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Introduction

Assoc. Prof. Akhrawat Lenwari

Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Chulalongkorn University

Outline
1. Types of steel structures
2. Chemical properties of steels
3. Mechanical properties of steels
4. Typical steel shapes
5. Design concepts (ASD and LRFD)

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1. Types of Steel Structures

1. Framed Structures
structures consist of tension members,
columns, beams, slabs and beam-columns,
e.g., buildings, bridges etc.
2. Shell-Type Structures
structures where axial forces are
predominate.
3. Suspension-Type Structures
structures where axial tension predominates
the principal support system.

Framed Structures

(Ref: Structural Steel Design – A Practice – Oriented Approach)

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Shell-Type Structures

Suspension-Type Structures

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 Advantages of Steel Structures

1. Reliable
2. High strength to weight ratio
3. Fast erection
4. Lighter building weight
5. Less environment pollution
6. High ductility (gives warnings before
collapse)
7. Architectural Attractive

Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel

• Steel gives the architect the flexibility to create the desired aesthetic effect
using the structural members.
• Common structural components include
▫ Wide flange sections
▫ Curved members
▫ Hollow structural sections (HSS)
▫ Built-up tapered members
▫ Open web beams (castellated/cellular beams)
• Higher level finishes generally more stringent than the Code of Standard
Practice are required.
Reference: AISC (2003) Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel, A
Supplement to Modern Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc.. Chicago, IL., May 2003

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Airport
terminals

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Curved
members

Modern steel fabrication technology allows fabricators to cold

curve or heat bend beams.

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Disadvantages of Steel Structures

1. Loss of strength under high temperature

(fire events)
2. Corrosion (section loss)
3. Fatigue (progressive cracking)

High maintenance cost

Loss of strength under high

temperature (fire)
Steel yield point and Young’s modulus are greatly lowered
when steel is exposed to high temperature, such as in a
building fire.

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High Thermal (Fire) Protection

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High Thermal (Fire) Protection (cont’d)

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High Thermal (Fire) Protection (cont’d)

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High Thermal (Fire) Protection (cont’d)

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 Fireproofing Hours Requirement for
Building (Japan)

Fireproofing Hours Requirement for

Building (Japan)

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Fireproofing Requirements for

Buildings (กฎกระทรวง ปี พ.ศ. 2549)

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Atmospheric Corrosion

Corrosion by environment
Average corrosion losses for
Environment non-treated steel products
( mm/year)

- Rural and mountainous, with clean air 0.01~0.03

- Urban and moderately industrial 0.03~0.06
- Seaside and industrial 0.06~0.12
- Chemical industrial 0.12~0.30

The steel corrosion protection methods are:

1. use stainless steel or weathering steel etc.
2. coating, painting
3. electrical method: cathodic and anodic protection

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Memorial Bridge
(on Route 11 Over New River, Virginia)

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ga

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Fatigue

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Fatigue (cont’d)
• Fatigue Preventions
1. Avoid details that create severe stress concentrations
2. Provide gradual changes in the section
3. Use continuous welds rather than intermittent welds
4. When fatigue cracks are discovered, take immediate
steps to prevent their propagations.

N (no.of cycles)

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 2. Chemical Properties of Steels
1. Carbon steels : mostly iron and carbon
low carbon ( C < = 0.15 % )
mild carbon ( 0.15 % <= C <= 0.29 % )
medium carbon ( 0.30 % <= C <= 0.59 % )
high carbon ( 0.60 % <= C <= 1.70 % )

A36 has carbon varying from 0.25– 0.29 % depending

on thickness.

2. High-strength low-alloy steels

iron and carbon plus other components (usually < 5%)

3. High-alloy steels
higher % of other components than in the low-alloy
steels.

Carbon Steels
A36 Structural Steel
A53 Grade Steel pipes (standard weight, extra strong and double- Steel Types
B or A501 extra strong)
(ASTM Standard Vol. 01.01 and
A500 Structural Tubing — Carbon Steel, Cold-Formed
seamless/welded (in rounds and shapes) 01.04, 1995)
Low-Alloy Steels
A572 High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels
of Structural Quality
A992 Steel for Structural Shapes for Use in Building
Framing (replacing A572)
A913 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural
ASTM = American Society for
Quality, Produced by Quenching and Self-Tempering Testing and Materials
Process (QST)

Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant Low-Alloy Steels

A588 High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi
[345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick
A847 Structural Tubing
A852 Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Structural Steel
Plate with 70 ksi (485 MPa) Minimum Yield Strength to
4 in (100 mm) Thick

Alloy Steel
A514 High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy
Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding

