‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫‪Structural Steel Design‬‬

‫تصميم المنشآت الفوالذية‬
‫(المعدنية)‬
‫د‪ .‬سليمان إسماعيل الصافي‬
‫‪Dr. Eng. Sulaiman Ismail Al-Safi‬‬
‫‪Sana’a Univesity‬‬

‫‪20/21‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
Structural Steel Design 1
LECTURE #1
INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
3 3
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
‫المواضع التي ذكر فيه الحديد في القرآن‬

‫ من سورة الحديد‬25 ‫اآلية‬

We have indeed sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and sent down
with them the book and the balance, so that people may uphold equity.
And we sent down iron in which there is strong power, and benefits for
the people; and (We did it) so that ALLAH knows who helps Him and
his messengers without seeing (Him). Surely ALLAH is Strong,
Mighty.
4
 TEXT BOOK

◊ Book: Steel Design

◊ Authors:
JACK McCORMAC
◊ Paperback: 626 pages
◊ Publisher: PEARSON
Language: English
◊ ISBN-9780134589657
◊ Edition: SIXTH
◊ Year: 2018

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DESIGN AIDS & SPECIFICATIONS (Code)

• Similar in format to the 15th-edition of the Steel Construction Manual (AISCM)

• Prepared by:-Dr. Sulaiman Al-Safi
• Based on and including (ANSI/AISC 360-16), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.

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 COURSE OUT LINE
Topics to be covered in this course
◊ Introduction to Steel Structures,
◊ Design philosophies and design methods,
◊ Design of Tension Members,
◊ Design of Compression Members and
Axially Load Built-up Columns,
◊ Design of Beams (Flexural, Shear and
Deflection),
◊ Design of Simple Bolted connections,
◊ Design of Simple Welded connections,
◊ Design of Column Bases.

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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (Code)
Current design is carried out under the provisions published in the
2016 edition of the AISC Specification.
The Specification contains:-
 14 chapters
 8 appendices. To provide a concise guide to the use of the
Specification.
 Detailed Commentary that provides insights into the source
and application of the provisions.
Brief Description of the Specification
• Chapter A: General Provision. (Scope + summary of all referenced
specifications, codes, and standards + requirements for materials to be
used + the design documents necessary to communicate that design).
• Chapter B: Design Requirements. (General requirements for analysis
and design+ the charging language needed for application of the
subsequent chapters).
• Chapter C: Design for Stability. (Along with Appendix 7, addresses the
requirements of stability that must be taken into consideration in any
analysis and design).

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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (Code)
Brief Description of the Specification (CONTINUED)
• Chapter D: Design of Members for Tension. (Design of members subjected
to axial tension resulting from forces acting through the centroidal axis).
• Chapter E: Design of Members for Compression. ( Design of members
subjected to axial compression resulting from forces applied at the centroidal
axis).
• Chapter F: Design of Members for Flexure. (Design of members loaded in a
plane parallel to a principal axis that passes through the shear center or is
restrained against twisting).
• Chapter G: Design of Members for Shear. (Webs of singly or doubly
symmetric members subject to shear in the plane of the web).
• Chapter H: Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion. (Design
of members subject to an axial force in combination with flexure about one or
both axes, with or without torsion).
• Chapter I: Design of Composite Members. (Design of members composed of
steel shapes and concrete working together as a member subjected to all sorts
of loadings)
• Chapter J: Design of Connections. (Design of connections).
• Chapter K: Additional Requirements for HSS and Box Section
Connections. (additional requirements to those given in Chapter J).

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STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
STRUCTURAL STEEL –MATERIAL AND SYSTEM
• What is Steel?
• Early uses of Iron and Steel.
• Steel: The Material Facts
• Advantages and Disadvantages of steel as structural
material
• Steel Making process
• Treatments and processes affecting steel properties
• Mechanical properties of Structural Steel
• Advantage disadvantage of steel as structural
material
• Structural systems.
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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
What is Steel?
 Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with carbon
and other elements.
 An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
elements, at least one of which is a metal, and
where the resulting material has metallic
properties.
 An Alloy usually has different properties
(sometimes significantly different) from those of its
components.
 Various properties of steel are determined by its
chemical composition.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
What is Steel?
 Principal component is iron and in much smaller
amount carbon which contributes to strength but
reduces ductility.
 Other components: Copper, manganese, nickel,
chromium, molybdenum, silicon.
 Plain carbon steel: Mostly iron and carbon (less than
1%).
 Low-alloy steel: Iron and carbon plus other
components (less than 5%).
 High-alloy steel: Similar to low alloy steel but higher
percentage of the added components.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Properties of Modern Steel.
 The properties of steel used can be
greatly changed by varying the
quantities of carbon present and adding
other elements such as
 Silicon
 Nickel
 Manganese, and
 Copper
 A steel having a significant amount of
these elements is referred to as an alloy
steel.

