The Launching Pad For Cell Biology

An Introduction to Cells

With Georgina Cornwall

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Learning Objectives
After this Lecture You Will Be Able to:

• Describe what this course covers.

• Discuss relative sizes and the hierarchy of life.

• Explain the major differences between

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

• Explain how and why biological systems

maintain homeostasis.

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Course Introduction & Organization
Two Modules of the Course

Cell Biology Genetics

Chemical Cell Cycle Cell Energy &

Cell Structure
Building Blocks Division & Death Communication Metabolism

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Course Introduction & Organization
Two Modules of the Course

Cell Biology Genetics

Chromosomes & DNA & Gene

Heredity Biotechnology Genomics
Epigenetics Expression

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Levels of Organisation
Complexity Builds

System of organs
Organ
Tissue Organism
Cell
Population
Cell
Organelles
Community
Each level of complexity
Biosphere builds upon the previous level
Molecule
Biome Ecosystem

Atom

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 The Relative Size of Life
How Tiny Does It Get?

Red Pollen
Flu virus blood cell
C60
Mitochondria Animal cell
Protein frog
egg
Atom Human
egg
Bacteria Plant cell
Lipids
0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm

Relatives sizes on a logarithmic scale

Light microscope
Electron microscope
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 Comparison
Flagellum

Ribosomes
Chromosome/
Nucleus

Cell membrane

Mitochondria
Cell wall

Flagellum

Although both may have flagella or cilia, they are constructed differently.

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Non-Cellular

Cell Types

Bacteria and Archaea

• Bacteria (and Archaea)
Chromosome
• Simple & 10X Smaller

• No Nucleus nucleoid region with single

circular chromosome

• Cell Walls (bacteria have peptidoglycan)

Cell wall

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 Three Forms
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Non-Cellular

Cell Types Viruses

Eukaryotes Bacteria and Archaea

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Non-Cellular
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Non-Cellular

Protein Capsid

Nucleic acid

Envelope

AIDS virus Bacterial virus

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 Non-Cellular Agents
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Non-Cellular

Prions

• Viruses DNA with a protein capsid

Conversion
• Prions proteins only (no DNA)

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 Homeostasis
Dynamic Constancy of the Internal Environment

Response Effector
Move system Causes changes
towards set point to compensate
for deviation

Negative feedback
( )
Stimulus Sensor Integrating Center
Deviation from Constantly monitors Compares
set point conditions conditions to a set
point based on a
desired value

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 Homeostasis
Negative Feedback

Negative feedback
keeps most systems in balance!

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 Homeostasis
Negative Feedback

Stimulus
Body temperature
deviates from set
point

Negative Feedback ( ) ( ) Negative Feedback

Sensor
Response Neurons in hypo- Response
thalamus detect
Body temperature the change in Body temperature
rises temperature drops

Integrating Center
Set point = 37 °C
Effector Neurons in hypo- Effector
If below set point thalamus compare If above set point
• Blood vessels to input from sensory
• Blood vessels
skin contract neurons with set
to skin dilate
• Muscles contract point
• Glands release
shiver sweat

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 Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Stimulus
Room temperature Body temperature
changes from set deviates from set
point point

Negative Feedback ( ) ( ) Negative Feedback

Sensor
Response Thermometer in Neurons in hypo- Response
wall unit detects thalamus detect
Room warms, Body temperature the change in the change in Room cools, Body temperature
temperature rises temperature temperature temperature drops
increases toward decreases toward
set point set point

Integrating Center
Set point = 70 °F Set point = 37 °C
Effector Thermostat compares Hypothalamus Effector
If below set point temperature with set neurons compare If above set point
point input from sensory
• AC turns off • Blood vessels • AC turns on • Blood vessels
neurons with set point
• Furnace turns on to • Furnace to skin dilate
skin contract turns off • Glands release
• Muscles contract, sweat
shiver

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 Homeostasis
Positive Feedback

There are very few examples of

positive feedback in the human body!

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 Homeostasis
Positive Feedback

Stimulus
Fetus is pushed against uterine
opening
Response
Oxytocin causes
Sensor ( + ) Positive feedback loop increased uterine
Receptors in the inferior uterus completed results in contractions
detect increased stretch increased force against
inferior uterus (cervix)
Effector
promoting the birth of
the baby If above set point
Integrating Center
Pituitary gland is
Brain receives stretch information stimulated to increase
from uterus and compares it with secretion of oxytocin
the set point

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 Learning Outcomes
Now You Are Able to:

 Know what this course is about.

 Discuss relative sizes and the hierarchy of life.

 Explain the major differences between

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

 Explain how and why biological systems

maintain homeostasis.

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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 This document is a property of: Deepti Rajeshkanna

Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
distributed in any way without the written authorization of Lecturio GmbH.

Deepti Rajeshkanna, deepti.rajeshkanna@gmail.com

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