Fall - 12 - C - Lecture - 2 Introduction To Steel Structures

Design of Steel Structures
CE-411
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
1
Lecture 02: Introduction to Steel Structures
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
2
Topics to be Covered
• What is Steel?
• Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
• Steel Making process
• Treatments and processes affecting steel
properties
• Mechanical properties of Structural Steel
3
What is Steel?
• Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with
carbon and other elements.
• An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more elements, at least one of which is a metal,
and where the resulting material has metallic
properties.
• An Alloy usually has different properties
(sometimes significantly different) from those of
its components.
4
Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
• Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:

1. Surah Bani Israil (17:50)
2. Surah Al Kahf ( 18: 96)
3. Surah Al Anbiya.. (21:22)
4. Surah Saba (34:10)
5. Surah Qaf (50:22)
6. Surah Al-Hadid (57:25)
5
Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
Al-Hadeed (Sura 57:25)
We have indeed sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and sent
down with them the book and the balance, so that people may
uphold equity. And we sent down iron in which there is strong
power, and benefits for the people; and (We did it) so that ALLAH
knows who helps Him and his messengers without seeing (Him).
Surely ALLAH is Strong, Mighty.
6
CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
Steel Making Process
http://www.tatasteel.com/products-and-processes/processes/steel-making-process.asp
7
Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace
Iron (III) Oxide + Carbon Monoxide  Iron + Carbon Dioxide

Fe2O3(s) +3 CO(g)  2 Fe(s)+3 CO2(g) (At 1500o C)
Calcium Carbonate  Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s)+CO2(g)
This oxide helps to remove some of the
acidic impurities from the ore
8
Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace
Calcium Oxide (g) + Silica (s)  Calcium Silicate (l)
CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  CaSiO3 (l)
The metal that leaves the Blast Furnace contains between 4%

and 5% Carbon and is brittle. This carbon and other impurities are
removed in the next step.
9
Removal of Impurities by Oxidation
o The Bessemer process named after its
Inventor Henry Bessemer who invented
the process in 1855
o The key principle is removal of excess

carbon and impurities by injection of
oxygen through molten iron
o Oxidizing excess carbon and impurities

also keeps the metal molten.
10
Making Steel Rolled Shapes
11
Treatments and Processes Affecting Steel
Properties
Quenching
Quenching refers to heating steel to below a critical
temperature, holding that temperature and then rapidly
cooling it in a desirable medium such as air water or oil to
obtain desired hardness property.
12
Properties
Tempering
Tempering refers to heating steel above a critical temperature,
then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a very hard state followed
by rewarming it to an intermediate temperature to give a
hardness suitable for the job intended.
13
Properties
Annealing
Heating (usually up to 1150o F) followed by cooling of
steel in solid state to relieve the residual stresses and
to enhance ductility.
14
Properties
Killed Steel
It indicates that the steel has been completely
deoxidized by the addition of an agent such as silicon
or aluminum, before casting, so that there is
practically no evolution of gas during solidification.
These are characterized by a high degree of chemical
homogeneity and freedom from porosity.
15
Properties
Rimmed Steel
A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give a
continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the ingot is
solidifying. Incomplete oxidation allows the metal at the top
of the ingot to remain liquid while solidifying in formation of a
bottom and side rim of virtually pure iron of considerable
thickness virtually free of voids. Sheet and strip products
made from rimmed steel ingots have very good surface
quality.
16
Properties
Work Hardening
An increase in strength and hardness attained by stressing the
steel to cause plastic deformations at lower temperatures.
17
Effect of Carbon percentage
o
on Steel Properties
Carbon has a major effect on steel properties. Carbon is the primary
hardening element in steel. Hardness and tensile strength increases
as carbon content increases up to about 0.85%.
18
Effect of Carbon percentage
on Steel Properties
Type of Steel %age of Carbon
Mild Steel Up to 0.25%
Medium Carbon Steel 0.25% to 0.45%
High Carbon Steel 0.45% to 1.50%
• Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and tungsten

to iron produces a wide range of alloy steels, including
stainless steel and high speed steels.
19
Mechanical Properties of Structural
Steels
o Most widely used standards for structural

materials are American Society for Testing &
Materials (ASTM) Standards.
o ASTM specifications for structural steels
generally identify the Process by which steel is
to be made, chemical composition, and tensile
requirements.
20
Steels
21
Steels
• Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which leaves
the specimen with a permanent set of 0.2% when
specimen is unloaded or stress corresponding to 0.5%
elongation (strain)
22
Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels
• Yielding is a discontinuous phenomenon.

