrases used to
and to
25 students in my class an w I the"r~'sults yet They usually introduce the paragrap sd disadvantages.
exams. We 141 ..... (not reC el~~ gUst Last year 1161 ... .. (study)
introduce advantages an I _
15)...... (arrive) some time In w 1'171 (have to) choose
eight subjects altogether anddnofor A le~~is. 118) ...... Istill not rn Think about the e~ucatlon
. s stem in your country and what
Yew ears Write an essay
three of those subjects to stu y ose for AS levels. 119) ... . you are going to do '"ht~e nex:flncl~de s~me of the phrases
decidel which four subjects ~ Ct~~ so I don't think I'll chose
similar to the one on t .os pag . .
you identified in exercise 5.
(never havel good results In a ) a great teacher last year for
Maths. How ever, 1110)1....·. ( h)aAv~ since I was little, so 1(12) ... .
it~r~~n'~,9ht
nd I (111 . .. enJOY

9=~::::"--------,
study those subjects next year.
 Global l11arkets

D working life for nursesin the UK

and the USA
D people who swap stressful jobs
for life in the country
D supermarket culture in the USA,
and how some European
supermarkets employ African
labour
D crisis in the tourism industryin
the UK and USA
D the UK's relationship with the
rest of the EU
D the UK's popindustry
D business letters in the UK and
the USA

D What jobsdoyou think thatthe people in the El Which eightcountries formthe G8 group, which
photographs do? Which of the people doyou think consists ofthe world'srichest industrial nations?
are: American? British? European? African?
77
 Global nJarkem
roprc CI Workinq life in hospitals vocabula ry a Employment/Hospi tals
Countries a UK and USA Links a l a. 6b. IOd

I Overworked and underpaid

B rita in's Natio na l Health Service (th e NHS) is a fu nd ed by th e govern ment,
and is the biggest em ployer in Europe, with 1.2 million em ployees. But
nu rsing recr u itme nt in th e UK is at its worst level for 25 yea rs, and 400/0 of
new nurses com e from oversea s, often from South East Asia. In 2001, the
Royal College of Nu rsing published the results of a su rve y of its members.
These are so me of the key results.
• )\·'105 t nurses work both da y and night sh irts.
• th ree fifths of N HS nurses work an average 6.5 hours overtime per week.
One third do this for no extra pay.
• 900/0 think that they are poorly paid.
• A qu arter have a second job to supplement their salary.
• The biggest age group is 35-44. Onl y 1 in 8 nurses is under 30.
• 3 1% would leave nursing if they could.

r
Before y-ou read 4.What percentage of nurses think that they are well·paid?
D What job is depicted in the photos? Do you know anyone 5. What percentage of nurses have another job?
who doesthis job? How do they leeI about it? 6. What age are 7/8 of nurses?
[) lID!] Look at the newspaper article. Place the sentencesA-
Vocabulary- D in the correct gap.
EJ Read the text on this page. Find words that mean:
1. someone who gives someone a job. !iJ lID!] Complete the table about Katie Morgan's life .
2. peoplewho do a job lor someone else. 18 months ago Now
3. bringing new people into a prolession.
4. blocks of time that you w ork. Address Torba y, England .....................
5. extra work outside of your normal hours. Job .. ..•.. .... .... ...... ........ .............
6. the moneythat you earn from your job.
Type of house ..................... .....................
Reading Carts) ..................... .....................
111 Find the right statistics. Typical salary L ........... $.............
1. How many people w ork for Britain's NHS?
Any limit on her pay? ..... .....
2. What percentage of new nursesare from outsidethe UK?
3. What is the average length of nurses' overtime per week? Holidays ..... w eeks per year ..... w eeks per year
_...::::~~
to fund a to pay fO~vement out of a place
to cap. a to put an upper limit on exodus a a mass m
counci
councill house a house buIIt . owned. and rented out by t he local
qreen c ard a US immtqrencn
midwife
' .
permit
~ra mp.ed CI with very little space to rust arvwhen
e themet
study
It of preqnencv and childbirth
o entice a to try to persuade a urns brown and decays

GuardianUnHmited
Nurses desert NHS
for good life
Eighteen months ago, Katie Morgan was living in a
a cramped former a council ho use in Torbay and travelling
to work at the local hospital in a a rusting car that often
refused 10 start. NoW she lives in a large house - with
swim ming pool _ in Phoenix. Arizona. and has two new
cars. a ····· ·················
Figures 10 be released next month from the UK Ce ntral Trade magazines such as the Nursi ng Times carry several
Council for Nursing and a Midwifery will show that 5,500 pages of adve rtisements a enticing nurses to leave the UK.
Nurses going 10 work in the US - whic h also has a nursing
nurses emigrated last year. shortage _ have their flights paid and receive a gree n cards
Morgan , 26, ea rned £ 14,000 a year at Torbay Hospit al' s for their families. I!! ..
cardiology departm ent, but instantly doubl ed her salary in
the United States. ' On ce you are here for a while, it is The only disadvantage is tWO weeks' holiday a year,
possible 10 increase your pay almost without limit - it's not compared with seven in Britain. ,[] :
a capped like in the UK: she said. 'B . said Morgan. 'I'm never going to go back, not in a million
But here yo u are seen as a professional and paid a years.'
professional salary.'

rn But I couldn't afford to

50 I just sat at horne _ If
0
> ~n)~\'hcre OI~ holiday,
mShe is part 0 f a growlIlg
u . a
deserting terrible Nil S .
. I
CXO( us of nurses
jere was n o po int to it.
il bet ter life 0 1 par and conditions fur
II verseas.
mThey
I fed rca llv so rry for
work so h,;rd ?Ifn~nds
. In '
back home.
t get reward ed
nn e (on for it. lEI They get• star timg salaries of up to 556 ' 000
'0 , 000
"1' - a IITIOst
£

Vocabula rY. Listening

~:a~~ h Ihe words wilh Iheir delinilions. ~ CD.Listen to Jenny, a senior nu
~oWrkhong day in hospilal and ans~~~'I~alking
.
a.boul her typical
2. admission : . a ~e",or, specialist doctor · at type 01 ward does sh k e questions.
3. patient . ~eoO~~'tal department lor se riously ill 2. H . he shi e wor on?
3 HOW IS t e shift system organised? .
5. records care c . his~~rs
4. mtensive a ' someone's medical
showinq · ow many beds do they have? .
4. Whaltlme do Ihe doctors s ' .
6. consultant d. a room
ry lullof beds in a hospital 5. What does she do in th ftee the patients on the ward?
6 Wh . e a erncons? .
e. ~~~p~~~e who is being looked after in · at IS the lasllhing she does befo;e going home?
I. someone who has just entered hospital Seeakin
m ODes Ihe governmenl I •
in Ihe UK, or do patients ~~~eol~ health c~re in your counlry, as
Ih~ advanlages and disadva I pay, as on Ihe US? Whal are
with Ihe class. n ages 01 each syslem? Discuss
 Global nJarkets
Top ic a Escaping from a stressful li fe styl e vocab U.lary a Words connected wi th breadmakinq
Cou nt ries a UK Lmks a td . z b. z e. 6a

Downshifting . I 'ddon,f I ftIIJI·. II. a. b.en doni.ng a we ll-paid

dmvnshifting
b
u t stre ssfu l lifest yle for a sim p ler, ofte n rura l, W d Y of life.

working he looks out on a field of flowers rather

than a road full of taxisToby and his wife Louise
live on one of th e larger islands, St Mar tin 's, and
ru n a bakery of the same nam e, supplying bread
to their own island and delivering by boat to their
neighbours on the other inhabited islands of
Tresco, Br yher, St Agn es and St Mary's.

It sounds aidyllic, and in many ways it is. But it's

also hard wo rk, although Toby and Louise are
now helped by a night baker who produces mo st
of th e basic breads overnight. They bake on
M ondays,Wednesdays and Fridays in the winter,
and every day including
Sunday during the summe r.
n th e Isles of Scilly, the On bakin g days they have to be
O seas are eazure, apuffins
fly in for the SUll1I11C r , you can
up at four in th e morning to
make the doughThey shape all
picnic on rocks accompanied their loaves by hand, finishing
only by aseals, and you go the baking by mid-mo rning,
abo ut not by bus but by boat. w hen th ey pr epare th e
It's a long way from the traffic- deliveri es and wo rk in the
achoked streets ofLondon, and shop, w here the queues often stretch out of the
it's not difficult to see w hy Toby Tob in-Dou gan
swapped one for the ot he r. N ow whe n he's door.

r
Before y'ou read
(J Wh ~t are the a.dva.ntages and disadvantages of having a
BOOK OF THE WEEK YdervlhI9h?ly-pa,d [ob In a city? What do you think would he an
ESCAPE Escape from the Rat Race:
I ea loh.

&\
-=~~
Downshifting to a Richer Life
NicholasCorder
(Right Way Plus)
Our price: £7.19
Vocabular
El CodmPlete the tah,!e. look in the text Bread of Heaven for any
wor s that you don t know.
1.To make bread: to bake
2. A person who makes bread: b ..
3.A shop where bread is made and sold: b ..
hat isthepointof spending long, stressful hours working, or
W travelling to work, if it makes you too tired to enjoy your
leisure time? Or earning high wages if you are too stressed to enjoy
4. Uncooked bread mixture:
5. Separate pieces of bread : f::::::::::::::::: .
the.material benefits that your money can bring?
Readinf).
Nicholas Corder has chosen an alternative to the rat race- I1l ~ Rea d the B~ead of Heaven text. Putthese events in the
downshifting. A lifestyle choicethat more and more people are correct chroneloqical order.
beginning to make, and one that is available to you too. Corder a.Toby and louise started offering courses in baking
shows the readerhow to make that life-changing decision, and b. Toby and louise made bread and sold it at a campsite
explains how a simpler life is usually a happier one. -4-4 C. Toby and Louise married. .
d.Toby and louise opened their own bakery.
----------_.-----~ ..._~. -- e.Toby first came to the Scilly Isles on holiday.
80
 affin ity II feelinq of belonqinq idyllic II ideal . heavenly
_ _ _.. . azure II briqht blue puffin II larqe miqratory sea bird
to choke II to be unable to brea
the e speciall y in the city
rat race II the stress of business.
y food Shop sear II larqe sea mamma l
deli II (= delicatessen) specialit
by on
to be drawn to II to be attra cted trial and error II expe rime ntati
tetcc n II fast predator y bird

" The b usi ness

rat race and to buy - just 25 o r 3 0 a day.
50 w hat insp ired them to leave th e e exp and ed rapidly.T he bak ery ope ned fo u r yea rs
tes and mo st
mo ve to o ne of the mil dest clima ago an d this yea r it w ill b e ex ten ded into th e
? To by, 44, first
bea utifu l environ ments in Bri tain old fire station next door.
earl y 198 0s and w as
visi ted Sr M arti n 's in th e lik e a e d eli,
A t the tim e h e The sho p is b eco min g m ore
irre sistibl y a d raw n to the isla nd. ak ers to take
g in London , offe ring pi cnic fo od fo r h oli d aym
was livin g in Brighton but wo rkin to the bea ch .To by an d Lou ise
n ow g row the ir
ory.
run n ing a pho tog rap hic lab orat o w n o rga n ic frui t an d veg eta
bles and kee p
the bus in ess in 199 2, pack ed hi s
H e fina lly so ld have also star te d
n's. H e fou nd duc ks, ch icke ns an d a pig .Th ey
bag s and m o ved to St M arti runnin g baking classes in the quieter mo nth s o f
erm an and
acc om mo datio n w ith a local fish th e yea r.
M arti n 's Ho tel.
wo rke d o n boa ts an d in the St
fell in love w it h
Lou ise, 34, fro m Bri stol , also The poi nt of all th eir wor k,
To by says, Isn 't
fou nd a j o b in
tlie isla nd d urin g a hol iday and mo ney. Tlie y bot li ea rn less th
an th ey wo uld
tlie sam e h otel. el wo rk . T he
have if th ey 'd stay ed in hot
ng a use ful
yea rs and b oth satisfaction co mes from providi
The y have bee n m arri ed for five serv ice - and livi ng in a plac e
fo r w h ic h th ey
t thei r own
kne w that they wanted to star have a real 'lov e and e affin iry ' , Is
ther e any thin g
ned alm o st by
bus iness. Bre adm akin g ha ppe they miss from th eir pre- Scill ies
life ? As th ei r
very mu ch
chance - the learning pro cess was two dogs w and er hap pily arou nd and a e falc o n
u rse lves to bake
a tr ial and erro r. "W e ta ugh t o o ff th e sea, there
emb ers. "We so ld flies ove rhe ad in tli e fresh w ind
in o u r own ki tch en," Toby rem
for cam pers is a lon g sile nce .
our loaves at the cam psite nearby

. answ er the uestio

f. Toby sold his photography business m Read the book review on page 80 and
a phot ogra phy business in London or, publ ishe r and price~ ns.
g. Toby started
tin's Hotel. . 1. What the book's title, auth
IS
h. Toby started working in the St Mar ven article doa s the
2. Which phrase from the Bread of Heapetitive world of
revie w also use to describe the com
ose the correct answ er to the ques tions
o ~ Choyou think the name of the bake ry is?
. busmess?
book's subtitle
t. What do . 3. What play on words is ther e in the
a. Toby and Louis e's Bakery. er Life)? Rea d the dictionary defi nition
Mar tin's Bakery. (Downshlftmg to a Rich
b. The St too.
c. The Scillies Bakery. that trying to earn lots of
ry s ell brea d to? 4. Why does the book's author think
2. How many islands does the bake money IS a waste of tim e?
a. One.
b. Four. Sp .ea kin g
c. Five. k that the book offers?
Louise work in August?. m Wha t practical advice do you thin
3. How many days a week do Toby and
a O~ .
Wr itin g
b. Thre e. life would
c. Seven. ~ ~it.e a paragraphreabou t wha t your ideal way of
you would live and wha t work ou
4.What is going to hap pen next year
? e. rite abo~t whe
WhOUld do. Write about a realistic way of life - not som~thing
a. The bakery is going to get bigger. you Won the lottery!
ses in baking. t at could only happen if
b. They are gorngto star t giving clas
the bakery and buy a fire station
c. They are gorngto sell wor k? .
5. Why do they enJo y their
a. Beca us e it is very well -pai d.
ity
b. Beca us e it's useful to the commun .
c. Because it's easy work .
 Global ....arkets
TOpiC a Supermarkets as businesses Vocabulary a Business
Coun trie s a USA. UK and Kenya Links a l d. 3b. 10c. llj

The global supermarket

S irKC the Second ' Vo rld 'Var. the retail sector (su pe rmarkets in particular) has becom e o ne of the biggest secto rs in
international bu sin ess. But are th e people who su pply this industry alwa ys treated fairly?

COMPANY PROFILE: WAl-MART

Company history:
1962: Ilrst store opened In Arkansas bybrothers Sam and
Bud Wallon
1910: becomes apublic company on theNew York stock exchange
1911: makes lis IIrst acquisition [Mohr-Value Stores)
1990: becomes thebiggest retailerIntheUSA
1991: IIrst Inlernatlonal stare opens [Mexico ClIVI
1991: becomes thebiggest employer InIheUSA
1999: enters theUK. Becomes themost successlul retailer
and thebiggest emplonr Intheworld. Has given millions
01 dollars to charily since lis lormatlon.
Number 01 countries: 10

Business: low-price supermarkets

Country 01 origin: USA Sales 2002-3: $244.5 billion

The Wal-Mart aCheer

SOME ASPECTS OF WAl-MART CULTURE
Shouted byemployees atlh estart
ofevery working day: The Sundown Rule
Wal-Man employees are expected
-GivemeaWI to lullil every request, whether
Give me an AI made by a customer or another
Give me an II store.by sundown on the day they
Glv.me aasouigglyi receive II.
Give mean MI
Glv.me an AI
Give me an HI The aTen Foot Rule
Give me aTI II a Wal-Marl employee comes
What's that spell~ within 10 leel 01 acuslomer. they
wal·Martl should look them In Ihe eye.
Who's number one~ greet Ihem and ask II they can
The customerl Always!"
help them.

r
e r y.o ea e 9
D Does most 01yourl amily'slood come Irom a supermarket. ID Answer the questions.
or Irom smaller shops? Which countries do the lruit and 1.What type of shops areWal-Mart stores?
vegelables that you eat comelrom? 2. Wherewas the first Wal-Mart store outside the USA?
3. When did the company make acquisitions in Britain?
Vocabulary. 4. Why is Wal-Mart a record-breaking company?
El Read the company prolile 01 Wal-Mart and find words that 5. How many people work for Wal-Mart?
mean:
t . a business that anyone can buy shares in. O Why should a Wal-Mart employee never do thesethings?
2.the 'place' where you can buy and sell shares in Ame rican 1. Tell a customer that the productthat theywant won't be
companies. ava ilable until Monday. -
3. when one business buys another. 2. Pass a customer without speaking .
4. a business that specialises in shops and selling things. 3. Thinkthat their first loyalty is to the company.
4. Try to make more profit by raising the price of a product.
 blacklatio
_ _ _.... regu market
ns a an illeqa l 5yStern of buyin g and seiling. witho ut motto III a phr th
prcpcnent e suer at sums up your philosophy
up po rter
capricious III unpred ictable to quin.tuPle III to increase five times
chee r a shout of encouragement sporad iC III occasional
f ancy a spec ialised . ref ined ::~i?oq 'i/ ~ ( = squiqqle ) a small . curving line
hovel a ve ry poor and dirty home o eet III about 3 metres
linge ring a rema ining

fruit and vegetab les in Britain. In th te sal~ of ar~ull(l 7()O/o of

S upermarkets arc responsib le for tl
cosmet ically perfect produce B Of Ie sea rch for cheap and
import everyday fruit and \~'
n ~I l supermarkets often
easily be growl; at ho m ' egleta es that co uld just as
e. a pp es fro m the USA f
5out I1 Africa and beans from Ken)a ' are Just
. . carrots rom
<1 few exa m ples.

THE NEW YORK TIMES

Beside Blossoming Fields, Where Poverty Grows

So, are Africa's flower workers,
living within three miles of the lake indeed , trapped in a cycle of poverty
NAIVASHA, Kenya - The shores of shore has ..qui ntupled from 50,000 to
the broad lake that sprea ds across from which history offers no prospect
250,000. Most of the newcomers are
Africa's Rift Valley ... women who have been drawn by cash of relief?
wages from traditional agriculture in
In the past 20 years , the lake aProponents of globalization say
villages elsewhere.
shoreshave exchanged any alingering the answer is no . ... "Done properly,
memories of the past for a booming co rporations create a better
industry in the cultivation and sale of A bo uq uet of spray carnations environment for the future and for the
out-of-season vegetables like snow grown here costs around $3 .20 in a lives of the people than does a sort of
peas and trimmed beans, and cut British supermarket, while even the ..black market .. . that doesn't have
flowers like roses and carnations - best-paid of manual workers earns a controls," said Mr. Jones, the British
virt ually all of them exported to daily rate of $2.10, working a 46-hour executive.
distant. markets in Europe.
week. While some workers live in
Paradoxically, the huge expansion of compounds prov ided by employers, But the counterargument is that no
.. fancy food for export has come in a
others live in ahovels. And while big land can devel op itself by supplying
land that, because of .. sporadic companies pay twice the government- the acapricious demands of distant
drought and not-so-sporadicapproved minimum wage . other foreigners while its own people are
economic mismanagement, cannot growerspay the official minimum just simply too poor to provide the
grow enough of its own staple. com. over a dollar a day to cover housing, demand for goods needed to develop
food and bare bones survival.
As the flower and vegetable farms their own economy.
have expanded, .. , the population

Vocabula 3. Fruit and vegetables are anIy .Imported from countries near to
Britain.
III Match these words conne ct e d with
meanings. . food cultivation to their
5. The European farms h~~e°a~roWt corn in their country.
4. It is difficult for Kenya t
1. to
2 blossom
compound a
b' tenclosed accommo dation for workers 6. A typica l worke r on the E r rae ef many Kenyan wo rkers.
. . a cut villa ge. u opean arms IS a man from a poor
3. drought c. basic food
7, Farm wo rkers earn between $1 and 52 10 a
~. s~o~ peas d. to produce flowe rs
8. Some people criti cise thi s way of SUPp'IYI'n gday.
supermarkets.
. sa p. e e.lack of water
6. to tnm f. vhery small vegetables that are eaten in
t err shells S/?eaking
EiI Most supermarkets
prices. Talk about the adv:nt:::s a o~~at tdhe lowest possible
wa It II f
Reading
Think about these factors : n rsa vantages of this .
Ii! ~ Read the introdu ction to th
article itself. Are the followin t ~ newspaper article and the
.
s > buvinq from local/foreign producers
1. Most fruit and vegeta bles ingB .: ements true or false? > buvinq fr om small/l arge producers . -
supermarkets. " am are bought from >~~ nsporting produc e long distanc~s.
ylng organo c/n on-organic/genetically-modified produce.
can't be grow n in B rit~r/ Import fr uit and vegetables that
2. British supermarkets I ' .
 Global ....arkets
16 d
1 r cptc a Crisis in the tourism industry
Countries a UK and USA
Vocabu lary Q Tourist attracti ons
li nks a se . 7e. lIa

When the tourists stayed away

aSt r ick e n citie s w a nt tou r ism
as national economic priority

ATLANTA - j\1 a yo rs and tourism o fficials,

e shakert by the loss of more than 500,000 travel
and tourtsm jobs since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, are
meeting here today to seck federal help.
It's not just New York and other big cities that haven't e b o u n ce d
back. The drop in international tourism has cost US cities more than
$12.5 billion, according to the US Conference of Mayors.
Tourism-related jobs in Nashville, for example, have dropped 14% since
the attacks. Chicago lost 36,000 such jobs, Los Angeles 33,600 and Atlanta
; '. _ 28,600.
. :} .~ ;:" Alarmed by these numbers and seeing no immediate rcltef the mayors
';:-~. ~" of 17 cities are holding a summit to draw attention to the importance
~;.:..""'~~ :I, of tourism to the nation's economic health.
e .. -e- ~~... ,I \ As in ntallY other cities, Atlanta's economic well-being is tied to
'1M '1 ' "l:, ~., II
l~ r,..:~ \ .;" _, -~ ~ " "I tourism. "It's people's jobs," Mayor Shirley Franklin says. "If hotel
r

r- ..\ ·t ::t!~'..,\ ~" , I g ~ccupa n cy is low, they don't havc jobs for people. For cities likc
:_"i ,f."~~,:= 'J,'. 1 Atlanta, Las Vegas, Honolulu, San Francisco and New Orleans,
c-~~\..;:.;"..:..~ 1'; ~ It' ~ the economic Impact is tremendous:'
":' ~!"" _.:'" "<~J..' :It ~~~ .:.:. _ i Tourism officials say the USA has fallen to third place
'i• < ' -~-t
" I - ~.'
"" .;-- ..,:-, ,~ , r.t .....-,
,• . t crna tiIOna I I OUrist
as an In I .
. destmatton, . I,l C I'
1111(I
......
_, ,.t." :'!,'..,. ,. ~ '.... ~'"
.. ~ c - > • ~ ' " j F-r'an ce arn I S ' II r II
pain. erore t e terrorts ; t
~-: ~ _j', ',s. "\~~,,, .',
. '10.....
\.> attacks, it carne second only to France.
~
~ • "' \0 .. \. "
-.. "· ,f .. l :':. . .:.~ '" ' d O;' ~.. '~'"
by Larry (a"e1mul
Ja:l·' A"" ~- ' ;... -.,.: '~....,;" ... .-~.
J" 4: 'j i. I ! _." l ..
• 1 ". -: :

~~ VISTA TRAVEL ~~
Client information
Name: Length of stay
Address'; '" .- - - -- _ pepart on;
.~;t~~}(~:t.~,~·:~ :·-_· · · _· · - : :..: ~ ~:: ~: : :-: ~: ~ : :: : .~ : :.~: ~~ ..
.~~~,u.i.~· on·; . ·

Type of accommodation
Destination
.~g_lJn t ry:
s * Hotell4* Hotel/ 3* Hoteli U Hotell l ' · Hotell
Bed and Breakf ast/Self -cater ing house!
.~~~~~.t.~i~.~~~~r1~n·:· - Self-cater ing apart ment/Campsite
.................... - - - - -
Special reqUirements
Number of people
Adults :
,~h,~·!.d ren:··

84
 nt
blow a unex p ect ed Unluc k y eve on
ver quiCkly Occu panc y a rever o f OCC upati
- _ _. . to boun ce back a reco . off -peak Q l east I'
shak en a shoc k e~oP u ar tim e
foot -and -mou th a . of year to r touri sts
hiqh season a mos ;;:p~~:~ctous
d,iseas e of tar m anim als
.me 0 ye ar f or t ouris ts strick en a desp erate

...... S'"
k
00 To: ,!J. l llttp :// www w arwickshire.or9.u

D o u b le .b l o w
to U K 's to u ri s t
in d u s tr y
ity has
The Bri tish Tou r ist Aut h or
com bin ed eff ect of
pre dic ted tha t the
dem ic and the
the af o o t -a nd - m o u t h epi
wil cos t the
l
terr or ist atta cks i n the US
ion in los t
UK tou rism ind ust ry £2 .5 bill
bus ine ss th is yea r .

of the
Str atfo rd- upo n -Av on is one
bee n hit
tou rist des tina tion s tha t has ouq h t he cou nty wa s fr e e
rist s sta yin q aw ay fro m the UK . Alth
har d by ove rse as tou Sha kes pea re 's b irth pla ce
we re
foo t -an d-m out h . som e tou rist attr act ion s suc h as bee n
of ion boo k inq s ha ve
me asu re . Ma ny acc om mo dat
clo sed as a pre cau tion ary rna me nt. due to be hel d
er the Ryd er Cup Go lf Tou
can cel led . par ticu larl y aft t yea r .
. wa s pos tpo ned unt il nex
els ew her e in Wa rwi cks hire
of f iv e vis itor s to Str a tfo rd
to Wa rwi cks hire 's tou rist aut hor ity . fou r out
Acc ord inq t her e . The larq est
UK . but ove rse as vis itor s spe nd mu ch mo re mo ney
com e fro m the an ave raq e o f
v isto rs to Str atfo rd com e fro m the USA . and spe nd
nu m b e r of ove rse as pre par ed to com e at ao ff -
p e ak
mil lion per yea r . Mo st im po r t an t l y. Am eric ans are
£25
son .
tim es as we ll as a h iq h sea

r
Be for e y'o u ea d
an f th I . news anicle and find out.
o Read the British tour
D Can you identifytw: t~xts~ p aces In the photos? Ifnot, find I. the mostfam ous istattraction in Strati'
took place in th~;~~gion.
their names in the

Re ad ing
~: ~:a::'.o,;:: ~i~h~sc~~~nttyl~~ngland where Stratlord-upon-Avon
is situated.
kly and find out. 4. what percentage ofth "
EJ Readboth texts quicect s tourists comefrom the UK..
I. what cns.s badlyall d th US . . . 5.how much money Ame~i~eag~~noun sts spend there each year
2. wha t two cris es alle cte~ theeUKt tounst industf"( in 2001sam
stry In the e
oun st Indu
year. S~eak 'ng
3. how much money each country lost as a result of these ked a holida b
events. III IIyou had booWere terrorisy a road, wo~ld you cancel the
holiday ifthere
you be worried about visiting'r~~a~~As or t e UK today?
or dh,sease there? Would
b

I
ID Answerthe quest'c'i~i~~ :u~~ ~~he American news anicle.
1. Which Ame rican d a large drop In tourism alter
Septemb er 11th 200t? L 'sfe . 9
2. How many city mayors met inAtlanta? iii ~ (J) Liste ne to someone book' holi
84with their det;~~. a olldayand com
plete
: . ~~athwas the reason forttheir confer~nce? the form on pag
.'
. tc country IS the mos popuIar tounst destination inthe
world? 'fi g
.
5. Before September l lth' whe re was the USA In the listotrop a Imagine you are b k' .
Complele the form fo~~":r~:I~ollday
tourist destinations? in the UK or the USA .

85
r6e I
I
Global ....arkets
Topic CI The UK's relationship with the EU
Cou nt ries a UK
v ocabul ary a Metric and imperial measurements
Links a 2a. 4a. 10,

UK + EU - OK?
Measuring up
•
to Europe
Despite bei ng a me m be r of th e Eu ropea n Un io n since
1973, other co u nt ries a re oft en puzzled by th e UK's
ap parent relu ctan ce to integ rate w ith th e rest of Euro pe.
Ma ny British people feared that the open ing of the Chan ne l Tu n nel in 1994
would mean an en d to Brita in's uniqu e isla nd sta tus, bu t it see ms as if Britain 's
repu ta tio n for 's plend id isolation ' has never bee n stro nger. Britons still talk
about going 'to Euro pe' o r ' to the co nt ine nt' w hen they cross th e Cha n nel, a nd
foreign v isito rs to a British pub to day arc st ill served beer in pints, e nd still
have to pa y fo r those pint s in pounds ste rling.
The metric system ha s been tau ght in British schools since 1974 a nd tode v's
teenagers usc it without thin king, b ut most
Briton s o ver 40 still a cling o n to imperia l
me asurem ents. Since 2000, all food ret ailers
have been obli ged by law to pri ce and weigh
th eir food in met ric m easurem ents, but th ey are
also allowed to show the impe rial eq u iva len ts.
This doubl e-labelli ng, wh ich will have to end
in 20 10, has led to a n umber of com promises.
Milk a nd butter arc still produced in th eir
sta nda rd, reco gni sed I- pin t ca rto ns o r
8-o unc e package s, but pro ud ly displ ay th e
odd met ric eq u iva lents, an d mar ket traders
oft en ad vertise the imperial prices of the ir
fru it and vegeta b les mu ch more clearl y th an
th e metri c pric es.
Fee lings ru n high on thi s issu e, w ith m any
people resenting th e ' in te rfere nce' o f
Brussels in th e tradition al British way of life.
 ---01 to clinq on a to hOld somethi nq t iqh tly and ref use to let qo
f uss a troub le. com plai nt
martyr a someone who dies for what they be lie ve in
spok esm an a representati ve

In 2002, five 'metric a rnartyrs. all market traders. were taken to cou rt for not
displaying met ric p rices o n their goods. The ir e spo kcsman. i\eil Herro n, said
that their defea t meant "the d eath of de mocracy", but th e five received hu ge
su p port from the pu blic, wh o raised £250,000 to help pay th eir lega l costs.
Britain hils also co nstantly del ayed ado pting the curo. wh ich ot her majo r
European cou nt ries suc h as Germa ny, France an d Italy accepted as their
cu rrency without e fuss in 2002. The British govern men t has prom ised to ho ld a
referend u m on the subject and let the British people deride if the y want th e
new currency or no t. but with an estimated 650f0 of vo ters cu rrently o ppose d to
joini ng th e euro. it is very un cert ain when thi s will take place.