13
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Steel Making Process

14
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Steel Making Process

15
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Steel Making Process

16
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Steel Making Process

Making Steel
Rolled Shapes

17
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Steel Making Process
Effect of Carbon percentage on Steel
Properties
Type of Steel %age of Carbon
Mild Steel Up to 0.25%
Medium Carbon Steel 0.25% to 0.45%
High Carbon Steel 0.45% to 1.50%

 Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and tungsten

to iron produces a wide range of alloy steels, including
stainless steel and high speed steels.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel
Yield Point of Modern Steels
 Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which leaves the
specimen with a permanent set of 0.2% when specimen is
unloaded or stress corresponding to 0.5% elongation (strain)
 In the past, a structural carbon steel designated as A36 and
having yield stress
 of Fy = 250MPa(36 ksi) was the commonly used structural
steel.
 Today, a steel having Fy = 345MPa (50 ksi) can be produced and
sold at almost the same rice as 250MPa (36 ksi) steel.
 Structural steels are generally grouped into several major ASTM
classifications:

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel
• Typical stress-strain
diagram for mild or low-
carbon structural steel at
room temperature

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel
• Typical stress-
strain curves

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel
• Typical stress-strain diagram for brittle steel

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel
Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels
o Yielding is a discontinuous phenomenon.
o In tension test it begins with sudden appearance in specimen of
one or more narrow slip bands called Flow Lines.
o Slip bands are plastic regions separated by completely elastic
regions.

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 STRUCTURAL
Mechanical STEEL steel
properties of structural

Mechanical properties of structural steel

25
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Mechanical properties of structural steel

Material A is more Stiffer but less Tougher than Material C

Material A has more strength than Material C

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Mechanical properties of structural steel
ASTM A36 Mild ASTM A572 Grade
Composition & Property
(low-carbon) steel 50 steel

Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength, psi 58,000 - 79,800 65,000 min

Properties Yield Strength, psi 36,300 50,000 min.
Elongation 20.0% 18% min
Chemistry Iron (Fe) 99% 98%
Carbon (C) 0.26% 0.23%
Manganese (Mn) 0.75% 1.35%
Copper (Cu) 0.2% --
Phosphorus (P) 0.04% max 0.04%
Sulfur (S) 0.05% max 0.05%
Silicon -- 0.4%
Vanadium and Columbium -- 0.02 – 0.15

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Mechanical properties of structural steel
Comparison of Mechanical Properties Wrought Iron and Steel

Property Wrought Iron Steel

Elastic 190Gpa 190 – 210 GPa

Modulus (27Mpsi) (27-30 Mpsi)
Yield Strength 210 MPa 280-1600 MPa
(30ksi) (40-232ksi)
Ultimate 340 Mpa 340- 1900 MPa
Strength (49ksi) (49-275ksi)
% Elongation 0.035 3- 40

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
 Great Strength ‫مقاومة عالية‬ 
 Light weight ‫خفيف الوزن مقارنة بمقاومته‬ 
 Ease of fabrication ‫سهولة التجهيز‬ 
 Uniformity ‫انتظام وتجانس‬ 
 Elasticity
‫مرونة‬ 
 Permanence
 Ductility ‫دوام‬ 
 Toughness ‫ممطولية‬ 
 Additions to existing structures ‫شدة عالية‬ 
 Ability to be fastened together by several ‫سهولة االضافة الى منشآت قائمة‬ 
simple connectors ‫المقدرة على ربط العناصر مع بعضها البعض‬ 
 Adaptation to prefabrication ‫بواسطة وصالت بسيطة‬
 Speed of erection ‫سهولة التجهيز في الورش قبل التركيب‬ 
 Ability to be rolled into wide variety of ‫سرعة التركيب في الموقع‬ 
sizes and shapes
‫المقدرة على تجهيز ودرفلة مقاطع متعددة بمختلف‬ 
 Reuse
 Scrap value ‫االشكال والمقاسات‬
‫اعادة االستخدام بعد التفكيك‬ 
‫مخلفات مباني الفوالذ ذات قيمة مادية‬ 

