Educational institution

An organization which carries out educational activity. A place where people of different ages gain an education,
including preschools, childcare, elementary schools, and universities.

The aim and objective of educational institution is to equip the individuals with techniques to fulfill the needs of life.
Education refine our attitude and behavior which helps us to behave in a certain way in a given situations. Education
shows us the path towards a bright future and turns an individual in to a useful member of society. According to Samuel
Koenig, education is a process of through which, the social heritage is passed on to the next generation and through
which a child socialize and learn the normative behavior of society. F.J. Brown and J.S Roucek defined education as the
aggregate of experiences which enhance the attitude and regulate the behavior of people. Some of the educational
institutions are as follow, medical college, engineering college, school, universities, technical colleges etc.

Aims and Objectives of Education

According to Socrates, there are three main objective of education.

1. Education teaches an individual how to think not to acquire information.

2. Education teaches us to differentiate between vicious and virtues behavior.

3. Education teaches us to find out the truth based on reason rather than opinion.

Types of Education

There are two types of education which are as follow, formal education and informal education.

Formal Education

Formal education is a type of education which is acquired from the formal educational institutions like, school, college
and university.

Informal Education

Informal education is a type of education acquired from community, family, friends, relatives and society.
 Economic Institutions

When economists use this term, they mean: property rights, honest government, political stability, dependable legal
system, and competitive and open markets.

The term “Economic Institutions” refers to two things:

 1. Specific agencies or foundations, both government and private, devoted to collecting or studying economic
data, or commissioned with the job of supplying a good or service that is important to the economy of a
country. The Internal Revenue Service (the IRS—the government tax-collection agency), the U.S. Federal Reserve
(the government producer of money), the National Bureau of Economic Research (a private research agency) are
all examples of economic institutions.

 2. Well-established arrangements and structures that are part of the culture or society, e.g., competitive
markets, the banking system, kids’ allowances, customary tipping, and a system of property rights are examples
of economic institutions.

Economists are interested not only in understanding specific existing institutional agencies, but also in the more exciting
question of why some institutions evolve and others don’t.
 Political institutions

Political institutions are the organizations in a government which create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate
conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation for the
population.

In general, democratic political regimes are divided into two types: presidential (headed by a president) and
parliamentary (headed by a parliament). Legislatures built to support the regimes are unicameral (only one house) or
bicameral (two houses—for example, a senate and a house of representatives or a house of commons and a house of
lords). Party systems can be two-party or multiparty, the parties can be strong or weak depending on their level of
internal cohesion. The political institutions are those bodies—parties, legislatures, and heads of state—which make up
the whole mechanism of modern governments.

Parties, Trade Unions, and Courts

In addition, political institutions include political party organizations, trade unions, and the (legal) courts. The term
'Political Institutions' may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above
organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, a responsible government, and accountability.

Political Institutions, in Brief

Political institutions and systems have a direct impact on the business environment and activities of a country. For
example, a political system that is straightforward and evolving when it comes to political participation of the people
and laser-focused on the well-being of its citizens contributes to positive economic growth in its region.

Every society must have a type of political system so it may allocate resources and ongoing procedures appropriately.
Along with the same concept, a political institution sets the rules in which an orderly society obeys and ultimately
decides and administers the laws for those that do not obey appropriately.

Every government seeks stability, and, without institutions, a democratic political system simply cannot work. Systems
need rules to be able to select political actors (the nomination process). The leaders must have fundamental skills about
how the political institutions work and there must be rules about how authoritative decisions are made. The institutions
constrain political actors by punishing deviations from institutionally prescribed behaviors and rewarding appropriate
behavior.

Institutions can resolve collection action dilemmas—for example, all governments have a collective interest in reducing
carbon emissions, but for individual actors, making a choice for the greater good makes no good sense from an
economic standpoint. So, it must be up to the federal government to establish enforceable sanctions.

But the main purpose of a political institution is to create and maintain stability.
 What is a recreational institution?

An institution where recreational activities occur. Recreational institutions helps in satisfying human desire of
entertainment, amusement and play.
Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something for recreation" is an
essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement,
or pleasure and are considered to be "fun“. People undertake for enjoyment in their own free time; People undertake by
voluntarily allocating resources (time, money, equipment);

Its is an important recreational institution of Pakistan, about 50% of the rural people are habitual of smoking hukka.
Hukka considered to be a scared object while one take oath it. Hukka is a symbol of cooperation among those who
smoke it together. Two rivals cannot get round the same hukka Due to its separate norms hukka is a social institution.
Hukka.

Fairs are also important recreation among the villagers of Pakistan. A fair is held annually on the mazar of some religious
saint on fixed day. Some fair continue up to several days.