• In tension test it begins with sudden
appearance in specimen of one or more
narrow slip bands called Flow Lines.
• Slip bands are plastic regions separated by
completely elastic regions.
23
Mechanical properties of
structural steel
Stiffness: The resistance of structural
component to deformation.
• Material
• Length
• X-Section
24
Mechanical properties of structural
steel
Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.
25
steel
Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.
26
steel
Strength: The max load which a structure or
structural component can resist.
Toughness: The ability of a structure or structural

component to absorb energy.
Fatigue is a progressive, localized permanent damage

under fluctuating repeated stress.
27
steel
28
steel
Material A is more Stiffer but less Tougher than Material C

Material A has more strength than Material C
29
Mechanical properties of structural steel
o Specification A6 outlines general requirements for Rolled

Steel plates, shapes, sheet piling, and Bars for structural
use.
o Specification A370 outlines the procedures for Mechanical

testing of steel products.
o Standard specimen called Coupons cut from shapes, are

used in tensile test to establish properties of material.
30
Mechanical properties of structural steel
ASTM A36 Mild ASTM A572

Composition & Property (low-carbon) Grade 50 steel
steel
Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength, psi 58,000 - 79,800 65,000 min
Properties Yield Strength, psi 36,300 50,000 min.
Elongation 20.0% 18% min
Chemistry Iron (Fe) 99% 98%
Carbon (C) 0.26% 0.23%
Manganese (Mn) 0.75% 1.35%
Copper (Cu) 0.2% --
Phosphorus (P) 0.04% max 0.04%
Sulfur (S) 0.05% max 0.05%
Silicon -- 0.4%
Vanadium and Columbium -- 0.02 – 0.15
31
Comparison of Mechanical Properties Wrought
Iron and Steel
Property Wrought Iron Steel
Elastic 190Gpa 190 – 210 GPa

Modulus (27Mpsi) (27-30 Mpsi)
Yield Strength 210 MPa 280-1600 MPa
(30ksi) (40-232ksi)
Ultimate 340 Mpa 340- 1900 MPa
Strength (49ksi) (49-275ksi)
% Elongation 35 3- 40
32
Types of Steel Shapes
Standard Rolled Shapes
33
Properties of Steels Used for Buildings and
Bridges
34
Bridges
35
Bridges
36
Uses of Various Steels
37
Uses of Various Steels
38
Types of steel structures
Tension Members
• Primarily occur as:

– Chord Members in trusses:
– In diagonal bracing in bracing systems;
– Cable elements in suspension roofs, main cables of

suspension bridges and suspenders.
39
Typical Tension Members
40
Compression Members
• Primarily occur as:
– Columns in buildings;
– Chord Members in trusses and diagonal members in end
panels of trusses
– Stability is an important consideration in design and
behavior of compression members
• Area is generally spread out to maximize Radius of Gyration
41
Typical Compression Members
42
Beam Members
• Primarily loaded transverse to the longitudinal axis and resist
loading by flexure
• X-sectional area is located as far from the neutral axis as is practical
• Commonly W shapes are used in most cases
• For deeper beams I-shaped sections made by welding plates are
commonly used
• For smaller loads and spans open-web joists are commonly used
• Instability due to lateral Torsional Buckling is an important
consideration
43
Typical Beam Members
44
Typical Beam Members (Contd.)
Open-Web Steel Joist
• Economical & popular for Roof & floor framing.
• Bar joist are supported by bearing walls or steel girders.
• Floor of thin concrete reinforced in both directions with
rebars or welded wire fabric.
45
Difference between W and S
shapes
W shape: Have wide flanges, efficient in resisting moments so used primarily as beams
S shape: Have wide webs, efficient in resisting shear (used in the past as railway tracks)
46
Symbolic Representation of Various
shapes
• W30x90:
 W represents shape of the section, I section in this case
 30 is the depth of the section in inches
 90 is the nominal weight in lb per ft
• L3x2x1/2
 L represents shape of the section, angle
 3 is the length of one leg, inches
 2 is the length of the other leg, inches
 ½ is the thickness of the angle, inches
47
• Classical Skeleton framing

