EE6703 Sem-Eee-Viist-Au PDF

Visit : www.Easyengineering.
net
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
EE6703 SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES
UNIT – I SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTORS
PART – A
1. What are SYNREL motors? (Dec 13, Dec 15)

Synchronous reluctance motor is similar to three–phase Synchronous motor
except the rotor are demagnetized and made with saliency to increase the
reluctance power. It is a motor which develops torque due to the difference in
reluctance of the two axes, namely quadrature and direct axis.
2. What is the principle of operation of reluctance machine? (Dec 14)(May 15)

1) In reluctance machines, torque is produced by the tendency of the rotor to move
to a position where the inductance of the excited stator winding is maximized (i.e.,
rotor tooth aligns with active stator phase to minimize reluctance).2) The rotor is
typically constructed of soft magnetic iron shaped so as to maximize the variation
of inductance with rotor position. 3) Opposite poles form a phase and the phases
are magnetically independent of one another. The machines tend to be noisy; a
characteristic that has limited their applications in the past and has also limited
their use currently in vehicles. Research has been on-going for years in an attempt
to address the noise issue, but little has been accomplished in actual noise
mitigation. Reluctance machines are relatively low-cost machines, and they
generally do not contain PMs.
3. What are the properties of Reluctance motor?

Combined reluctance and magnet alignment torque, Field weakening capability,
under excited operation for most loaded condition, High inductance, High speed
capability and High temperature capability.
4. What are the various stator current modes used in synchronous reluctance motor?
Unipolar current modes, bipolar current modes.
5. Mention the applications of distributed anisotropy cage rotor of synchronous

reluctance motor?
These rotors are used for line – start (constant voltage and frequency)
applications.
6. What is meant by reluctance torque? (Dec 2016)
Visit : www.Easyengineering.net
The torque which is exhibited on the rotor due to the difference in Reluctance in
the air gap (or) a function of angular position of rotor with respect to the stator coil
is known as reluctance torque.
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Synchronous reluctance motor?

Advantages :Rotor is simple in construction i.e. very low inertia, Robust, Low
torque, ripple, Can be operated from standard PWM AC Inverters, It can be also
built with a standard induction motor, stator and windings.
Disadvantages: It has poor power factor performance and therefore the efficiency
is not as high as permanent magnet motor, The converter kVA requirement is high,
The pull – in and pull – out torque of the motor are weak.
8. What are the types of Synchronous reluctance motor?(June 13,June 14)

Synchronous reluctance motor is classified into three types depending upon the
construction of rotor. They are Salient type or Radial type rotor, Flat type or axial
type rotor, Flux Barrier type or Laminated type rotor.
9. Write the torque equation of Synchronous reluctance motor? (June 14,Dec 14)
T = (U2/ 2ωs) (1/Xq - 1/Xd) sin 2δ, U = Supply Voltage, Is be the supply current
which has two components Id and Iq, Id = Direct axis current, Iq = Quadrature axis
current,  s =Synchronous speed in rad/sec, Xd =Direct axis reactance, Xq
=Quadrature axis reactance.
10. Skewing is required for Synchronous reluctance motor. Justify?

At the time of starting, reluctance motor are subjected to logging due to the
saliency of motor. This can be minimized by the skewing of the rotor parts.
11. What are the advantages of increasing Ld / Lq ratio in Synchronous reluctance

motor?
Motor power factor increases, I2R losses reduced, reduced volt – ampere ratings
of the inverter driving the machine.
12. Compare Synchronous reluctance motor and Induction motor.(Dec 15)

S.No Synchronous reluctance motor Induction motor
.
1. Torque generation due to reluctance Torque generation due to
principle Lorentz force
2. Runs at synchronous speed Runs at asynchronous speed

3. Better efficiency. Efficiency is low.
4. Low cost. High cost.
5. High power factor. Low power factor.
6. Used for low and medium power Used for high power application.
application.
13. Define: Magnetic flux.

The amount of magnetic lines of force setup in a magnetic circuit is called magnetic
flux. It is analogous to electric current in electric circuit.
14. Define: Reluctance.

The opposition offered to the magnetic flux by a magnetic circuit is called its
reluctance.
15. Define: Permeance.

It is a measure of the ease with which flux can be setup in a material. It is the
reciprocal of the reluctance of the material.
16. List out any four features of synchronous reluctance motors.

Better efficiency, high cost, low power factor, used for low and medium power
application.
17. Give some potential application of synchronous reluctance machine.(Dec 12, May 15,
Dec 2016, June 2016)
It is used for constant speed applications i.e. timing devices, signaling devices,
recording instruments and phonograph, it is used in automatic processors such as
in food processing and packaging industries. Used in high speed applications,
Synthetic fiber manufacturing equipment, Wrapping and folding machines,
synchronized conveyors.
18. Write the various design parameters of a synchronous reluctance motor.(Dec 12)
Power factor, Copper loss, core loss, Cost and Efficiency.
19. Give the difference between synchronous reluctance motor and switched reluctance
motor (June 13)
S.No Synchronous reluctance Switched reluctance motor

. motor
1. Single salient electric motor Doubly salient electric motor
2. Continuous rotation Designed for continuous rotation
3. Controller is not necessary. The step pulse are given by external
Hence it is cheap. controller which uses rotor position sensors
20. Mention the applications of distributed anisotropy cageless rotor of synchronous

reluctance motor?
These rotors are used for variable speed applications.
21. Draw the voltage and torque characteristics of Syrm.(May 15, June 2016)
Pull out torque
Pull in torque
22.What is a vernier motor?

Vernier motor is an unexcited reluctance type synchronous motor.
23. Write the salient features of Vernier motor.

The peculiar feature of this motor is that a small displacement of rotor produces a
large displacement of the axis of maximum and minimum permenance.
24.State th application of vernier motor.

The vernier motor is mainly used where low speed and high torque is required.
25.What are the main difference between the axial and radial airgap motors?
S.No. Radial airgap motors Axial airgap motors
1. High speed applications Low speed applications
2. Lamination is radial Lamination is axial
3. More mechanical strength Less mechanical strength

4. The radially laminated rotor has Axially laminated rotor in general gives
the best potential for economic the best performance
production
PART B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain the principle of operation and constructional features of Synchronous
reluctance motor. (May 12, Dec 12, Dec 13, June 14,Dec 14, Dec 2016, June 2016)
Constructional Features:
(a)stator
Open slot stator structure semiclosed slot stator structure
(b)rotor
Reluctance Motor. Reluctance motors operate on the following principle.