Kabaddi is a team sport from South Asia. Two teams are on opposite halves of a small field. They take turns sending a
"raider" into the other half. This is to win points by tackling members of the opposing team.

Ludo is a strategy board game for two to four players, in which the players race their four tokens from start to finish
according to the rolls of a single die.

Football is an example of outdoor activity that is enjoyable worldwide. It brings people together like no other sport. It is
enjoyed and watched by almost everyone in the whole world. It has been used to bring peace to war torn countries, it
generates massive revenue annually and it has the biggest fan view in the globe. This makes football an outdoor
recreational activity. So other types of games like hockey, cricket, volleyball, tennis etc.

FORMAL RECREATIONS: The games in which the winner and loser are defined by rules and regulations are formal.
Hockey, cricket, football and kabaddi are the formal recreations.

INFORMAL RECREATIONS: which recreations have no proper rule and regulations like story telling, luk chuhup, running
one after another, dancing, singing etc.
 Meaning of Family

Family is the basic social institutions from which other social institutions have grown and developed. In producers,
slaves and other servants as well as for the members connected by a common descent or blood relation.

What is a family institution?

In simple terms, a family can be referred to as a group that is deliberately created or created by the virtue of birth. It
may be created to serve various purposes like for protection and security, sense of belonging, controlled and disciplined
behavior and even for the mating purpose.

Therefore, the etymological meaning of the word family would be “The family is generally regarded a locus of much of a
person’s social activity. It is a social unit created by blood, marriage, or adoption, for the purpose of support and mutual
growth.

What purpose does a family serve?

To understand what the characteristics of the family as an institution are it is necessary to understand its purpose,
existence, and origin. The main function of the family is considered as the continuation of the human race which is
through giving birth and properly nurturing and caring for the child beside this a family as helps fulfill sexual needs and
also provide a sense of commitment and sexual fidelity.

Characteristics of the family institution can be divided into various general and specific characteristics which may or may
not be applicable to all families but are generally followed

The general characteristics of the family institution can be explained as follows:

General characteristics are referred to as those characteristics that are customary and are generally applicable to all
families and are the basis for the creation and sustenance of family as an institution.

According to J.L. Rachroo , “family is a universal concept, the sexual urge of men and women, the desire of a woman to
bear a child, of a man to perpetuate his line and of the both to look after their procreation, coupled with the desire of
economic security for leisure and for pleasure on the basis of division of labour may have contributed to the origin of the
family.

Economic stability or financial provisions: Every family has some or the other kind of financial provisions that help fulfill
the needs of all the members of the family. This provision could be by means of working and getting money in the
house. For example, a father in a family is expected to be the bread earner of the family and he has to go and work and
earn money for the sustenance of the family.

A sense of responsibility among members: the family is a very closely related group of people where each individual has
a responsibility towards other members of the family. The family provides full security to all members including the
young and the old. For example, when such responsibility is ignored as in the case of abandoning of a child or an old
mother or father it results in breaking up of the family i.e. it disorganizes a family.

Emotional connection/support/basis: the integration bonds in a family are mutual affection and blood ties. A family is a
closed entity and is held together not only due to a tag but also due to emotional ties. For example, a mother for the
child may make great sacrifices which for someone else she would abstain from doing, this happens due to the
emotional connection between them.

A mating relationship: the basic existence of a family depends upon the mating relationship. A family comes into
existence when a man and a woman have a mating relationship. This relationship also supports the institution
of marriage. It also regulates the behaviors of various members of the family like maintaining sexual fidelity or
exclusivity.
 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS

Churches, temples, mosques and other places of worship and institutions that exist to support and manage the practice
of a specific set of religious beliefs.

Religious institutions are the visible and organized manifestations of practices and beliefs in particular social and
historical contexts. Like human emotions and attitudes, religious beliefs and practices project outward onto the social
and historical plan. They create identities and representations, and determine attitudes, emotions, and behavior. These
manifestations and outward projections originate from beliefs and practices, but they are also limited by historical
contexts. Geographical, social, and political considerations modify attitudes and practices. Religious institutions, then,
take shape in relation to both religious impulses and contextual configurations. The following entry suggests some of the
enduring and changing features of religious institutions in Islam in broad historical strokes.

Religious beliefs and practices have been noticeably expressed in key institutions constructed in uniquely different social
and historical contexts. The caliphate as a universal political and social order was the key institution developed in the
early period of Islam. This was followed by more clearly religious institutions like the school of law (madhhab) and Sufi
order (tariqa). The modern period has witnessed the emergence of various forms of religious states together with the
independent religious association in secular contexts.