CONVERSION TABLE

Lenuth
1 inch (in) 2.5-1 cen timet res
fFpl\1\ n-lf l\1\i\Rt<f f 1 foot (ft) 0.3 1 metre
tt pf OR&i\l'-l\c.. l\1\\lt< 1 yard (vd) 0.9 1 metre
S
1 ~ l\3S c..\-lffSf Weight

6 0 1. OlNfS
I ounce (oz) 28.35 grams
1 pound (]b) 0.-15 kilos
3 'lOS CLlR{f\,N 1\J\f\{f-Rif\l
'! f { Ri6 ()N L
6 iN- "",of-) I-~ Liquid
I pint (pO 0.57 litres

... - .

Before y-o u read Before ou listen

D What currency does your country use? How long haveyou rJUsea calculator andthe conversion table to convertthe
had it? shopping list above into metric measurements .

Reading Lis e "ng

B Complete the table with the correct datesfrom the text. III ~ Cl> Li sten to the conversations andtick the correct
picture each time.
Vear Event 1. AD
UKjoins the EU BD
Metric system introduced in British schools
CD
DO
Channel Tunnel opened
2. AD
Obligatory pricing of food in metric measurements BD
Major European countries adoptthe euro CD
Pricing of food in imperial measurements mustend DO
3. AD
SI ~ Ch o ose the correct alternativesto complete this BD
summary of the text. CO
DO
Britain is/isn't a member of the EU, but a lot of British people
feel that their country is quite separate from/similar to the rest 4. AD
of Europe. The metric system of currency/measurementhas BD
been used in Britain since the 1970s, but many Britons, CD
especially older/younger people, prefer to usethe old imperial DO
system.Food sold in Britain is usua lly priced using both types
of measurement, but it is legal/illegalto price prod ucts using Sl!.eaking
imperialmeasurements only. Britain usesthe euro/pound m Why do you think that Britai n feels such a strongsense of
sterling as its currency, like/unlike all of the other countries in independence from the rest of Europe? What is the
the EU. A datefor a referendum in the UKon the euro has stereotypical image of a British person? Do youthink that
already/hasn't yetbeen fixed. national stereotypes have any truth in them?
 G lo b a l tn a rk et
s
indu stry
TOpic a Th e UK pop
indust ry Connec t ed to the pop
Vocabu lary a Words
COunt ries Q UK link s a 7d

Soundtrack
The m u s ic b u s in e s s
, Da nn y, No el,
. the fiv e wi nn ers 50
Su zan ne , \\' <1S
Mvlce nc . Kvrn a nd
111
en a t a S('c r~l
ili "h th at tI{c y we re h idd
lo~ati on un t il the y ha d rec o rd ed thu r
y cam e ou t of
firs t so ngs. \Vh e n the
2000, II,l: )' ,h ad a
seclus io n in Fe bru ary
. I he l~ ~rst
~lC\\' im ag e an d a ne, solnad me
w
ov er I mi llion
sin gle Pure andSimple
co pie~ a nd we nt s~ rai ~h t to fll.l mb c.r I
It th e bc st~scl hn g
in th e char ts - ma k ing
f a ll tim e. Their first
d eb ut sin gle o
we nt to n u mb er
re alb um , I'opslars, a lso
TV a udie nce we s e r fou r top -ten
t urcd .by' th e I 2000 th e UK's . 1 1' lr o ne a nd the y ha d an oth
o p gro u ps m.m ure c
C
, sen es 0 ~I'S ' a.
ist{'~J ~lI1re th~ eng rip pcd by th e first sin gles.
Pysmuosicf thinde J\ lo town 'facto ry
ustry hav e cX
111 1 96~ s wh e re 3,000 ho pe fu
l yo ~ n g sm gc rs
nity tob e par t t ely 'so ld' to the
da ve m pcted for the op po rtu Hear'Sav we re del ib era
Am" eri ca, I) lit
few gro up s ca n " ha p tha, t wo uld g ua. ra nte e well as th e usu al
~) ite of d po p gro u _
(0
t u ndc r-1 4s m ar ke t. As
~ r('( qu fo rtu ne " Pu bl ic int e res
,1S
('(
a ppe a red (a nd (~~Sdpp t Iter n lCam e a, nd II
He a r Say .
rapi d ly as the U K s

tch these topics to the

gJ ~ Re
paragraphs,
ad the magazine erticte. Ma
Say,
a, The marketing of Hear'
people 's de sire for fame,
b. Some young fall .
R ea di ng c. The group's do wn
,
ryand answer the nufactured pop groups
text TheUK music indust d, The long history of maand early Success,
E) Read the e. Hear' Say's formation
question s. t pop
the singers on the 'riches
at age? group are most of
1. Whrs' Vo ca bu la ry-
sta list from
's music revenue comes rds in the text that mean:
o Find woa son
2, What percentage of the world
the UK? 1, to put g onto a disc or tape,
ry make each sale,
sthe UK's music indust 2, one song released for
3, Howr?much moneydoe of be st-s elling discs,
yea 3,the weekly list ance,
4, an art ist' s firs t pe rform
 to
tc dete r D to pees ua d e not t o do something
cr! oblivion a obscurity. not hinqness
..._ _.... 0 gnp a to ho ld ve ry ti ghtly to spli t a to separate
to l aunch a to st art yo ungster a yo ung perso n

10% of all world music sales are

generated by the UK, whose huge pop
music industry brings in £4.5 billion
each year and accounts for 4% ofall
UK exports.These are thefive richest
pop stars currently living in Britain.

So wh at became of 1k ilr'S.W? Kvm

books. calendars and posters, 10,000 married a soap star and is stillsinging, ~nd
Hear'Sav do lls were produced an d a ~ lvlccne has o launched a new career in
ran ge of clothing was planned . cl~ssi(ill music, but the other members of
the group have faded into aoblivion.There
In the summer of 2001, however. have even been n UTIOurs that they are
rumours started appearing in the working in ordi nary low-paid jobs again.
newspapers of divisions within the
gro u p, and thei r second album, But despite th e obvious fact th at the
blfrrbolh', only reac hed nu mber 2-1. In record and TV companies mad e the most
J an~l ar); 2002. Kym len the gro u p money from the Hear'Say experience, this
(hew ing ear ne d ove r £ 1 million in less didn 't a dctcr thousand s more you ng
than il yea r). \Videl y-publicised people queuing up for places o n the
aud itio ns were he ld to cho ose d second series of P0l'slars, or its imitators
replacement for her, bu t in October 2002 Pol' Idol and faille ACtllil'lIIY. It wou ld
the gro up fina lly a split. comp laining appear tha t for man y oyoungsters, d taste
that 'fans' were bo oing the m at thei r of fame is mor e impo rtan t than ar tistic
concerts and sho ut ing abuse at th em in recognition or finan cial ser urity.
the streets.

5. a colle cti on of songs released for sale 6. Hear'Say dolls w ent on sale?
7. people w ho fo llow and su ppr~~~ thartthe/she can be judged.
6. when an artist has to perfo . ~. money did Kym ~arn from H~ar'Say?
. month s did Hear Say exist as a gro up?
8. to make an a . . n a 1St.
performancengry norse showinq that you don't like an artist's
~R§.~ g ,.

Reading
o
on your country? What do you thi kY ~nh programmes Irke Popstars
Do you have bands like Hear'Sa d .
membersof manufactured po on 0 t em? Do you think that the
~a~~~wer the questions about Hear'Say. How much/How p groups are bemg exploited?

~. peoPlle auditioned for the first series of Popsrars?

. peop e were there in Hear'Sav? . it"og
3. albums did Hear'Sav release ? ~ Write a prolile 01 your 1
out statistics about how maav:unte s l; ger or ban d. Try to find
0 •

4. copies did their first single sell?

possible, how much they e V reeor s they sell and, il
5. Singles did they make that rea ~hed the top ten? arn.
89
 Global lTIarkets
/6;l Gram mar a Number s. stat istics . percent ages
Skills CI Writinq a business letter

Language & Culture

Business letters
Sp ort s Window US
Sports Window UK 2751 Beach Bou levard
29 High Street
Higher Hepburn San Antoni o
Herts. California
HH1 2HO USA
115002
19 .10.200 5
Sports Window UK 10.27 .05
29 High Street
The Manager Higher Hep burn
Sports Window US Hen s.
275 t Beach Boulevard HHI 2HO
San Antonio
Califomia Stoc k and sales levels
USA
115002 Dear Sir
Stock and sales levels .r am writing in re I to
mformation you / y. your letter dated Oc tobe r 19th H .
~ T ksut equlre: . ere IS the
Dea r Sir/Madam. . . rae SUits; 3120 sold hi
We have been looki ng at stoc k and sales. level s for the previou s yea r. returns. ' . w ich represe nt 82.5 % of the lot I
Have you co mplete d your checks ye t? It so. can you co mpare your Total sa les: $78.000 a stock. No
output with ours? Most popul ar co lor: black
Ou r levels were as follows: ... Tram ers'l 0500 alfs .
... Tracksuits: t ,570 so ld but this was only 65% of the total stoc k. Total sales~ ·$ 262.5db sold. This was 100 % of the tota l stock
Total sales: £47,000 ... Baske tball tops: 1.797 sold . .
total stoc k. . ThIS was the equi valent of 35 91: f
Most popular colour: blue . . ' . . Return s: 63 0 a the
... Trainers: 4,750 pairs sold. This was 95% a t the total stoc k. No
Total sales: $44 .925
returns.
Total sales: £190, 000 h ... Sports bags : 325 sold. Thi s .
... Foot ball tops: 3,251 sold. This was the equivalent of 7 1.5% of t e stock. No retu rns. . was the eq uIvalent of 65 % of th t I
Total sales: $3.900 c eta
total stock.
Total sales: £97.530 . I We look a total of 7500 d .
chec k . ' or ers onli ne /21
... Spo rts bags: 91 sold . T his was the eq uivalen t of 5 1.5% of the tota Ie I you r onhne orders ye t? I think it Were canceled. Did yo u
ve s overa ll We c: I may be better I .
through the st'ock sh~::<;rrange to mee t with yo u later inOt~~v;=~ M~ck
stock.
Total sales: £ I ,820
We took a tota l of 3,42 1 phone orders, only 65 were cance lled. . I trust this inform al' :.J an go
Io n I S ielpful for you in the meallli mc.
Are your figures similar? Do you think c ut backs sho uld be made ill
ne xt yea r's stock levels? .
I look forward to receiving your reply ill the near future. Perh aps we
can meet some time in the autum n? Sin cerely.
Yours faithfully. .J )::> FO$te~
P-- il'?_ Store Man ager
Store Manager
r
GRAMMA R D Read the Jetters and find:
D Look at the letters quickly. Which one was written by a 1. two examples of spelling diff erences in US and Briti sh
manager in the UK and which one was w ritten by a manager English.
in the US? 2. one differen ce in a voca bulary item in US and British English.
3. one difference in the use of a te nse in US and British English.
El Match the following words with numbers in the letters.
1. seventy one point five per cent 0 1magi ne that you are the manager of a Sports Window shop
2. one hundred and ninety thousand pounds in your country. Write a letter to either the UK or the US
3. two hundred and sixty -tw o thousand five hundred dollars manager telling him your sales figures.
4. ninety seven th ousand five hundred and thirty pounds
5. forty fo ur th ousand nine hundred and twe nty- five dollars 1. Tracksuits: fi ve th ousand six hundred and seventy -two sold.
6. eighty two point five per cent Sixty-two point fiv e per cent of tot al stock.
7. one thousand eight hundred and twenty pounds 2. M ost popul ar colo ur: black.
8. three thousand nine hundred dollars 3. Trainers: six tho usand one hundred and fifty -two pair s sold.
Ninety -five per cent of tota l stock.
SKILLS 4. Football to ps: seven th ousand nine hundr ed and ninety -nine
I!l Read each lett er again and identify the following : sold. Ninety -nin e point fi ve per cent of total stock.
1. th e sender's address. 5. Sports bags: one thousand and thirty- three sold. Fifty -seven
2. th e reci pient's address. per cent of t otal stock .
3. th e date.
4. th e subject line. Try to arrange a meeting in November to discuss the figu res.
Remember to use the letter-writing conventions that you
5. th e open ing salutat ion.
identified in exercise 3. ..
6. th e closing salutation.

What differences c an you fi nd between these aspects of the

letters?
90
 Sport and leisure

iJ How are the people in the photographs spending El l ook at the typical school holiday dates for
theirleisure time? England and the USA. How do they compare with
your own school holidays? In which country do
schoolchildren have the most holidays?
91
 Sport and leisure
Topic a The Commonwe alt h Games voc abulary g Names of countries /Sports
Coun tries a Britain and its ex-colonies Lin ks a If . 3b . 3f. 5f .1 f

II The Friendly Games

What are the T he Com mo nweal th is it vo luntary orga n isat ion of 54 in dependen t
countries who all sha re a com mon h istory as part of Britain's im perial
CommonlNealth Games? past. The cou ntries a re as di verse as Canada, New Zealand, Pak ista n,
Barb ado s, Sri Lanka and Za mb ia, a nd Q ueen Elizabe th is head of the
orga n isation. Today the Com mo nwealth works to ad van ce de mocracy
huma n right s a nd social and eco no m ic d evelopment, a nd orga nises
specia l programmes to hel p prom ote trad e, science , hea lth, you ng
people a nd man y othe r specific issu es in its mem ber cou ntries.

T h e Olympi c- style Com monwea lth Games a re held every fo ur years

in a different member country. Known as the Emp ire Games unt il 1950,
the first eve nt was held in Ham ilton , Canada in 1930. There we re on ly
ele ve n participating coun tries, a nd th e spo rts includ ed ath letics,
bo xing, b owls, rowing. sw im ming and wrest ling.

E ng la nd has on ly ghosted th e Ga mes tw ice: in London in 1934 and

in Ma nchester in 2002. They have only b een hel d twice ou tside of
Canada, Brita in or gAustralasia - in Jam aica in 1966 an d in Malaysia
in 1998. The num ber of cou ntr ies participating in th e Games has slowly
g row n to ove r 70, an d tho usands of at hletes now par ticipate. with out
competition from the USA a nd the major Eu ro pean co u nt ries,
Aus t ra lia, Canada a nd th e British co u ntries (whic h com pe te
se pa ra tely) usu a lly win the most me dals .

As ha pp en s for the Olympics, g host cou nt ries us ua lly build special

new facilities for the GarnesMa nc hes te r spent 20 years pre pa ring for
the 2002 Games a nd bu ilt a new 48,000-seat stadi um which cost ove r
£ 100 m illion. Luckily, the Gam es attracted aro u nd I million visitors
to th e city and were a finan cial success.

T he Commonwea lth Games have their own ve rsion of the Olympic

to rch cerem o ny. On Co m mo nwea lth Day (Ivlay I I th) in a Games year,
th e Queen h ands a e b ato n co n taini ng a m essage to an athlete. This
is th en passed in relay sty le to ot her at hletes. They ru n through
d ifferen t Co m mon wea lth coun tries u ntil they reach the host na tion.
The ba ton is ope ned an d the Quee n's message is rea d out at th e
o peni ng ceremo n y of th e Ga rnes.

Before y'o u r e a d
D Can you namethe sports or the people in the pictures? At
what international event can you regularly see these sports?
Do you know of any other big international athletics events?

Read;n ,
el l]RJ Read the text The Friendly Games. Are these sentences
true or false?
1. The British monarch is head olthe Commonwealth.
2. The Commonwealth Games take place every year.
3. The first Games were in 1950.
4.The Games are always held in Ca nada, Britain, Australia or
New Zealand.
5. England, Scot land, Wales and Northern Ireland compete as
four separate countries in the Games. ...
6.48,000 people came to the Games in Manchester.
7. Common wealth Day is in May.
8. Lots of different runners carry the Queen's message to the
Games' host country.
 Australas ia a Australia. New Zealand and their neiqhbourinq island s lap a a circ uit of a sports track or field
in t he Pacific to run away with a to easily wi n
....- - '.........- .. baton a a cylindrical stick spr inter a an athlete w ho runs short distances very quickly
host a someone who accommodates other people st ir a controversy
t o host a to accommodate

Commonvvealth heroes

catllV free~an
AustralIa
11994 Games InIII&torlal
Freeman became the
In 199 4 Cathy . ter to win a gold
first aboriginal IOsp" n wealth Games
. the Common
medal rn . commonwealth
and the first athletesl~n both the 200m lennox leWis
history to Wingold She caused a IOstir Canada
and 40010 eventS. by carrying the 11986 Games in Edinburgh}
after the races. too. well as the
aboriginal flag :~ap 01 victory. She
Back in 19B6
heavyweight b ' an unknown
Australian flag ,n a . I the Ye",a..r_i",n _ oxer fight'
oted Australian 0 - the Canadian fla 'ng under
g lOran away w'th t
was v nd in 200 0 she was gold medal at the Edinbur I he
~h90~~~ to light the Olympic Alan WellS Two years later he I
t he SeO Ul 0 1 a so took gold at
gh Games.
fl ame in Sydney. Scolland '
prof esstona! Ympics . Now a
and fi ght' f '.
11918 Games in Edmonton, where he was born '~g or Bntaln,
1982 Games in Brisbanel boxer to win b ' LewIs was the first
t it les since MikoethTwor ld heavyweight
Alan Wells has won th ree yson.
Commonwealth medals. but that's
y
not what he's most tarnous lor. In a
strange incident in the Brisbane 200m
linal he was jointly awarded the gold
medal with Engli shman M,ke
McFariane when computers registered
their times as identical - 20.43
seconds. Wells also won gold at the
100m in the MoscowOlympics. making
him one of t he most successful
Scottish athletes ever.

Vocabula
!!) Make a list 01 all the Commonwealth membercountries that are mentioned in The FriendlyGames text.

oFind the namesof these sports in the text.

ReadinQ
IIIRead about the three Commonwealth heroes. Match the columns to make true sentences.
1. Cathy Freeman is a British boxer who won two gold medals at the 1982 Games in Victoria .
2. AlanWells is a Scottish runner who won a gold medalfor Canada at the 1986 Games in Edinburgh.
3.Lennox Lewis is an Australian runner w ho won a joint gold medal at the 1994 Games' in Brisbane.

Writing
0 Write a paragraph about one of your sporting heroes. Mention their achievements at international events.
 1::.. - 1 S p o rt a n d le is u re
/ 7b , TOpic III Ex trem e Spo
Cou n trie s III Austral ia
rts
Voc abu lary III Sports
li nks III 71
equ ipm ent

Extreme sports
o
• • ~ My Stop
] Forward R. load Hom. S.a rch N. t lmag!?s Pr int Securit y

..
.'
Sack

Go To: ~ Ihttp: // www.x-ox.co

m

e
WhatdotheVdo~ Lie ontheir backs on larg
rf on a surfboard s fro m ground, travelling
What do they do~ Su skateboards only 4cm
that can take them nearly 130kph . The
att ac hed to a pow er kite on the road at speeds of
fer s have to learn to lt to fit each rider, w ho
into the air. Kitesur and the kite at the boards are specially bui
control both the surfboard lea the r sui t and a f ull motorbike
ks and turnswhite mu st w ear a Roads
rfor mt ric tas ebrakes.
sametime, and pe helmet. Rid ers use their fee
petition s, but not for
in the air. are closed fo r com
Whitsunday Islands. a car always follows
Wheredo thevdo i1~ The practice sessions , so
en the mainland and ide nts.
74tropical islands betwe eac h lug er in cas e of acc
Re ef, are ideal for beginner lbourne has lots of
the Great Barrie r Where do they do it~ Me
warm,flat water that days. See our
kitesurfers thanks to the have become clubs that practise mo
st Satur
islands ails .
surrounds them. The aven me ssa ge boa rd for det
such a pop ular destination that Whiteh Dangerratino: 4/5
wn as Kitehaven
Beach there is now kno
Beach!
Danger rating: 3/5

p off tall structures

What do thev do~ Jum
WhatdotheVdo~ Per
forma stunts on special ennae, span (bridges) ,
bikes. Using ramps. (BASE = buildings, ant
light. powerful, oft-road para chute. To beg in
. earth) and land wit h a
r obstac les up to 35m a
e to alrea dy be
rid ers can jump ove ial mo ves base jumping you hav
W hile in th e air they
perfor m spe c
sky div er, w ith experience of 150
r sideways e cornpetent
g the bike jump ing has a
such as the "w hip" (turnin par ach ute jumps .
Ba se
),the "su perma n" (kic king their legs tion . J umper s have
a
in the air
allel tothe bike) controversial reputa at som e
flying par in hos pit al
out behindthem and 95% chance of ending
up
(fixing their feet und er rt is even illegal
and th e "c liff hanger " point in thei r car eer . The spo
and rele asi ng the ir han ds]. luding the USA.
the a handlebar s ole day in some countries, inc
Th ere will be a wh Anyw here (often
WheredotheVdo~ Where do thev do It~
net X Summer Games Cap in Tasmania (a
of motoc ross at th e Pla s' illega lly) ! Fre nchma n's
ber - the ethrill- seaker ular spot.
in Sydney this Novem 340m high cliff) is a pop
Olymp ics! Danger rating: 5/5
DangerraDng: 4/5
 d
brake D devIce for reducinq spee that you hold with your hand
s
to check out D to look at, inves
tiqate handle bar a the pa rt of a bike
ethlnq well stunt II danqerous trick
comp etent a able to do sOm thrill II excit ement

01 3

•
Be for e ou rea d
piClure? Which sport
D Whal are Ihe people doing in each would people wanl
do you Ihink is Ihe mos l dan gero us? Why
10 do Ihese sports?

Vo cab ula
words forSports equipment 10 the pictures (a-f).
El el e
MalchIh
1. helm
2. kite
3. parachul e
4. ramp
5. skaleboard
6. surfb oard

[] ~ Acc ordi ng 10 Ihe websile, which of Ihe four Sports:

1. is Ihe most dangerous?
2. can be praclised on cityslreels?
3. can you see in Sydney Ihis summer?
4. needs you 10 contrn]two pieces ofequipment logelher?
5. needs you 10 hav e exp erie nce of parachuling?
an"?
6. has a special move calledIhe "superm person?
nl desi gne dfor each
7. needs special equipme
8. is praclised aroundIropical islands?
Be fOr e ou list en
he
Ii) How do youldfe kthat someoneIrying base jumping forI
Ihinel?
first tims wou

Lis ten ing

liI(j ) lislen 10 Paula describinIhe g her first experience of base
jumping. TIck Ihe Ihin gs from Iisllhal she menlions.
jumped. 0
a. The localion ofIhe place whe she re
re. 0
b. The exact amount of parachuting her she had done befo
friends had don e
c. The exact amounl of parachuling 0
before.
Ihe lop ofIhe ridge. 0
d. How long it took Ihem 10 climb r10 jump for her. 0
e. WhyIhey cho se that part icula
skydiving and base jumping. 0
f. Adifference between d had. 0
g. Wh alinj uryh er frien
0
h. How long he had 10 slay in hospilal.
dela ils ofIhe lopics ....
U (j) li slen aga in. NOle downIhe exacl
you licked in exercise 6.

i~~~~~;~::;;================ m
SR ,ea kin g
ts? Would Ihey be
Would you wanllo Iryany of these spor
r? Do you Ihink Ihey really
inleresling 10 watch as a speclalodo
are Sports, or are Ihe peo ple who Ihem just crazy?
 Sport and leisure
Topic a Leisur e time spent in shoppinq malls Vocab ula ry CI Leisure f aciliti es
Countries g USA and UK links a tc. te. 5c

mall rat Im): 1ra-t/ Ame rica n teen ager who spends all of his

II Mall rats or her time at the sho pping ma ll with frien ds.

>-J 1\>-JC8 -:--- 7

J\ 1)' friends and I go to th e m all every clay after school. It's ju st
somew he re to spend tim e w ith yo u r friends. we usu all y ju st
a ha ng o ut or wa lk u p a nd down loo kin g in the clothes shops.
VVe don 't often buy any thing. We go to the
mall at th e we eken ds . too, and go to the
movie th eat er the re o r han g o ut in the ice crea m parl or. we
always mak e su re \ V C look go od 'when we go to th e ma ll in
case th ere arc a ny a cu te b oys the re!

w e take the kids to th e mall eve ry wee kend because they often
ha ve special ac tivities there, like child ren's shows a nd games.
We a lso go to the b ow ling a lley there to o, and the kids lo ve
eat ing at the rood court - there's so mu ch choice: Mexica n.
Italian , Thai - and plen ty of fast food, of cou rse! we get th e
~~.lij, weekly e g rorcrtcs at the mall too, a nd so metimes Vanessa goes
• to th e spa th ere. It's g reat having everyth ing u nder one roo f.

C-O>-J>-JI:CS --- ___

I go to th e mall ~e ry Sat urday. I do n't g~
for any parti cula r reason , bu t I like to look
in th e des igne r sh ops an d the cosmetics
sho ps, a nd I usu ally en d up b uy ing
so methi ng. So metimes wh en I get it home I realise th at I d id n' t
rea lly wa n t th e th ing I boug ht - o r that it doesn't go wit h
anyt h ing else I've got! But I like to see wha t's new, a nd the re's
a rea lly goo d at mosp here th ere .
 d
reave sm all chil dr en to be looke groce ries a food and othe r ever
yday items of Shopping
crec he a place wher e you can
by othe r peop le for a short time time toge ther. not doing anyth ing in
after to hang out a to spend
cute a good ' rooking parti cular

" contact us search for a store I

" guest services " what 's going on
'lr, welcome

BLUEWATER
Europe 's larg est sho ppi ng cent re
at Blue wate r, in Kent ,
n joya ne w shop pi ng expe rienc e
'll nee d a whole day to
E only 15 mile s from Lond on. You
s, bars and resta uran ts.
dis cover over 330 store s and 40 cafe
re activ ities , incl udin g a
Ther e' s also a gr eat range of leisu
ou tdoo r activ ities such as
13-scre en cin ema and a sp a, plus
And 10 help you
boating. fishing. golf and rock-cli mbing.
, yo u ca n eve~ leave
en joy re lax ed , stress - free shop ping
the Kids Village E. a Crec he,
child ren aged 2-8 years at
to toys , arts an d craf ts,
where they will have acce ss
com p ut ers and a sports a rea.

J ti 2
Monday - Friday 10.00am to.oopm by car : a mile from M25 unc IOn ,
Satu rday 9.00am - 8.00pm a Bluewater is located at Greenhithe. justThere is tree parking for 13,000 cars.
road .
n.eoam - 5.oopm on the A2 London to Canterbury
Sunday .
by trai n:
~ Take Conn ex Rail to creen h tthe statio n.