“Whenever a piece of ferro-magnetic material is located in a magnetic field, a force is
exerted upon the material, tending to bring it into the position of the densest portion of the
field. The force tends to align the specimen of material so that the reluctance of the
magnetic path passing through the material will be at a minimum”.
2. Explain the torque – speed and torque – angle characteristics of Synchronous
reluctance motor. (Dec12, Dec 13,June 14)
Torque – speed characteristics
Torque – angle characteristics
The circuit of Fig. models one (line-to-neutral) phase of the three-phase machine. The
applied voltage at the terminals of the stator winding is taken to be V 0. In a balanced
three-phase system, all three phases have symmetrical waveforms. The mechanical
output power T is then equal to three times the average per-phase electrical power
flowing into the
voltage source E:
is the phasor representing the stator current, Is* is the complex conjugate of the stator
current, and Re(EIs*) is the average power flowing into the voltage source E.
A typical generator application. Field winding is excited by dc current source If. Armature
is connected to three-phase ac infinite bus, modeled by voltage source (one phase
shown). Shaft is connected to a source of mechanical power, called the “prime mover.”
Figure consists of the equivalent circuit of Fig., connected to an infinite bus having voltage
V = V 0. For simplicity, the stator winding resistance Rs has been neglected. When the
synchronous machine is connected to infinite bus V, the rotor must turn at angular
frequency equal to the angular frequency of the infinite bus. However, the rotor can
be shifted in phase (by angle ). Let us determine the stator winding current Is and the
average power 3Re(EIs*). Solution of the equivalent circuit of Fig. to find Is leads to
I s = E – V/j Ls (5)
Substitution of V = V 0 and E = E leads to
I s =E cos ( ) + jE sin ( ) – V / j Ls
(6)
(8)
This equation is plotted in Fig. 4. For given values of V and E, there is a maximum torque
Tmax that the machine can produce, which occurs at = 90°. As the power and torque
of the generator are increased, the torque angle increases and the
Fig. Torque vs. torque angle characteristic of the cylindrical rotor synchronous machine,
from Eq. (8).
rotor leads the stator rotating field. It should be noted that the above equations and Fig.
are valid for a cylindrical rotor machine, in which the length of the air gap is uniform. In a
salient pole machine (such as Fig. 1), the rotor is not cylindrical and the air gap length
depends on the angle with respect to the rotor axis. The expression for torque and power
is more complex in a salient pole machine, and the maximum torque typically occurs at a
smaller value of .
If a transient causes the instantaneous torque angle to exceed 90°, then the machine will
“slip a pole” and the torque angle will continue to increase. If the prime mover torque is
increased beyond Tmax, then the shaft will accelerate, synchronism is lost, and the speed
may increase beyond a safe value. In either event, large transient torques can occur that
may damage the shaft and machine.
3. Draw and explain the steady state phasor diagram of Synchronous reluctance motor.
(June 13,June 14,Dec 14, dec 2016, June 2016)
Phasor diagram for synchronous reluctance machine
Phasor equations for a synchronous reluctance machine

We can create a single phasor voltage equation as follows with the help of phasor diagram
4. Derive the expression for torque equation of a Synchronous reluctance motor.(June

2013, Dec 2016, June 2016)
P  s Lds  Lqs  
2
Te  3  sin 2 
2  2 Lds Lqs 
5.Explain the various types of Synchronous reluctance motor based on rotor construction
with neat sketch. (June 13,June 14,Dec 14, Dec 2016) (Axial and Radial type)
1. Conventional design
A starting point in the development of rotor designs of SYRM was a simple salient pole
or conventional arrangement (Figure 1). Low saliency ratio and consequently poor
performance of these machines was almost compromised by their simple and rigid
structure and also their low manufacturing cost. They were commonly used in the line-
start single-speed and two-speed applications during the mid-1960’s and early 1970’s. In
the following 20 years, this machine lost its popularity. The reason mainly was its
substantially inferior performance with respect to the other machines and an absence of
the vector controllers. It resulted in gradually replacement of this motor with the vector
controlled cageless salient pole machines in the variable speed and spindle drives
Figure 1 Four-pole conventional salient pole design.

2. Segmental design
The rotor of a "second generation" type of synchronous reluctance motor which appeared
somewhat later is shown in Figure 2. This rotor utilizes a segmental construction. In this
design the rotor cage was not used in order to start the machine. The machine was started
in synchronism with inverter frequency. Saliencies of five or more were obtained with such
machines. This saliency ratio could enable this machine to fit in the same frame size as
its induction motor counterpart. Segmental design SynRM are low-inertia cage machine
suitable for some applications where high torque/inertia ratio was required .Due to the
larger saliency ratio, the obtained performance of SynRM is better than equivalent
conventional machine designs. However, the complicated rotor construction and its high
manufacturing cost were the main limits on development of this type of SynRM rotor.
Segmental machines of this type were almost completely ignored in the period after
1960’s .
Figure 2 Four-pole isolated segmental rotor design.

3. Double barrier design
Double barrier laminated machines with the rotor structure shown in Figure 3
appeared in the early 1970’s They had two barriers per pole and were fitted together with
a starting cage. Unlike the conventional and segmental machines, this type of SynRM
was inverter driven with V/f controller. The main advantage of this type of SynRM over
the segmental constructions was the superior design of the flux barriers which allowed
them to achieve better saliency ratio and performance. The single barrier rotor
arrangement represents one of the latest generations of cageless rotor design. In the
absence of magnets, an Interior Permanent Magnet machine becomes a pure SyncRM.
It was shown that this motor can be comparable with an induction machine in some
performance aspects.
The rotor designs in Figures 2 and 3 were all an attempt to optimize the external magnetic
asymmetry by appropriately shaping the radial laminations with the objective of
decreasing Lq without reducing Ld.
Figure 3 Four-pole double-barrier rotor design.

4. Axially-laminated design
The axially-laminated anisotropic (ALA) rotor shown in Figure 4 is made of grain
oriented steel laminations, and implements the main principles of SynRM. In this type of
SynRM, the rotor is constructed of axially laminated steel sheets bent into a "u" or "v"
shape and then stacked in the radial direction. In this case, the permeance (inductance)
in the direction of the gutters from the salient poles (d axis) is high and they form a flux
path in the direction of the gutters. Due to the design constraints imposed by the presence
of starting cage, the great potential of ALA machine in terms of saliency ratio was not fully
utilized. Its performance was well below the performance of an equivalent induction
machine. This resulted in a lack of interest in this machine in the following years. In the
late 1980’s the modern cageless ALA machines featured very high saliency ratio and
presented an improved performance .
Figure 4 Four-pole axially-laminated rotor design.

5. Transversally-laminated design
The next generation of the SynRM came when transversally laminated (TLA) rotors were
introduced. This type of rotor is also called multiple-flux barrier rotor. Figure 5 shows a 4-
pole transversally laminated rotor with two flux barriers per pole. Mechanical strength is
guaranteed by the thin ribs, disposed at the airgap and also in the inner rotor laminations
for large speed and/or large rotor diameters. The rotor laminations are made by traditional
punching or wire cutting. As a result construction is easy and cheap. However, in compare
with the ALA rotors, this type of rotor has more leakages, therefore, the produced torque
and power factor is lower in transversally laminated SynRMs with respect to the SynRM
with ALA rotor.
Figure 5 Four-pole transversally-laminated rotor design.