29 29
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
DIS ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
Corrosion (Maintenance )‫الصدأ (كلفة الصيانة‬ 
costs)
Loss of strength at elevated ‫فقدان المقاومة عند ارتفاع الحرارة‬ 
temperature (Fireproofing )‫(كلفة الحماية والعزل من الحريق‬
Cost)
Susceptibility to buckling ‫احتماالت التعرض لالنبعاج (االعضاء‬ 
(Slender member in )‫النحيفة في الضغط‬
compression)
Fatigue (Repeated loads) ) ‫الكلل (االنهيار نتيجة االحمال المتكرر‬ 
Brittle fracture ‫التمزق الهش‬ 

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL
DIS ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
Effect of temperature on yield strength

31
 Structural systems
What’s steel structure?
Architecture → Structure →Steel Structure

32
 Structural systems
What’s steel structure?
It is a structure, made from organized combination of
structural steel members designed to carry loads and
provide adequate rigidity.

33
 Structural systems
What’s steel structure?
It is a structure, made from organized combination of
structural steel members designed to carry loads and
provide adequate rigidity.

34
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Classical
Skeleton
framing
Steel truss
Rigid frames
Arches
Domes
Cable
supported
Roofs
35
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Classical Skeleton
framing
 Classical system
supported by beams,
girders and columns.
 Beams: W or S
shapes, Channel
shapes for roof
purlins.
 Columns: generally
W shapes

36
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel trusses:
Trusses may occur as:-
 Roof framing members over large spans
 Transfer trusses used to support gravity loads
discontinuous columns above.
The typical truss profile consists of:-
 Top and bottom chord members (usually
members)
 Vertical and diagonal members are called
web members (connected to the top and bottom
bolted or welded connections.

37
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures

 Triangular rigid
structure
 Most common double
pitched roof trusses:
 Fink & Pratt.
 Most common flat
trusses: Pratt &
Warren

38
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel trusses
 No span limit
 Often prefabricated
 Used with wood or steel purlins to support the
roof.
 Bracing: if resting on masonry walls:
 Diagonal bracing in alternate bays
 Continuous struts(angles, channels)

39
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel trusses
Truss Frame
Industrial Building

40
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel trusses
Truss Frame
Industrial Building

41
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures

42
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures

43
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

44
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

45
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

46
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

47
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

48
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

Truss Frame
industrial Building

49
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

Truss Frame
industrial Building

50
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

Details of sag rod and

its connections.

51
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

52
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Truss Structural systems

Truss Bridge
Example of steel truss with built up members

53
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

Steel Building Frame Components

54
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

55
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

Steel Building Frame Components

56
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

Steel Building Frame Components

57
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

Steel Building Frame Components

58
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

Steel Building Frame Components

59
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

Steel Building Frame Components

60
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frames

 For large unobstructed

floor areas and ceiling
heights.
 Spans generally 40ft to
100ft
 Members are connected
by bolting and welding
 Members: W shapes or
web plates fillet welded
to flange plates
 Connection to foundation
with a base plate(bolted)

61
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

62
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

63
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

64
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

65
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

66
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

67
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

68
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems
Bracing

69
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Rigid frame Structural Systems

70
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel arch structures
Used in field houses, exhibition halls with span over 90m
Most common type: three hinged arch
Diagonal bracing in curved surfaces between arches
Lateral bracing of ribs with purlins or trussed purlins.

71
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Domes

Used for large circular areas: Assembly halls,

gymnasium, field houses….
Spans up to 120m in diameter
Structural members:
Perimeter (Tension ring)
Domes and rings are supported by columns
braced laterally or by bearing walls
Purlins supports the roof deck and span
between ribs

72
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Arches

73
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Domes

74
 Structural systems
Types of steel structures
Steel Spatial structures

75