~~e~:~: buses visit Bluewater each hour and connect well with other route
s.
;i;il

Bet , re au ea d Va ab ula •
res like the ones in in the text Mafl
o Do you ever go to large shopping cent e apart from shops?
hav 8l Find the words forthese leisure facilities
the pictures? Wh atfa cilit ies do they rats.
1.The American name for a cinema.
ea din g 2. Acafe that specialises in milk and ice cream products.
ld can go bow linq,
s. Whichof the people do you think wou
d the textshop
El ~ Reavisit 3. A place where you
regularly thes e s? 4. An area where ther e are lots of different resta urants and
takeawa ys.
pool.sau na or steam
2 5. A place where you can relax, ego in a
room .
rated games
6.A place where you can play on coin -ope
mac hine s.
7. A place where you can skateboard.
Re din g
[) Readthe website about an English shopping centre and
answ er the ques tion s .
1. What is the nam e ofth e shopping centre?
2. How man y shop s and rest aurants does it have?
3.What leisure activ ities doe s it offe r to adults?
4.What activities does it offerngtothe young children inthe creche?
5. Can you only go ther e duri day?
it have?
6. How manycar parking spaces does
you need to get off at to visit Bluewat er?
7.Whall rain station do wate r byb us?
8. Can you easilyreach Blue
S ak ing
you? Dr would
ding time at a mallsound like fun toure
mDoes spen
do something different with you rleis time?
you rather
Wr iti 9
li'I Write a letter to a friend desc ribing a day that you spent at
an American mal l. Men tion the type ofshops you went in.
ctio ns you visited.
what you ate. and what other altra
97
 Sport and leisure
/~ Topic a Realit y TV proqrammes and soaps
Count ries a UK
• Popular television
TV gets real
In 1974 the BBC a b road cast d ne w TV
prog ra m me ca lled The f am jl y. In 12
epi sodes, everyday sce nes fro m the lives
of the wo rki ng-class \Vilki ns fam ily in
Reading were s how n to the nat ion .
Some tele vis ion exec utives fea red tha t it
cou ldn 't possibly be a success - who
would be inte re s ted in w at ching
so met hing so boring? But TIl e Family wa s
ins ta nt ly it h uge hit Know n the n as ' 11)'-
011-111<'-wa ll' documentaries, a nd now as
'do cu so ups' o r 'rea lity TV', s uc h
I l'opS/ars, fill/h' Jlclll fclll r a nd 1'111 a (clcbrilr -
Tonight's TV programmes
" 8~m
Th; Tayio;s;iom Windso;give
their neighbours' home a
VICtorian Qfeel with the help of
regular designers Linda and
Anna. Will they be impressed with
the res ults?
Who wiiihave io swim among
crocodiles inorder towin
tonight's food forthe group? Will
It be model Catalina or footballer
John? - yOU decide!
........._,8 , Opm
D~'ve;s' feeling' nerv'ous'and"
stressed as hIS WIfe prepares for
her seventh test. Will she finally
pass this time?
__ ~.
• _':"''''i-~''''''''''' '''''" -----.............. - - -
98
Vocabulary a Words connected w ith television
Lin ks a l a. 6f
prog ramm es now domin at e the TV In the new millen ni um, however, rea lity
sched ules and regu larl y attract mil lions TV prog ra m mes have ten ded to become
of viewe rs. more persona l an d humiliating. FaJ Club,
for example, foll owed the ups an d
I n the 1990 s, hou se end garde n dow ns of e ight a o vcn vcig ht peo ple
a m e kcovc r prog rammes suc h a s des pe ra te to lose we ight a t a remote
( ha nging ROOlII$ we re part icu larl y hea lth du b, an d I\'ifc SIWlp took th e
popular, whil e do cusonp s such as Dril/illg simp le but ex plos ive idea of two wo me n
S(hool made o vernight s tars o u t of Qs wa p ping places in ea ch o ther's
lik e ab le o rd inary people such as fam ilies for two week s. For the fi rst week
Ma uree n Rccs, possibl y the wo rst d rive r th e)' had to live accord ing to the o ther
in the wo rld. wo ma n's ru les, but fo r the seco nd week
th ey co u ld di ctate how th e ho use wa s
ru n. In 2003 , real ity humi liation reache d
j] new low wit h 1101\' (fl'll ll is rOll r HOl/st'"?,
a s ur prise hi t in vo lvin g two wom en
w ho in vest igate so me of the d ir tiest
homes in th e co un try, th en ret u rn late r
to see if th e inh a bit a n ts arc s till
follow ing the ir cleani ng advice.
W ith rea lit y TV also ca rne interacti ve TV,
starti ng wit h the mothe r of the m all, Big
Brother. Fo llowin g the mo del of tha t
progra mm e, in whic h viewers decide each
week by vote who stays and who goes,
many ot he r elimina tio n shows q uickly
appeared. The most po pu lar OI1<'S were
Cd 1Ill' Oul of 1terc, w here e g ro u p or
celeb rities attempt to su rvive for two
weeks in the jungle toget her, perform ing
variou s tasks along the wa y. Celeb rities,
espccially those seek ing to e boost th eir
can-ers . seem particularly e kccn to dppedr
on rcality sho ws, as successfu l celebr ity
versio ns of Big Brother, /Jril/ing School, fal
Prepare tobe disgusted. as Kim Club a nd Fa/1/c /k adclIl r have proved.
and Aggie visit a family with
seven children Who claim that
they never have any time for
tidYing.
r
Before y-ou read
9m D What are your favourite TV programmes? Do you have
Big Brotherin your country? What do you think of it?
The;;;si;oUbleihisw;ekas Reading
fitness trainer Harvey gets
E] l§m Read the text TV gets real and complete the TV guide
Qtough with the group,
with the names of programmes from the text.
espeCially Simon, who has gained
some weight. Some of the group !!l Answ erthe questions.
plan arebellion. 1. What was the name of the BBC's first 'docusoap'?
2. Was it successful or not?
3. Which docusoap did Maureen Rees appear in?
. 4. Name four British TV programmes where viewers vote on
Th!s week Tracey: ··~·ho··has··o~e···· who has to leave the programme each week.
child and works fUll-time 5, Name five British reality TV programmes which famous
people have appeared in.
c~anges places With Kat~. a stay'
6. Name three British TV channels.
at home mumWith five ch ildren
.
...._ .. - """'I.... .........
>----..,.
~ .,
 to boost a to m ak e m or e succ essf ul cverwetcnt a too heavy or t at
to broadcast a t o t ransmi t to swap a to excnenqe
feel a at mos phere to take olt the air a to stop e rceec esu nq
keen a entustes ttc touqh a strict . severe
makeover a to comp le tel y transform and improv e the appeara nce TV ratinqs a audien ce sta ti sti cs
o f som ethinq or someone

Soap povver
D espite the success of th e ne-w rea lity TV shows,
it is sti ll soap opc ras that rcg u liHly at tract the
biggest audn-nrc-s each week. The term 'soa p o p e ra'
(always sho rte ned th ese days to jus t 'soa p' ) was
created in the USA to describe earl y dayt ime- radio
and TV d ra ma seria ls - then a imed at housewi ves
- whose sto rylines were sent im en ta l o r se ns.u iona l,
and wh ich were us uall y s po nso red by the
ma nufac ture-rs of wash ing po wder;

S oa ps in Britai n have come a n d gone o ver the

years as British society has cha nged. Hmok.·';lff,
cent red o n d ho using estate in Liverpool. Lll'gan in
the 1980s a nd mi rro red th e soddl issu es of the lime
- Tha tchcri sm a nd unem ployment. It was vcry
po pula r in th at de-cad e. but in the new m illen n iu m
it g rdd udlly declined in popu la rttv a n d its
sto rylines bcrarm- mor e out mgco us. It was f1 ncl lly
e ta kcn off the a ir in 2003. Ot he r SOdPS have proved
mo re endu ring. The battle- fo r the to p of th e wcc kly
a T\ ' ra lings is a lways bet ween Brita in's tw o
favo u rites - [ aslt ll ders a nd (oft llllliio/l Slr a /. Both of
these soaps aft' sci in u rb an working-doss a reas :
[osl[IItJrrs in th e fictional Albert Sq ua re in the
Edst End of Lon d o n, a nd (ormwlioJl Stref l in
the eq ua lly fic tio nal to w n of \\hl therficl d -
d sub u rb of ,\ l'Hlcheste r. Both progr a m l11 es
feat u re stro ng rh a ract r-rs an d we ll-w ritte n
scripts w hic h oft en dea l co nvi nci ngly w ith
pers ona l di lemmas and top ical issues. The
prog rdl"n nlt's - carh show n fou r times a week
- usu al ly h ove e udie nrc fig u res o f 12- 13
million, an d tire supp osed ly wat ched even by
the Q ueen . EtI51EII/krs ha s b een ru n ning si nce
1985, but [(llllll/llioflStrefl is the SOdpcha mpion.
Sho wn continuouslv since 1960, it is th e
lo ngest-ru n ning TV se ries in the wo rld .

Acast reuni on on the set of Coronation Street.

Bet. re y. u listen Reading

(] In groups, try to think of an ide a for a new reality TV show. ~ ~ Read the text Soap power. Which of the soap operas
mentioned in th e text:
Listening 1. we re first broadcast in the 1980s?
111 ~ (j) Liste n to three TV executives discussing a possible 2. can no longer be seen on TV?
new reality TV show. What is the best title for the show? 3. are based in the north of England?
a. Football academy 4. is based in London?
b. Sports academy 5. has been show n for over 40 years?
c. Celebrity football academy
d. Celebrity sports academy SE!.eaking
mWhat type of reali ty TV programmes do you th ink will
e (l) Listen agai n and answer the questions. appear in th e future?
1. How long wo uld the young people stay in th e tra ining Will they become more extreme?
schoo l? Will soaps continue to be popul ar?
2. Why don't they want to have a prog ramme on just football? Will people stop making more seri ous progr ammes?
3. What would the programme concentrate on, apart from the
sports?
4. What would the w inner get?
 Spartand leisure
T ic III HOli days es of holid ay s
o~
Countries III UK and USA
Vocabulary III TYP2b 2(. 5b . 6d
links III lb . .

II Holidays
D

r"'-----
Vocabular ~
h Ihe photos 1-
6 I Ihe differenltyp
es of holiday.
D Malc . 0
Backpacking
a. park
b Caravan . 'ty camp
· S mmer acnvr
c. P~ckage holiday

r
d. Self-calering villa
Sighl-seeing lour

·
Before oU h etypes of holiday in In exercise
exe 1 would you
h y
EJ leIP~en~
Wh'ch oft e ?
10 Ihese pe~~~90abroad Wilhhlh~"T~ey
. on butt e
wantto
a~
recom d Mrs Mills wan organised for Ie .

~~e~~mewhere. ~~~~~
1. Mr 10 have everything ' d with Iheir ,
2 Mr and Mrs Eilis w~1 wantto slay In a
hot. nl a quiet holiday , and Ihey donI
· hter They don
daug . "ng abroad.
mind drivi
 do rmi to ry a room w here lots of people sleep together slide a t ransparent photograph t hat you can projec t onto a w all
f oot hill s a smaller m ountains group ed around a lar ger one spacious a having a lo t of space
sca ry a f right ening

Dear Harry, •
We finally made itto Nepa li I can't believe that it'r Jvne
alr eady - th e wee ks h ave fl own by. What a fantartic
experien ce ! Pakirtan, India, Tibet, and finally the
" foot h ,llr of Movnt Everertl L·~ ""11 b
• f ' • I e wt ne ver e the same
a'n.
a9 I II tell yov all abovt it When we get hOme _ we'll
have hvndredr of " rlid er.
I hope thir portcard reacher yov before we do!
love,
Barbara

'l)u.r """"'.
~ we ...... ,,~ "olk. s.....t. "0";'"
Tht. .......H .u ......~ vu:l 000d.. bvl- we're
MV'~"e A. eood. K\IHt.. 1he CA."A,V'A.r\ l..4
0"-"~ - fUU.:l "' p""-"v,. Tht.re',
Plu~:l of r""", for All. f of v,
'''''de. AN!. I-he !tid< lw"0
.~ ktrr.. 11-', 0"-"~ for :J-0
clW.dr<. -1.01-' of or0""'-<td
A.C...~va·t.u, A.nd. t,,-i-u"'A.L.~'"
~" H\ttveni."e. SoMt...~tMU
Jeff AN!. 1e"", 0e~ -.e
KlMt n, ClUf"u.tvu~
Sa :lOll ""'"
love,
SArAh

3. Mrs Graham. of New York. wants her two sons to have a 3. Ritchie and Paul are bored at Camp Redwood .
summer holiday in the country. but she and her husband 4. They like the food at Camp Redwood .
have to work all summer. 5. Barbara has already visited India.
4. Mr and Mrs Abbot. of Birmingham, want a cheap holiday 6. She has a lot of pictures of her trip.
with their two small children. They can't afford to go abroad 7. There is a lot for children to do at the GoldenSands caravan park.
or to stay in a hotel. 8. The sight-seeing tour of Europe lasts ten days.
5. Mrs Wyatt, of Denver, is interested in the culture and history
of Europe, but she doesn't want to travel alone. Listenin
6. Barbara Marriot, of Chicago, wants to travel to remote parts III(l) List en to a family discussing what type of holiday to
of the world with a friend. She doesn't mind very basic have. What is their final decision?
accommodation and food.
Writing
Reading m W rite a postcard to an English-speaking friend from your
I!l Read the postcards and check your answers to exercise 2. ideal holiday destination. Describe what type of holiday it is,
Who is each postcard from? and what you are doing.

a lmlAre these sentences true or false? 5 eaking

1. James is speaking a lot of Spanish on his holiday. EiI Are these types of holiday popular with people from your
2. Lisa doesn't like the villa she is staying in. country? Which type of holiday would you prefer?
101
 Sport and leisure
Topic Q Sport in Austral ia vocabulary a Sports and equipment
Countries Q Aust ra lia Links a 2d. 7a . 7b

Dm~l:)IJJ(ijJ[;J[iDl:)m ~Dl![3
Australia
Tota l area a 7.7 million sq. km
Tota l popu lat ion a 20 m illion
Ethnic mix a 92 I. White
7 1, Asian
1/ Aboriqine
Capital a Canber ra
Reading
Populo of capital a 330 .000
Government a A federation of six sta tes and two EJ Look althe map and read the Information File onAustralia,
territories. Austra lia was a British then answer the questions. . . .
colony until 1901. It is still a
1. How manypeople live in Australia? Does this figure surprise
mo narchy (Britain's monarch is also you? '.
2. Why are all the major Australian cities on the coast?
Austral ia's) but it is now an
3.Who are the people in the photographs?
independent state.
4. What is the city in the photograph? Is it the capital of
Climate Q Coa sts: fe rtile. mounta inous
Australia?
North : trop ical 5. Do you think Ca nberra is a large city?
Centre: desert (known as 'the bush' 6. Who is Australia's current monarch?
or 'the outbac k')

102 L ...I
 ashes III t he pow der t hat re m ains whe n somet hin q is bu r~ ed
t o bo unce III t o t hrow somet hin q to t he q ro u nd so t hat It come s
up aq ain
t o bowl III to thr ow a b all car ef ul ly in a spe ctt!c crre c I
cha lle nq in q III diff icult
SPORT
Australi a has plenty to offer the sports
fa n all ye ar r o und . For exampl e.
Aust r ali ans play at least four types of
football! B ut bef ore you bo ok your
sp orting hol iday. don't forget that
Aust r ali a is in the so ut hern he m isphere
- Decem ber and J anu ary are high
summer, and July is mid -Winter!
Australian rules football
Always known as 'Aussie r ules', th is game is unique in
the world. It's played by teams of 18 player s on an oval
field with an oval ball. like a rugby ball. Unlike normal
football or rugby. however. the ball can be passed in a
variety of ways: kicked . hit with the hand. a bouncad
and Carried! It's a fast, skilful and often En ough game.
To score a goal. the ball must be kicked through
agoarposts at the side or the centre of th e field.
Melbourne is the centre of Aussia rules . and matches
regularly attract crowds of over 50.000.
V ocabular
!!l Can you identify any of the sportsin t~e photos? Can you
find the lollowing thrngs rn the prcturest
yachts an oval ball a bat stumps
Reading . ..
o Now read the t exts and try again to IdentIfy th e thrngs rn
exercise 3.
(;) Answer the question s. . . k ?
1 Whic h city is a centre l or both Aussie rules and cnc et.
2: Ca n you to uch the ball w ith your hands '~ Aussie rules?
3 W hat is The Ashes? Why IS It called that. . ?
4: Whe n does the Sydney to Hobart Ya cht Race begm .
5. Where is Hobart?
qcatpcs ts III verti cal po l es th at r epr esen t t he qoal in a sport
r ouc n III qui t e vio lent t
. . . ron st umps • q ,roup s o f t hree v er t ical sticks t hat cr ick et pl ay er s mu s
run between .
yac ht III a terce raci nq boat w ith a sail
SPORT
Cricket
Internat ional cri cket matches are played every summer
in Australia. and Melbourn e has the biggest cricket
ground in th e w orld. Cr icket is played by teams of 11
players. The bowler from one team a bow ts the ball to a
player from the other team. who tries to hit the ball and
ru n betwee n the two sets of Dst umps before the other
team can return the ball. The Australian team is one of
the best in the world and has a rong-r unning
compet it ion w ith England known as The DAshes.
because Australia's victory over England in London in
1882 was considered to be t he death of English cricket.
Sailing
Australia is a favour ite destinati on for fans of all kinds of
sailing. The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race takes place each
year over the Christmas and New Year period. and is one
of the world's most exciting and a challenging races. On
Boxing Day. 26"' December. the oyachls leave Sydney
Harbour. accompanied by boats of all shapesand sizes in
a carnival atmosphere. They hope to arrive in Hobart.
Tasmania around New Year's Day to a Mardi Gras party.
Vocabula n-;
rn The east coast 01 Aust rali a is lamous lor its watersport s.
Match the equipment to the sports.
Sports Equipment
. scuba diving flippers sailboard
surfing mask surfboard
waterski ing motor boat w ate rskis
wi ndsurfing oxygen tank
Listening .
~ a> Liste n to Caroline talking about her favour!te ;vatersport.
Which 01 th e sports in exerci se 6 IS she describinqi
Writing
mIn groups make a list 01 your country's national sports. famous
• rts grou~ds and well-known competitions. Prepare an entry
f~~ guide book l or your country similar to the one on thi s page.
103
 Gra mmar a Phrasal verbs
Skills a Speakinq: makinq suqqestions and invit inq

Language & Culture

GRAMMA R SKILLS
D Read the text quickly and find all the sports and activit ies [) Read the dialogue and complete it with lhe phrasesbelow.
that FitzGym offers.
I like the sound of that why don't you what about
EJ Match the phrasal verbs underlined in the text to these wbStSR8h' we dO I'd rather not we could go
definitions. how about I'm not keen on

a. to happen A: OK. 111 What shall we dothis weekend?

b.to start doing an activity, usually for pleasure
c. to arrive
d.to sign an agreementto do someth ing
e.to take away
f. to discover
g. to investigate something
h. to do something at a time that does not affect other
arra ngements
i. to find a piece of information in a book or on the Internet
I. to make contact with someone
111 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs you
identified in exercise 2. Vou may needto changethe tense.
1. I thought I might try and get in touch with myoid friends from
university. I haven't seen them for years.
2. My sister has just decided to ...... painting as a hobby.
3. The Olympic Games...... in a different country every four years.
4. Have you those new words in the dictionary yet?
5. Has she if she can get a day's holiday yet?
6. Did you a cinema prog ramm e when yo uwere in town
yesterday?
7. The police said they were ......the crime.
8.1 don't know how you...... allthethingsyou have to doeveryday!
9. Have you ...... for the tennis lessonsyet?
10.Is your brother goingto ...... to the party tonight?
.....:::Ill
10 4
B: Well, 121 ...... to the cinema and see that new Bond film.
C: No, thanks. I've already seen that. I3) ...... having a
barbecue?
A: 14) ...... . We don't know what the weather's going to be like,
It might rain. 151 joining that new gym in the High Street?
B: I'm not sure.t s) keeping fit and I haven't got much money
just now, How much does it cost each month?
C: I saw an advert for it and I think it said the first month is free
and it's £35 a month afterthat.
B: That's too much moneyfor me. 17) ...... go and we can meet
afterwards?
A: OK. We'll go and sign up and then we'll meet you for a drink
at say 8.00pm.
C: OK. 181 ...... !
B: Great! I'll see you later then.
0 1n small groups, invite your friends to do something thi s
weekend or suggestdoing something else, Use the topics
below to help you. Remember to use phrases from the
dialogue in exercise 4.
go swimming play football watch TV _ hire a video
go the gym organise a party go to the cinema
have a barbecue go to a concert go to a nightclub
 The arts

_0

-
D Match these arts to the photographs: music.
dance , theatre, art, film, literature.
Bl Which 01 the six arts
mentioned are these words
connected with? Use a dictionary il you don't know,
Some words are connected with more than one art.
El Are you interested in any 01the artsin the
photos? Have you got a talent lor any 01 them? box office canvas cast choreography
composer conductor exhibition plot
script set
 The arts
Topic III Mod ern ar t v ocabu lary III Art
Cou nt ries a Scotla nd Links III Sa. 5e . lit

II A child could do that

YOUNG MASTERS attacks on the World Trade Center. The main

attention, 911, another work by jodie on the £20,000 Barbie Prize was won by the
t a recent art exhibition at the West same subject, won an individualBarbie Prize collected work 01 Jodie andherschoolfriends

A Highland Museum in Scotland, a

picture called The Future is Gone by
Jodie Fraser, depicting three ghostly planes
over the New York skyline, attracted a lot of
for modern art in 2002, 911 consists of a grey
acanvas covered with 3,000 burnt matches,
onefor each person who diedin the terrorist
at Caol Primary School near Fort William -
because Jodie is only 10 years old,

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The Turner Prize

The Turn
wo rk in er
th ePrize,
la( s t the ad ult verst
12 months. .'Ihe
o nseo arc e. winner
. Prize.
f thethBarbie . s of
is aw
recea nrded, eve
t vCl\rs
( (, _l)r ), l . ar to an artist
• I• n Britain aged und er 50' for ( JI II'I ' l I'l n g
., dil

typical work
year artist The Thinker (computer equipment placed inside a api ll ar
2002 Keith Tyson makes a ahum m i n sound)
The Lights Going On and Off (li9hts turn themselves on and
2001 Martin Creed off in an empty room)
57 everyday events photographed from
2000 Wolfgang Tillmans unusual angles and positioned
aran dom ly acrosS a wall
Drumroll (a film made by rolling
1999 Steve McQueen a videocamera in an eoil drum through
the streets of New York)
 canva~ a the fa bric t hat you use oil pain t s on ~~I ~u m a to m ake a buzz in g noise. like a bee
tI rum ~ an empty c y linder tha t cont ained oil
o pa tro nise g to treat someon e to o st
pillar a a ta l l co lumn. usuall used t Im p ly . as if t hey were a child
ran doml y a not in a fixed order 0 supp or t the roo f o f a bui lding

One of Rob Fairley's rules is

"Nev er teach them art!"
The artthat has ..flooded out of Caol Primary
School's art club, Room 13, hasamazed the
modern art world. Room 13 is open to any
child at playtime, lunchtime or after school.
OnFridays, if the children have completed all
their schoolwork, they can spend all day
there, andsome children stay there from 9am
to 6pm. The only adults involved are artist
Rob Fairley and hisassistant Claire Gibb, but
they aren't the children's teachers. They are
their..employees.

R oom 13 is an independent business,

separate from the school, and has a
..committee (all under the age of 11 ) who
manage theirown finances, apply for..qrants,
order art materials andgive lectures. They have
even lectured at the Tate Modern gallery in The Magic Yl,'llow Elephant.
London. Butsome banks andarts organisations
and their headteacher doesn't interfere with
are notprepared to deal with acommittee who bought 911 andput It in my London flat, no-
their work. As their managing director,
are not yet teenagers, so Room 13 often has onewould have thought that it wasthework
OanielleSouness, said at a recent conference:
financial problems, and their orders for art of a 10-year-old". " Room 13 proves that if you give us the
materialsaresometimes ignored. chance we can organise our education and
T he children are not looking forward to we aretired of beingopatronised with your
Ivan Mas5OW, head of thejudges of the Barbie studying art at secondary school. wherethey
ideaof what we can understand".
Prize (ajunior version of theannual Turner Prize will have to use cheaper materials andfollow
for ModernArt),says "It wasobvious thatthe a strict exam syllabus. They know that they
You can visit Room 13 at
children hadbeen askedto think aboutthings have a unique freedom in Room 13. One of www. room13scotland.com
and express themselves through art. And the Rob Fairley's rulesis "Neverteach themart!",
Quality of the work was exceptional. If I had

r
Before y o u read ~. ~~ b Fairley decides what happens in Room 13
othem? What do you think t~~y , e p ~;o~. What do you think of
look at the works of art ' th h . ere are some teachers on th . .
5. Some adults don't treat the c e committee of Room 13.
tradition al styles of art? mean . 0 you prefer more 6.The children think that they ;.~mltteebOf Room 13seriously.
secondaryschool. I get a etter education at

Readin
0 1mlRead the list of recent li r P' .
~~ e:d tFhe te~t quickly. What is unusua l about: 1. involves film-making? u ner nze wmners. Whose work :
• 0 re ra ~ e r s success as an artist?
2. involves photography?
2. the committee of Room 13?
3. Involves electronics?
3. thhe dchlldren's relationship with Rob Fairley andthe'
ea teacher ? rr
5 eakin
~ What do you think of the descn.ptions
.
a. Day-to:day activity in Room ~' t e paragraphs of the text.
I!l Iml Match these headings ith h winners' work? of the Turner Prize
b. The children's opinion of art teach'
c. The committee's work 109 ~ Discussthe following questions
d. One pupil'swork 1. ~~y havethe children of Room 13 producedsuch interesting
e.An art expert's opinion of the children'swork

p {"'pl Are these statements true or false?

. heBa rbie PrIZe IS a special art prize for oun
2. Can you teach subjects like art nd
that people are born with?
.
a music, or are they talents
3. ~~~~~;?hild ren be allow~d to 'organise their education' in
2. 91"s a work that represents dead peopl: g people.
 The arts
Top ic D The Lord of the Rinq s and other epic m yt hs Vocabulary a lit erature and myth
Countries a UK link s D 8f

The Lord of the Rings

The turn of the m illennium produce d a number
of polls of "The natio n's favourite...".
The winner of three national Brit ish polls, Am azon.corn's
"Book of the Millennium", Channel 4's "Book of t he Cent ury"
and BBC's "Big Read", was Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings,
and Tolkien hims elf was voted "Aut hor of the Century"
in several other surveys.
The film versions of Tolkien's trilogy have widened
his readersh ip even further,
But why does the book have this phenomenal reputation?

A tory for all time

First published in t954. j .Rk.Tolkir-n's Ihe Lonl oj th, Rings tells the story of how th e
most pow e rful object in th e uni ve rse. the One Ring, falls in to the hands of Frodo
Hagg ins, d yo ung hum an -like creatu re. Frodo mu st then begin a long and dan gerou s
journey to take the Ring to the onl y place where it ra n be destr oyed forever. The book
has been transla ted into 25 languages and ha s sold (learly a hundred m illion copies.
Peopl e regularly nam e it as their favou rite book - hut wh at ca n explain its e nd ur ing
popula rity? or co u rse The I.orti of tll (' Rjn9s offers rea de rs a comple te fantasy wo rld
with its own geo graphy and langu age, b ut its
sto ry is a lso based on timel ess th em es a nd
cha rac ters th at re- occur thro ugh a ll liter ature.

/\ lany pop ular stories involve an e undcrdog, who

is ta ken from his ordina ry life and sent on a
a q ucst th rough good a nd ev il. During the quest
he starts to unde rstan d himself a nd so me of th e
mysteries of life, better. In this way the book echo es
some of the oldest stories in Europe - the King
Arthur myths. In these, the hu mble peasan t Perceval
is the only one of Arthu r's kn ights brave and pure
eno ugh to find th e Iioly Cra il. th e cup that Jesus
once drank from. After a dangerou s quest of ma ny
years he finally achieves peace and satisfaction. 111('
vest good and evil armi es in nle l..onl of Ihe Ri"gs
a lso echo Joh n J\ iilton's Paradise Los! ()667) - the
u ltimate ba ttle between good a nd ev il in which
the main chara cters arc God and the Devil.

)\1,l ny cr itics now look back on '11u' t oni oj lhe

Ri"!Js as a n e ellcgory of the two w orld Wars,
wh e n brave sm all cou ntries defen ded the mse lves against fascist
di cta to rs and th eir a rm ies. Some eve n see th e One Ring as sy mbolising man 's
con trol of the nuclea r bomb. "Ole book ha s also helped to sha pe ot her; mor e modem
myths. Both th e Star Wars films a nd th e Harry Potier books have simila rities to '11fe
toni oj Ihe Rings, wit h the ir plots based around th e att ract ive ness of th e 'd ar k sid e',
and th ei r sma ll heroes ba tt ling ev il o pponen ts much more powerful than
th em selves.
 alleqory a symbo lic story stecqe-nemmer a neev y nemmer used fo r breaking stones
to sprinq a to jump
to cast a to throw
dint a impression to strike a to hit
qrasp a reach underdoq g someone in a .. .
will a (noun) r ese t t t ( pc smon of Infe riority
qrimly a darkly
wit s a tnt emqe nce u Ion. verb) to decide
quest a mission

Povver too great and terrible

mountain. and to cast the Ring in there. if you

/11 Chapter 2 of The Fellowship of the Ring,
em"lalf the wizard gives the Ring to Frodo alld
e:(plaills its significance,
Frodo weighed the Ring in his hand. hesitating,
and forcing him self to remember all that Gandalf
had told him; and then with an effort of awill he
made a mo vement. as ifto acast it away - but he
found that he had put it back in hi s pocket.
Gandalflaughed agrimly. 'You see? Already you.
too. Frodo . cannot easily let it go . nor Qwi11 to
damage it. And I co uld not make you -except by
force. which wou ld break your mind. But as for
breakin g the Ring . force is useless. Eve n if you
too k it and a struck it with a heavy a slcdge-
hammer. it wou ld make no a d int in it. It ca nnot
be unm ade by your hands. or by min e .
[...J
'T here is only one way: to find the Cracks of
Doom in the depths of Orodruin. the Fire-
really wish to destroy it. to put it beyond the
a grasp of the Enemy for ever:
'I do rea lly wish to destroy it!' cried Frodo. 'Or.
we ll. to have it destroyed . I am not mad e for
peri lous quests. I wish 1had never seen the Ring'
Wh y did it come to me? Why was I ch osen ?'
' Such questions cannot be answ ered: sa id
Gandalf. 'You may be sure that it was not for any
meri t that others do not possess: not for power
or wisdom. at any rate. But you have been chosen.
and you must therefore use such strength and
heart and a wits as you have :
'But 1have so little of any of these thing s' You are
.w ise and powerful. Will you not take the Ring?'
'No!' cried Gandalf.Dspringing to his feet. 'With that
power I should have power too great and terrible.
And over me the Ring would gain a power still
greater and more deadly.' His eyes flashed and his
eyes were lit as by a fire within. 'Do not tempt me!'

m Answer these questions b

1. When was The Lord 0/ I a out A story for all time.
2. Who is its author? he Rings first published?
3. How many l an gu~ h .
4. What is the name ~ns ~~;~~een translated into?

~: ~~rcthmo~s~i~~ ~~~~~~st~e. One Ring?

7. Who are the main ch nights finds the Holy Grail?
8. Which science
Ihe Rings?
fictio~~~cters 10 Paradise Lost? .
ms have similaritieswith The Lordof
I

iii Read the extract from Th e Lord of the Rings and answe r the
questions.
1. What does Frodot ry, but tai
parag raph? ail, to do with the Ring inthe first

2. Could Gandalfdestroy the Hino hi .

3. How does Frodo feel b . g himself If he wanted to?
4 Wh d ' a out his quest? .
. y oesn t Gandalfwant the R·mg.?

kin
~ C.an you thinkand
of any more fa~taTsy books or films that have
similar themes charact
ers 0 he Lordofthe Rings?
 The arts
Topic a Musicals in London thea t res Vocabulary a The t heatre
Countries a UK Links a 2e . 5( . 8f. llq

West End musicals

Hot
tickets
Th e 'West End ' is Londo n 's t heatre land - ho m e to o ve r
forty theatres . Lo nd o n 's plays , shows and o peras att ract
aro und 11 m illion visitors per year and , w ith ti ckets costing
around £3 0 each , t he y br ing a lot o f incom e int o the
c ap ital. Th e biggest West End attract io ns are always
mu sicals . Cats ra n for 2 1 years, and Les Miserabfes is
c urrent ly celebrat ing it s 18th year in th e West End. Here
are som e o f t he hottest t ickets in to wn today.

My Fair Lady is based on G. B. Shaw's 1916 play Pygmalion

and tells the story of Eliza Doolittle, the aCockney flowerseller
chosen from the streets by a professor of alinguistics and
transformed into a lady. This current production opened in 200 1
starring Martine McCutcheon from the lV soap EastEnders. It
features well-known songs such as "I 'm getting married in the
morning" and "On the street where you live".

Before ou read
Bombay Dreams is based in the Indian film industry and
D Have you ever been to the professional theatre? Do you
features an all-Asian cast. The story centres around Akaash, a know what sortof productions you can see at the moment in
poor boy played by Raza Jaffrey, who becomes a film star and your capital cityIyour city?
falls in love with the daughter of one of Bombay's greatest film
directors. The showfeatures modern Indian pop music, such
v: cabular
as "Shakalaka Baby", and adazzling costumes and
EJ Match these words connected with the theatre to their
definitions,
choreography. It opened in 2002 and quickly became one of 1.musical a, the planning of the dance moves
the most popular shows in London. 2. script in a show
3, box office b. when a show begins in a theatre
4, to open c. the spoken dialogue in a show
We Will Rock You opened in 2002 . This musical, with a script 5, to run d. when a show lasts for a time
by comedian Ben Elton, takes place in the future, when rock 6. special effects in a theatre
music is illegal. The story is based on famous songs by Queen 7, choreography e. an afternoon pertormance of a show
8, matinee f. all the performers in a show
such as "Bohemian Rhapsody" and "I Want to Break Free", the 9. set g, the background and scenery
set resembles a rock concert and there are plenty of special 10. cast for a show ,
effects. And Tony Vincent, who plays the hero Galileo Figaro, h. a show with singing and dancing
i. technical illusions
sounds very like Queen's lead singer, Freddie Mercury. [, a theatre's ticket-selling service
 cockney IS a work inq-class person from the East End of London
da z zlinq IS ve ry briqht and colourfu l
nncursucs a the study of lanquaqes

::--_-----1
r
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08704 030303 Final performances - must end 16 Aug
Ruthie Hensha!' retur~s
in the role of Velma ~W< ~<Ut4<'
The hit show based ..
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Mon-Thu 8, Man-Sat 7.45,

Fri 5 s 8.30. Fri 5 & 8.30,
Sat3&8 Sat 3 .
All tix half -price Fn 5pm
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DOMINION
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" Infect ious energy" Indie London by Queen and Ben Elton
Man.Thu 7.30.
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Sat 3 & 7.30. . 5 30 11 Man-Sat 7 .30 .
Half-price uck ets Fn . .. Mat Sat 2.30

APOLLO VICTORIA
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Mats Wed , Sat. Sun 3
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0870 B90 1109
~1aiJz..La4
" Probably the greatest musical
of all time" Dili/y Telegraph
Eves 7 .30pm.
Mats Wed & Sat 2.30

3, When you can get cheap tickets to see Fame.