In spite of this fact, TLA rotor has some advantages including suitability for rotor skewing
and easy for mass production. Moreover, the transversally laminated type of rotor can be
optimized by proper design, in order to minimize the airgap harmonics and their effect on
torque ripple. This is obtained by both the proper shaping of the various flux-barriers and
the proper choice of their access points at the airgap.
6. Permanent magnet assisted SynRM
When PMs are inserted into the rotor flux barriers of a synchronous reluctance motor, it
becomes a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa- SynRM).
PMs can be mounted in the rotor core of the axially or transversally laminated structure.
Figure 6 shows a transversally laminated PMa-SynRM. The polarity of magnets is chosen
such that counteract the q-axis flux of the SynRM at rated load. Regardless of the different
choice of d, q axes, in principle, the PMa-SynRM seems nothing more than a particular
case of interior permanent magnet motor (IPM). However, a substantial difference is the
high anisotropy rotor structure of PMa-SynRM and as a result, low value of the PM flux.
The amount of PM flux is quite lower than the amount of rated flux. In contrast, in the
usual IPM the most flux comes from the magnets and the flux produced by stator currents
is considered as an unwanted reaction flux. In practice, because of the above mentioned
difference between PMa-SynRM and IPM machines, they have different suitability to the
large flux-weakening ranges.
Figure 6 Four-pole transversally-laminated PM assisted rotor design.

6.A 10 HP, 4 pole, 240V, 60Hz, reluctance motor operating under rated load condition
has a torque angle of 30°. Determine (a)Load torque on shaft (b)Torque angle if the
voltage drops to 224V (c)For the above torque angle, will the rotor pullout of synchronism.
2N s 120 * 60
Solution: P = 7.46 kW;  s = ; Ns  4
1800 rpm ;  s 188 .496 rad / sec
60
P
TL   39 .576 N  m ;  rel  41.903  ; So, the motor will not pull out of synchronism
s
7.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous reluctance motor?

Advantages
 Rotor is simple in construction i.e. very low inertia
 Robust
 Low torque, ripple
 Can be operated from standard PWM AC Inverters.
 It can be also built with a standard induction motor, stator and windings.
Disadvantages
 It has poor power factor performance and therefore the efficiency is not as high as
permanent magnet motor.
 The converter kVA requirement is high.
 The pull – in and pull – out torque of the motor are weak.
9.Explain the applications and properties of synchronous reluctance motor?
Applications of synchronous reluctance motor
 It is used for constant speed applications i.e. timing devices, signaling devices,
Recording instruments and phonograph.
 It is used in automatic processors such as in food processing and packaging industries.

 Used in high speed applications.
 Synthetic fibre manufacturing equipment
 Wrapping and folding machines.
 Synchronized conveyors.
10.Compare a reluctance motor with an equivalent induction motor and list out the
merits and demerits of reluctance motor over induction motor.
Comparison of SynRM and IM
Induction motors are the world wide most used motor in industrial and civil applications,
due to its low cost, robustness and the possibility to be supplied directly from the mains,
without the need for a power electronic converter. However, when the application requires
speed regulation, different types of motor can be profitably adopted and parameters as
torque/volume, efficiency and control easiness assume more importance . A comparative
definition of machine parameters for both SynRM and IM is shown in Fig a.
For the TLA type SynRM, production cost is comparable to IM and somehow it can even
be cheaper due to the cage elimination in the rotor and the removal of casting stage in
the production line. If the same stator size is chosen as the IM then just by changing the
punching tools for the rotor geometry the SynRM can be produced with the same
production line . Also TLA can easily be skewed like IM for torque ripple reduction.
Fig. a Schematic section and comparative definition of the rotor geometric parameters
for SynRM (a), and IM (b)
If the stator structure and air gap diameter are kept constant for both IM and SynRM it is
quite easy to compare their performances. The analysis is based on estimating torque
ratio between the two machines by using some experimental values at the operating
point and main machine electrical parameters . In SynRM there is no cage in the rotor
and consequently lower copper losses. Therefore the rated current can be increased for
the same power dissipation or same temperature rise for both machines. It is shown
that in this situation the SynRM can produce 20% to 40% higher torque compared to the
IM. Also at the same stator current the SynRM, produce about 90%- 100% of the IM
torque with about 50% lower total losses and consequently a higher efficiency of
about 5%-8% - unit . If the stator structure can be changed then the optimum machine
geometry for maximum stall torque at constant loss power dissipation shows that the
SynRM with the ribs always has higher torque density than IM with a copper cage. Also
it shows that the optimum air gap to outer diameter ratio, (x) in Fig. for maximum stall
torque is not the same in both machines. Its value for IM is around 0.6 and for SynRM it
is around 0.5 see Fig. b.
Fig. b Stall torque versus inner to outer diameter ratio (4 pole machine) at the optimum
air gap flux density and
same power dissipation, overall design and optimization
These analytical calculations are also verified by measurement .
No copper losses in the SynRM rotor also result in cooler shaft and bearings. SynRM has
higher overload (T) capacity compared to the IM and it can reach up to 3 times nominal
load . The high saliency and anisotropic rotor can be used to adapt the sensor-less and
zero speed control techniques .SynRM has 5% to 10% lower power factor than IM. This
is due to the combined effect of cross coupling and larger q-axis inductance. The large q-
axis reactance is an inherent drawback of the SynRM. It depends on the different field
distribution in the rotor and cannot be overcome.Moreover, the flux in the rotor ribs adds
to this effect. In practice, this drawback becomes important when a large constant power
speed range is requested by the application .In fact, the inverter oversizing which is
needed in this case to cope with a fixed constant power speed range directly depends on
the rated value. The larger this value is, the larger is the inverter oversizing.
However, this drawback can be overcome by introducing some permanent
magnets into the rotor , thus changing from a TLA SynRM to a Permanent Magnet
Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motors (PM SynRM) . Inverter size is also related to
the machine efficiency. Therefore the required inverter size can be judged by the product
of efficiency
S.No. Synchronous reluctance motor Induction motor
1. Better efficiency Efficiency is low
2. High cost Low cost
3. Low power factor High power factor
4. Used for low and medium power Used for high power application
application

UNIT – II STEPPING MOTORS
PART - A
1. Define: Stepper motor? (June 14)
Stepper motor is a motor which rotates step by step and not continuous rotation. When
the stator is excited using a DC supply the rotor poles align with the stator poles in
opposition such that reluctance is less.
2. What are the advantages of Stepper motor?

No feedback is normally required for either position control or speed control, Positional
control is non – cumulative, Stepping motor are compatible with modern digital
equipment
3. Mention the different types of stepper motor?