• Steel truss
• Rigid frames
• Arches
• Domes
• Cable supported Roofs
48
Classical skeleton framing
• Classical system supported by beams,

girders and columns.
• Beams: W or S shapes, Channel shapes for
roof purlins.
• Columns: generally W shapes
49
Classical skeleton framing
50
Steel trusses
• Triangular rigid
structure
• Most common
double pitched roof
trusses:
• Fink & Pratt.
• Most common flat
trusses: Pratt
&Warren
51
Steel trusses
52
Steel trusses
• No span limit
• Often prefabricated
• Used with wood or steel purlins to support
the roof.
• Bracing: if resting on masonry walls:
– Diagonal bracing in alternate bays
– Continuous struts(angles, channels)
53
Steel trusses: Example of steel truss with built up members
Truss Bridge
Built-up Members
54
Steel trusses
55
Rigid Frame
• For large unobstructed floor areas and ceiling

heights.
• Spans generally 40ft to 100ft
• Members are connected by bolting and welding
• Members: W shapes or web plates fillet welded to
flange plates
• Connection to foundation with a base plate(bolted)
56
Rigid Frame
57
Braced Frame
58
Steel arch structures
• Used in field houses, exhibition halls,… with span over
300ft
• Most common type: three hinged arch
59
60
•Lateral bracing;
•Diagonal bracing in curved surfaces between arches
•Lateral bracing of ribs with purlins or trussed purlins.
61
Steel Domes
• Used for large circular areas: Assembly halls,
gymnasium, field houses….
• Spans up to 400ft in diameter
• Structural members:
– Perimeter (Tension ring)
– Domes and rings are supported by columns braced
laterally or by bearing walls
– Purlins supports the roof deck and span between ribs
62
Steel Domes
63
Steel Domes
64
Cable supported roof
Chicago O’Hare International Airport Restaurant
• Reinforced concrete compression ring 190’dia

• Ring is supported on 26 RCC columns 58ft above ground
• Tension ring W-shape 13’ dia
• Sag of cables 10.5’
• Ends of cables are anchored to the two rings
• Roof deck: precast RCC slabs 3.5” thick which fit between
cables with projecting ends of reinforcement hooking over the
cables.
65
66
67
Examples of Famous steel structures
Eiffel Tower, Paris
• The World’s tallest

structure at
times(990ft).
• Was originally built to
last 20 years.
68
James R. Thompson
Center, Chicago
• The building is enclosed by 17 story
curtain walls.
• The diameter of rotunda is 160ft
• The rotunda projects as a cylinder
and its top resembles a drum without
a dome slanting towards plaza.
• Office spaces are between rotunda’s
walls and outer skin
69
The Geodesic Dome at Walt Disney World
• Spaceship earth is a huge golf ball, standing
180 ft.
• The structure is designed to withstand
wind speeds of 200 mph
• Structure: steel framing clad with faceted
aluminum panels, and stands on 3 pairs of
steel legs.
• Site was mostly swamp, filled with much,
organic material with 95% water content.
• As a solution, 2.5 million cubic yards of soil
was removed and replaced by clean
material
70
Indoor Football Facility,
University of Illinois, Urbana
• The roof structure is

semi-parabolic dome
• A large single arched box
truss spans the length of
the field and supports
1/2 of roof load.
71
• 110 Stories Tall

• Total Height = 1725 ft
• Based on revolutionary Bundled
Tube Design
• Rigid outer walls act as walls of
hollow tube
• There are 9 tubes in all
• The number of tubes reduces with
height
• Designed by late Fazl-ur-Rehman
from Bangladesh
• Supported by 114 piles
72

Fall - 12 - C - Lecture - 2 Introduction To Steel Structures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fall - 12 - C - Lecture - 2 Introduction To Steel Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Steel Structures

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

• Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:

Iron (III) Oxide + Carbon Monoxide  Iron + Carbon Dioxide

Calcium Carbonate  Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide

The metal that leaves the Blast Furnace contains between 4%

o The key principle is removal of excess

o Oxidizing excess carbon and impurities

Mild Steel Up to 0.25%

Medium Carbon Steel 0.25% to 0.45%

High Carbon Steel 0.45% to 1.50%

• Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and tungsten

o Most widely used standards for structural

• Yielding is a discontinuous phenomenon.

Toughness: The ability of a structure or structural

Fatigue is a progressive, localized permanent damage

Material A is more Stiffer but less Tougher than Material C

o Specification A6 outlines general requirements for Rolled

o Specification A370 outlines the procedures for Mechanical

o Standard specimen called Coupons cut from shapes, are

ASTM A36 Mild ASTM A572

Elastic 190Gpa 190 – 210 GPa

• Primarily occur as:

– In diagonal bracing in bracing systems;

– Cable elements in suspension roofs, main cables of

• Classical Skeleton framing

• Classical system supported by beams,

• For large unobstructed floor areas and ceiling

Chicago O’Hare International Airport Restaurant

• Reinforced concrete compression ring 190’dia

Eiffel Tower, Paris

• The World’s tallest

• The roof structure is

• 110 Stories Tall

You might also like