111 Read the Hottickets text and find the names of the musicals 4. Abbreviations for 'box office', 'matinees' and 'tickets'.
in the photos. 5. When you can see BombayDreams at the weekend .
6. When Our House will leave the Cambridge Theatre .
e ~ Complete thi s table with information about the three 7. What the Daily Telegraph newspaper thought about My Fair
Lady.
musicals.
8. On w hic h days ther e are mati nees of My Fair Lady.
Show My Fair We Will Bombay
Lady Rock Vou Dreams
e What are the different ways that you can get tickets for
Opening year theatre shows? What do you think is a reasonable price for
Main character a theatre ticket?

Actor who plays

him/h er f.jJ ~ (j) Li ste n to a recorded phone message from the We
Songs from Will Rock You box office. Note down the different prices for
the show the different days and time s.

mFind the following inf ormati on in the theatre guide.

1. The names of the theatres where you can see the three IIIWhich of these shows would you like to see? Why?
musicals from exercise 4. How much would you be prepared to pay?
2, How many performances of Chicago the re are on a Friday.
 The arts
Top ic a Child stars of Houvw ooe f ilms
Countr ies a USA
II Hollywood kids
Surviving stardom
Hollywood child stars have been
around since the days of silent
cinema, but they often have
difficult, or even tragic, lives, and
their fans can desert them when
they enter their late teens. But here
are some ex-child stars that have
survived the Holl ywood machine.
During the Depression era of
the 1930s, Hollywood
produced many child stars.
The most famous of all was
Shirley Temple - a talented
singer and tap dancer who
made her first film at the age
of 4 . She became the first
child to win an Oscar, but
the film studios lost interest
in her when she hit her 20s,
and she was already a
adivorcee at 21. As an
adult, however, she became
involved in politics and had
a successful career as an
international diplomat. She
represented the USA at the
United Nations, and also served as an
ambassador to Ghana and
Czechoslovakia.
Elizabeth Taylor starred as a child in
several sentimental films of the 1940s ,
including the Lassie
series about a
faithful. clever dog.
She was .. stunningly
beautiful, and her
film roles continued
into her adult life. By
the 1960s she was
one of the biggest
stars in Hollywood,
and she became
notorious forher
many marriages -
eight in total (twice to the same man, actor
Richard Burton). In the 1970s Elizabeth
suffered from alcoholism and weight
problems, but in the 1980s she discovered
a new role as acampaigner and afund-
raiser for AIDS charities.
vocabu lary a Film stars
Links a Sa. 5e
Jodie Foster amazed critics
and wasnominated for an
Oscar for her role, aged 12, in
the disturbing 1976 film Taxi
Driver. Following her
appearance in this film, Jodie
was ..stalked by a mad fan,
John Hinckley. In 1981
Hinckley shot President
Reagan in an attempt to
re-enact the film. In her adult
life Jodie has had an
accomplished career as an
actress and a director, winning
two Oscars - for The Accused in 1988 and
TheSilence of the Lambs in 1991. Today
sheisknown asoneofthe most secretive
and publicity-shy actresses in Hollywood.
Drew Barrymore comes from a large
acting family. Her grand father John was a
classical British actor in the 1930s, and
her father isalso an actor.
When she was 7, Drew
starred in the .. blockbuster
movie ET, directed by her
.. godfather Steven Spielberg.
But following the success of
ET, Drew had serious
problems with drugs. By the
age of 16 she had already
been in .. rehab , attempted
suicide and separated from
her parents. But she has now
put her problems behind her,
and since the age of 21 she
has made a number of successful films,
including the popular Scream and
Charlie's Angels.
In the 1990s, the Home Alone films made
10-year-old Macaulay Culkin the most
highly-paid child star ever. With his father
as his manager, Macaulay earned an
estimated $30 million. In 1994 , his
parents separated and there was a bitter
.. custody battle over their six children. As
a result, Macaulay obtained a legal
sepa ration from his father and gained
co ntrol over his own finances. In 1997 he
got married at the age of 17, but
divorced two years later. Although he
hasn't made a film since 1994, Macaulay ,
has had successful roles in the theatre.
 blockbuste r III ex t remely successf ul f il m
cam paigner III someone w ho tries to qet suppo rt fo r a cause
custody III l egal possession of something or a chi ld
divorcee III a divorced wo ma n
fund-r aiser III someone who r aises mo ney fo r a cau se
qoctetner III a man who is selected by the parents at a child's
christening to help look after t he chi ld
reh ab III (: rehab il itation) trea tment and cure of an addiction
to stal k III to fo llow and give constant unwanted attention to someone
st unningly III ext rem el y

A star is born

NAME: HALEY JOEL OSMENT

DATE OF BIRTH : .
FIRST FILM: MIXED NUTS
YEAR: . .
MOST FAMOUS FILM: THE SIXTH SENSE
YEAR: .
CO-STAR IN THAT FILM: BRUCE WILLIS

OTHER FILMS, YEARS AND CO-STARS:

FORREST GUMP (19 ) WITH TOM HANKS
BOGUS (19 ) WITH WHOOPI GOLDBERG AND GERARD DEPARDIEU
................................. ................... ... (200 ) WITH JUDE LAW
ANY OSCAR NOMINATIONS? @ (FOR )/NO

r
Befo re yeu listen
D Do you recognise any of the films in the photos? Do you [) Can you think of any other films that have children as their
recognise the child actors? Do you know what they are doing stars? How good are the child actors?
these days?
Listening
Readjnq IIIQ> e P Listen to the information about Haley Joel Osment, a
El Quickly read the text Surviving stardom. What different current child star, and complete the notes about him above.
problems have the child stars had in their lives?
Writing
111 ~ Rea d the text again . According to the text, which child Ii) Imagine that, at your age, you are already a famous film star.
starts): Complete a table like the one above with notes about your
1. haven't made any films since their chi ldhood? own experience.
2. have had successful careers as adult film stars?
3. have had a successful career or role outside of films or Spe a k in g
acting?
EilW ith a partner, take turns to interview each other about
4. separated from their families?
your life as a child star. Complete all the information in the
5. had a famous grandfather?
table about your partner, then ask each other how you feel
6. had drug problems while still a child?
about being a star, and if you have had any problems.
7. had problems with a fan?
B. earned the most money as a chi ld?
9. was married a lot of times?
10.has also directed films?
 The arts
Topic a Breakdancinq
Cou ntr ies a USA
Dancing
in the streets
Ht.p-VlOp tey~S
breakinq/breakdancinq: dancing t o hip-
hop music, often close t o the ground , or
even on your hands or your head
b-boy/b-qirl: breakdancer
crew: breakdance t eam
battle: br eakdance compet it ion
Me: a rapper, someo ne who speaks
rhyt hmi call y ove r a beat
OJ: someone who plays records for
people to rap or dance to
scratching: when a DJ moves a
reco rd with his hand to inte r rupt or
repeat th e mu sic
Vocabular y a Movement
Link s a te. 2f
Breaking
and battling
Brcak danong e merged in New Yo rk in
the 1970s. The stvlc o f moveme nt ,
w h ich co mb ines d iu'le e, gYI11 11dSlics e nd
boxing, was performed by kids, o ften in
{cam s, in co mp etit ions a t stree t co rn ers.
Hrcakdanring was pa rt of the la rger hip-
ho p cult ure tha t a lso incorporated
ra ppers, DJs a nd g raffiti a rtists. The Rock
Steady Crew from the Bronx were on e
o f the first h ip-ho p g ro ups and became
world fam ous. The gro u p still o rga n ise
(l Rock Sleady Crew Ann ive rsar y ever y
yea r in New Yo rk to ce lebra te hip-ho p
cu ltu re, an d us main fo cu s is a lwa ys i.l
street da nce competition.
Th e Ann iversary attracts compet itors of
a ll d iffere nt et hn ic ty pe s from allover
the wo rld, and over 20,000 observers.
e
D What type of dancing is shown in the photos? Do you know
what city it originated in?
ReaWog
EI ~ R ead the text Breakingand battlingand the table of
hip-hop terms . Are the following statements true or false?
1. Breakdancing began in the 1980s.
2. Breakdanc ing is an athletic style of dance.
3. Breakdancing is competitive .
4. The Rock Steady Crew only forme d recently.
 Rap & Hip-Hop
Don't miss the annual
Rock SteadY AnniV~narv,
wIlieh is happening
tllis weekend in New York.
TIIURSDAY 24~ JULY:
llamCelebrllv benellt baskelball game
snm MC cballenge
FRIDAY 2S~ JULY:
Ipm-5pm:Film feslival
3pm: H-boV/b-glrl ballle Iinviledcrews onlvl
+ 'Punk rock rap'lasbion sbow
a lusion 01 streetand saatecullure, witb a slage designed
bv set designer and grallili artist Ernie Vales,
Models will bereal b·bovs/girlsand streetskalers,
SATURDAY 26~ JULY'
Ipm:Free aUldoarconcerl
SUNDAY 27'" JULY:
3pm: H-bov/b-girl ballle Iinal

(]

( "By-eel R-ctel Vl-Ce V\.1.,Oves

donkey: jumping onto yo ur hand s
f rom a sta nding position, and t hen
e flipping bac k onto your feet again
flares: supp orting yourself on your
hands and swinging your legs round
handqlide: spinning on one hand
heads pin: spinning on your head
popping: making sli ding movements,
like a robot
windmill: spinning on your bac k,
without using your hands

5. You can watch street dance at the Rock Steady Crew Vocabular
Anniversary. O Read Ihe definilions of breakdance moves and find wo rds
6. Only Americans compele at the Anniversary. that mean:
7. A 'b- bov' is a male dancer. I . moving smoothly along the floor witho ut taking your feet off
a. A 'battle' is a rapping competition . the floor, like on ice.
2. turning very quickly. •
I!l Read the program 01events lo r the Rock Steady 3. moving from side to side, or in a circular motion.
Anniversary. On which day!s) can you see: 4. making a quick movement where you reverse your position,
I. a breakdance competition?
2. a clothes show? 111 [illlM al ch the pictures ollhe breakdance moves to Iheir
3. a concert? descriplions.
4. a rapping competition?
5. a sports match? 5 eakin
6. lil ms about hip-hop?
m Can you dance? What styles of dance can you do? Which
famous people do you think are good dancers?
 Topic a Film mus ic Vocab ulary a Films and mu sic
Count ries a USA and UK Links a 8b. 8e. llq

Top scores
F rom the ea rliest da ys of th e movies, films have tradi tio nally
used music to e hcigh ten the d rama of the act ion o n scree n.
The fi rst cinemas cam e eq uipped with a piano o r an organ ,
an d th e silent films o f the 1920s had live m usica l
accom pa nime n t. The pia nist or organist had to watch the
screen closely all the time to mak e su re that th e music he or
she was playing matched the actio n of the film.

W ith the ar rival of sound, it becam e possible to put mu sic as

well as dialogue on to a film's a sound treck. It is d ifficult to think
of a single fi lm mad e since then withou t so me so rt of
backgro und mu sic. Film musicals were spec tacularly popular
from the 1930s to the 19605, with extravaga n t screen
prod uctions of po pular stage mu sicals such as Oklahoma ( 1955)
and Aly Fa ir L(I{ly (I964) involving hu nd reds of singers and
dancers. Altho ugh it be came less po pu lar at th e end o f th e
20th cent ury, the film musical ha s rece ntly been revived
th rough bo x-office successes such as A JOIl l i l l l{ OIlgC (2001) with
Nico le Kidma n, an d Chimgo (2003) with Ren ee Zellwege r.

F ilm music has also beco me popular away fro m the cine ma.
Man y so u ndtra cks becom e best-selling reco rds, an d film
e sco rcs are now st ud ied serious ly and played by classical

B.eadjn£l
E} Answer Ihese queslionsaboutthe text,
1.Whal sort of instruments used to accompany old silent films?
2. What did the musician have to do while he or she played?
3. When did film musicals start to lose popularity?
4.Which two modern films have helped to make the musical
popularagain?
5. Which types of film tend to have commerci ally successful
scores?
 soundtrack a the re cor ded ve rs io n of a fil m 's sound (specif ical ly it s
music )

The best
film soundtracks
of all time
(d lOsrll /1)' Ihr liS/(lIrrs
oj lJril/l;';'s CltlSSic E\I mdio sIII/itm)

1 The Lord or the Ring s

( I IO\\'(/I'll SIlO,,/, 2(0 1)
2 SIa l' wars UoIIII \\'i/lill/lls 1977)
3 Schi nd ler' s List
Uohll 1\'illi ll/HS 1993 )
4 The Empire Str ikes Back
Uoh" 1\'i IJia/lls J980J
5 Gladiator (11allS Z;"""lT 1 (00)
6 I:T Uohll 'Vil/iams 1982)
7 Out or Africa Uoh" Harrr 1985)
8 Lawrence of Arabi a
(.\lall r;[e [arn 1961 )
9 Dan ces wi th \ Vol ves
Uo/III HlIrrr 1990)
10 Titan ic Uames Horn er 199 7)

o rchestras and ra d io sta tio n s, Th e most a ar c\a im ed a nd • John Williams

po p u lar 111m m u sic in rece n t yc ars h as often been the sco res Jo h n williams was b orn in New Yo rk,
o f cpk-o r sri cnre-fictio n films suc h as Slar l \ nrs (1977), ET(1982), but stud ied mus ic at the Uni versity o f
('ImJia!or (2000) a n d '111("1.01"/1of lire Rill9s (200 I), Ilwn y o f which Californ ia at Los Angeles . li e trai ned as
il classical pian ist. a nd also wo rked as a
have In-en com posed by Am erica n com pose r Joh n \Villiam s.
jazz musicia n before entering th e film
industry. \\'iII ianl s ha s com posed the
mus ic for nearl y 80 films, and ha s won
fin" Osrars for his sco res. lie ha s written
sco res for seve ra l o f the 1110st famous
films of recent years. including Jaws, I:T
Close E, /wWlltT'Sof tIle l11irtl Killil I1Il( I Jurtlssic
Park. plus the India na Jon es and the
I larry Potter series, li e is also an
o rche stra l co nd uc to r an d he has wr itten
seve ral d assical orc hes tra l pief(·s.

g) Read the text aboutJohn Williams and lind out: [) look at the Classic FM list 01 top ten lilmscores. How manv
1. where he was born. of the films have you seen? How many have scores written by
2. where he studied. John Williams?
3. an instrument that he can play.
4. how manylilm scores he has written. Writing
5. how many Oscars he has won. llIWrite a paragraph about a lilmthat vou particularly liked
6. another musicaltalent he has, apart Iromwriting and playing because of its music or its songs. Mention who wrote the
music. music, and how it added to the general effect 01 the lilm.

117
 . Grammar a Adverbs
Skills a Writinq a film review

Language & Culture

I capture the castle

111 This film is an adaptation
of Dodie Smit h's 1948 novel.
It is directedbythe first-
time feature director Tim
Fywell and there are some
lively performancesfrom
the main characters. The
screenplay by Heidi Thomas characters are
has some very funny lines.
121 The plot is simple and
the director has worked
hard to remain faithful to
Dodie Smith's novel.The
plot moves quickly and a
romantic sub-piat is very
neatly introduced whenthe
landlord of a castle diesand television roles.
it is inherited byan
American family. The
American family have two
and Marc Blucas. When both
extremely handsome girls fall for the same boy. it
sons and Mortmain. is easy to see how things
the main character. will turn out.
has two beautiful
daughters, 141 The castle setting is
unconvincing but the filming
131 The main of Cassandra isbeautifully
done and allows us to getto
Mortmain. a know her character very
promising novelist well, The costumesare very
who lives with his convincing and precisely
by Tara Fitzgerald. She has
family in a rented ruined evoke the England of the
some of the funniest scenes
castle. In fact. he never
in the film and she plays her 1930s.
does any writing.This role
part well. The two
is played by BillNighy. Nighy 151 I can't imagine how the
daughters are Cassandra
acts more convincingiy here period could have been
and Rose, Romola Garai and
than in his previous film and more realistically depicted.
Rose Byrne play the two
sisters very differently. The If you likethe1930 sand
His strangely eccentric wife. good actingthen this is a
handsome American boys
and the stepmother of his
are played by Henry Thomas film worth watching.
daughters. Topaz. is played

GRAMMAR o Complete the sentences with th

adjective in brackets to form the a:vc:r~ect adverbs. Use the
D Read the fil m review qui kl d fi
main characters in the fil~~ yan fmd outthe names olthe 1. She speaks Eng lish She n .
2. Did you see the mat~'h 'i~st nigh~~~r ma kes mistakes. (goodl
played so ...... (b ad) . uventus lost because they
El Complete the table with adverbs from thetext.
3. (sensibleI
My brothe r always behaves ..... . Hes
' really an noying!
Adjective Adverb
4. The children played onthe b h
5. I'm not very good at ih'i~king e(~c . fO~lhou rs. (ha ppy)
1. ha rd hard 6, ...... we couldn't .. ... . cqrc a
(unfortunate I goto the park bec ause it was raining.
2. quick ..... ......
7.The thief was acting very ..... and the police
(suspicious/easy) . ca ught him ......
3. neat ...........
8. Maria always answers questions ve [intalli
4. extreme ........... 9. Doesn't he write ....? lnice) ry ..... . lntelliqent)

5. convincing ........... SKILLS

6. strange .. ..... .... oexamples
Read thereview 011c t
of special voc:~u~~~t r:I~~~tg/~:gfalin and circle
h
I ms.
7. good
~~~.c h these topicsto the paragraphs (1-5) of I capture the
8, different
: . i on clusion - gen eral opinion of the film
9. beautiful . I he se tt l ~g, camerawork and co stu mes
c. ntrcouction
10. precise d. The plot
e. The ma in cha racte rs and the actors whd' played them
11 . realistic

~~~~~~~::~~:;b~ga in and lind the two examples 01

EiI Now write a review of a Iii
you loved or one you hated
wordsyou identified in
u:
ex~rciset5het
h
you .ave se~n. It can be one
"hlmlrev,ew above and the

1IlIi1i~"iWlilio'!iiiaoiii>~~ili1Iliiii!i>:l<iflO"""iii\t;~~'*~.llii~iiiiiG 0 e p you.
 COD1D1unication
and technology

• British newspapers
• sending text messages
• innovations for Internet use
• using the Internet for schoolwo rk
• hownew technology is affecting
the English language
• the computer industry in the
Republic of Ireland
• new technology for the home
and car

Communications in the new millennium

USA UK Ireland
Homes with an Internet connection 59% 47% 40%
People witha mobile phone 45% 80% 79%

D Can you find the follow ing things in the El Do mostpeople have accessto this technology
photographs? in yourcountry?

keyboard laptop electronic notebook I!l Look at the table. Do youthink that the equivalent
mobile phone monitor mouse screen statistics would be higher or lower in your country?
119
 Conununication and technology
TopiC UK tabloid and broa dsheet newsp apers Vocabulary q Heat and hot w eath er
Count ries UK Link s a Zd . 3e

The UK press
THE DAilY STAR

SUNDAY ROAST BRITAIN

Britain's _
National Dally
Nevvspapers Millions
The broads heets (or "qualities" ) aebill OUI
(2.9 million sal es per day)
The R-k-graph
81100 of
The Times SIZZLING
The Financial Times f Sunday had
The Guardia n Brits steaming
ij
The Inde pe nd en t yesterday on
the hotlest day
The middle-market tabloids EVER.
(3.4 million sales per day)
The Ddily ,\Idil
The temperature officially reached 37.9 0C
The D'lily Express
(100.2 of ) al HeathrowAirpon. topping the "There 's half a dozen ambulances outside
....If The popular tabloids 37.1 °C recorded in 1990 _ but elseWhere beca use peop le keep dehydrating."
thermometers rose to 10 J or even higher. Elsewhere, shoppers a hudd led aro und
(7 million sales per day) supermarket chiller cabinets to cool off.
The Su n a Bookies a gol a £ 1 million roasting as
a punters a cJeancd lip on the temperature Roads in Great Leighs, Essex, melted,
The Dail y M irror leaving the surface "like syrup".
The Daily Star soaring past the 100 °F mark for the first time.
Travellers and workers at Heathrow were Ambulance crews in Hampshire treated 27
Dgrabbing stocks of ice creams, a lager and pensioners who collapse d from the heat in
church.
soft drinks as they wilted in the heat.
"A ll Ourchocolates are melting," a moaned Faced with a paying out £250.000 on the
sales assistant Marl in Stank iwicz. "But ice record being broken and the temperature
IiI cream sales have a gone thro ugh the roof." passing J00 OF, a spo kesman for book ies
One traveller, Aaro n Rouse, 25, said: William Hill moaned : " It's the worst
weather result we have ever seen."

The UK's tabloid

newspapers are . Before you read ?
particularly fond ofstones
about Britain's royal [J What different newspapers d~ you ;:~~;t ~~~rt~:untry.
family.The late Princess
Arethey national papers or loca one .
Diana wasan extremely differences between them?
popular subject.
E) Look at the headlines 01 t.heon
tw ewspaper articles.
the other One
is Irom is
The
The Daily Star(d thabl~'d p:~,"~~~~ story are they both
a
from
Independent(a broa s ee pap .
reporting?

Vocabulary h h t
I1l These words are all connected with heat. Mate t em a
their definitions.
1 centig rade a. when s omething solid turns to liquid
2: fahrenheit because ofthe heat
3.to
4 to dehydrate
melt .b. tOhsud~ep~~ni~~~ds
c. w en over because it is
. too hot and dry h
5. to roast d a scale for measuring temperature we re
.freezing pointis 0 and boiling POint IS 100
e. to make a hissing noise (like sausages
in a pan) •
f to lose water
. to cookfood using dry heat
~. a scale for measuring temperature where
.freezing point is 32and boiling pomt IS 212
 'l.I'JI!!J - .--
3.: J J~! book ie-s ( = book make -rs ) pee Ie- wh be-ts and
-:S 'UI 0 profe -ssro nally take- le- t o gr oup Close-Iy t oge-the-r
pay ~OMY if the- be-t Js suCCe ,t o hUdd liq ht be-e-r
aqar a
to chilI to cool ( also h me-aning = to re-Iax)
to cle-an up ( sfanq) t o"m' a·k eSlang to moan ( Sfang) to Comp la in
a good prof it t hat Is pa id
be- badl y be-ate-n to payo ut a a sum of mo ne-y
;0 ge-t a roast ing ( sfang) t o pu nte-r (Slan g) Some-one- Who
ma k .
g) to go up sudde-nl es a be-t w it h a book mak e-r
o go throu gh the- root (Slan y ste-ildily a qr adua ll y
to qrab t o tak e- quick ly . with force-
SWe-Ite-rinq e-xtr e-me-Iy ho t

wou ld ex pect to hap pen degr ee cen tigr ade and

BRITAli': Ei':TERED a new
hot- wea ther era yes terd ay
whe n th e tem pe ratu re
reco rd was bro ken by a
sub stan t ial ma rgin. th e
the rmo meter exc eed ing the
100 OF mark fo r the first time .
In the mid-afte rno on of a
e swe lte ring day in so uthe rn
Eng land . the tem pera ture at
Hea th ro w a irpo rt was
reco rded at 37.9 °C 000 .2
OF) , high er than the previo us
re co rd of 37. 1 °C (98.8 OF)
se t at Chel te nha m in Aug ust
199 0. It was th e hott e st
tem pe ratu re sinc e reco rds
beg an in 1659 .
Nige l Ree d , hea d of the
o pera tions cen tre at the UK
Met O ffice in Bra ckn eIl ,
Ber kshire , said that altho ug h
no indi vidu al wea ther ev ent
co uld be dire ct ly attri bute d
to glo ba l wa rming, "this was
consis te nt w ith what we
near ly a deg ree- and -a-ha lf
with clim ate cha nge".
fahren heit. Boo kmak ers will
Alth oug h ther e ca n be no
hav e to pay out an estim ated
d irect proo f that yes te rday 's
£. 500 ,000 to hun d reds of
reco rd te mpe ratu re was the
peo ple w ho put mon ey on
result of clima te ch ang e ,
the heat hitting 99 OF and 100
man y observ ers see it as part
OF. \\?illiam Hill faces havin g
of a a ste ad ily wa rm ing
patt ern affect ing the wor ld. to pa yout up to £ 250.000 .
"It will be as big a pay out as
not le ast bec au se of the
o ne of the \\l hite Christm as
mar gin by w h ich the
p revio us UK reco rd was one s," said Gra ha m Sha rpe,
William HiIl's spo kes man.
bro ken - nearl y a w ho le

Re ad ing
. Be for e YO U list en
[) meJ Rea d the news arf I Who cle reports the ..
fOllowing things: The Oa;;; ;t~, T~~~n~:,pendent, or bolh?
ill Look at the table ofstatist' c:a:be~~~~"tl ~h newspapers on
ture that ' pag e 120. Whi ch type of new~
a. The actu al tem pera
was reac hed on the previous y do you thin kthi s is? s I e mostcopres
day. each day?Wh
b. i~e previous temperature warm record inthe UK
e poss ,ble link to glob al ing . Lis ten ing
c.
d. The effect of the hott emp erat ures ~n b
m (l) Uslen to Ihree British p Ilk 109 '
e. DHow certain peoplesufferedfrom the
h~~~makers. newspapers Ihey buy For e ~op e ta
about which
. ac pers on find out:
f. amage to roads. a. whar paper(sltheybuy'
g.A quotefrom a bookmaker. b. how oftenthey buythe;'"
c. why they buy them. '
les do f d .
m Which of the artic you In easrer to undersland?Why
doyou thinkthis is?
Sp ea kin g
k .
f'" (1) Which types ofslories do a h' o:i~;:'d newspap ers
article includes Ihe
aga'
[;3 Readthe articles mos~ ~ care u y with the glossary. Which concent rale on? Cho ose f~o':t~etf~~l
a. slang words?
b. longer, Latin-based words? )the economy
c. puns(word-based jokes)? )the private lives offamous people
»crn n e
d. direct quotes from people? ) politics
e. long sentenc es?
•TV and pop music
) Sport
•the arts
.
Are there similar newspa pers Drmagazmes in your country?
121
 Conunun;cat;on and technology
TOpiC Sending text m essaqes vocabu lary Telecommunicati ons/T he renqueqe of text messages
Cou ntries UK links 9( . se

Textinq
WAN2TXT?
Before th e ne w mill e nnium. the Eng lish word It'x l was jus t a
no un . b u t these d ays kt lill9 is o ne of Brita in's favourite
»rt lvttk-s. It's sho rt fo r /C.'I:I -llIfSSll!jillg , the e ve ry eld), ph rase for
w hat mobi le phone compan ies officia lly ra il SMS, o r 's hort
mcs snglng service' The U K is the wo rld's rcx tln g cha m pion,
w ith 60 milli on rues segcs being se nt carh day, 1110st of the m
by the 77 percent o f {('('nag('rs w ho o wn d mobil e phone.
Beca use tcxting is hard wo rk on the thumbs, it ha s also
d evelo ped its own lan guage of abbrr-vi.ulnns. often
inco mp re he nsible to adu lts, And texters a re n't limited to just
wo rd s - nowa days they (<111 add g ra phics , o r eve n photos, to
the ir messages too.
TE L E - G R AF I X

1tetv- ~~ ftidw&e<t
ad avtifflet~ /&t tjlJWt #t"tfite!!

It's not easy

being a princess Guess Who's
On theWay?
I am nuts lJff' f!!}~ ..
LOTS! •.
aboutyou 141738 LOVE U LOTS

~/.r~}I.U
~4P...... MUM I LOVE U MUM (..~{,(V'~r
• "tht Rua:}nt"" Best Mum in
wortd
141 734 141739 theWorld

Almost anAngel tittle Devil

No Msg Just I Miss You Babe

jj~~j a KISS!

SMS ORDER: Text PICT +Number to 89020 (eg: PICT 141732)

Before you read

(J look at the text message and the title of Ihe first text. Can
you 'translate' them into normal English? (Check your answers
on page 128.)

El l ook at the mobile phone graphics above. What type of

person would send each graphic. and who to?

Reading .
I1J Read the text WAN2 TXT? Find out:
1. what SMSmeans.
2. which country in the world sendsthe most texts.
3. how many texts are sent in the UK each day.
4. how many British teenagers own a rnqbile phone.
5. why texters use a lot of abbreviations in their messages.

122
 './10 1!!.J
injury caused by too much use
3';'~JJ;~ to back to SUpport
the spine
strain
surge dramatic increase
chiropractic med ical treatmen t based on manipUlation of
shrug movem ent of the shoulde rs up and dow n

"8
o

Texting boom could lead

to injuries'
he popula rity of text messag ing on mobile
T phones is continuing to rise, but experts are
warnin g that sendin g too many could lead to hand
injuries.

In February, a record 1.4 billion messages were

sent in the UK - 100 million more than in Januar y.
The asurge is attributed to a boom in messages
sen t on Valentine 's Day. The Mobile Data
association, which compiles the figures , says the
57.5 million messag es sent by amorou s texters on
14th Februa ry was more than double the numbe r
sent on the same day last yea r.

However, the increase could lead to. finger a~d

wrist injuries from repetitively pushmg the tmy
buttons on mobile phones , say medica l expe rts .

A safe text guide with exercises for avoiding injury,

including shoulder ashrugs and neck-m uscle
stretches , has now been launched by Virgin
Mobile s. The guide is abacked by the British
aChiro practic Association and the Repetitive
aStrain Injury Associ ation. A spokes man from the
BeA said " Text messag ing regu larly, over
a long period of time, could cause repetitive strain
and lead to injuries in later life".

26th Febr uar y 2002

oorlalse?
ImJ Read the web page. Are the followin g sentences true
atheImJ(D Listen again. Match the teenagers in exercise 6 to
reasons why they like texting.
1. 100 million messages were sent in February 2002.
a. It is usually easier to write a message than to say it.
2.57.5 million messages wer e sent on Valentine's Day 2002. b. It is cheaper than making phone calls.
3. A lot more messages were sent on Valentine's Day 2001.
c. You can contact more than one person at thesametime.
4. Repetitive finger movem ents can cause injuries. d. You can send messages in private.
5. Virgin Mobiles have suggested some exercises to prevent
texting injuries. Spea king
Befor e you listen m In groups. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
these forms of communication:
m Why do you think that the majority of texters are teenagers?
Why do they enjoy texting so much? Discuss with your ) letters.
classmates.
, phone calls.
I faxes.
Liste ning »emalts.
m Q) Listen to four teenagers talking aboutth eirtextin g
habits. Who sends the most texts?
I texts.