Variable Reluctance stepper motor (Single stack, Multi stack), Permanent magnet
stepper motor, Hybrid stepper motor, Outer rotor stepper motor.
4. Mention the features of stepper motor?(Dec 13)

Small step angle, High positioning accuracy, High torque inertia ratio, Stepping rate,
Pulse frequency
5. Define: Step Angle of stepper motor?(June 2013, Dec 13, June 2016)
A stepping motor rotates through a fixed angle for every pulse. The rated value of this
angle is called the step angle and expressed in degrees.
6. Define: Holding torque and Detent torque of stepper motor? (Dec 15)
Holding torque is defined as the maximum static torque that can be applied to the shaft
of an excited motor without causing continuous rotation.
It is defined as the maximum static torque that can be applied to the shaft of an
unexcited motor without causing continuous rotation.
7. Define: Resolution of stepper motor?

It is defined as the accuracy of positioning of the rotor pole at a particular step angle
with respect to stator pole.
8. Define: Pull – in torque of stepper motor?

These are alternatively called the starting characteristics and refer to the range of
frictional load torque at which the motor can start and stop without loosing steps for
various frequencies in a pulse strain.
9. Define: Pull – out torque of stepper motor?
These are alternatively called the slewing characteristics. After the test, motor is started
by a specified driver in the specified excitation mode in the self starting range; the pulse
frequency is gradually increased; the motor will eventually run out of synchronism. The
relation between the frictional load torque and the minimum pulse frequency with which
the motor can synchronize is called pull – out characteristics.
10. Define: Slewing frequency of stepper motor?

This is defined as the maximum frequency (stepping rate) at which the loaded motor
can run without losing steps is alternatively called the maximum slewing frequency.
11. Define: Stepping frequency of stepper motor?

The speed of rotation of a stepping motor is given in terms of the number of steps per
second and the term stepping rate is often used to indicate speed.
12. Define: Maximum starting torque of stepper motor?

This is alternatively called as maximum pull – in torque and is defined as the maximum
frictional load with which the motor can start and synchronize with the pulse train of
frequency as low as 10 Hz.
13. Why interleaving is done in a stepper motor?

Interleaving is done in the stepper motor to decrease the step angle and thus
increasing the resolution.
14. Explain: VR type stepper motor?

It is a basic type of stepping motor in which the motor step by step rotation is achieved
when the rotor teeth and stator teeth are in alignment such that the magnetic reluctance
is minimized and this state provides a rest or equilibrium position.
15. Explain: PM type stepper motor?

A stepping motor using permanent magnet in the rotor for step movement is called a
permanent magnet motor.
16. What are the different modes of excitation?(May 12) (Dec 15)
Single phase excitation, two phase excitation, Half step mode, Mini-step drive.
17. Compare closed loop control and open loop control in stepper motor.(May 12)
Closed loop control is more accurate, oscillatory motions are avoided for certain speed
ranges, Speed remains constant for high inertial load, follows the input pulses at
stepping frequency are some of the advantages over open loop control. But it is costly
and complex.
18. Calculate the stepping angle for a 3 phase, 24 pole permanent magnet stepper
motor.(Dec 12)
Step angle β = 360/(no. of stator phases * no. of rotor teeth)=5º.
19. Define torque constant of a stepper motor.(Dec 12)

The torque constant of the stepper motor is defined as the initial slope of the torque
current curve of the stepper motor.
20. What is the function of driver circuit in stepper motor. (June 13)
The stepper motor is a digital device that needs binary signals for its operation.
The power driver is essentially a current amplifier, since the sequence generator
can supply only logic but not any power.
21. Give the difference between single and multi stack stepping motors?(June 14)
Sl.No Single Stack Stepper Motor Multi Stack Stepper Motor
1 The number of stator poles should The stator and rotor have same
be different that of the rotor poles number of poles and same pole
in order to have self starting pitch.
capability and bidirectional
rotation.
2 In single stack each and every It is used to obtain small step sizes.
stator pole carries a field coil. It consist of m identical single stack
variable reluctance motor with the
rotor mounts on the single shaft.
22. Distinguish the half step and full step operation of a stepper motor.(Dec 14)
SL.NO HALF STEP OPERATION FULL STEP OPERATION
1 It is defined as the alternate one It is the one phase on mode
phase on and two phase on mode operation .It means at that time only
operation. one winding is energized.
2 Rotor rotates on each step angle By energizing one stator winding the
is half of the full step angle. rotor rotates at some angle.it s full
step operating.
23. Define the micro stepping mode of stepper motor. (May 15)
Micro stepping means, the step angle of the VR stepper motor is very small. It is
also called mini stepping. It can be achieved by two phases simultaneously as in
2 phases on mode but with two currents deliberately made unequal.
24. Name the various driver circuits used in stepper motor. (May 15, June 2016)
Driver circuit for stepper motor are broadly classified in to Unipolar and Bipolar
driver circuits. Based on the supply voltage given to stator windings they are
classified as L/R driver circuit, Chopper drive circuit, H bridge drive circuit.
25. Define: Maxwell’s stress

It is defined as curving of magnetic lines of force at the end of the poles of the
stator when rotor rotates.
26. Define Lead angle(Dec 2016)

The angle difference between the phase to be de-energized to bring the stepper
motor to the position of equilibrium (stopping the motor) and energization of next
phase winding to start the motor during closed loop operation is known as lead
angle. The relation between the rotor’s present position and the phase to be
excited specified in terms of lead angle.
27. What is the need for suppressor circuits in stepper motor? (Dec 2016)
The suppressor circuits are needed to ensure the fast decay of current through the
winding whn it is turned off
Part B
1. Explain the construction and principle of operation of Variable Reluctance
Stepping motor? (May 12, Dec 12, Dec 13,June 14 )( Working of Single stack type
and multi stack type( June 13, June 2016))(Micro stepping Dec 13)
Variable Reluctance Stepping motor:

1. Single stack type, 2.multi stack type(Refer 10)
Construction:
The variable reluctance motor does not use a permanent magnet. As a result, the
motor rotor can move without constraint or "detent" torque. This type of construction is
good in non industrial applications that do not require a high degree of motor torque, such
as the positioning of a micro slide.
The variable reluctance motor in the above illustration has four "stator pole sets"
(A, B, C) set 15 degrees apart. Current applied to pole A through the motor winding
causes a magnetic attraction that aligns the rotor (tooth) to pole A. Energizing stator pole
B causes the rotor to rotate 15 degrees in alignment with pole B. This process will
continue with pole C and back to A in a clockwise direction. Reversing the procedure (C
to A) would result in a counterclockwise rotation.
If your motor has three windings, typically connected as shown in the schematic
diagram in Figure , with one terminal common to all windings, it is most likely a variable
reluctance stepping motor. In use, the common wire typically goes to the positive supply
and the windings are energized in sequence.
The cross section shown in Figure is of 30 degree per step variable reluctance
motor. The rotor in this motor has 4 teeth and the stator has 6 poles, with each winding
wrapped around two opposite poles. With winding number 1 energized, the rotor teeth
marked X are attracted to this winding's poles. If the current through winding 1 is turned
off and winding 2 is turned on, the rotor will rotate 30 degrees clockwise so that the poles
marked Y line up with the poles marked 2.
To rotate this motor continuously, we just apply power to the 3 windings in
sequence. Assuming positive logic, where a 1 means turning on the current through a
motor winding, the following control sequence will spin the motor illustrated in Figure 2.6
clockwise 24 steps or 2 revolutions:
Winding 1 1001001001001001001001001
Winding 2 0100100100100100100100100
Winding 3 0010010010010010010010010
time --->
There are also variable reluctance stepping motors with 4 and 5 windings, requiring 5 or
6 wires. The principle for driving these motors is same as that for the three winding
motors, but it becomes important to work out the correct order to energize the windings
to make the motor step nicely.
Principle of operation:
One phase on or full step operation, 2 phase on mode, half step operation, micro stepping.
2. Explain the construction and operation of hybrid Stepping motor? (Dec 14)
Hybrid motors combine the best characteristics of the variable reluctance and
permanent magnet motors. They are constructed with multi-toothed stator poles and a
permanent magnet rotor. Standard hybrid motors have 200 rotor teeth and rotate at 1.80
step angles. Other hybrid motors are available in 0.9ºand 3.6º step angle configurations.
Because they exhibit high static and dynamic torque and run at very high step rates,
hybrid motors are
used in a wide variety of industrial applications.
3.Discuss the static and dynamic characteristics of stepper motor with neat
sketch? (June 14)(May 12)(June 14, Dec 2016, June 2016)
There are two characteristics- torque displacement characteristics, torque current
characteristics
Dynamic characterictics: At low stepping rates, the rise and fall times of the current
through the motor windings has little effect on the motor's performance, but at higher
speeds, the effect of the inductance of the motor windings is to reduce the available
torque, as shown in Figure
Torque
Normal
mode
Slewing
mode
Speed
• An ideal torque-speed characteristic for a stepper motor

• 2 distinct modes of operation:
– Locked-step (normal) mode
– Slewing mode
• In the first, the rotor comes to rest between steps (mode commonly used to achieve
a given rotor position); rotor can be started, stopped, reversed
• Slewing mode does not allow stopping or reversal of the rotor, although it advances
in synchronism with the stepping sequence (e.g. rewinding a tape drive)
Torque
Curve A: Pull-out torque
Curve B: Pull-in torque
Curve B
Curve A
Normal
mode
Slewing
mode
Pull-out rate Speed

Pull-in rate
Max pull-in rate Max pull-out rate
The motor's maximum speed is defined as the speed at which the available torque falls
to zero. Measuring maximum speed can be difficult when there are resonance problems,
because these cause the torque to drop to zero prematurely. The cutoff speed is the
speed above which the torque begins to fall. When the motor is operating below its cutoff
speed, the rise and fall times of the current through the motor windings occupy an
insignificant fraction of each step, while at the cutoff speed, the step duration is
comparable to the sum of the rise and fall times. Note that a sharp cutoff is rare, and
therefore, statements of a motor's cutoff speed are, of necessity, approximate.
The details of the torque versus speed relationship depend on the details of the rise and
fall times in the motor windings, and these depend on the motor control system as well
as the motor. Therefore, the cutoff speed and maximum speed for any particular motor
depend, in part, on the control system! The torque versus speed curves published in
motor data sheets occasionally come with documentation of the motor controller used to
obtain that curve, but this is far from universal practice!
Similarly, the resonant speed depends on the moment of inertia of the entire rotating
system, not just the motor rotor, and the extent to which the torque drops at resonance
depends on the presence of mechanical damping and on the nature of the control system.
Some published torque versus speed curves show very clear resonances without
documenting the moment of inertia of the hardware that may have been attached to the
motor shaft in order to make torque measurements.
The torque versus speed curve shown in Figure is typical of the simplest of control
systems. More complex control systems sometimes introduce electronic resonances that
act to increase the available torque above the motor's low-speed torque. A common result
of this is a peak in the available torque near the cutoff speed.
Characteristic Parameters
Holding torque: the maximum torque which can be applied to an energized stationary
motor without causing spindle rotation
Pull-out torque: the maximum torque which can be applied to a motor, running at a given
stepping rate, without losing synchronism
Pull-in torque: the maximum torque against which a motor will start, at a given pulse
rate, and reach synchronism without losing a step.
Pull-out rate: the maximum switching rate at which a motor will remain in synchronism
while the switching rate is gradually increased.
Pull-in rate: the maximum switching rate at which a loaded motor can start without losing
steps
Slew range: the range of switching rates between pull-in and pull-out in which a motor
will run in synchronism but cannot start or reverse.
There are following two modes of operation with regards to dynamic characteristics – start
stop mode, slewing mode
4. Explain in detail the drive system of a stepping motor? (May 12, Dec 12,Dec
14,June 14)
There are two main drive circuits for stepper motors, namely; Uni-polar and Bi-polar drive
circuits.
Uni-polar Drive Circuit

Uni-polar drive circuit for three-phase variable reluctance stepper motor
Bi-polar Drive Circuit
One phase of a Bi-polar drive circuit for permanent magnet or hybrid stepper motors
DRIVERS
The stepper motor driver receives low-level signals from the indexer or control system
and converts them into electrical (step) pulses to run the motor. One step pulse is required
for every step of the motor shaft. In full step mode, with a standard 200 step motor, 200
step pulses are required to complete one revolution. Likewise, in microstepping mode the
driver may be required to generate 50,000 or more step pulses per revolution .
TYPES OF STEP MOTOR DRIVERS