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มาตรฐานผลิต ภัณฑ์ อ ุต สาหกรรม กระทรวงอุต สาหกรรม

มอก 1227-2558 “เหล็กโครงสร้ างรู ปพรรณรี ดร้ อน”

3. Mechanical Properties of Steels

Schematic Stress-Strain Curve:

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Stress-Strain Curves (A36):

A36 : Yield stress = 36 ksi [approx. 250 MPa]

Typical Stress-Strain Curves

plate , A709 (bridges)

(high-strength low-alloy; quenched & tempered)

, A992
(high-strength low-alloy steel)

(carbon steel)

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Important Properties
1. Modulus of elasticity, E (about 2x106 ksc)
2. Shear modulus, G
G = E/2(1+μ) , μ = poisson’s ratio (about 0.3)

3. Coefficient of thermal expansion and

contraction
α = 12x10-6 / oc

4. Yield strength and tensile strength

5. Mass density = 7.85 ton/m3

4. Typical Steel Shapes

Steel shapes can be classified into :

1. Hot-rolled shape (AISC Specification)

shapes are formed by hot rolling in the steel
mill.
2. Built-up shape
shapes are formed by attaching two or more
steel shapes together.
3. Cold-formed shape (AISI Specification)
shapes are formed by pressing the steel plate.
The plate thickness is usually not greater than
25 mm.

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Standard Hot-rolled shapes

Wide-flange and I-beam shapes

Channel, Angle, and T shapes (Geschwindner et al. 1994, p.96)

Standard Hot-rolled shapes

W, S, M shapes
e.g. W400x66 => depth = 400 mm & weight = 66 kg/m

C shape
e.g. C150x18.6 => depth = 150 mm & weight = 18.6 kg/m

L shape
e.g. L75x50x4 => leg 1 = 75 mm & leg 2 = 50 mm & thickness = 4 mm

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มาตรฐานผลิต ภัณฑ์ อ ุต สาหกรรม กระทรวงอุต สาหกรรม

มอก 1227-2558 “เหล็กโครงสร้ างรู ปพรรณรี ดร้ อน”

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มาตรฐานผลิต ภัณฑ์ อ ุต สาหกรรม กระทรวงอุต สาหกรรม

มอก 1227-2558 “เหล็กโครงสร้ างรู ปพรรณรี ดร้ อน”

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Standard Hot-rolled shapes

Tubular Products (Geschwindner et al. 1994, p.98)

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มาตรฐานผลิต ภัณฑ์ อ ุต สาหกรรม กระทรวงอุต สาหกรรม

มอก 107-2533 “เหล็กโครงสร้ างรู ปพรรณกลวง”

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 Standard Hot-rolled shapes

Plate and Bar Products (Geschwindner et al. 1994, p.96)

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มาตรฐานผลิต ภัณฑ์ อ ุต สาหกรรม กระทรวงอุต สาหกรรม มอก

1479-2541 “เหล็กแผ่ นรี ดร้ อนสําหรั บงานโครงสร้ าง”

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Built-up Shapes

Cold-formed Shapes

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5. Design concepts
All structural steel members must satisfy strength
and serviceability criteria.

1. Strength limit states define safety against

local or overall failure conditions, e.g., yielding,
buckling etc.
2. Serviceability limit states define
functional requirements, e.g., deflection etc.

Three methods of strength design (ANSI/AISC) are:

1. AISC / ASD (Allowable Strength Design)

- use service loads and elastic analysis to compute the
required strength
- use yield strength and stability with factor of safety to
compute the available strength

2. AISC / LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design)

- use factored loads and elastic analysis to compute the
required strength
- use yield strength and stability with resistance factor to
compute the available strength

3. AISC / DIA (Design by Inelastic Analysis )

- use factored loads and inelastic analysis to compute the
required strength
- use yield strength and stability with resistance factor to
compute the available strength

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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
- use service loads and elastic analysis to compute the
required strength
- use yield strength and stability with factor of safety to
compute the available strength (or allowable strength)

Axial force, Moment, Shear etc.

ดู รายละเอียดในหนังสือหน้า 8

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Load and Resistance Factor Design

(LRFD)
- use factored loads and elastic analysis to compute the required
strength
- use yield strength and stability with resistance factor to compute
the available strength
Same as in ASD !!

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Factored load combinations

Use load combination that gives the maximum effect (M, V, etc.)

D = Dead load, L = Live load, Lr = live load (Roof floor), S = Snow load,
R = Rain load, W = Wind load, E = Earthquake

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Resistance factor
depends on the type of member and limit state

2.6 Bearing: = 0.75 for steel-steel contact

= 0.65 for steel-concrete contact

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Resistance factor v.s. safety factor

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