1.Adam 2. Hayley 3. Elizabeth 4. William

IZ3
 / g~l Conununication and technology
r cptc
Countries
New Internet technoloqy
USA
v ocabulary a Telecomm unications. computers
Links a 5d . 9b. 9d . ge

Internet innovations
a i\i ll', broadbulltJ, ni p , .IG - pho ne techno logy e nd the Internet change so rapidly that we barely have time
to get used to o ne new conce pt before it is immediately replaced by another and becom es o utdated!

WH A T 'S NEW?
TH IS WEEK WE
LOOK AT THE
LATEST
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCES FOR
THE INTERNET.
B E PREPARED!
By 20 10 , YOU'LL
WONDER HOW WE
EVER MANAGED "BROADBAND "WIRELESS
WITHOUT THEM. What is it? Acombination ofthe latest What is it? Computing without phone lines,
cable and radio technology means that huge similar to cordless phone technology,
amounts of electronic data can now be Benefits for the user; the freedom to use
transmitted from computer to computer at a laptop or notebook without connecting it
incredibly high speeds. It's like changing to a phone line (as long as you don't go too
fro ma narrow pipe delivering yourwater to far away fro mthe wireless chub - the main
a much gbroader pipe, unit ofthe network that isconnected to a
Benefits for the user: much faster, more phone line),
reliab!e Internet connection; it'sturned on
all the time (you pay a fixed sum every ,,3G
month, so you don't have to keep dialling What is it? 'Third generation' mobile
up); you can do two Internet operations at technology (still in development) that will be
the same time (eg. collect emails and able to transmit data quicklyto your phone.
download a picture from the Internet). Benefits for the user; access to the
complete, real Internet (not the mobile-only
WAP network) quickly and in colour over
your mobi!e; the ability to download music
andvideo to you r mobile.

124
 ,yd "jiJ ,..-----
.:}.;. J J;~ broad tI w ide node a poin t of co nnection on a net work
_ _ _ _ ... chalk a wr it ing material. traditionally used by teac hers on
to scrawl to draw qu ic k ly and carelessly
bl ack boards to take ott to be a big success
qeek a (Slang) person obsessed with computers and technology top hat old-fashioned tall bla ck hat
hobo D a homeless vagrant WAP (Wireless Application Protocol ) a network of inf orm ation
hub a the centre 0' a wheel or network and services that ca n be accessed vi a a mobile phone
to leak out to escape by accident

War-Chalking
8y CLIVE 7HOMPSON

Back in th D .
e epresSlOn, a hobos
would draw a chalk marks on the
walls of hou ses to show where a
ge nero us stranger lived A
meant "k i d . atop hat
Ingemleman lives here"· a
cross meam "religious talk will o' t
you a meal:' ge

Thissummer the British d .

Jones ' . eslgnerMatt
created a new set of h bo
symbols for the Internet age Jo o.
a fa f" Wi ." . nes is
no I-FI (short for "wi I
fidelit "J th Ire ess
y • e new technology that lets
you take your broadband connection
and. broa~cast it around your home or
;. (' . .•..
.~

~tice. WI-Fi signals can travel more ~1SY. You look for one of Jones's comp . .
t ~n J,CKJO feet, which means that your symbols ascrawled on the wall II' ames, III COntrast, reacted with
seet b . you alarm: N k·
~nvate connection often a leak
mto th
wo ack-to-back half-ctrc
s out means some ageek ha d ·
. Ies, It. " . ? ra called war-chaIkin
theft, pl am and simple" d g
e street. If you're feeii
aene mg open node nearby. ... s 'scovercd an ~a ble compa nies have sent c an some
warning
e rous, you can leave it "open" ti
anyo~e passing by to use. . " Prest~~ Ie:ters to users who openly share their
free hIgh-speed access! . Within w~eks of Jones's invemion, n ernet connections.
The only problem is that Wi -Fi war-cha lkmg ... a took of f Th
radio signals are invisible. You might Schlotzsky's Deli chain beoa~ w e
be near a a node right now. But how c~alking its restaurams, and~he st; :
can you tell? ? Utah announced it would mark u
Its confere nce rooms W· I P
. Ire ess

Before you read [J Answ er the questions about War-Chalking t ext.

D Do you use the Internet? How often do you use it? Do you 1. Why did hobos leave chalk marks for other hobos on houses
know how much your family spends on Internet use? duri ng the Depression?
2. How far can Wi -Fi signa ls travel?
Vocabulary 3. Wha t does this mean for anyone near your building with a
El Match these technological words to their definitions. laptop?
1. to dial up a. without cables or wires 4. What symbol do people leave on walls when they discover a
2. to download b. a small mobile computer, about the size free Wi·Fi connection?
3. wireless of a large book 5. Why did restaurants and hotels war-chalk their buildings?
4. laptop c. a very small mobile computer that will 6. How did telecommunications companies react to the war-
chalk ing phenomenon?
5. notebook fit in your hand
6. network d. to make a co nnectio n to a phone line
e. a group of comput ers th at are connected Speaking
I. to copy something from th e Internet on mHow do you think computer and Internet technology will
to your computer develop over the next 50 years? Discuss with your classmates.

Reading
I!J Read the What. New? text and answer the questions.
1.l s broadband quicker tha n an ordinary Int ernet connect ion?
2. How do you pay for a broadband connection?
3. W hat are the advantages of wire less t echnology?
4. W hat are the limits of wireless tec hnology?
5. Has 3G techno logy been completely developed yet?
6. What will you be able to do with 3G technology on your mobile?
Writing
0 1magine that it is 2050. Write a short article like the What.
New? text. List some of the computer innovations that you
imagine for that year and describe their benefits.
~ Fi nd out from your classmates how interested they are in
computers and how often they use them. Follow your teacher's
instructions, then report the results to the class ,
125
 I ------, Conununication and technology
i 9d
I
Topic
Cou nt r ies
Internet plaqiarism by students
USA and UK
Vocabul ary
Links
Wo rdb uildinq
Sa. sc , 5d . 9c

Internet cheats
Cheating.com
Th ese da ys lo ts of stu de nts lise the Intern e! for he lp with their hom ework and
ass ign me n ts, a nd the re is no doubt that the \Veb ha s become a va lua ble aca demi c
too l. But now tha t a cu tting an d pas ting is so Cd SY, there ca n often b e a fine d ividing
line betwee n usi ng the Net for resea rch and pla gia risi ng mat erial d ire ctly from it.
There a rc even so me unscrup u lou s sites (o ften ca lled epnpcr m ills') \ h (11 offer
stu den ts reedy-mode down loadable essd Ys on il nu mber of popula r to pics - usuell v
for a payment. But 111 0 51 teach ers arc now aware of Int ernet plag iar ism , a nd there
is eve n d var iety of software tha t schools can use to detect it. But teache rs can often
spot p lagia rists simp ly by fo llow ing their own susp icion s. For example:
• a h igh-schoo l stude nt a tum s in an essay using lan guage and idea s more su itab le
for a u niversity student.
• a weak studen t sudde n ly tu rns in an e out stendin g essay.
• the sa me wo rk occurs in a numbe r of d ifferent stude nts' assig n me n ts.
• the essay doesn't qui te fit the qu estion or title that the tea cher has a set th e class.
• American st ud en ts pro duce essays wr itten in British English , or vice ve rse.
The price of plagia rism ca n be h igh, espe cially in th e USA, where it is not
un common for students to be expelled, particularly at co llege level.

Before you read R e a d ing

D Do you ever use the Internetto help you with your I!J ~ Read the text Cheating.com and choosethe correct
schoolwork? How is studying with the Web different to answers to the Questions.
studying with books? 1. What are 'paper mills'?
a. Software programs that detect plagiarism.
Vocabulary b. Websites that offer ready-ma de essays.
EJ Find words in the text Cheating.com to complete the table. 2. Doyou always have to payto download an essay?
a. Yes.
Activity Verb Person who does it b. No, not always.
3. When would a teacher start to suspect plagiarism?
plagiarism to pi..... pl. .. a. If the level of a st udent's work seemed too high.
(= copying something b. If the level of a-student's work seemed too low.
directly without 4. When would a British teacher become suspicious?
admitting it) a. If one of their students turned in an essay wit h lots of
spelling mistakes.
b. If one of their students turned in an essay wit h lots of
American spellings. _
5.What can happen to students who are found guilty of
plagiarism?
a. They can be thrown out of their school.
b.They can be taken to t he police.
t26
 w~rt!:J
~; J J;~ to browse to look throuqh somethinq on th e Internet in a paper m ill a fa ctory tha t pro duces paper from wood . This is a
ran dom way pl ay on the word 'paper'. which can also mean an essay .
to cut and paste to make a copy of Information on a com puter to set to esstqn
and insert it in a new position to turn in to qlv e. subm it
outstand inq excellent

T here arc rl1a l1 Y wcbs ttcs. designed to a ppcal to stude n ts a

and tceclu-rs. that are devoted , in on e \Vay o r a nother, to
Internet plagiari sm . • •. .th .. www.lum .bn.com -
l) II

~ .!a.::...~ ~1 ~ .!!... e l"·_··..-

.~ .6 " ...............saymaste r,o'a

EssavMaster
THOUSANOS OfESSAYS AND PAPERS IN HUNDRED Of SUBJECTSI

Having trouble with an essay. or

late with an assignment~ aBrowse
through our complete list 01
12.000 essays or use oursearch
engine to search lor key words.

WHAT IS TURNITIN.CO M ?

Turnitin.com is an online resource for educators and

students concerned with developing quality w rit ing
SUBJECT LIST Number "I essallS
and resear ch ski lls. We d o th is by:
ARTS 1232
nUll,M~~ Drama _
• providi ng a relia ble, efficient and powerfu l
165 LITERATURE 3392 deterrent to Internet-based plag iarism.
BUSINESS amerlcan,!!!!1!mJ!, WOrld _
lI an~R.1Im!It Martellng- • detecting digital plag iarism w hen and where
115B it occurs.
GEOGRAPHY 351 SCIENCE
Rlolon Computer sclence_ • he lping educators and students f ig ht
A~ America, Asla _
plag iarism with gu idelines fo r good resear ch.
I!lSIDBI 19BB SOCIAL SCIENCE 2512
f!1IlUcal scle~~e, SoclolOJll _
AQlerlt:aJt. Euronean. yto.rtd _
HOW DO ES OUR W EBSITE STOP PLAGIARISM?

O l ook quickly at the two websiles. Which site is offering: We prevent and detect plagiarism by comparing
a. downloadable essays?
b. help to fight plagiarism? subm itted pa pers to bill io ns of Internet pages and our
own databases. For each paper submitted we pro duce
!il Answ er the questions about the websites. a special 'o rig inality repo rt ', w hich we send t o t he
1. How many essays does the EssayMa ster site offer?
2. Which subject does it offer the most essays for?
relevant educator.
3. How do Turnitin.com check an essay for plagiarism?
4.What do they give to the teacher after their check? " The first paper I turned in w as full of mat erial from
5.What did James Hunter discover about the essay that they
t hree Internet sources. I knew that the work w as not
analysed for him?
f rom t he stu dent•.but the report made it quite
Speaking painless fo r me t o confron t hi m. There was no
m Are there any school subjects that you would be tempted to argum ent, and we could t hen deal w it h t he issues
cheat in? Discuss the different reasons why plagiarising an reg ardi ng plag iari sm."
essay would be wrong. Talk about:
. why it is wrong to tell lies. Jam es Hunter, North High School
I unfairness to your teacher.

I unfairness to other students.

• learning how to think and work independently.

. how you can learn by making mistakes.
127
 Conununication and technology
TOpiC How new technology has affecte d the English language v o cabu lary a Inte rne t. the language of text m essages
Countries Worl d Links 9b. 9c

Language change
Welcome to Weblish!
..... New tech no log y alwa ys b rings cha nge s a nd new add itions
10 the lang ua ge, b ut th e tclcco rnm un icatlo ns [evolution of th e
last few ycars has caused so me of the most rapid a nd
e widcspreed cha nges yet seen.
..... New words, such as l\'rlJwsl , are en tering th e lan g uage a ll
the time to put a na me to concepts th at haven 't ex isted before,
and ex isting wo rd s <HC be ing used in a new way. Fur example,
the words QC(fS5 and l exl . previo usly used onl y as nouns, arc
now co m mo nly used as verbs in phras es s uch as 10 ac((ss the
Intfrllel a nd 1o Icd 50 1ll(O IIf. Other word s, such as dial , which
used to mean 'casua l verbal co m m u nicatio n' but now means
' live e ma il co mm u n icatio n. have taken o n e nt ire new
me anings.
..... In addition, man y of the se English wo rds - the most obvious
bei ng colllputer itself - have spread o utside of the English-
spea king wo rld and b eco me pa rt of a glo ba l lan guage of
tech nology.Tha nks to the influence of the Amer ican co mpute r
industry, users of British English ha ve aba ndoned so me British
spellings in favou r of th eir America n equ iva lents, such as
program instead of programme and disk instead of di5C
..... Fina lly, the style and ton e of the language itself is changing.
Although they are written forms of commu nication. the
immediacy of emails and te-xt messages means that their language
is usua lly much more informa l than a letter wou ld be , even in
<1 business context. And , to the e co ncem of many peopl e, spelling
and punctuation are becom ing mu ch more e un convcntion al.

N e w words
h lng (H'cb + log) a person a l on -lin e (Iilar y o r Jo
. urn al
IIiat an yone ca n ac cess. <
,(Thcrsp acc the imagina ry 's pace' th ro ug h wh ich
nt ernet messeges travel.
do( nHtl an Int ern et busines s.
s pa m unwan
.
ted crn ails. ,sen t to ).Oll b V co m merCl. 'lI
co mpa nies. ,- (
wchca.nl. (web + camera) a video camera th at ca n
tran smit Images live over the Int ernet.
webcas t (wcb + broadcast) a live 'televisio n
programme' o n th e In ternet , broadcast by a webca m.

Vocabulary
D How many English words can you list that are connected10
computers andIhe Internet? DoIhe words have an equivalent
in your own language?

El Read Ihe New Wordslext.lnsert the words into Ihe correcl

sentences below.
Text message shortcuts 1. Did you know you can watc h a live ..........of Big Brother24
hours a day?
s haveinvented a unique 2. 'Did you gel any interesling emails Ihis morning?' 'No, iust a
The senders 01 text ~~ssag~ e some of the mostcommon:
language of abbreViatIOns, ere ar 101 of ..........:
See you 3. My sister works for Web Svsterns in London - it's one of the
CU new s.
GR8 greal 4. They're putting up a .......... in Ihe City Hall so they can
L8R later broadcast the concert on Ihe Inlernet.
message 5. Have you readIhis girl's ..........loday? Some of her views are
MSG really extreme.
NE any- 6. 'I never receivedthat email you sent me: 'Didn't you? It must
are have qot lost in :
R
THX Ihanks
Text me back Reading
TXTMEBAC
I!l IOO Read the text Welcome to Weblish! and matchthese
U you titles to the lour paragraphs.
your!you're a. The spread of American Eng lish
UR
Do you want to...? b. A period of huge changefor English
WAN2...?
Why? c. Changing style and lone
Y d. Changing words and meanings
2DAY loday
2MDRD tomorrow

128
 Wr..JIl!J
orry
3':\ J}; ~ concern w
stan dar d. unu Sual
unconventional non '
n across a large area
wid esp rea d com mo

~ - 0 8

0 " 1..1 ·1 ;;i

I~
~
;I
ow
indow
rtswind ) cc m)
..cc m
(j .foster @ s Po
e To:I Jere my FosterJ.ru
. nne r@ spo rt sw indow .com
O From: Jon Ru nne r (
e
Subjec t :1 stock and
sales lev els

e UK. I'm at tac hing

t Hig he r He pb u rn in th las t ye ar - ur
De ar Je rem y, ma na ger a k nd sa les lev els for mp a re yo
I 'm t he sto re t? Can yo u co
king at dosto c a ur ch ec ks ye 7
We 've been loo H ve yo u n e yo fi gu res .
ure s . a d I t me ha ve yo ur
ou r fig e
ou tpu t wi t h ou rs an

Ma ny tha nk s

Jon Ru nn er
t he au tum n?
me et so me ti me in
PS Pe rha ps we can

the English
olanIm the table about changes to
ge.ompiete
guaIC

Before computers In the computer age

access was only a noun accessis now also a .
text wasonlya noun textis now also a .
....... meant a form
n ....... can mean a written form
ofcommunic atio ofcommunication
British people usedthe British people use the
spelling programme spelling .
British people used British people use the
the spelling . spelling disk
mo st written communication a lot ofwritten
was formal communication is .
....... and were very correct ....... and are notso correct

above. COmpare it to le the first business

IIILook at the email ren ces in sty can yOU find?
letter on page gO. Whatdiffe
W rit in g
letter on page 90 and rewrite it
oLoon em
k at the second businessthis page to help you. (Don't
ail. Usethe email on
asa s from the letter.)
include alf the sales figure
t message abbreviation s. on page 128, then
f1 Look at the texssa write it in fulf using
rea thed tex
ddar t meh. ge on this page. Re
glis
stan En

129
 Conununication and technology
rcp! c g The computer industry in Ireland Vocabulary a The computer indus tr y
Cou ntries Q Republi c of Ireland links a 2a . zt . 3b. 4e

The Republic
of Ireland
Wired Ireland
The stereo typical view of Ireland is of a rur al, agricultu ral country
where the people are friendly but a short of monc)' and not very
e in tou ch with the modem world. Nothing could be further from
the truth. Today, o nly about 8010 of Irish people work in
agr iculture, and th e population is young and well-educated.
Nearly a third of Irish resident s are aged between 25-44.
In the last decade, govern me n t in itiatives ha ve en couraged
manu facturing and service indust ries in Ireland and have
b rough t in mu ch for eign in vestmen t, es pecia lly from
Europe. Irela nd is a me m ber o f th e EU and, unlike the UK,
ad op ted the euro as its cu rrency at the beginning of 2002.
 '.N 0 ;~ !.J
3~\J J; ~ call centre offic e where the . . in touch with iii in contact with
customers' te lephone calls prtnctpe t activity is answering
short of not having enough
headquarters principal off ice

Abite 01 the Apple in Ireland

n1980, the American computer manufacturer Apple
I opened afactory in Cork, Ireland's second city, in order
to produce and distribute Apple Mac computers for
Europe. In 1999, the huge demand for Apple's new
product, the iMac computer, led them to add aacall
centre to their operations in Cork in order to process
customers' orders and Queries, and in 2002the Apple
Centre in Cork became Apple's aheadQuartersfor Europe.
Although there is less manufacturing done in Cork today,
the Centre currently employs 1,200 people working inthe
areas of sales, financial management, planning, software
development and testing, and customer service.

hecall centre has nowexpanded to cover the wholeof

T Europe.This means that anyone in a European
country phoning Apple with aQuery ortechni cal problem
with their Apple computer will speak directly to one of
the multi'lingual operators in Cork. Call centresin
general are ahuge growth industry in Ireland, and have
become one of the country's top employers.
I

.... A view of Cork. whereApplehave their

European headquarters.

Before you read o 1m] Read the text A bite of th A .

opeople?
Can you name any plac es . In Ire I and, or any famous Irish Ihese events in I he correct 0 d e pple In Ireland and put
a A I r er.
. pp e opened a call centre in Cork

Reading :: ~~;~eb~~~t~~~pep~e\b~~~~~e~fnt~~i~dbusiness in Cork.

d. Apple produced the ,' M ac computer. quarters.
El Look at
Answer thethe rna
ques1; d read the Information File on Ireland.
oanns.
IiJ Im]Are Ihese senle
1. Cork is the most im po';;':~t aC'ty°Ultlh elleXltru e or fal se?
1. Where, in the country, is Ireland's capital? b
IShlraetl aPedr centagfe of Irish people live in D~ blin?
2. W 2 A I ' .. . I 10 re and.
3. n parto the UK? . 3:Th~ i';Ja~r~g~~~~t~~':":: ~n Ireland wa s manufactu ring.
4. Do you think that Ireland experiences much hot weat her?
4. Manufacturing is still APPI:.~r:;,~OP~lar
product.
5. Over a thousand people k 10 usmsss 10 Cork.
~ Readthe text Wired Irel
6. The call centre only ta ke;op~o~ttheIAI PfPle Centre in Cork.
d d
1. What proportion of the Irfs~ pan answer the questions.
25.44? opul anon are aged betw een Ireland. e ca s rom the UK and

2. What currency does Ireland have? 7. There are employees at t h e call centre w ho speak foreign
languages.
3. What proportion of Ireland' .
computers and telecommu~i~~~~ ~:?a re connectedto 8. Call centres employ a lot of people in Ireland these days.
4. What proportion of Europe's softwa r~ originates in Ireland?
Speaking
~ Discuss what can go wr h
computer and wh . ong w en you are using a
lechnicar'support.y you moght have to phone a call cenlre for

131
 Conununicaf:ion and f:echno'ogy
Gramm ar f utur e tense review (wiff. be qoinq to. present continuous)
Skill s Speakinq: phone conversations

Language & Cul~

The netvvorked home

Talkin g fridges a nd int elligent central heating systems could
become sta nda rd in houses all over the UK within a few ycars.
The UK governmen t an no u nced that it is spe nd ing a bu dget
of £40 million on new tech no logies ove r the next few yea rs.
The fridges an d central heating systems will be able to speak
to a service centre wh en th ey need a new part or wh en there
is a problem . So me o f th e new types of fridges will also be
programmed to inform the owner when they arc runn ing o ut
of certa in food items . These fridges w ill speak to th e owne r
when the owner opens th e door and will tell th em wha l they
need to bu y. r--
I
_ --------- _
Televisions on wristwatches, the Intern et on microwave ove ns
and OVO playe rs o n fridges will all be potenti al fu ture I POwering the Network -:
prod uc ts. Scientists m ight a lso d evelop energy-sav ing
svsterns to reduce bills and th e cos t to the enviro n ment.
Researc h is alread y taking place to find ou t what those costs
: !~ ~~~:ru:~r;~~;rh;~e:::;~~;n~t:ceess (1) ..nil belisbeing essential
: going tobe problems because ~ert~~e aHowever, there (2) will belare I
I
I never havinglwill never have this sort ~ trtecsh Il country (3) are
will be. of he
I
I The go . noogy. I
The home isn' t th e on ly focus for new developmen ts: : broadb~~~~e~l: ~';;,:s'~\4!h~i~telis glv~;g £30 million to provide :
researche rs are go ing to develop cars that ta lk to service : three years However, crilics say ;h~:j;~~~.:/~~~;9a:i~~~; Over the nbeXI :
stations and pe rsona l digital shop ping assistants. They are I enough. gomg to e I
go ing to progr<lm th e shop ping assistants not only to do the
: :People(6) will havelare going to have problems ' sad .. :
sho pping b ut also to de liver it to peopl e's homes. I when they buy an itemfor theirnetwork , l one,entre,. I
: ~~ause there isnobroadband in thearea~~~:~h~~\~en, I use It :
So going shop ping an d buying spare parts for your fridge may
become a thing of th e pas t. : the ~~~:~~~~~~ta(~~Ifn:~;7~9IiS going to besplit equallybetween I
~--------------_______ - - - - - - - _ _ 01I

GRAMMAR SKILLS
£) What new technologies are scientists developing for the m Complete the phone conversation w ith the words and
homeand the car? Read the text The networked home quickly phrases below,
and find the answer. I didn't catch what you said Ijust wanted to ask you Isaid
Ithink I'll I'd bettergo I'll callyoutomorrow night It's me
El Complete the table with the examples of future tenses from No problem Oh, hi Pardon See you ~
the text. Then explain why each tense is used.
Laura: Alison, (11 is that you? (21. , Laura.
Will Be going to Present continuous Alison: (31 ! How are you?
Laura: Fine thanks. Look, I'm on a train. (4) if you're
will be able to going to the gym tonight.
Alison: Well, I'm not sure. Lee phoned me and asked me to go
for a drink with him.
Laura: 15) ?We were in a tunnel then. 16) .
Alison: 17) Lee has asked me to go for a drink tonight.
Laura: Oh. So are you going out with him or going to the gym?
Alison: 18) go for a drink with him if that's okay.
Laura: Veah.19) I'll go to the gym on my own.
Alison: OK, (101 Maybewe could go together then.
I!l Now read the text again quickly and find three modal verbs Laura: Fine. Look, Alison, (111 I'm losingthe signal.
which are used to express possibility or uncertainty about the Alison: OK. 021 .
future . Laura: Byel

O Read the text Poweringthe Network and circle the best GUn pairs, act out the phone conversation in exercise 5.
future form 11 -71.
~ Now choose one of the situations below and act out a
phone conversation with your partner,
>Vou are phoning a friend toarrange to gl>tothe cinema,
>Vou are phoning the doctor's to make an appointment.
>Vou are phoning your mother to lell her you will be homelate.
>Vou are phoning your brother/sister who is studying in a
different town.
132
 Society

D Compare the pairs of photographs. Do you thin k
they show the UK or the USA? What date would you
giv e t o th e older photos?
E) W hat changes to society do the photographs
illustrate?
I!I Can you guess at any of the followi ng statistic s?
1. The number of immigrants w ho apply each year
fo r British citizenship. _
2. The average number of children per f amily in the
USA.
3. The percen tage of Briti sh families w here both the
mother and the fathe r wo rk.
4. W hat percentage of th e UK populati on are aged
over 60.
By the end of the module you'lI know w hether or not
your guesses were correct.
 Society
rccrc a Positive discrim ination in education Voc abulary a Educati on/ Discim inati on
Cou ntr ies III UK Lin ks a 5b. uc

Positive discrimination
• THEC~ONTCO~GEGAZErrn

First impressions
of Chalfont
y name's Harriet Fisher and I'm a pupil at
M Cha lfont College for Girls.The school is 150
years old , and it 's an independent sc hool for girls.That
mean s that o ur pa rents pay for our education, not the
state. The fees here are about £6,000 per te rm if yo u
are a aboarder, or about £4 ,000 per term if you are a
e day pupi l. I'm lucky to be here be ca use it's a fantastic
school. We have
sma ll class sizes
(about I teacher
for every 9
p up ils) , the exam
AVIEW results are usually
FROM YEAR 10 excellent, and
every yea r lots of
I'm Daniel Yates and Igo to Hanbury Comprehensive
p up ils get into to p
School in Birmingham. Comprehensive schools are universities like
paid for by the state. There are1,500 pupils here and Oxford and St
the classes are quite big - about 25 pupils in a class. Andrew's.
This year's A-level results were quite good - 40% of
the students gotAor Bgrades.About 50 pupils from
Hanbury manageto get in to university each year, but r
Before you read
not many go to places like Oxford or Edinburgh. I D Do you have state schools and private schools in your
think there was a pupil two years ago who gotinto country?What type of parents tend to sendtheir children to
private schools?What type of school often hasthe best
Cambridge, butthat's unusual. teachers and the best exam results?

I!JWhat do you think that 'positive discrimination' means?

How could it be used in the context of schools or universities?