For industrial applications there are basically three types of driver technologies. They all
utilize a "translator" to convert the step and direction signals from the indexer into
electrical pulses to the motor. The essential difference is in the way they energize the
motor winding. The circuit that performs this task is known as the "switch set."
UNIPOLAR
The name unipolar is derived from the fact that current flow is limited to one direction. As
such, the switch set of a unipolar drive is fairly simple and inexpensive. The drawback to
using a unipolar drive however, is its limited capability to energize all the windings at any
one time. As a result, the number of amp turns (torque) is reduced by nearly 40%
compared to other driver technologies. Unipolar drivers are good for applications that
operate at relatively low step rates.
R/L
R/L (resistance/limited) drivers are, by today's standards, old technology but still exist in
some (low power) applications because they are simple and inexpensive. The drawback
to using R/L drivers is that they rely on a "dropping resistor" to get almost 10 times the
amount of motor current rating necessary to maintain a useful increase in speed. This
process also produces an excessive amount of heat and must rely on a DC power supply
for its current source.
BIPOLAR CHOPPER
Bipolar chopper drivers are by far the most widely used drivers for industrial applications.
Although they are typically more expensive to design, they offer high performance and
high efficiency. Bipolar chopper drivers use an extra set of switching transistors to
eliminate the need for two power sources. Additionally, these drivers use a four transistor
bridge with recirculating diodes and a sense resistor that maintains a feedback voltage
proportional to the motor current. Motor windings, using a bipolar chopper driver, are
energized to the full supply level by turning on one set (top and bottom) of the switching
transistors. The sense resistor monitors the linear rise in current until the required level is
reached. At this point the top switch opens and the current in the motor coil is maintained
via the bottom switch and the diode. Current "decay" (lose over time) occurs until a preset
position is reached and the process starts over. This "chopping" effect of the supply is
what maintains the correct current voltage to the motor at all times. In the below circuits,
the details of the necessary switches have been deliberately ignored. Any switching
technology, from toggle switches to power MOSFETS will work! Figure contains some
suggestions for implementing each switch, with a motor winding and protection diode
included for orientation purposes:
Each of the switches shown in Figure is compatible with a TTL input. The 5 volt supply
used for the logic, including the 7407 open-collector driver used in the figure, should be
well regulated. The motor power, typically between 5 and 24 volts, needs only minimal
regulation. It is worth noting that these power switching circuits are appropriate for driving
solenoids, DC motors and other inductive loads as well as for driving stepping motors.
` The SK3180 transistor shown in Figure is a power darlington with a current gain
over 1000; thus, the 10 milliamps flowing through the 470 ohm bias resistor is more than
enough to allow the transistor to switch a few amps current through the motor winding.
The 7407 buffer used to drive the Darlington may be replaced with any high-voltage open
collector chip that can sink at least 10 milliamps. In the event that the transistor fails, the
high-voltage open collector driver serves to protect the rest of the logic circuitry from the
motor power supply.
The IRC IRL540 shown in Figure is a power field effect transistor. This can handle
currents of up to about 20 amps, and it breaks down nondestructively at 100 volts; as a
result, this chip can absorb inductive spikes without protection diodes if it is attached to a
large enough heat sink. This transistor has a very fast switching time, so the protection
diodes must be comparably fast or bypassed by small capacitors. This is particularly
essential with the diodes used to protect the transistor against reverse bias! In the event
that the transistor fails, the zener diode and 100 ohm resistor protect the TTL circuitry.
The 100 ohm resistor also acts to somewhat slow the switching times on the transistor.
For applications where each motor winding draws under 500 milliamps, the ULN200x
family of darlington arrays from Allegro Microsystems, also available as the DS200x from
National Semiconductor and as the Motorola MC1413 darlington array will drive multiple
motor windings or other inductive loads directly from logic inputs. Figure 3.8 shows the
pin out of the widely available ULN2003 chip, an array of 7 darlington transistors with TTL
compatible inputs:
The base resistor on each darlington transistor is matched to standard bipolar TTL
outputs. Each NPN darlington is wired with its emitter connected to pin 8, intended as a
ground pin, Each transistor in this package is protected by two diodes, one shorting the
emitter to the collector, protecting against reverse voltages across the transistor, and one
connecting the collector to pin 9; if pin 9 is wired to the positive motor supply, this diode
will protect the transistor against inductive spikes.
The ULN2803 chip is essentially the same as the ULN2003 chip described above, except
that it is in an 18-pin package, and contains 8 darlingtons, allowing one chip to be used
to drive a pair of common unipolar permanent-magnet or variable-reluctance motors.
For motors drawing under 600 milliamps per winding, the UDN2547B quad power driver
made by Allegro Microsystems will handle all 4 windings of common unipolar stepping
motors. For motors drawing under 300 milliamps per winding, Texas Instruments
SN7541, 7542 and 7543 dual power drivers are a good choice; both of these alternatives
include some logic with the power drivers.
5.Explain in detail the multi stack Variable Reluctance Stepping motor?(June 13,
Dec 2016,June 2016)
Multi-Stack Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors
Cross section view of a typical three-stack variable reluctance stepper motor
Teeth position for a 3-phase, 4-pole, 12-teeth, three-stack, variable reluctance stepper
motor when phase a is energized
• The VR stepper motors mentioned up to this point are all single-stack motors. That
is, all the phases are arranged in a single stack, or plane.
• The disadvantage of this design for a stepper motor is that the steps are generally
quite large (above 15°).
• Multi-stack stepper motors can produce smaller step sizes because the motor is
divided along its axial length into magnetically isolated sections, or stacks.
• Each of these sections is excited by a separate winding, or phase.
• In this type of motor, each stack corresponds to a phase, and the stator and rotor
have the same tooth pitch.
6. What is the motor torque Tm required to accelerate an initial load of 3x10-4 kg –
m2 from f1 = 1000Hz to f2 = 2000Hz during 100msec. The frictional torque Tf is 0.05
Nm and the step angle is 1.8°.
1
• T   L2Ti 2 (t )sin T
2
7.With a neat block diagram, explain the closed loop operation of stepping motor.
(June 13)
8.a Explain the concept of torque production in variable reluctance stepping

motor.(Dec 13)
Let e(t) = voltage applied per stack

R = winding resistance per stack
L(θ) = winding inductance per stack (a function of rotor position only and
independent of coil current because of linear magnetic circuit assumption)
i(t) = current per stack
θ(t) = angular position of rotor
d
Kirchoff’s mesh equation for stator winding is e(t )  Ri(t ) 
dt
where λ = flux linkages of stator winding = iL(θ).
Therefore,
di dL( ) d
 Ri(t )  L( )  i …………....(1)
dt d dt
Transformer speed
emf emf
Energy stored in air gap is

W = ½ L(θ) i2(t)……………………………..(2)
Mechanical torque developed is given by

T W (i, )

1 dL( )
 i 2 (t ) ……………………....(3)
2 d
Rotor dynamics is governed by
d 2 d
TJ 2
f …………………… ….(4)
dt dt
In a toothed structure, reluctance and therefore winding inductance varies
continuously (even function) as function of θ over and above an average value, i.e.,
L( )  L1  L2 cos T ……………………….(5)
Substituting in equation 3,
1
T   L2Ti 2 (t )sin T
2
8.b.A single stack, 3-phase variable reluctance motor has a step angle of 15º. Find
the number of stator and rotor poles. (Dec12)
Nr=8, when Ns>Nr, Ns=12, when Ns<Nr, Ns=6
9. What is the motor torque Tm required to accelerate an initial load of 2x10 -4 kg-
m2from 500Hz to 1500Hz in 50 ms. the frictional torque is 0.03 Nm and step angle
is 1.18º. (Dec 12)
1
T   L2Ti 2 (t )sin T
2
10. a.With a neat block diagram explain microprocessor control of stepper motor
(June 2013)
A positional signal is feedback to the block of hardware which monitors the rotor
movement and exchanges information with the microprocessor. The software must be
programmed so that the microprocessor determines better timings for changing lead
angles.
b. What are the advantages of closed loop control of stepper motor.