R ad"n
Bl Read the table of statistics and the profiles of the two
pupils. Find out:
State and private education in the UK 1.how much it costs to send a girl to Chalfont College for Girls
93% each term, if they don't live at the College.
UK pupils at state schools 2. if a comprehensive school is a private or a state school.
7% 3.the proportion of teachers to students at ChalfontCollege for
UK pupils at independent (private) schools Girls.
49% 4.the names of fourtop UKuniversities.
and Cambridge Universities
Students at Axf ord 5.what percentage of UKpupils go to a private school.
from state schools 6. what percentageof students at Oxtord and Cambridge
51% Universities come from private schools.
Students at Oxlord and Cambridge Universities
tram private schools
 alleged III spoken about as if it wa s true
boarder III a pupil who lives at his or her school
to boycott III to off icially re fuse to take part in something
day pupil III a pupil who lives w ith his or her fami ly and only comes
to school during lesson hours
School heads a boycott
Bristol University
B ristol Unive rsity is be ing boycotted by top independent
schools because of its e allcgcd poli cy o f positive
discrimination. Survevs reveal that record numbers of the best
independent student~ have been rejected by Bristol this year,
despite having l:II impeccable grades, and the Headm asters' and
Headmistresses' Conference and the Girls' Scho ols Association
are now adv ising their A- Icve l students not to appl y to the
university. Angry teachers say that Bristo l is delib erately
choosing state schoo l stude nts with lo we r g rades instead in
order (0 mee t gove rnmc nt "aq uotas"
[] Read the text above. Which of these sentences best
summarises it?
a. Bristol University has been accused of taking t oo many of its
students from private schools and not enough from state
schools.
b. Bristol University has been accused of rejec ting pupils from
private schools because it wants to be more open to pupils
from state scho ols.
c. Bristol University has been accused of rejecting pupils fro m
private schools bec ause they don't w ork very hard at
university.
lil Answ er the questions about the text. Why:
1. are some private schoots advising their students against
applying to Bristol University?
2. do some head teachers think that Brist ol is rejecting their
pupils' applications?
3. does Bristol feel that it has to admit a certain number of state
school pupils?
4.might students soon have t o tell their preferred universities
how much their parents earn?
Vocabul r
rn Match the words to thei r definitions.
1.admissions a. points, marks
2. applicants b. the system where a university chooses
3. credits its students
4.elite c. only open to a few, top people
d. people who wantto get into a university
guidelines III recommendations
impeccable III perfect
income III how much money you earn
intake III the proportion that it admits
quota III percen tage that has been off icially agreed
In its defence, the uni versity said that it was unde r pressurc
from the go vern ment to increase its ai ntakc of sta te school
pupils. At present, the go vernment issues eguid clincs to
un iversities regarding the proportion of state school pup ils
that they sho uld admit, but un iversities cou ld soon be under
even more pressure to admit poorer students.111(' gove rnment
plans to rep lace the current system with specific targets based
on students' parents' e incomc and wheth er their parents went
to university.
Listening
~ ~ O Li ste n to the report about Edinburgh University and
choose the correct alternatives in thesentences.
1. Edinburgh Univers ity wants/doesn't wantpeople to think of it
as an elite university.
2. The University is cha nging its admissions/exams system.
3. App lica nts wi ll be asked about their parents' jobs/money.
4. Applica nts w ill get extra credits if tic-one/someone in their
f amily has already been to university.
5. Applica nts w ill get extra credits if they have had a
tragedy/academic success in the family.
S eakin
(1J What do you think about the idea of using positive
discrimination to help students from poorer schools get into
university? Can you think ofany cases ofpositive discrimination
inyour country?Think about
) schools.
) jobs.
) politi cs.
) repr esentation in the media: TV, magazines, adverts, etc ,
135
 I

lie ~,
S o c ie ty
CitizenShip
To pic a Citiz en
Ship
Vocab~ra ry a Im mi qrati on and
e. III
I, Co un trie s a US
A an d UK lrn ks a 3d. 4 c. 4

Immigration
B e c o m ine g A m e ri c a n
_.
USA h , . n
I m m lg rd n ts" 10 ,th . t'clH 10 o h td lll d 'grcc
ca rd' if II IIv p n tly in th e
1(' \ 1\ an t
10
cr lll dll(' .
c'oun , trv Af l~' r oh ta . g ree n c I '
u l1l111g d
ll US - it. . a~{ ,. Im m lg m n ls
co m e fu
ca n ap pl y 10 be • CI rzcn's - a p ru rr- -_. 5
e(,11 ('(J ' na tu rdfizdtion ' N ,1 f u ra- r- Iza l lO/1 raIn ta ke
" , "1
dl lv th i ng fro m o 11011 15 10 2 v •
rs, at 11 (' e nd
, i ch thC're is _ . ' o nv, ea \ -, • I
of wh d «('re m .\ i erc ll{ ' ne w
OM J f \II '
-
. . th e a
n fa ke s
nc e to th e US.
n )fO~ ~ _D: ('g la <In ex am 5<'1
Citi ze
Th e na tu ra lizdtio r (5 5 111 \'0 /\'( '5
i
hv th e lm nu nl n d n(~ Nat u rd liz a tio n se rv ice ,
f- ( fo
Tilis CO l S 15 S () a n Int ervi ' , . d ll En
' ' .
g lis h
. l
1 w r,'"
c-iv, . ,.
<hrtcl lion lest dn d (
en exa m \\'Ith 'lu es Io ns
_ II .
I

ns tit u t' of th e US \
il I ro ut th e ('o • 1011 ta nr J lls. to r\'' " •f .
Th e UK IS t ..
('u rn 'n ll\ , in sh ip
rd ni s In n~(J llC lllgJl ,1 CI tizen
exa m fo r im m ig m od el.
, sc ( on t 1(' US

States Immigration Service

niled iew
Citizens ip: an overvcitizen.vou cannot be adeponedorlose vour
The U

n,
States is anative-bor u commit a crime or
choose
Acitizen 01 the United citizenship even iI vo
lized person who owes e world.
loreign born ornatura to live elsewhere in th
d States and who is
allegiance to the Unite
me
aentitledtoits protec
tion. wav immigrants beco
Naturalization is the
States. The general
citizens 01 the United ion
inistrative naturalizat
requirements loradm
include: vsical
ap er io d 01 co nt inuo us residence and ph
•
d States
presence in the Unite
an ab ility to re ad .w rite and speak English
•
ter
• good moral charac
principles 01 the US
• attachment tothe
Constitution ates
n toward the United St
• al avorabledispositio
tu ra liz atio n ap plica nts must demonstrate
All na
d lavorable
go od m or al ch aracter, attachment an
ges
ique rights and privile turalization requirem
ents
As a citizen. vou get un disp os itio n. Th e ot he r na
vote. having aUS rtaln applicants.
which include th e right to
m av be m od ilied orawaivedlor ee
en
rnmenfs protection wh pouses 01 US citizens.
,
passport. the US gove ca rds su ch as as
to apetitionlorgreen
abroad and the right S
close relatives.As aU
lorvour children and
 allegiance a lo ya lt y favorable disposition a posit ive opin ion
cabi net a gr ou p o f m in ist er s w ho de cid e gov ernment policy NHS a Nat iona l Heal th Ser vice
comp ulsory a ob ligator y oat h a sole mn promise
to deport a t o remo ve someone f rom a country as a punishment to petition lor a t o ask fo r
to be ent itled to a to ha ve th e right to possess spo use a husban d or w ife
eti quette a pol ite be hav iour to waive a to de lib erat ely ig nor e

I
CitizenShip test
to be practical
Nicholas Watt
Some sample questions than compelled , to learn En IJ' 'I
from the A Home Office conuuur .
Th e y will .
,
g IS 1.
~ n steac1 be tau ght how
II, ' ee, set up
US CITIZENSHIP EXAM :~~~ yea r ~o devi.se a a c o m p u1.'iOly to to cope wa h life in Brit'lin 1
find a ' I ' ~, lOW
CItizenshIp programme for the , , ]0) a nd be paid the
1 How many stars are on the US flag? 110,000 immigrants wh o aonlv th 1lllllll11Um wage an d J
each r l . PP ) ' '< lOW 10 use
2 What colourare the stripes on the US flag? <.' ) ear to )ecome natu ralised e N HS a nd socl··II so rvlces.
• < .
.
BlltOns ycsrer I TIle com minee recommend ed that
3 How many states are there in the Union? h ".". e ay recommended ne w CI"t"lzen '" - <
t at the citizenship test s ho uld I s we re <also ta ug Iu
4 What is the 4th of July?
:ocu~ on practical issu es, such as a )OL~t, how Britain is a "changing
5 From what country did the American lOUsmg and the a NfJS· J muJtlCultural S()ciety" 1·1 · . .
'I ' rat ler . '1 " . li s WIll
colonies declare Independence? t ian on British history :i~~ ude O"etiq uettcs of evclyday
6 Who was the first President of the Un ited ~n the Controversialare~~'i of 13 't· .J neighho , w ha t makes for J
., j gooe
/
hlsto ' d ' n IS 1
States? ', . Iy an comp ulsoly language U1S, t t e changing status of
Iesso n -; the COil .
1 who is the President of the United States .' 1ll1Ittee responded wom~n and the assu mp tion of
to feat:'; that the citi.t:ens hip test eq·U ualItybetw een the sexes " 11
today? .. 1ere
cOllld. b~come a form of 'Cultlu:e W ·· I also be a p olitk"il I . .
· J esson on
8 who is the Vice President of the United coJoJ1lahsm'. Learning histo
nnu s 1 nat" - I . <

. ron a II1sti tuti on s

States? ~~l~lJlc1 ~e optional and 'neZ 1I1:'1~lding the mona rch, the prin;~
9 For how long do we elect the President? CItIzens wIll be en couraged, rather Il1I11Iste r, parlia ment a nd tl '"
a ca bin et. le
10 What is the Constitution?

r
Before y o u read
D What do immigrants to your country have to do if they want
to become full, permanent citizens? Do you know what they
have to do in the US or in Britain?
Readina
El ~ Rea d the texts BecomingAmericanand Citizenship: an
overview. Are the following statements true or false?
1. You have to have a green card before you can apply to
become a US citizen.
2. Naturalised citizens have to promise to be loya l to the USA.
3. The citizenship exam is an oral exam.
4. Naturalised citizens can automatically get green cards for
their fami lies.
5. Your citizenship can be taken away from you if you are sent
to prison.
6. The foreign wife of a US citizen could be given citizenship
even if she couldn't speak English.
I1l Read the sample questions from the US citizenship exam.
How many of them can you answer?
[) Read the British newspaper article on this page . What is
the basic difference between the US citizenship exam and the
proposed British citizenship exam?
mAnswer the questions about the text.
1. How many immigrants apply each year for British
citizenship?
2. What did the committee recommend about British history
lessons for immigrants?
3. What did they recommend about English language lessons?
4. What will immigrants learn about employment in Britain?
5. Will immigrants learn aboutthe Queen?
S peaking _
o Do you think that making immigrants take citizenship
exams is a good idea? How far should immigrants integrate
into the culture of their host countries? How far should they
keep t heir own customs?
1"- Society
/1ee I
Top ic a Globa lisat ion and t he anti -qlobalisat ion mov ement
Coun t ri es a USA and world
Vocabulary a Protest / Marketing and advertising
Li nks CI td. 4d. 4f . 6( . ll j

Globalisation

In November 1999, a collection of 50,000 e nv iro nmentalists,

stude nts , a narchists a nd ordi na ry memb ers o f th e pub lic
gathered in Seattle, USA, to p rotest against a meeting there
of the wo rld Trade Orga nisatio n. The demonstrat ion began
peacefully, but by the end of the da y, protestors had
a smashed shop windows and destroyed property, the police
had fired plastic b ullets a nd gas in to th e crowd, a nd a state
of civil emergenc y had been declared. The 'Battle o f Seattle'
is now seen as the sta rt of a world-wide a nti-globa lisa tion
movement.

Similar de mon strations have now spread outside of the USA

a nd have beco me common in cities th at host global
moneta ry meetings. In Londo n's fina ncia l d istrict a n ti-
global iset ion demonst rat ions ta ke p lace a nnu a lly eve!)' 1st
of May. The la rgest protest so far took place in Genoa, Italy,
in 2001, whe re 300,000 demon st ra tors e cieshcd with pol ice BefOre You rea d
in a viole nt conflict: one per so n died a nd hu nd reds were D Look at the photos. What do you th ink the people are
injured. protesting about? Where are they? Do they look peaceful or
violent?
Ann-globalisetion protestors are pro test ing a bou t t he
do minance in the world econo my of la rge (usually E) Canyoumatchthese American company names to their
Arm-rican) mu lti-na tional compa nies . They conside r th a t products?
th ese co mpanies spread the ir ow n western cu ltu re a t the 1. Calvin Klein a. f ast f ood
expense of o ther cultures, and tha t they exp loit deve loping 2. GAP b. jeans
3. Levi's c. sports c lothes
co untries and the environment in general.
4. Manel d. cola
5. McDonald's e. designer clothe s and perfum e
Targe ts for vio lence and va nda lism ar e often Ame rica n 6. Nike f. coffe e
companies suc h as Mcfronnld's, GAP and Starbucks. In 1999, 7. Pepsi g. c asual cl othes
Jose Hove, a French farmer who h ad been in the Seattle 8. Starbu cks h.dolls
protest, became a nationa l hero whe n he demo lished d new
Mcnonald's as a protest about the stand ar d isation of fo od , Can you buy these companies' products-in your country? Do
the im pact of Mclroneld's on loca l busi nesses a nd the h igh you like them?
level of US taxe s on importee! Euro pean foo d.
 ABC a Am erican t ele vis ion chan nel
brand III nam e and im age o f a prod uct
breed III type
to clash a to confront w it h vio lence
to enha nce a to m ak e better
Girl Guide a fe m ale equivalent o f a ba y scout
hlqhliqht a key . imp ort ant fe atur e
juniper berries a th e fru it f ro m w hic h qin is m ade
porch a shelt er o ver t he f ro nt door of a house
screwdriver a to ol used fo r pu tt ing screws in wood
sidewa lk a pa vement
to smash a to br eak into pieces

No Logo
The Amer ican wri ter Naomi Klein's be st-selling book S o 1.090 (I 999)
exp lo res how, since the 1980s, mu ltinational corporations have created
globa l e b rands and used marketing to spread the ir influence throughout
the worl d. Here arc two ext racts from the first chapter of the book.

Ninet ies mar keters ... have come u p with cleve r and intrusive new
selling tech niq ues. Recent a highlights include th ese innovations:
Gordo n's gin experimen ted with filling British movie theaters with
th e scent of aj u niper berries; Calvin Klein stuck "CK Be" perfum e
strips o n the hacks of Tickct mastcr concer t enve lopes. and in S O U le
Scand inavian cou nt ries you can get "free" long-d istance calls with
ads r u tting into you r telep ho ne conversations. And there's ple nty
more ...: sticker ads on pieces of fruit promoti ng a ABe sitco ms, Levi's
ads in pub lic washroo ms, corporate logo s o n box es of aGi ri Guid e
coo kies, ad s fo r po p albums on ta keo ut food conta iner s, and ads
for Baun an mo vies projected on e side wal ks or into the night sky.
Ther e <I re already ads on ben che s in nat ion al park s as well as on
lihrar y cards in publi c libraries, and in December 1998 NASA
annou nced plans to sell advertising !;pace on its space stations. Pepsi's
con tin uing thr eat 10 project its logo o nto the moon's su rface hasn 't
yet materialized , but Me tte! d id paint an ent ire street in Salfo rd,
England, pin k - ho uses, e porchcs, trees, road, side wal k. dogs and
ca rs were all accessor ies in the televised celeb rat ions of Bar bie Pink
Month.

\Vith this wave of b rand ma nia has come it new e b n -cd of

b usinessman . One who will proudly info rm yo u that Brand X is no t
a p roduct. hut a way of life, an attitude, a set of values, a loo k, an
idea . And it so unds really g rea t - mu ch better tha n that Br,H1d X is
a a scrcwdrivcr; or a hambu rger cha in, or d pair of [cons. or even a
very success ful line of funning shoes. Nike, Phil Knig ht a nnou nced
in the lat e eigh ties, is "a sports compa ny" its mission IS not to sell
shoes hu t to 'u cn hance people's lives th roug h sports and fitness"
and to keep "the mag ic of sports alive."

Re i 9 mllli.J Read the No Logotexl. Which company has used or

1!l llli.J Read the text Global vs. Local. Match these titles to the thought of these advertising techniques?
four paragraphs. 1. Putt ing stick ers on envelopes containi ng concert tickets.
a. The spre ad of th e anti-gl obalisati on movement 2. Putt ing advertis ements in public t oilet s.
b. Protests against specific companies 3. Projecting an advertisement onto the moon.
c. The first anti-glo balisation demonstrati on 4. Spraying smells in cinemas.
d. What the prot ests are about 5. Painting a street pink.
6. Putting stick ers on fruit.
o Answer these questions about the texl.
1. Why was Seattle chosen for the first anti-globalisation 5 eakin
demonstration?
2. Was th e demonstrat ion completely peaceful?
o How. according to the second paragraph from No Logo. do
companies try to market their products these days? Is it
3. When do anti-globalisation demonstration s regularly t ake important to you what brands you buy (for example. for your
place in London? clothes)? Are teenagers influenced 100 much by marketing
4. When was there a large demonstration in Genoa? and branding?
5. How many people died in that demonstration?
6. What sort of companies are anti-globalisation prot estors
protesting about ?
7. Whic h th ree specific co mpanies does th e text mention?
8. What did J ose Bove do to prot est about globalisati on in
France?
 I

Society
~ 1e~1
I,
Topic a Worki ng mothers. the birthrate and child care
Count ries III USA. UK. Aust ralia
Vocabul ary III Children and childcare
Lin k s III te. tc. ee . 111

II Working mothers

Btrtnrate tqures USA U ustrali Who's holding the baby?

Average age The se da ys, bette r educa tion and ca reer opportun ities for wo men in th e Eng lish-
of mothers 27 30 29
spea king wo rld mean tha t man y wom en a rc leavi ng it u nt il th e age of 30, or eve n
g iving birth
40, to sta rt a family. By thi s age, many wom en already have successful careers which
Averageage the y are often relucta nt to giv e lip. These days th ere arc a nu mb er of men , especially
for having 25 28 27
those in co u ples whe re th e wom an earns the mos t mon ey, who a re happy to stay
a first bab y
at ho me in the tradit ional role o f the "housewife", but for a large pro por tio n of
Average number couples th is is no t an optio n. Financial pre ssu res, part icu larl y in the UK, wh ere
1.9 1.64 1.75
of children per family ho use pr ices have reached a astronom ical heights, mean that m ilny couples can not
e a ffo rd to give up o ne of th ei r asa la ries wh en a ba by a rrives. In 590/0 of British
co up les with ch ild ren , bot h pa ren ts work. a nd so me wo men return to wo rk w he n
th eir babies ar e on ly three or four mon th s old . So wh o is holdi ng the bab y for
these co uples?

.Jenny. Cope;;:;:== = = = = = = = = = :::::::1

childmi nder, Lincoln, England
"I look afte r five differ ent child ren in tota l, but th ey come on differ ent d ays of the
week, so I on ly eve r have th ree each da y. J\ ly house isn 't big eno ug h for a ny mo re!
Today I'm a min din g Kieran, who' s three, Toby, who's two, a nd George, who's
fourtee n mont hs. The ir paren ts a ll work fu ll-time, and they b ring th em at di fferent
times of the day. For exa m ple, Kiera n arrives here at half past seven and his mu m
co llects hi m at six o'clo ck in the even ing. I play with them , g ive them th e ir me als,
do some educa tio nal stu ff with th em a nd let them watc h videos . we go ou t a lot,
too - for wa lks or picn ics:'

t
Before You read V gcab ylary
IJ Lookat the table of birthrate figures. How do you think these o Ouickly read the profiles of the three women and match the
statistics might have been different 30years ago? Why do you words to their definitions.
think that these statistics have changed in recent years?
1. childminder a. a special type of 'school' where
El Who looked after you before you started school? Did your 2. day care center parents can leave very young children
mother work when you were little? 3. nanny all day (American English)
4. nursery b. a special type of 'school' where
R e a d in 9 parents can leave very young children
111 Read the fir st paragraph of Whos holding the baby? and all day (British English)
answer the questions. c. someone who looks after one family's
1. Why are some women in the English-speaking world having children in the family's home
babies later in life? d. someone who looks after various
2. What sometimes happens in couples where the w oma n people's children in their own home
earns more than the man?
3. What causes particular financial pressure on families in the
UK these days?
4. In what percentage of British families do both the mother
and the father work?
 to afford D to have enouq h m on ey fo r to mind III to look after
ast ronomica l D extreme ly hlqh to piCk someone up III to collect
to qet som eo ne up D to qet som eone out of bed and dress t hem salar y III the m one y t hat y our employer pays you
to ha ve t ime off D to have free t ime t ea III a llq ht me al in t he late afternoon or early eve ninq

Tricia Durham
==============~d~a;Y;C~ar~e~a~s;;sistant, Pittsburgh, USA
"I work here at Daisies Day Care Center, doing the early shift. That means that I work
from eight in the morning unt il four in th e afternoon, alth ou gh the center is open
until six in the evening. \Ve take ch ildren from b irth to five years. The ir pa rents leave
them here at the center and e pick th em up after work. \Ve have five d ifferent rooms
- one is for the babies to play in, two are for the older childre n to play in, one is for
the babies to sleep in and one is where we serve the ir meals. Of course there's also a
big playground ou tside. we do d lot of educa tional activities with the olcler children
- music, painting, natu re studies. They don't just play with toys all da)(

Annette Stills
==================
~~n~a~nn~y~,Adelaide. Australia
"I live with the Carter fam ily a nd look after their two daughters: Amy, who's three,
and Ella. who's eig hteen mo nt hs. Not all na nn ies live wit h their em ployers, bu t
I've got my own room a nd bath room in the Carters' hou se. Mr and Mrs Carter
leave the house really early to go to work, so I a ge t the ch ildren u p and give them
their breakfast. After that I take Amy to nurse ry and then I go to the shops wit h
Ella. I pick Amy u p ag ain at half past twelve, a nd the n we usua lly take sandwiches
to the park. we go home after lunch so Ella can have a sleep and I can do so me
cleani ng, the n I take Amy to ba llet a nd mu sic classes o n Tuesd ays a nd Thu rsdays.
I give the children the ir e tee at about 5 o'clock and I g ive th em a bat h before their
parents come home. Their pare nts pu t them to bed while I start the di nn er. I a h evc
Saturday afte rnoon an d all Su nday off'

Readin g Listening
0 lOOWhich of the three women: ~ (l)Alison and Beth both leave their children at Daisies Day
1. regularlystarts workat half past seven? Care Center. Listen to what they say and answer the questions.
2. looks after very small babies? t . How many children does each woman have?
3. takes a child to various classes? 2. How long do their children spend at Daisies each week?
4. looks after three children each day? 3, How do the womenfeel about their children being there?
5.gives the children a bath inthe evening?
6.helps with the houseworktoo? Spe a k in g

Before yo u listen
mLook again at the birthratestatistics on page 140. Do you
thinkthat the statistics are similar or different for your
mHow do youthink that workingmotherswho leave their country?
children with other people feel about the situation? Discuss
with your classmates. I1l Do you agree or disagree with these statements?
1.Women these days have babi es too late in their lives.
2.Women who have young children shouldn't continue to work.
3. It's OK for men who have young children \.0 continue to work.
4. Men who lookafter their children while theirwives work are
ridi culous.
5. It's wrong to pay someone else to lookafter your young
children while you work.
 Socie'fy
Topic a Institutions fo r old people Vocabu lary III Care of the elderl y
Coun t ries a UK Links III l e. 11k

Caring for the elderly

T he UK, like ma ny European co u nt ries, ha s au age ing population . At th e start of
the new millennium, 18% of the British po pulation were aged over 60. As a result,
the UK has a booming ca re hom e indust ry, with e pproximetel y a quarter of a
m illion old people cur re ntly resid ent in 13,000 di fferent inst itutions wh e re the)'
rece ive vary ing deg rees of nursing car l'.

II rooms have their own television and

A telephone, and 12 of the rooms have
De n-suite toilets. Residents are encouraged to
personalise their rooms with their own furniture
and pictures. We have two comfortable lounges
and a large dining room that e ovc rloo ks the
garden. Meals can also be taken in the residents'
rooms if preferred.

e believe that a eld erly people benefit

W from social interaction and mental
stimulation. We therefore offer a full programme
of activities, crafts and hobbies to suit our
residents. There arc also regular trips to local
shops and places of interest and a local e vlca r

T he Beeches is a beautiful Victorian house

converted into a 25-heo nursing home.
Nursing care is provided by a professional team,
comes to the home to give a church e se rvice
once a week.

but w e aim to provide a relaxed, intimate

atmosphere.There are no restrictions on visiting
hours - relatives and friends are always welcome.

142
-----t
elderly a old
en-suite a privat e and connec te d
out of sight a hidd en
to overlook a to have a view over
Who's looking after your grandPt~ren"tS:n old people's home?
Do they still live at home, or are ey In
Ahome
Or maybe they even I rve WI
This week we look at different teenagers ex
from home? between the generations.
zoe Hayes. Eastbourne
My gran is82 and she lives at Broadmead
Nursing Home. She's been therefor about
four years now. She decided that she
\ couldn't cope any
longer living in a big
house on her own.
Mum used to go and
visit her about three
times a week at home,
but it wasobvious that
she needed morecare,
and mum had noticed
that she wasstarting to
get confused mentally.
She couldn't come and livewith us,
because we didn't have a bedroom for her.
Gran wasvery sad to leave her home-
she'dlived thereall her life - and she had
to sell the house to payfor her care In
Broadmead . We visit her there every
Sunday. I don't mind going there. The
estaft arevery niceandthere's quite a good
atmosphere. I'm sure it isn't the same as
.!'o place like that .
living in your own house, though.
Readin
E} I]m Read the introductory paragraph andthe brochure for
The Beeches,an old people's homein the UK. Are the
following sentencestrue or false?
1.The Beeches is a modern building.
2. It's got twe lve bedrooms.
3. Residents' families can visit when they want.
4.All the rooms have a private toilet.
5. Residents can bring their own furniture and pictures when
they arrive.
6. Residents must eat in the dining room.
7. Residents havethe opportunityto go outside of the home.
8. Residents are taken to a church everyweek.
S peakina
I1J What general impression doesthe brochure give of life in a
nursing home? Do you think that it gives a realistic picture?
What advantages and disadvantages could there be in living
in a care home?
service a re li gious ceremony
staff a gr oup of employees of t he same compa ny
vicar a a priest in t he Chur ch of England
Is
·
ith you and your paren .
• periences and the relationships
,
Daisy Won, Liverpool . .
My gran is 75 and she lives with us In our
house. She came to staywith us when
my grandad died, in 2001. I had to move
out of my bedroom and share a room .
with my sister instead, but it's normal In
our culture to look after old people
within the family. After all, Gran looked,
after my dad when he was a child, so It s
right that he should look after her now.
I don't agree with
putting old people into
care homes. I think that's
just a way to put them
aout of sight so you can
forget about them.
I visited a local nursing
home with my school
recently, and I didn't like
it at all. The old people
there looked bored, and
some of them never
have any visitors.
1couldn't ever live in a
.!'o
Readin$!,
[) I]m Read about Zoe's and Daisy's experiences. Which of
them:
1. has the oldest grandmother?
2. has a grandmother who lives with her?
3. doesn't mind visiting a care home?
4. had a bad impression of a care home she visited?
5. shares a room with her sister?
6.thinks that putting old people into care homes is wrong?
S eakin
(i) Discuss these questions.
1. Doyou think that the number of old people in British care
homes is high?
2. Why do you think that putting elderly family members into a
care homeis quite common in the UK?
3. Do special institut ions for old people exist in your country?
Are they used by manypeople? What sort of reputation do
they have?
4. Doyou think it is wrong to put old people into care homes?
Why [not]? .
Writing/Speakina
lil lmagine that one of your relatives needsto go into a care
home. Write a list of questionsthat you would like to ask the
manager. Then use the questionsthat you have preparedto
role play an interview with a partner,who takes the part of the
care homemanager. When you have completedthe interview,
swap roles with your partner.
 Society
Topic a Scnq lyr ics ref lect inq chanqes to society Vocabulary a Sonq lyric s
Countries a USA lin ks a 4f. 5d . sc

Soundtrack
Changing societies
T he lyrics of pop so ngs always re flect th e
attitudes a nd the preoccup atio ns of their day,
~~I B i g Yellow Taxi
an d many of the m ta ke a critica l view of a Ioni Mitch ell, 1969
socie ty that they consider to be g rad ua lly
edctcrioreting. These tw o songs co m me nt o n In this song, Joni Mitchell, a folk-influenced
wo rry ing social problems of the ir ow n tim es a nd American singer, protests about various forms of
damage to the environment. Some people consider
of OUf own - po llution, urba n developm ent a nd
the song to be about Hawaii, where an enormous
a n ove r-dependence on tech no logy. pink hotel dominates the aw at erfro nt in Honolulu.

1
They paved pa rad ise
And put up a pa rking lot
with a pink hotel , a bou tiq ue
And a swing ing hot spot

Don 't it always see m to go

That yo u don 't know what you've got till it's go ne
They paved parad ise
And pu t up a parki ng lot

2
They took all the trees
Put the m in a lree mu seu m
And they cha rged th e peo ple
A doll ar and a hal f just to sec the m

Don 't it always see m to go

That you don 't kn ow what you've got till it's gone
They paved par ad ise
And put up a pa rkin g lot

..
lley farm er, far mer
Put aw av tha t a DOT Il O W
Give md spots on my a pples
But leave 111(' th e b irds and the bees
Please!

Don't it always seem to go

That yo u don' t kn ow what yo u've go t till it's gone
They paved pa rad ise
And put up a parki ng lot

4
Late last n ight
I he ard the scree n doo r slam
And a big yellow taxi
Took a"vay myo id ma n

Don 't it always seem to go

That you do n' , know what you've got till it's go ne
They paved pa rad ise
And pu t u p a parking lot
They paved paradise
And pu t lip a parki ng lot
 DDT D a controver sial pest icide . now ille gal mighty a po w erf ul
to deteriorate D to get worse to pick D to choo se
Judgement Day D i n t he Christian re li gion. th e day on w hic h God through a finishe d
w ill app ear and decide t he fat e of al l huma ns twinkling a Shining
limp D w ithout st reng th or m o vement waterfront a w here the l and me et s t he sea
to make it D t o arr ive

• ~~ In the yea r 2525

Zager a nd Evans, 1969
This song, with its p es si mistic v ie w of t he future
of m ankind, wa s the onl y hi t f or the American
folk duo Denny Za ger and Richard Evans.

In the year 2525

If ma n is still a live
If woman ra n surv ive
They may find ...

III the yca r 3535

Ain't go n na need to te ll the tr u th. tell no lies
Everythi ng yo u th in k, d o, o r say
Is in the pill you too k to day
In the year -l5-l5
Ain't gOl1lld need yo ur teeth , wo n't need you r eyes In th e year 8510
YOLI won't find a th ing to do God's go n na sha ke hi s a mig hty head
:\obody 's go n na look at yo u He'll either say 'I' m pleased w her e man has bee n'
O r tear it down a nd start again
In the yea r 5555
You r arms arc han gin g e lim p al yo u r sid es In the yea r 9595
Your legs go t no th ing lo do I'm kinde wo nde ring if man 's go n na be a live
Some mach ine is do ing th a t for yo u l ie's ta ke n everyt hing th is o ld ea rth ca n g ive
And h e a in't pu t back no thing...
In the yca r 6565
Ain't gOI1l1i:l need no h usband , wo n't need no w ife No w it's be en 10,000 yea rs
You'll e pir k yo u r so n, pick yo u r daughter too 1\ la n has cried a billion tears
From the bottom of a long b lack tube For what he never kne w
Now man 's reign is e th roug h
In the veer 7510 But thro ugh the ete rn a l n ight
If God'~ a-co m in' he o ught to e m ake it by th en The e twi nkling o f sta rlight
1\ II1 \'bc he'll lo ok a ro u nd him sel f a nd sav So vc r)' far a W(1)'
Gu ~ss it's tim e for the a }udge me nt Day ' Maybe it's o n ly yesterd ay ..

r
g What pollution problems do we experience in our world li.I ~(l) Listen to the song In the year 2525. Match the
today? Can you think of any areas near where you live that singers' predictions to these years.
have been spoilt by new buildings? 1. 3535 a. Man w ill have destroyed the earth.
2.4545-5555 b. God w ill decide whether or not to destroy
Vqcabylary 3. 6565 the human race.
El Look at the Joni Mitchell song. Match these wo rds to their 4.7510-8510 c. Babies will be manufactur ed artificially.
definitions . 5.9595 d. Humans w ill be contro lled by drugs.
1. pave a. nightcl ub e. Human bodies w ill be useless.
2. parking lot b. lively and fashionable
3. swinging c. coverin concrete 5 ea .
4. hot spot d. car park i) Do you agree with the singers ' pessimistic view of
society's future? Do you think that any of the predictions in
this song are already coming true?
I!l (l) Listen to the Joni Mitchell song. Which two lines of the
song summarise its main message? IIIDo you think that the social problems highlighted in these
two songs are worse or better today than in 1969, when both
olmJ M atch these topics to the verses (1-4) of Big Yellow songs were recorded? Are there other problems in today's
society that you feel are [ust as important?
Taxi.
a. Ch emicals in the environment
b. The singer's boyfriend leaving her Writing
c. Building in places of natural beauty l1)Write some song lyrics about a problem in your own
d. Creating artif icia l landscapes society. Before you start , make lists of English words that
rhyme leg . buylhighl, then try to use them in your lyrics.
Before yoy listen
mHow long do you think the human race will survive? What
do you think might finally destroy it?
 Society
Gramm ar a CondT
Ski lls a spea~.lo~al sentences review
mq: exchanqinq opinions

218

Langua

The Saga story thechance tovisit France for aday for those
who didn't have passports. Nowadays
pensioners canchoose totravel tothe US
hen Sidney and Margery De Haan foraweekend, cruise thelv\editerr.mean or
W bought a 12-bedroom hotel in
Folkestone after theSecond \'\'or\dWar,they
go wine-tasting in the South African
vineyards. If pensioners want to travel to
did not realise that they were goingtochange particular places. they \vill find all theinformation
the \i'll'S of many pensioners inthe UK. they need in the Saga travel magazine or on the
Theholiday industry in theUK was revolutionised Saga website.
else to do. If there was nO\vhere else to go, there
in1951 bya man called Sidney DeHaan. DeHaan DeHaandecided that iftheholidays worked, other
invented Saga, a package hoUday company for was amarketforcreating that place for oldpeople. business ideas for theover 50s \vould work too. In
older and retired people. His vision was to 1984, he relaunched the Saga magazine. It dealt
recognise thevalue ofolder people asa customer DeHaan decided totarget elderly people offering with topics ofgeneral interest topensioners aswell
group and to make their needs and interests the them cheap accommodation in his hotel. He as holiday information, and soon achieved a
focus of his business. If De Haan had not thought, 'If! offerthese people cheap holidays and circulation of1.2 million. DeHaan thendeveloped
recognised this market, life for theover-50s would organise everything,they w1l\ want totravel' He was Saga newsletters, Saga websites. Saga financial
right. Hisinitial idea expanded and hestarted tooffer
have beenvery different. coach trips\vith a stay in his hotel. This appealed advice services and insurance, and a Saga radio
The Del-!aans' hotel business was notgood inthe to pensioners because it was very cheap and it station.
autumn andwinter. andthe hotel was threatened meant theycould travel inaway theyhadnever had AU ofthis means thattheover-50S andthe retired
with closure. However, ~largef)T DeHaan noticed theopportunity todo before. canhave active lives andactive holidays wherever
thatmost ofthepeople whoused park benches in
andwhenever they want.
thetown duringtheyear were elderly. She realised Overtheyears, Saga holidays offered older people
that these people were using the park benches thechance totravel abroad for weeks at a time, or
becausethey hadnowhere else to goand nothing