Closed loop control is more accurate, oscillatory motions are avoided for certain speed
ranges, Speed remains constant for high inertial load, follows the input pulses at stepping
frequency are some of the advantages over open loop control.
11.Explain the modes of excitation of a stepper motor with neat diagram(Dec 2016)
12. A stepper motor has resolution of 180 steps/rev. Find the pulse rate required in
order to obtain a speed of 2400rpm. (Dec 2016)
Solution:
Ressolution = 180 steps/rev

Required motor speed = 2400 rpm
Speed in rps (n) = Speed in rpm/60
= 2400/60
Speed in rps (n) = 40 rps
Step angle (β) = 3600 / (Number of steps/ rev)

= 360/180
β = 20
From the expression , n = (β*f)/ 3600

f = (n *360)/ β
f = ( 40*360)/2
f = 7200 pps

UNIT – III SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
PART – A
1. What is switched reluctance motor?
The switched reluctance motor is a doubly salient, singly excited motor. This means
that it has salient poles on both the rotor and the stator, but only one member (usually
the stator) carries windings. The rotor has no windings; magnet is or cage windings
but is built up from stacks of salient pole laminations.
2. What are the advantages of Switched Reluctance motor?(Dec 13, June 2016)
Rotor is simple and it tends to have a low inertia, The stator is simple to wind, In most
applications the bulk of the losses appear on the stator, which is relatively easy to cool,
Due to the absence of magnet the maximum permissible rotor temperature may be
higher than in PM motors, Under fault conditions the open circuit voltage and short
circuit current are zero or varying small, Extreme by high speeds are possible.
3. What is the difference between Switched Reluctance motor and variable

reluctance stepper motor?(May12)
Switched Reluctance motor Variable reluctance stepper motor
Conduction angle for phase current is Stepper motor is usually fed with a
controlled and synchronized with the rotor square wave of phase current without
position, usually by means of a shaft rotor position feedback.
position sensor.
The SRM is designed for high speed. It is usually designed with a limited
speed.
Closed loop control is necessary Closed loop control is required for high
frequency operation
4. What are the applications of Switched Reluctance motor?(Dec 2016)

Precision position control system for Robotics and Low power servo motor.
5. Give basic features or characteristics of Switched Reluctance motor. (June 14,

May 15)
The switched reluctance motor is a doubly-salient, singly-excited motor. This
means that it has salient poles on both the rotor and the stator but only one
member (usually the stator) carries windings. The rotor has no windings, magnets,
or cage windings, but is built up from a stack of salient-pole laminations.
Low inertia and simple manufacturing, Losses appear only on the stator and easy
to cool, No magnets and so permissible rotor temperature is higher than in PM
motors, Torque is independent of the polarity of phase current. Reduction in no of
semiconductor devices in controller Open circuit voltage and Short circuit current
are zero or very small under faulty condition, Immune from shoot through failure,
High starting torque, extremely high speeds possible.
6. What are the disadvantages of a Switched Reluctance motor?

The absence of free PM excitation imposes the burden of excitation on the stator
windings and the controllers and increases the per unit copper losses,  is limited,
torque/ampere is limited, Non uniform nature of the torque production which leads to
torque ripple and may contribute to acoustic noise.
7. Mention different modes of operation of SRM.(Dec 15)

Low speed mode, High Speed mode
8. Mention the application of micro stepping VR stepper motor? (Dec 14)

Application are Printing, photo type setting .V.R type stepper motor with µ stepping
provides very smooth low speed operation and high resolution.
9. Write the relations between the speed and fundamental switching frequency.
f=nNr=(r.p.m./60)Nr Hz , Nr=No. of rotor poles, If there are q phases there are qNr
steps per revolution and the step angle or stroke is given by ε=2π/(qNr) rad. The
number of stator poles usually exceeds the number of rotor poles.
10. What is co-energy?

In the ψ –i curve of a motor, the area between the curve and horizontal i axis is the
co-energy W’ and the other part is the stored field energy W f.
11. Give the expression for torque of a Switched Reluctance motor.(May 12, June
13)
The torque is given by T = [∂W’/∂θ] i=const Or by T = [∂W f / ∂θ] ψ =const.
With magnetic saturation negligible and with ψ–i curve straight line,ψ=Li, W’=Wf
=(½)Li2z,T = (½)i2 dL/dθ Nm where T is the torque, L is the inductance, W f is the
stored field energy.
12.Why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of Switched Reluctance
motor? (Dec 12, Dec 2016)
It is normally necessary to use a rotor position sensor for communication and
speed feedback. The turning ON and OFF operation of the various devices of
power semiconductor switching circuit are influenced by signals obtained from
rotor position sensor.
13. Define: Chopping mode of operation of Switched Reluctance motor?

In this mode, also called low – speed mode, each phase winding gets excited for
a period which is sufficiently long.
14. What are the types of power controllers used for Switched Reluctance motor?
(Dec’ 15)
Using two power semiconductors and two diodes per phase, (n + 1) power
switching devices and (n+ 1) diodes per phase, Phase windings using Bifilar wires
, Dump–C– converter, Split power supply converter.
15. What are the two types of current control techniques?

Hysteresis type control, PWM type control.
16. What is the step angle of an 5 phase Switched Reluctance motor and
commutation frequency in each phase for the speed of 6000 rpm. SRM having 10
stator poles and 4 rotor poles.
Solution:
Step angle ()=(2π/qNr)=(360°/5*4)=18°.
Commutation frequency at each phase=(Nr*ω)/2π=(4*6000)/60=400Hz.[ω = 2πN].
17. What are the merits of Dump C – Converter?

This topology uses lower number of switching devices and has only one switch voltage
drop, the converter has full regenerative capability, and there is faster
demagnetization of phases during commutation.
18. What are the merits of split power supply Converter?

It requires lower number of switching devices, there is faster demagnetization of
phases during commutation.
19. What are the merits of classic converter or power controller in SRM? (May 12)
Control of each phase is completely independent of the other phases; the energy
from the off going phase is feedback to the source, which results in useful utilization
of the energy.
20. Why SR machines popular in adjustable speed drives?(Dec 12)

Rotor is simple and it tends to have a low inertia, The stator is simple to wind, In most
applications the bulk of the losses appear on the stator, which is relatively easy to cool,
Due to the absence of magnet the maximum permissible rotor temperature may be
higher than in PM motors, Under fault conditions the open circuit voltage and short
circuit current are zero or varying small, Extreme by high speeds are possible.
21. Mention some position sensors used in switched reluctance motor .(June 13)
Optical encoder, resolver, Speed sensors and Hall Effect sensor.
22. What is the significance of closed loop control in switched reluctance

motor.(Dec 13, June 2016)
Switched reluctance motor is always operated with closed loop control. Normally we
have to use a rotor position sensor for commutation and speed feedback. Here the
phase windings are energized by using power semiconductor circuit. He turning on and
off operation of the various semiconductor devices are influenced by signals obtained
from rotor position sensor. It is the main significance of closed loop control in SR motor.
23. Give the advantages of sensorless operation of switched reluctance

motor?(June 14)
Low cost, Reliable and it avoids additional cost size.
24. List out the advantages and disadvantages of the converter circuit with two
power semiconductor devices and two diodes per phase? (Dec 14)
Advantages
 The converter has low number of switching devices which reduces the cost of
the converter.
 The converter is able to freewheel during the chopping thus reducing the
switching frequency and losses.
Disadvantages
 The common switch conducts for all phases and thus have higher switching
stress.
 Disability to magnetize a phase while the off going phase is still demagnetizing
which results in high torque ripple during commutation.