GRAMMAR SKILLS
D Readthe
business text Sidneyg~:HtOI}'
which The Sa qduickly and list six areas of
oI Complete
. . the dialogue with the op'OIon
.. phrases below
aan eveloped.
n my otnmon we'll h .
El Read the text and unde . . What about you I do~~~;fn:gree to disagree ..I thinK
~~~~. '...~.rite them on the ~~~~"~"I~~~eb~~nditional sentences. Sorry, I don't agree with you I think it depends on
First .........:::................ ow.
A: I heard the government are .
S·~~~~·d:· .. .. .. peopl e to work part-time ftproposrng to allow retired
Third. :: ..::::: .. B' vI: )ry good ide a. 121......? a er they retire. 11) / think that's a

wh~~aybOouu~ga~~ thei~j:b:n
· and.......
all !think old peopIe should retir h
I!l Complete the dialo . .. . A: But it,eoPl e totake they haveto
correct tense. gue with the verbs in bracket' h 141....... ifretired peo;I:~~enence older people have?
A'D id
B. Yes, thanks. They lovedit ~if Mediterranean cruise?
· your parents enjoyth . .
son t e
B: ~~~rl~o) ne would ?enelit fro~ei tb ack mto theworkforc~,
. Sag~ brochure, they121" YI ou 11 1..... (not give)themthat A: r61 d th~~ opportunity to w~rk a~g~~~~\Retired people have
':....that It s fair on oun
· That's gr t W ..... neverthrnk) I .
B. Well th:la', ·t hich ports did the boat
A s~o 901~g
on a cruise! off~;"Ag edPerso n and the skills and exps ould stay retired .
B' OK' e oesn't matter. enence they can
, rs' port was M '11 P 10 .
the sig hts, but if the 13) arsei es. They saw quite a few
A- (qo) t,o a football mai ch l ..... (have] more time they 141 of m· ,we il l guess 171...... on this one then.,
· Idon t bel ieve it Whe . . ..... In pairs, act out the dialogue .In exerc ise 4
B: After that they sioppe~e
' ~drnthey go after that?
Sagrada Familia Churchoa n Barcelona. Th ey saw the
~ny nightclubs! I'm sure if 1~5~ oun~Tibld abo. They didn't se
rn~artner.
Choose a t nprc
. lromth I' .
Remember to us:t~:t:elow and discuss it with a
A: O~r~~~nka 1161......(visit) all th~'~'ig~tani
abffo rd to goto e h: ~~~ Pg~OVPle are not looked aft~;':;,~~1 rnhtrhases from exercise 4.
ernment should'
ol~n~~~afe ~ensions
now you like danci c u s. IScountry
Barcelona? ancrn g! And where did the c. i v;r yone should help
~Itg ~ Ykvls,~ng
for old people
B: Well the fina l
A: It all'soundS g ;eOa7,~a"tN aP les. They loved it'
y go after d them out at least once e them mo re a~d
0/' you 17I ..... (take) m~ on h I'd
· people should be allo wee.
year what 18) i empl oyment. ifthey wantweftd to return to part-time
• a erthey renre.
B: Nightclubs f "t'b" IWI e see)? 0 ' ay next
,00 a grounds and a lew famous buildings!
 Links to literature

D Match these captions to the

pictures 1~ 4 above.
a.The First World War 191 4-1 918
h.The Victorian era 1837-1 902
c. The Elizab ethan era 1558-1603
d. The French Revolution 1789

EJ Can you matchthese English writers

10 the dates in exercise 11
A Charles Dickens
B Wilfred Owen
CWilliam Shakespeare
nWilliam Wordsworth
147
 I.inks to literature
I William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
(J) Harry, England and Saint George
I IENRY:Once more unto th e breac h'. de ar frien ds,
on ce more;
Or dose the wa ll lip w ith o u r Eng lish dea d.
In pe ace there's not h ing so b ecomes i1 m an -
As modest st illness and humili ty:
5 But wh en the blast>of war blows in our ea rs,
Then im itat e the action o f the tiger ;
Stiffen th e sinews', su m mon up ; th e blood,
Disgui se fair na tu re wit h hard-favo ur'd rege":
Theil len d the eye a te rribl e asp ect;
10 ...On, on , yOll noblest English .
w hos e blood is set fro m fath ers of war- proof"!
Fathers that, like so ma ny Alexnnders",
Have in these pa rts from morn till eve n? fou ght
And sheat hed" their swo rds for lack of argumen t:
15 Disho no u r not your mo the rs; no w a ttest
That those whom you call'd fathe rs did beget you!' .
Be copy" now to men of grosser blood,
And teach them how to war; And you, good yeomen".
\Vhose limb s were made in Eng land, show us here
20 The me ttle of your pas tur e!': let us swear
That you are wo rth your breeding; which I doubt not ;
For there is non e of you so mean end base,
That ha th" not nob le lustr e in yo ur eyes .
I sec yo u sta nd like grey ho u nds in the slips";
25 Straining u pon the sta rt. The ga me's afoot":
Follow your spirit, and up o n thi s charge
Cry 'God for Harry, Engla nd , and Saint Geo rge!'
From H/:'lIrf V, Act III, Scene I
t
Ring
D According t o Henry, what animal should a man resemble
when he goes into battle? What physical changes should
happen to him?
El What part of the speech tells you that England and France
have been at war tor a long time?
ED What second animal are the men compared to at the end of
the speech? How might they resemble this animal?
Your analY..sis
[) How many references does Henry make to the soldiers'
fathers? Why do you think he does this?
GLOSSARY
1 battle 9 f rom morninq unt il eveninq
2 not hinq suits a man better 10 put back in t heir cover s
3 noise of t he t rumpet 11 prove th at t he men yo u ca ll
4 mak e your muscl es tense father s re ally are your fa th ers
5 call to 12 be a mode l
6 put on an appearan ce of 13 i ndependent workinq men
determi ned anqer 14 t he quali t y of y our hom el and
7 whose ancest or s prove d t heir 15 has
worth in wa r 16 like r actnq doq s welttnq t o r ace
8 an ancient Greek warrior and hero 17 t he c eme has j ust st arted
~ Sh a ke s p ea re 's works
Shakespeare wo rked as a professi onal actor and playwri ght
wi th a group in London know n as the Lord Chamberlain's
Men . His 37 plays are based on a number of sources
includ ing anci ent Greek and Latin w ritings and histor ical
chronicles. They inc lude tragedies (Hamlet, 16011. comedies
(A Midsummer Night's Dream, 1595-961, histo ries (Henrv V.
1596-97) and fantasies (The Tempest, 161 1).
iL>JThe text
In th is speech, one of the most f amous pieces of patriotic
English literature, King Henry V addresses the English
soldiers before th ey fa ce the French at the Batt le of
Aginco urt (1415) duri ng th e Hundred Years War (1337-14531.
~ links 2a, 3a, 3c, 4e, se. 6d, 6e, It i
mFrom what social class w ould most of Henry's soldiers
come? Why, then, does Henry twice refer to them as noble?
III What makes Henry a good speech -maker? What effe ct have
his words had on th e soldiers by the end of the speech? How
do you know? What do you imagine happens immediately
after this speech is finished?
Conteme.orar links
EiI Can you think of any leaders in today's world who make
good speeches and have a good effect on crowds?
mHow important is it these days tor politicians to say the
right thing and to have the right image in today's media?
Is this more important than their actual policies?
..
Links to literature
> 11-~1

William Wordsworth
(1770-1850)
(j) Composed upon Westminster Bridge, Sept. 3, 1802 (1) 1Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Ear th has not an yt h ing to show m o re fair': I w a ndered lonel y as a cloud
Dull wo uld he be o f so u l' who co u ld pa ss by Th a t float s on hig h o 'er vol es and h ills,
A sight so to uchi ng in its majesty : \VI1('11 all a t once I savv il crowd,
This City now do th like a ga rme n t' wea r 1\ ho st", of go ld en daffodi ls":
The beaut y of th e m orning : silen t, ba re, 5 Beside the la ke, b enea th the tree s,
Ships, towers, domes, thea tres, a nd temples lie Flutt ering" and d ancing in th e breeze.
Ope n unto the fields, a nd to th e sky; Co nt in uo us as the SiMS th at sh ine
All b right and gl itteri ng' in the smokeless " if. And twinkle" on the mil ky wav".
Neve r d id sun more bea u tifu lly steep> They stretc hed in never-ending line
10 In his first splendour val ley. rock, or h ill; 10 Along the marg in of a ba y:
Ne'er saw I. ne ver felt a ca lm so deep! "e n th ousa nd sa w I at a glance,
The river glidcth at his own sweet will": Tossi ng the ir head s in sprig htly dance".
Dear God! the very houses see m aslee p;
And all th at m ighty heart is lying still! The wav es besid e them danced : but thev
Out-did" the sparkling waves in glee!': ,
15 A po r-t co u ld not but be gayl>,
In suc h a jocund " co m pa ny:
I gaz ed l 7 - and g az ed - bUI little thought
\Vh at wealt h the show to m e had brought:
For oft". when on m y co uch I lie
20 In vaca n t or in pensi ve m o od,
They fla sh upon that in wa rd eye"
\ Vhich is the bliss" o f so litude;
And th en m y hea rt w ith pleasure fills,
And d a nces w ith th e daffodi ls,

~ Wordsworth's works
With Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Wordsworth wrote the
collection of poems Lyrica/Ballads I17981, which is usually
seen as marking the beginning of the Rom antic era in English
GLOSSARY literature. Wordsworth's themes include the beauty and
1 beautif ul 11 a te rc e qalaxy sublimity of nature, divine inspiration, and the conflict
2 he would be unteeunq and 12 throwinq their head s in an between man's feelings and his reason.
unrespons ive enerqet! c danc e
3 an item of clothinq 13 were better th an ~;,T he text
4 shlninq 14 joy
5 soak . as if with a li q uid 15 happy In the first poem, Wordsworth surveys the panoramic view
6 fl ow s In the way tha t it wa nts to 16 che erf ul of London from Westminster Bridge. In the second,
7 multitude 17 stared he remembers a beautiful sight that he saw near his home
8 ye llow flower (nar cissus) 18 often in northern England's Lake District.
9 w avinq 19 appear suddenl y in the m in d or
10 ctrenqe shape wh ile shi ninq . like memo ry
a star 20 j oy l> Links 2e

r
Ring Yi r n lXi
D In the first poem, what time of day is it, and what is the !i:lWhat is the poet saying in lines 1 and 9-10 of the first poem?
weather like? Is there much activity in the city? Findthe Why is this unusual? How is the second poem a more
words and phrases in the poem that tell you this. traditional subject for a poet?

a What effect doesthe view of the city haveon the poet?
l!l ln the second poem, what various things are the daffodils
compared to?
e How did the poetfeel when hefirst saw the daffodils? How
does the beauty of the daffodils still havean effect on him now?
0 Which of these sentences do youthink reflects
Wordsworth's feelings?
a. Beauty can only be found in natural things.
b. Beauty can be found everywhere if you look for it.
c. The city is more stimulating thanthe country.
Contempprar links
EiJ Many Romantic poems idealise life in the country and paint
a bad picture of city life. What arguments can you think of to
oppose this view? Discussthe good points of the city and the
bad points of the country.
 Links to literature

I
/iiJ I

II Jane Austen
(1775-1817)
Emma passes judgement
"Bu t did yO li neve r set' him ? He is in Ilighbu ry evc ry
now and then, and he is sure to ride through evc ry week
on his wa)' to Kingston. l ie has passed you very often."
'That may be, and I In d )' have seen him fifty
'i times, hut witho ut havi ng any idcd of h is na me.
A y o u ng fa r mer, whe th er 0 11 horseback o r on fo ol , is
the vcry last sort of pers on to raise Illy cu rios ity. The
yeo m anry ' arc p re cise ly the orde r of peo ple w ith 35 all filS for you to notice. The misfo rtun e of yo u r birth '}
whom I fed I ca n helve n o t hi ng 10 do. A d eg ree or lw o ou ght to ma ke yOll particu la rly ca reful as to you r
10 lower, and a crcdi te bh-' a p pearan ce m igh t int e res t m e; associa tes. There can be no do ub t o f yo u r be ing a
I migh t ho pe to be useful to th ei r famil ies in 5 0 111(' way gent lema n's dau ght er, and yo u m ust suppo rt yo u r
or ot her. But a farmer ra n need non e of my hel p, a nd claim to that stat ion" ... I say that if you shou ld still be
is, therefore, in one se nse, as m uch above my not ice as -10 in this co u ntrv't when ,\ 1r, ,\ la rtin marries, I wish YOU
in ('very other he is below it. '" I have no do ubt o f his mdY not be d~dwn in" by you r intimacy with the '
Ij being d very respectab le young ma n, I know, indeed, siste rs, to be acq uainted with the wife, who will
th at he is so, a nd , as such, wish h im well, \ v hat do yo u proba bly be so me mere" fanner's da ug hter, wit ho ut
im agi ne his age to be?" ed ucat ion."
"l ie W dS four-and -twent y the 8th of last Jun e, and my -15 "To be sure. Yes. ... if he ma rries a very igno ra nt.
b irthday is the 23rd , jus t d fortni gh t and a clay's vu lga r wom an , ("erlain ly I had b etter not visit her, if I
20 differen ce - wh ich is very odd," ca n help it."
"On ly four-and-t wenty. Tha t is to o young to settle', Ilis Emma watched her thro ugh the fluctuation s of this
mother is perfect ly right not to be in a hurry. The y speech, a nd SdW no alarm ing symp toms of love, The
seem vcr y comfor table as they a rc, a nd if she were to 50 young man had bee n the first admirer, but she trusted
take any pains to mdrry h im, she would probably there was no ot her hold". and that there would be no
15 repe nt it. Six yedrs hence", if he could meet with <1 serious difficulty, on Harriet's side, to oppose any friend ly
good so rt of young woman in the same ran k' as his arrangement of her own.
own , witb d little mon ey, it migh t he \'lTy desirabl e," From Emma , Chapter ..J
"Six yea rs hen ce! Dea r Miss \Voodhou se, he woul d h e
thi rt)' Y('drS old !" ,
30 "I wish yOll may not get in to a scra pe". Harrie t,
wh en ever he do cs ma rry; - I mean, as to bei ng l 'JAusten's works
acq uain ted with h is wife - for tho ug h h is sisters, fro m Austen's six major novels (Sense and Sensibility, Pride and
a su pe-rior ed uca tio n. a rc not to be alto gether ob jected Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Persuasion and
t0 1 , it does not follow th at he might marry all Ybody at Northanger Abbey) were all written between the yea rs 1811
and 1817. They deal primarily with rural middle-class family
life and relationships, and exhibit a strong sense of satire.
GLOSSARY
, · .The text
1 fi nanciall y inde pendent w ork ing' 9 Hemet is iIIE'q itim at e. and nc -cn e
cl ass people kno ws who her pa rents are . Emma Woodhouse has decided to find a good husband for
2 resp ect abl e 10 ma ke people believe that yo u Harriet Smith, a new friend of hers with no social
3 make a hom e and get m arr ied really are a gentleman's daughter connections. Harriet has been staying with schoolfriends and
4 fro m now 11 cou nty. r egion is attracted to their brother, Robert Martin, a farmer. She is
5 socia l position 12 led
describing himto Emma.
6 make an emba rra ssing mist ak e 13 humb le
7 are no t com plet ely unsui tab l e 14 she believed that t her e w asn't
8 suitable any gr eater attachm ent (; Links tc, 2e,5c, lOa

r
Reading Your analy.sis
D Why is Emma interested in poor people, but not in farmers ll'I What social class do you think Emma belongsto? What is
like Robert Martin? her attitude to people from other social classes?

EJ Who does Emma think Robert Martin should marry, and mWhy do youthink Emma is so interested in Harriet?
when?

I1J How doesshethink that Harriet should behavetowards

Robert's wife when he marries?Why?

o Why is Emma satistied at the end of the conversation? III Do people still worry about social class when deciding
who to marry?
150
 Links to literature
James Fenimore Cooper
(1789-1851)
Magua demands justice
"Liste n," sa id the Indi an .. .: "Mague \\',) 5 horn a chief a nd
a wa rrior among the red Huron s' of th e lakes: he saw
the suns of twen ty sum mers make th e s nows of twent y
winters run off in th e strea ms before he S.lW a pa le face;
and he was happy! Then his Cana da fath ers ( a rne into
the woods, and taug ht him to drink the fire-water, and
he became a rascal' . The Ilu ro ns drove hi m from th e
graves of his fathers, as they wo uld chase the hunt ed
buffalo. Il l' ra n down the sho res of the lakes, and
10 followed their o utlet' to the 'city of ca n no n', There he
hunted and fish ed , till the people chased him aga in
through th e woo ds int o the arms of his enem ies. The
chief, wh o W d S born a Huron, wa s at 1.151 <1 warrior
amo ng the I\ lo haw ks>!"
15 "So meth ing like th is I had heard before," sa id Cora. .
"\ Va s it th e fault of Lc Rena rd" that his head was not
made of rock? \ Yho gave him the fire-wat er? \Vho made
him a villain? Twas the pal e faces, the people of yo u r
ow n co lo r."
20 "And a m I a nswerable thile th ou gh tless a nd un principled
men ex ist, whose shades of co untenance" may resembl e
min e?" Co ra ca lmly demanded of the excited savage.
"1'\0 ; j\ tagu a is a man, and not a fool; such as you never
op en the ir lips to the b urn ing strea m': the Great Spirit
1') has given yo u wisdom!"
"\ vh at. the n, have I do to, or say, in the matt er of yo ur
misfort unes, not to say of yo ur errors?"
"Listen ," re pea ted th e Ind ia n, resuming his earnes t
attitude": "w hen his English and Fren ch fat he rs d ug up
50 the hatch et", l.c Renar d struck the wa r-po st of th e
Mohawks", a nd went ou t aga inst his own nation. The
pale faces have d riven the red- skin s from their hunting
grou nds, an d now wh en they fig ht, d wh ite man leads
GLOSSARY
1 Maqua's tr ibe 10 beco ming serious
2 alcohol It started fiqhtinq aqain
3 vill ain. bad per son 12 promised to flqht fo r the
4 river t hat runs out of a l ake Mohaw k s
5 a rival tribe to the Hurons 13 ob eyed
6 Maqua's ot her nam e ("The Fox') 14 te nts
7 Is it my fa ult 15 unafr aid
8 the colo urs of their fa ces 16 superiority
9 alcoho l
r
Reading
O Pulthese events of Magua's life in the correct order,
a, He join ed the M ohawk trib e.
b, He lived a peaceful life w ith his native trib e.
c. He fought against his native tribe with Munro as his lead er,
d. The English and the French declared w ar on each other.
e. His native tribe rejected him.
El The Huron rejected Magua, and Munro punished him for the
same 'cr ime', What was it?
111 How did Munro punish Magua, and how did it make him
feel? How does Magua plan to use Cora to get revenge?
the wa y. The old ch ief at l lor lran. yo ur father; was th e
)) great ca pta in of our wa r-part y He sa id to th e .\ lo hawk.s
do th is, end d o th at, and he was minded". He ma de a
law, that if a n Ind ian swa llowed the fire-w ater. and ca rne
int o the d oth wigwams" of his wa rrio rs, it sho uld no t he
forgotten. 1\ iegua foolis hly o pene d his mo uth, and th e
40 hot liq uo r led h im int o th e cabin of l\ lu nro, \Vhat did the
gra y-head? Let his daughter say."
"He forgo t no t his words, and d id ju stice, by pu nishin g
the offender;" said the u nd au nted" da ughter,
"justice!" repeated the Ind ian ".. "is it justice to make evil
4'i a nd then punish for it? 1\ tag ua was not himself; it was
the fire-water th at spo ke and acted fo r him! But Mun ro
did not believe it. The Ilu ron chief was tied u p be fore all
the pale-fared warrio rs, and wh ipped like d dog." "
"\ Vhat woul d yo u han'?" contin ued Co ra.
50 "\ Vhat a lIu ron loves - goo d for good ; had for bad !" "..
"\ Vhat must I promise?" de ma nde d Cora, still
maintaining a secret ascendancy"; over the fierce nat ive
by the collected and femini ne d ign ity of her pre sen ce,
"When Mogua left his people his wife was g iven to
ss another ch ief; he has now made friends with the Huro ns,
and will go back to the g raves of his trib e. o n the sho res
of the g reat lake. Let the daugh ter of the English chief
follow, a nd live in his wigwam forever."
Fro m TIle l.asl of the .\l tllliw fl.5. Chapt er II
l\:. Cooper's works
J . F. Cooper is best known for his storie s of American fronti er
life and pioneer adventure. His most popular wo rk is The Last
of the Mohicans (1832), the second of five novels w hich
centr e around Natty Bumppo (know n also as "H aw keye" ]. a
w hite man w ho has adopted the Indian w ay of life .
II' The text
Set in 1757, during the war between England and France for
control of North America , The Last of the Mohicans tell s th e
story of Cora and Alice Mu nro, daughter s of the English
commander, w ho are travelling to the ir father's fort. On the
journey they are capt ured by Magua , a savage Indian w ho
has changed allegiance between Indian tr ibes, and betwe en
th e two European armies. Here, Magua explains t o Cora w hy
he wis hes to be revenged against her fat her.
iii.:. Li nks 3b, 3d
Your anal sis
O W ho does Magua blame forthe misfortunes of his life? Do
you think that he is justified?
m What impression do you get of Cora'scharacter in this scene?
How do you think she will react to Magua 's final demand?
Contem r r link
o How have Native Americans been treated i n the USA since
The Last of the Mohicans was written?
~ Can you think of any other races or cultures that have been
dominated by colon ising nations? What effect did the
colonisation have on them?
 I.inks to literature

II Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896)
Property and possessions
Sto pping o pposite to Tom, wh o had been atti red' for sale
in his best broadcloth ' suit, with we ll-starc hed' linen and
shining boob, he briefly expressed hi mself as follows:
"Sta nd lip."
~ "lorn stood up.
"Ta ke off th.u srock'!" a nd . as Tom, encu mbered by his
fetters ' . proceeded to do it, he assisted him, by pulling it,
wi th no gentle han d, from his neck. e nd putting it in his
pocket.
10 Legree now turn ed to Tom's trunk", which. prev iou s to
th is, he had been ran sackin g", a nd, taki ng fro m it d pai r
of old pa nta loo ns a nd d ilap idated" coat, which 'lorn ha d
b ern won t to put o n about his stable-wo rk". he said,
lilx-roting 'lorn's hand s from the handcuffs I ll , .md
]'j po int ing to d recess in among the boxes,
"YOLI go tlu-n -. a nd pu t these o n."
Tom obeyed , and in (l few mo ments ret urned.
"Ta ke off yo u r boots: ' said J\ lI: Legree.
To m d id so.
20 "There: ' said the fo rmer; th row ing him ,1 pair of coarse,
sto ut" shoes, such as were co m mon amo ng the slaves,
"put these on ."
In 'lorn's h urried excha nge, he had not fo rgott en to
tran sfer his cherished Bible to his pocket. It WdS well he
n d id so; fo r j\ lr; Legree, havi ng refitted Tom's ha nd cu ffs,
proceeded del iber ate ly to inves tigate the con tent s of his
pock ets. li e d rew" o ut a silk handk erchief. and put it into
his own po cket. Several little trifles". which Tom had
trea sured. chiefl y becau se the y had amused EVil , he
')0 look ed upon with a conte mpt uo us gru nt, a nd tossed
them over his sho ulder int o the river.
Tom's j\ 1etho d ist hymn-boo k". whi ch. in his hu rry, he
had forgotte n, he now held u p and turned over.
Humph! pious!', to be su re. So, what's yer nam e, - you
Y; belo ng to the ch urch, eh?"
"Yes, j\ las'r;" said Tom , firmly.
"\ \'e ll, I'll soo n have that o ut of you. I have none 0 ' yer
bawli ng". praying, sing ing ntggcrs" un m y place: so
reme mber. Now, m ind you rselfll'," he said, wit h a
-to sta m p and ,1 fier ce g la nce" of his gray eye, directed at
Tom , "l'm you r ch urch now! You und erstand. - yo u've
go t to b e a s I say." .
l ie took Tom's tru nk, which co nta ined d very neat and
abu ndant wardrobe, to th e fo n..' cdstle 1" , wh en' it wa s soon
-t') surrounded by va rious hands" of 111<' boat. \ \' ith much
laugh ing, at the expense of nigger.'> who tried to be
ge ntle me n, the articles vefY read ily were so ld to on e and
a no ther, a nd the emply trun k finall y pu t up at a uct ion".
It was d go od joke, the y all tho ug ht, es pecially to sec how
so Tom looked after h is things, as Ihl'y were goi ng this W d Y
a nd that: and then the auction of the trun k, tha t was
funn ier th an all, an d occasioned abundan t witticisms" .
This little affa ir being over, Simo n sa untered UpH again to
his prop erty.
55 "Now, Tom, I've relieved yo u of ,lilY ext ra bagga ge, yo u
sec. Take mig ht y good care of th em cloth es. It'll be long
eno ug h 'fo re yo u get mo re. I go in for ' making nig.gc!"S
careful ; o ne su it has to do for o ne yedr; o n m y p l (lCe~
From Clldt TOIII 's (Ilbiu, Cha pter 3 1

~ Beecher Stowe's works

GLOSSARY A committed Amer ican social reformer and Christian,
1 dres sed 15 r euerc us Beecher Stowe published essays, religious poems and
2 a high 'quality fabric 16 sncuttnq novels . Her anti-sla very novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin (1852) sold
3 made ri qid 17 very abusive term fo r a black half a millio n copies in th e Unit ed States and was quic kly
4 neckcloth pe rson ( f rom 'neqro'j
translated into 37 languag es.
5 r est rict ed by hi s chai ns 18 beha ve corr ec t ly
6 lar ge suitc ase 19 putting his f oot down heav ily
7 viol entl y searc hi nq thr ouq h and lookinq anq ry IIhThe text
8 old and used 20 pa rt of a boa t where the crew's
Tom, a blac k slave, has had t o leave his home in New
9 used t o w ea r fo r w or ki nq in the accommodat ion is
stables 21 workers Orleans, w here his kind master and his master's daughter,
10 metal r ings t hat lock t he hands 22 a competition to bUy something Eva, have died. He has just been bought bv a plantation
tcqe tner w ith di fferen t o ffers o f mo ney owner named Simon Legree and put on a riverb oat wi th
11 st rcnq 23 was the cause of a rot o f jokes Legree's other slaves. Legree is ins pecting his new
12 pull ed 24 walked casua lly purchases.
13 i nsiqniflc ant t hlnqs 25 1ik e
14 book of sonq s conne cted to t he
protestant Met hod ist churc h Ir-J Links 3b, 3d, 3f
r
Reading Your anal sis
D How is Tom dressed at the start of the scene? What o How would you describe Legree's treatment of Tom, and his
ch anges does Legree make to Tom's clothes? attitude to slaves in general?

El How does Legree discover that Tom is a religiou s man? rn W hat is svmbolised bVthis description of how Tom is
What is Legree's attitude to this? graduallv deprived of all his clothes and possessions?
~ Wh i c h of these words describ e Tom's behaviour throughout
I!l W hv do th e crew of the boat find Tom's possessions so
amusing? What do th ey do with them? the scene?
angry calm despairing passive .resigned violent
O W hat possession s is Tom left w ith at the end of the scene?
Contern/?orar links
m Oo you think the slavery of black people has had a long-
term effect on race relation s in the USA?
 I.inks to literature
Charles Dickens
(1812-1870)
An English lesson at Dotheboys
lie could not but o bserve how silent and sa d the boys all
seem ed to be. There was none of the noise a nd clamour
o f d schoolroom; non e of its boisterous ' play, o r hcartv
mirth' . The child ren sat crou ching and shivering>
5 together; and seeme d to lar k th e spirit to move about.
After so me half-hour's <leidY, 1\ l r Sq uccrs reappeared. and
the boys took their places an d their bo oks, of which latter
commod ity" the <lverclge might be about one to eig h t
learners. A few m inutes hav ing elapsed >, during which Mr
10 SfJlICCrs looked vcry profo und, as if he had a perfect
apprehension of what was inside all the books, a nd could
SdY ('\'cry word of their conte nts by heart if he only chose
to take th e trou ble, that gentleman called up the first do ss.
Obed ient to this su mmons th ere ranged th emselves in
I') front of th e schoolmaste r's des k, half-a-dozen
sca recro ws", a uf at knees and elbows, on e of whom
placed d torn and filthv" book beneath his learned eye.
'This is the first class in English spelling and philosophy,
i'\icklcby,' said Squccrs. beckoni ng'} Nicho las to sta nd
2.0 lu-sidc him.
'\ Vc'lI ge l up a Latin one, and hand that ove r to you. Now,
then , where's the first bo y?'
'Please. sir, he's cleaning th e back-parlour window,' said
the tempora ry head o f th e philosophica l class.
1.5 'So he is, to be su re,' rejoined Sq ucers. " Ve go upon the
practical mode of teach ing, :\'irkleby; the regular
ed ucatio n system . C-l-c-a-n. clean, ve rb active, to make
b right, to scou r". \ v-i-n. win, d-e-r; dcr; win der", a
caseme nt. \ Vhen th e boy knows this out of boo k, he goes
30 a nd docs it. It's jus t the same prin ciple as th e use of the
globes , \ Yhere's the second boy?'
'Please, sir; he's weedin g" the ga rden' replied a small voice.
GLOSSARY
I rouq h 10 cle an viqorously
2 sincere happiness 11 so ueers: mi sspelflnq of w indow
3 bent and shakinq with cold 12 pull inq out the unwanted pl ants
4 a reference to the books 13 Squeers ' misspellinq of bota ny
5 passed 14 assistant
6 tiq ures mad e by f armers to 15 vaquely
friqht en birds 16 pull water up from a hole in the
7 w it h holes in their clothes qround
8 ver y dirty 17 stop
9 indic atinq to 18 tarqa pan s
r
Rea ;ng
IJ How is the atmosphere 01 the classroom at Dotheboys Hall
different to a normal classroom?
E) W hat do the boys there look like?
g) What does Squeers make the boys do when they have
learned to spell a word?
O W hat lour tasks does Squeers make various boys do?
To be sure,' said Squccrs. by no mean s disconcerted. 'So
he is. B-o - t, bo t, t-i-n, tin, bott in. n-('-y, ne y, bottinncv!' .
)) no u n substa ntive, a know ledge of plan ts. \Vhe n he has
lea rned that b oui nn cv means a know ledge o f plants, he
go es a nd knows 'em. That's our system. Nicklcby: wha t
do you th ink of itt
'It 's very useful one, at an y rail'.' answere d Nicholas.
-10 'I belie ve yo u,' rejoined Squccrs. not rem arking the
em phasis uf his ush er!'. Third boy, what's horse?'
'A beas t. sir,' replied the bo y.
'50 it is,' said Sq ucers. 'Ai n't it, :\'kkk'by?'
'I bel ieve th ere is no dou bt of that . sir,' a nswered
.J.) Nicholes.
'Of course th ere isn't,' said Squcers. 'A horse is d
quadruped. a nd quadruped's Latin for beast. as
eve rybod y that' s gone through the gram mar knows, or
else whor e's the usc of having grammars at alit
') 0 't v lu-rc. indeed!' said Nicholas obstrectccll v".
'As you' re perfect in that' resu med Sq uccrs. turn ing to
the boy, 'go a nd look after 1\ 1)' horse, a nd rub h im
dow n we ll, or I'll rub you dow n. The rest of the class go
an d d raw wa ter u p". till someb ody tells yOli to k-avc
5) o ff 17, for it's washing-d-ry to mor row, and th ey want the
coppers" filled .'
From .\"idlOlas Xif klt'by. Chap ter 8
Ii- Dickens' works
Dickens wa s one 01 the most prolific auth ors of the 19th
century. His works, includ ing some of the best- loved novels
in the English language (Oliver Twist1837-39, Nicholas
Nickleby 1838-39, Oavid Copperfield 1849-1 8501. we re
published in seria l lorm in magazines, and his public reading
tou rs 01 Britain and the US earned him huge popularity. His
novels are populated by memorabl e, often comic, cha racters
from all social classes, and many of his wo rks critici se the
social inequality of Victo rian England.
...·The t ext
In the novel olthe same name, 18-year-old Nicholas
Nickleby's father has died, and Ni chola s, his sister and his
mother are dependent on the dead man's brother. Nichol as'
uncle has sec ured him a job at Dothebo ys Hall, a school for
poor boys in Yorkshire run by Mr Squeers.
.- Links Sa, 8a
Xg u r analY..s;s
m W hat details in the text show that:
a. the school has no money?
b. Squeers is uneducat ed?
Ii) What is Nicholas'reaction to Squeers' teaching methods?
How does Dickens show this?
~ Wh at serious message does Dickens intend to convey in
this scene? Why, then, does he make it a humorous scene?
Confem/?ora links
mHow are today's classrooms and teaching methods different
lrom the classrooms and methods 01 100 years ago?
m W hat do you think makes a good teacher? And a bad one?
 Links to literature

I George Bernard Shaw

(1856-1950)
father to pou r spirits do wn her th roat like that. It might
Eliza enters society have kill ed her.
M RS IIIGGINS: \Vill it rain, do vou think? EI.lI.A: Not her. Gin was mo ther's milk to her. Besides, he'd
EUZA: Th e sha llow d epressio n in th e west o f th ese islands poured so much down his own th roat th at he knew the
is likely to move slowly in a ll easterly direction . There are 40 good of it.
no indi cation s o f a ny great change in th e ba rometr ical MRS EYNSFORD H ILL: Do yOli mea n that he d ra nk?
'i situatio n. EU /.A : Dran k! My word! Some thing chro nic",
FREDDY: lIa! ha ! how awfully funny! j\ '1RS EYi'\SFORD H ILL: How d readful for you!
ELIZA: \Vhat is w TO ng with that, you ng ma n? I b et I go t [ UZA: Not a bit It never did him no harm w ha t I could
it rig ht. 45 sec. But then he did not keep it up regular. On th e bu rst".
FREDDY: Killing '! as you m ight say. from tim e to time.... (to fmltl~" who is ill
10 MR.'i EYI"5FORD I hu: I'm su re I h ope it won't turn co ld. colIVII lsiollS of Supprrssl'd laugh lIT) I Jere! \ Vhat are you
There's so m uch influe nza about. It runs righ t th rou gh sn iggering" at?
ou r whole family regu larly every spring. FREDDY: TI1c new sma ll talk. You do it so a\\fu lly well.
EUZA: j\ ty au n t d ied of influe nza: so they said . 50 [UZA: If I was doing it proper. what was you la ughing at?
j\ IRS EY:-:SFORD Htu, (clicks her IOllgue S!"lIpalhflimllyJ l levc I sa id anything I oug htn't?
15 EU1J\: But it's my belief th ey do ne th e old woman in' . J\ IRS H IGGI;\,S: Not at all, Miss Doolittle.
;..tRS IIIGGI l\S: Done her in? EUZA: w ell. tha t's a mercy", a ny ho w. w hat I a lway s say
EI.I1J\: Y-e-e-e-es. Lord love you! why should she die of is ...
influenza? She com e through>di phthe ria righ t eno ugh II IGGINS: (rising all d lookillg al his )1'(/lch) Ahe m !
th e yea r before. I saw her with my ow n eyes. Fairly blue 55 EI.I ZA: w el l: I must go . So pleased to have met YOll.
10 with it, she wa s. They a ll thought she was dea d : bu t my Goo d-bye.
fathe r he kep t la dling~ gin down her throat til she cam e M RS I IIGGINS: Goo d-bye.
to' so sudden th at she b it th e bowl off th e spoon. EUZA: Goo d-bye. Colonel Picker ing.
J\ l RS EV;\,SFORD lila : Dear me! PKKE RI ;\,G: Good-bye, Miss Doolitt le.
EUZA: \Vhat caW wou ld it woman with that strength in her 60 ELIZA: Good-bye, all.
zs have to die of influen za? \Vhat becom e of her new straw FREDDY: Arc you wa lking across th e Pa rk l\1 iS5 Doolitt le?
hat that sho uld have come to me? Some body pinched" it; If so ...
an d what I say is, them as pinched it do ne her in", EUZA: \Val k! Not blood y likcl y 16(s(fIsaliotl). I a m going in
1\ IRS [\X SFORD H ILL: \ VIMt docs doing her in mean ? d taxi.
IIIGGI:\'S: Oh, that's th e new sma ll talk' ". To do a person in From I~'9malillfl . Act III
30 mean s to kill them.
Shaw's works
j\ I RS En':SFORD HILL: You surely don't belie ve that you r
aun t was killed? The long career of George Bernard Shaw, the Irish dramatist
EI.II.A: Do I not! Th em" she lived with wo uld have k i lled and socialist campaigner, spanned both the Victorian age
he r for a hat-p in, let a lone a hat. and the early 20th century. Shaw wrote over 50 plays IMrs
Warren's Profession, 1894, Saint Joan, 1924), most of whic h
3') J\ l RS EYNSFORD 11 111.; But it can't ha ve been righ t for you r
deal with moral and social problems.
GLOSSARY " ·The text
1 very f unny 11 the peop le w ho
In Pygmalion 119131. Professor Higgins has been teaching
2 kille d th e old w oma n 12 exc essi vel y
3 survived 13 sporadic all y Cockney flowerseller Eliza Doolittle to talk and act like a lady.
4 spoo ning 14 laug hing For a bet with his friend Colonel Pickering, Higgins hopes to
5 rega ined consciousne ss 15 th at 's a re lief trick London's high society into believing that Eliza is an
6 w hy 16 y ou must be jo ki ng ("blOOd y' is a aristocrat. In this scene he introduces her to his mother and
7 wha t happ ened t o mild swea r w or d t hes e days . b ut to her upper-class friends, the Eynsl ord Hills.
8 stole the play's or iq inill euaten ce woul d
9 t he people wh o st ole it killed her hav e b een very sho ck.ed by it s use)
10 insignifi cant conver satio n Links sc, 8c. 8f

[;I How do you think that Higgins is feeling during this scene?
How should the actor playing him behave?

EjI DoesShaw have any serious message to convey in this

scene?

Contemp prar links

mCan you still tell a person's social class from the way that
they speak?Do people still worry about revealing their class
through their accents and vocabulary? •

~ Havenew methods of communication such as e-mail and

texting made languagemore democratic?
 '-inks to literature

Wilfred Owen
(1893-1918)

<J)Parable of the Old Man and the Young

So Ab ram rose, and clave' the woo d, a nd went,
Ancl loo k th e fire with hi m, and a knife .
And as they sojo urned- both of the m together,
Isaac the first-bo rn sp oke' end said , My Fath er,
s Beho ld- th e pre pa rat io ns, fire and iron ,
But where the lamb for thi s bu rnt-o ffer ing?
Then Abra m hou nd ; the yo uth with belts an d stra ps,
And buildcd pa rapets a nd trenc hes" there,
And stre tched fo rth the kn ife to slay 7 his so n.
10 wh en IO!Ha n a ngel ca lled h im out of heave n,
Saying, Lay not thy han d upo n the lad",
Neither do any th ing to him. Beho ld,
A ram ca ug h t in il thicket " by its horns;
Offer th e Ram of Prid e ins tead o f h im .
15 Bu t th e o ld ma n woul d no t so, bu t slew'' his so n,
And ha lf the seed o f Europe, o ne by one.

• • Owen's works
Wilfred Ow en is regarded as the great est of the First World
War poets. His poems reject nationalism and sentimenta lity
and mix tra ditio nal romantic imagery wi th th e bloody reality
of wa r. In 191 6, Ow en became shell- shocked and w as sent
home t o recover. He volunta rily returned t o the army in 1918
GLOSSARY and wa s kill ed a w eek before the end 01the wa r.
1 cut
2 st ay ed or. .The text
3 spoke
4 look at In th is poem, Ow en modernises the Christian story of
5 tied Abraham and Isaac. In the Bible, God te sts Abr aham's loyalty
6 low wa lls and di t ches (t y pic al o f Fir st Wor ld W ar battle fi eld s) by asking him to sacrifice his son to him. Abr aham begins to
7 ki ll f ollow God's instru ctions, but at the last minute God sends a
8 look !
ram to be sacr ificed in Isaac's place.
9 do not to uc h the bo y
10 a ma le sheep t r apped in a bush
11 kil led I.' Links 3c, 4f

r
Reading, o Find in the poem all the different terms used to refer to
O Which lines in the poem refer specifically to soldiers' Abraham and Isaac. What is the significance of these terms,
equipment and to the lands cape of the First World War? and the poem's title?

El How does Owen's version of the Abraham and Isaac story m W hich are the only two rhyming lines in the poem? How do
differ from the version in the Bible? they add to the poem's effect?

Your analy.sis Contem orar links

I!l Work out the symbolism of the poem, III How far is Owen's symbolic poem still relevant to war in
Who do Abraham and Isaac represent? our own times? 00 old people and young people hold different
Who are 'half the seed of Europe'? opinions ofwar?
Why is the ram c all ed the Ram of Pride, and why won't
Abraham kill it? ~ Is war always just a waste of life, or can it serv e any
purpose?
 I.inks ~o 'i~era~ure

/1iil
I Virginia Woolf
(1882-1941)
Shakespeare's sister
matt er of her marria ge. He would give h er a chain o f
it would have be en im possible, co m pletely a nd 35 beads or a fine pet ticoat", he said; a nd the re were
e n tirely, for dny woman to have writ te n the plays of tears in h is eyes. 1I0w co uld she d isobey him "? Ilow
Shakes pea re in the age of Shakespea re. Let me coul d she break his hear t? The force o f he r own gift
ima gine, since facts arc so hard to co me by, w hat alone d rove he r to it. She made u p a small par cel of
5 would have happ en ed had Shakespeare had a he r belongi ngs, let herself do wn by a ro pe on e
wonde rfull y gifted ! sister, ca lled Jud ith, let LIS sa )'. 40 su m mer 's nigh t and took the road to London. She was
Shakespea re him self ... got wo rk in the th eatre, not seven tee n. The bir ds that sa ng in the he dge were
b eca me it success fu l acto r, and live d at th e hub- of th e not more mu sical than she wa s. She had the qu ickest
uni ve rse, meeting everybody, know ing everybo dy, fancy" . a gift like her b roth er's, for the tun c of word s.
[0 practisin g h is art Oil the boa rd s' , exe rcising his w its' in Li ke h im, she had a taste fo r th e th eat re. She stood at
the streets, a nd eve n getting access to the pa lace of the 43 the stage doo r; she want ed to act, she said. Men
q uee n. Mea n wh ile h is ext raord ina rily gifted siste r, let lau ghed in he r face. The manager - a fat, loosclipped
us su p pose, re ma ined at horn e. She WdS as man - guffawed " .. .. Yet her ge n ius was for fiction and
ad vent uro us, as ima gi nati ve, as agog" to see the wo rld lusted to feed ab und antly upo n" the lives of men a nd
15 as he was. But she was no t sen t to schoo l. She ha d no wom en and the stud y of their ways. At last - for she
chan ce of lea rn ing gram mdr an d logic, let alon e ' of 50 was very yo ung, oddl y like Sha kespear e th e poet in
read ing l lor ecc and Virg il. She picked u p a book now her face, with the same g rey eyes and round ed brows -
and th en , on e of her brot h er's pe rhaps, an d read a few at last Nick Greene th e artorm an ager took pity on he r;
pages. Bu t then her pa ren ts carne in and told her to she found he rself wit h child" by th at ge nt lema n a nd
20 men d th e stocki ngs or mind" th e stew" and no t moon so - who sh all measure the heat a nd violence of the
abou t'! with books and papers. They wo uld ha ve 55 poet's hea rt when cau ght and tan gled" ill a wom an 's
spo ken shar ply but kind ly, for the y were su bsta ntial bod y? - killed h erself on e win ter's night and lies
people who kn ew the cond itions of life for a woma n bu ried at some cross-ro ads wh e re th e omnibuses" now
an d loved their daughter - ind eed, mo re likely tha n not stop outsid e th e Elephan t a nd Castle".
25 she was the apple of he r father's eve". Perh a ps she That, more o r less, is how the story would run , I thi nk,
scr ibb led" some pages lip in an a pple loft on th e sly" 60 if a woman in Sha kespeare's d ay ha d had
b ut \VdS ca refu l to hide them o r set fire to th em. Soo n, Shakespea re's gen ius.
however, before she was o ut of her teens, she was to From A Room oj OI1/:"S 0 11'11, Chap ter 3
b e b etrot hed to" the son of a neigh b ou ring
30 woolstep lcr!' . She cried out tha t ma rriage was hatefu l I.- Woolf's works
to her, and for that she was seve rely bea ten by her Virgin ia Woolf was a key figure in the ' Bloomsbury Grou p' - a
fathe r. Then he cea sed to sco ld " her. He b egge d her group of major English w riters and artists of the early 20th
instead no t to hurt h im, not to shame him in this century. Woolf's novels IMrs Dafloway, 1925, To the
Lighthouse, 19271are know n fortheir innovati ve "stream of
GLOSSARY consciousness" t echnique, concentrating not on plot, but on
the int erior w orkings of her cha racters' minds. Woolf wa s
1 talented 13 pr omised In m arr iage t o
2 centre 14 someone w ho sorts wo ol int o
also a pioneer of f eminist prose-writing.
3 the stage of a t heat re different classi ficat ions
4 inte ll igence 15 spe ak harsh ly to .." The text
5 fUll of ant icipation 16 unde r ski rt
6 not to mention 17 sharpest i nte ll ige nce
A Room of Ones Own 11929) is a long essay about wo men
7 look after 18 laughed lou dly wr iters and the position of women in society in general.
8 a stnqte pot of meat and 19 w ant ed very much to observe Woo lf conc ludes that, in order to achieve equality w ith men,
vegetables and m ak e use o f wo men need f undamentals such as the ir ow n money, and
9 waste time. dream 20 pr egn ant time away from the domestic sphere.
10 her father's spe cial f avour it e 21 trap ped
II w rote in a hurry 22 buses
12 in sec ret 23 an are a of London 1£ Links te, IUd, lla

r
Reading Your anal sis
D Is Woolf's story about Shakespeare's sister real or m What, precisely, makes it impossible for Judith to have the
imag inary? same kind of life as her brother?

El W hat sort of education does Judith receive?
~ Wh at forces her to run aw ay from home, and where does
she go?
O What career does she want to follow, and what reaction
does she receive from the men she meets?
iii Why does she k ill herself?
~ Does Judith hate the man she is betrothed to, or the idea of
marriage itself? Why do you think this is?
Contem ora links
III How have attitudes towards women working changed
since Shakespeare's land Woolf's) day?
I1lW hat problems can women still experience today if they
wantto have both a family life and a career?
 '~i/;i , r---
11j
1 I.inks to literature

I John Steinbeck
(1902-1968)
A crime that goes beyond denunciation
35 river, an d the g uards ho ld the m back; they co me in
The de cay sp rea ds ove r the State, and the sweet smell ra tt ling ca rs to get the dumped o ra nges, bu t the
is it g rea t so rrow' on th e la nd. Men who ca n gra re the keros ene is sp rayed . And they sta nd still a nd wa tch th e
trees a nd make the see d fertil e an d big ca n find no potatoes floa t by, liste n to the screa m ing pigs b ein g
WilY to let th e hungry people ea t thei r prod uce. Men killed in a d itch" a nd covered wit h q ui cklime!' . wat ch
5 who have created new fru its in the wo rld canno t 40 the mountains of ora nges slop dow n to a putrefyin g
create a syste m wh ereby their fru its m ay be eaten , and ooze": and in the eyes of th e peo ple there is it failu re;
the failure hangs ov er the Sta te like a g reat sorrow. and in the eyes of the hu ngry there is a grow ing wrath " .
The works of the roots of th e vi nes , of the trees, m ust In the sou ls of the peo ple th e grap es of w rath are filling
be destroyed to keep up the price, and th is is th e and growing heavy, growing heavy for th e vin tage" .
10 saddest, bitterest thing of all. Carloads' of ora nges Fro m lIr c Gmpcs oj l\ 'mlll, Chapter 2:3
dump ed" on the g ro u nd. The people come fro m mil es
to ta ke the fruit, but th is co u ld not be. How wo u ld
they bu y orange s a t twen ty cents a doze n if the y could
dri ve ou t and pic k th em u p? And men w ith hoses>
ts sq uirt" kerosene o n the o ra nges , and they a rc a ngry a t
the cr ime, a ngry at the people who have co me to take
the fru it. A mi llion people hung ry, n ee di ng the fru it -
and kerosene sp rayed over th e golden mou nt ains.
And the sm ell of ro e fills the co un try.
20 Burn coffee for fuel in the ships. Burn corn to keep warm,
it makes a ho t fire. Dump potatoes in th e rive rs and place
guards a long the banks to keep the hungry peo ple fro m
fishi ng th em o ut. Slaug hter" th e pigs and bu ry th em, a nd
let the putrescenc e" d rip down into the earth.
25 There is a crime here that go es b eyo nd denuncia tion .
There is a so rro w here tha t wee ping ca n nol sy mb o lize.
There is a fail u re here tha t to p ples" all o u r success.
The fertile ea rt h, the straigh t tree rows, the stu rdy"
trunks, a nd th e ri pe fru it. And chi ldren dying of
:;0 pel lagra" m ust di e beca use a pro fit ca nnot be taken
fro m an o range. And coroners" mu st fill in the iF Steinbeck's works
certificates - die d o f mal nut ritio n - b ecau se th e food
mu st rot , mu st be forced to rot. Steinbeck is best remembered for his three novels of the
Great Depression era of th e 1930s: Tortilla Flat, Of Mice and
The peo ple come wit h nets to fish fo r potatoes in th e
Men and The Grapes of Wrath. These works all deal w ith the
str uggles of poor agricu ltural w orkers in the USA during that
period.
GLOSSARY
1 sadness 11 st ro ng Il>JThe t ext
2 blend one ty pe of plant wi th 12 vita min deficiency
another 13 people wh o legall y decide t he
The Grapes of Wrath 119391follows the Joa d family as they
3 quantit ies br ouqht by car cause of dea th join th ousands of oth er f armers leavin g their native
4 abandoned 14 lon q narrow hole in the qr ound Oklahoma during the Depression to try to make a living in
5 rubber t ubes used to spray liquld 15 a po wd er th at help s t hings to rot South ern Calif ornia. In th e presenc e of the starvi ng refugees,
6 spray 16 rot to liq uid form the produce growe rs of Califo rnia destroy food to maintain
7 decay 17 ang er scarcity and high prices.
8 kill 18 t he w ine pro duced from a
9 rottinq fl esh p arti cu lar har vest
10 causes to fa ll . . Links 3e, se, 10c

r
Re dOng O W hat other words are repeated throughout the exlract?
D The extract describes the destruction of five specific types Why do you think that Steinbeck uses this repetition?
of food. What are they, and how are they destroyed?

E)What effect does the destruction of the food have on the

people in California?
rn W hat are the consequences of a wo rld economy like ours?
Your anal sis Who benefits from it and who suffers?
I!JUnderline all the words connected with decay. Why do you
think there are so many of them? What does the decay of the
food symbolise?
 I.inks to literature

II Dylan Thomas
(1914-1953)

(D Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night

Do not go gent le int o th at good n igh t,
O ld age shoul d h u rn a nd rave ' a t d ose o f d ay;
Rage , rage again st th e dyin g of the ligh t.
Though wise men at th eir en d kn ow da rk is righ t,
Because the ir words had for ked no lightn ing' they
Do not go gentle int o th at goo d nigh t.
Good men, the last wave bv', cry ing how brigh t
Their frail deeds; might 11<1\,(' danced in <1 green bay.
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
10 \\'i1d men who caught and sang the su n in night,
And learn, too late, they grieved" it on its way.
Do not go gent le into that good night.
Grave men, ncar death, w ho see wit h blinding sig ht
Blind eyes co uld blaze" like m eteors a nd he gay'\
I') Rage, rage against the dy ing of the light.
And yO ll, my fetlu-r; th e re on that sad height ,
Curse, bl ess 111(' now with yo u r fierce tea rs. I pray.
Do not go ge ntle int o that good nigh t.
Rage, rage aga ins t th e dy ing o f th e light.

Thomas's works
Dylan Thomas, the unofficial national poet of Wales , is best
remembered for his poems and for his 'play for voices',
Under Milk Wood. The play was written for the radio and
depicts the inner throughts of the inhabitants of a Welsh
GLOSSARY seaside town.
I screa m and shout 5 w eak acti ons
( · .The text
2 show violent enq er 6 they m issed t he sun w hen it had
3 had no dramati c impac t (forked disap peared In this poem, Dylan contemplates the approaching death of
Ii qhtnlnq Is th e fl ashin q o f IIqht In 7 bur n briqhtly his f ath er.
t he sk y durinq a st orm ) 8 happy . merry
4 wh en the last wave is near {i.e.
wh en deat h is clo se) ~ Links 10e

r
Ring Your nat sis
D i n verse 1, wh at three phrases does Thomas use t o E1According to Thomas, which ofthe people identifi ed in
symbolise death? How does he think that old and dying people exercise 2:
should reac t as death approaches ? a. feel that life has passed too quickly?
b. regret that their actions had no great effect or meaning
E] In verses 2-6, Thomas examines different people's reactions (two groups of people]?
to death. Match these people to the verses: c. regret that they did not have a more exciting, int ense life?
a. his father
b. serious people [) Does Thomas w ant his father t o have a peaceful death?
c. fast- living people Why/Why not? .
d. good people
e. inte lligent people Contemeorar links
mHow does your religion or cul ture view death. and advise
people to react towards it? Is Thomas's reaction the same as
this or different?

rn How does your society tre at old peop le in the last few years
of their lives? Do people pay attention to their thoughts and
feelings?
 Links to literature

Zadie Smith
(1975-)
A clash of cultures
Samed growled '. 'I told you al ready. I do n't want yo u
participating in that nonsense. It has not hi ng to do
with us , Magid. VVh)' are yOlI a lways trying to be
somebody you are not?'
5 There was a mut ual, silen t a nger as each acknow ledge d
the painful incident thai was b ein g referred to. A few
mo nths earl ier, o n Magid's ni nt h bi rth day, a grou p of
vcry nice- looking white boys w ith meticulo us
man ners- had turned up on the doorstep a nd as ked
10 for Mark Smith .
'Mark? No Ma rk he re,' Alsa na had sa id, bendi ng down
to their level with a ge nia l sm ile, 'Only the fam ily Iqba l
here. You have the wro ng house: ins tead of the ever growi ng p ile of other people's
But before.. she had finished the se ntence, Mag id had 35 ru bbish; he wa nted a pia no in the ha llway in place of
15 dashed' to the door, ush ering" his mother o ut of vie w th e b ro ken door off co us in Kurshed's car; he wa nted to
'Hi, guys: go o n b iking holidays to Fran ce. not day trips to
'il L tvlark: Bleckp o ol" to visit au nt ies: he wanted the floo r of his
'Off to the chess club, Mu m' room to be sh iny wood, not the orange an d gree n
'Yes, 1\·1 - M - Ma rk,' sa id A lsa na. close to tears at th is 40 swirled " carpet left over from the resta uran t; he
20 fina l sn ub'. th e replacement of ,Mu m' fo r 'Ar uma', 'Do wa n ted his fat her to be a doctor, not a o ne -handed
not be late, now: wa iter; an d this mo nt h Mag id h ad conver ted all these
'I GIVE YOU A GLORIOUS NAME LIKE MAGID desires in to a wish to join in w ith the Harvest Festiva l
JvlAIi FOOZ MURSIIED M UIHAS IM IQBAL!' Semed like Ma rk Smith would. Like eve rybody else wo u ld.
had yelled after Magid when h e ret urned ho me th at Fro m lVhi le Teeth, Ch a pte r 6
25 eve n ing and wh ipped" up the sta irs like a b ullet to
hide in h is roo m. 'AND YOU WANT TO BE CALLED
MARK SMITI I!' dIf; Smith's works
But this was just a sym pto m of a far deeper m ala ise'.
Magid rea lly wa n ted to be in some ot her famil y. He Zadie Smith astonished the British literary world with the
publication, in 2000, of her first novel, White Teeth. The book
50 wanted to own cats a nd not cockroaches", he wa nted
wo n the Wh itbread First Novel Award for that year and was
his moth e r to m a ke the m usic of the cello, not the
desc ribed by many review ers as the most outsta nding
sou nd of the sewing machine; he wan te d to have a w riting debut for years.
tre llis? of flo wers grow ing u p o ne side of the hou se
~Th e lexl
White Teeth t ells the sto ry ofthree fa milies, one Indian, one
w hite, and one of mixed race, in North London and Oxl ord
GLOSSARY from World Wa r II to the present day. In this extract, Samad
1 made a noise like an anqry ani m al 7 unh appiness Iqbal, a Bangladeshi immigrantto London, is asking his son
2 caref ul politeness 8 l arg e bee tl es Ma gid w hy he w ants to t ake part in his school's Harvest
3 hurr ied 9 woode n st r uctu re Festival, a Christian ce lebration.
4 pushinq 10 a worki ng-c la ss seasi de resort
5 insult 11 mixed to get her
6 ran
II.. Links te, lb, lOb

Your analY..sis
EilW hat do items like cats, pianos, holidays in France and
wooden floors symbolise for Magid?

El What is his real full name? iii How is this text representative of the immigrant
experience?
I!IWhat work does his father do?
Contemeora!:y' lin s
O What work does his mother do? ID W hat problems can immigrants experience in terms of
clashes between their native culture and the culture of the
0 Why is Magid determined 10 participate in the Harvest country they live in?
Festival?

li! Why doesn't his father want him 10 go?

am Do you think that the older and younger generations of
immigrants in your country have the same disagreements as
Samad and Magid?
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photograph: Tate, London 2003/copyright: The Artist and Haunch of Venison,
London (106 bottom right); James Bareham - copyrighttrademark RUG Ltd 2002
(112 top right); Giancarlo Costa copyrightphotographs (52 top, 147 3rd left from
top and2ndrightfrom top,154); Elliot RightWay Books (80 bottom left); Farabolafoto
(32top left,36bottom left,42middle left andmiddle right, 44top left, 56top right,
682ndleft fromtop, 893rdand 5thright fromtop, 93top middle, 112 1stand2nd
rightfromtop, 113, 116, 11 7t opleft, 118, 125 middle left, 134 right, 144 left);Granata
Images (9top left,13topright,15 middle left,20, 22left 2nd fromtop,right3rdfrom
top, 32bottomleft, 42top left,60bottom left,61 top left, 80top left,81 top left and
top right,91top right andbottom left,98,1 02top left,105 top andbottom right,108
2nd,3rd, 4thleft from top,middlebottom, 1st, 2nd and3rdrightfromtop,119 middle
left,bottom centre, 123, 124middlebottom, 145, 147 bottom left, 155 left,158); Harper
Collins Publishers Ltd (108 top left);ICPlOouble's (8 top left, 12top left, 22left 1st
fromtop and 4th rightfromtop, 23middle bottom, 30l st right from top,32middle
left,37right bottom left, 50 middle, 56 middleleft andright,61 right,80middle,81,
99,102 top right, 103 top right and bottom right, 110 bottom left andmiddle right,
126,127, 134 left, 136middle top, 1st right from top,137, 140 left 2nd fromtop, 141
middle right, 151, 152); Imperial War Museum (41top right); Agenzia Marka (17,
221st,2nd right from top, 5thmiddle bottom, 24top right,37middle bottom, 38
right 1st from top, 39 right 1st from top, 75middle centre,86top middle,952nd
and 5th top, 115, 139 top left, 141 bottom); Pearson Education Italia (8 bottom);
Pearson Education Limited (11 left); Penguin Books (68 bottom); The Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette, November 27, 2003, all rightsreserved . Reprinted with permission
(55);Room 13, Caol Primary Schootu ostop left andright, 1071; Cristina Rossi (58
top right);David Sandison/The Independent(121).
All effortshave been madeto trace all copyrights holders, howeversome remain
unknown. We will happily remedy any unintentionalmistakes or omissions, and
would be grateful for anyassistance in doing so.