25. What is Hysteresis current control?
This type of current controller maintains a more or less constant throughout the
conduction period in each phase. This controller is called hysteresis type controller.
PART B
1.Explain the construction and working of Switched Reluctance motor? (May 12,
Dec 13)
Construction of Switched Reluctance motor
working of Switched Reluctance motor
Construction:
The switched reluctance motor is a doubly salient, singly excited motor. This
means that it has salient poles on both the rotor and the stator, but only one member
(usually the stator) carries windings. The rotor has no windings; magnet is or cage
windings but is built up from stacks of salient pole laminations.
The stator is made up of silicon steel stampings with inward projecting poles. The
number of poles in the stator is either an even number or odd number. Most of the motors
have even number of stator poles. All these stator poles carry field coils.
The rotor is made up of silicon steel stampings with outward projecting poles.
Number of poles of rotor is different from the number of poles of stator. The rotor shaft
carries a position sensor.
Principle:
Faradays law of electromagnetic interaction. Whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The direction of force given
by Flemings left hand rule .The SRM develops an torque due to variable reluctance
2.With a block diagram explain the importance of closed loop control of Switched
Reluctance motor. (Dec 13,June 14,Dec 14)
Switched reluctance motor is always operated with closed loop control. Normally we
have to use a rotor position sensor for commutation and speed feedback. Here the
phase windings are energized by using power semiconductor circuit. He turning on
and off operation of the various semiconductor devices are influenced by signals
obtained from rotor position sensor. It is the main significance of closed loop control
in SR motor
3.Describe the Hysteresis type and PWM type current regulator for one phase of
Switched Reluctance motor.(Dec 14)
The control methods available for SRM are two types
1.hysteresis type current regulator
This type of current controller maintains a more or less constant throughout the
conduction period in each phase. This controller is called hysteresis type controller.
2.voltage PWM control or duty cycle control
The circuit consists of two transistors T1 and T2, two energy feedback diodes
D1 and D2, phase windings A and control circuit. The transistor T2 is turned on by
applying base signal from rotor position sensor. The operational amplifier compares
reference voltage signal and actual voltage signal. The output of the error signal is fed to
the monostable multivibrator.
4.Explain in detail about microprocessor based control of Switched Reluctance

motor.(May 12, Dec12,Dec 14, Dec 2016)
The input DC supply is fed to the power semiconductor switching circuits. The power
semiconductor devices are turned on and off by control circuit. The microprocessor or
computer functions can be general be categorized as follows 1) control of feed back
loops2) Optimal and adaptive control3) Estimation of feedback signals4)General
sequencing control5)Protection and fault overriding control
5.a.Describe the various power controller circuits to Switched Reluctance motor

and explain the operation of any one scheme with suitable circuit diagram. (June
2016, Dec 2016)
Classic Converter
Merits:
1. Control of each phase is independent of other phase.
2. The converter is able to freewheel during the chopping period.
3. The energy from the off going phase is feedback to the source.
Demerits:
1. Higher number of switches required in each phase which makes the converter
expensive.
b. State the advantages of sensorless operation. (June 2016)
 The method works in a speed range from stand-still to rated speed (high-speed
sensorless operation is still under research).
 For low-dynamic applications (estimation of commutation angles only), the method is
highly robust against heavy saturation of the machine.
 The position information can be extracted from a large-amplitude voltage signal.
Depending on the bus bar voltage used, the measured signal can have an amplitude of
hundreds of Volts. Such a signal is less prone to disturbances compared to small-
amplitude voltage or current signals.
 Due to the very short test pulses, no current flows in the idle phase winding. Therefore,
no torque disturbance is generated. The additional loss due to the voltage resonances
is negligible.
6.Describe the various operating modes of Switched Reluctance motor.(Dec 12,Dec

14)
There are two types of operating modes of SRM.
1. Single pulse mode
2. PWM mode
Single pulse mode:
Single pulse mode is also called as high speed mode, the current rise is
within limits during small time interval of each phase excitation.
PWM mode:
It is also called as low speed mode, each phase winding gets excited for a
period which is sufficiently long. The current build up during this long period of time may
be prohibitively high.
7.Derive the voltage and torque equation of Switched Reluctance motor and also
explain torque – speed characteristics of Switched Reluctance motor.(Dec 12,Dec
14, Dec 2016)
Voltage equation of SRM= iR+∂λ/∂t; V= iR+L(∂i/∂t)+iω(∂L/∂θ )
∂λ/∂t-slope of magnetic curve
∂L-incremental inductance
iR-resistive drop
L(∂i/∂t- emf due to incremental inductance
iω(∂L/∂θ- Self emf depends on current ,speed and rate of change of inductance with rotor
angle.
Torque equation
The torque is given by T = [∂ W’ / ∂θ] i=const Or by T = [∂ W f / ∂θ] ψ =const With magnetic
saturation negligible and with ψ –i curve straight line ,
ψ = L i ,W’ = W f = (½) L i2 ,T = (½) i2 dL /d θ Nm
b. Discuss the need of rotor position sensor in SRM.
CURRENT SENSING
CURRENT –SENSING METHODS
Current control could be inexpensively achieved both with sensors and without sensors.
A number of options emerge as indicated in the flow diagram shown in above Figure.
Direct measurement with galvanically isolated current transducer is still an expensive
solution. Non-inductive, low-ohmic resistors can be used to monitor the current by
measuring the voltage drop across them. They are not galvanically isolated, as in many
applications galvanic isolation is not a strict requirement. This method provides the most
accurate
current measurement with the least amount of investment in materials and processing
circuitry, but it does introduce an external resistor component in the circuit that consumes
power on the order of a watt or less. The indirect method, such as the one utilizing the
resistive nature of the drain-to-source conduction path of a MOSFET for monitoring the
current, is an attractive alternative. It also does not require any additional
components to serve as a transducer, as the phase power switches could be used for
monitoring indirectly 28 the currents. Special MOSFETs, called sense FETs, are available
with processed current signals that minimize additional control electronic circuitry to
transform the drain–source conduction voltage drop to the control level and keep it
isolated during its off state from the control circuit. Otherwise, the drain voltage at turn-off
will be at least equal to the dc source voltage, which is multiple times greater than the
control supply voltage and will damage the control circuitry.
CURRENT SENSING WITH RESISTORS
Two different implementations of resistor-based current measurement are possible. Only
one resistor could be used in the path from all the bottom switches to the negative dc bus
rail (say, for an asymmetric converter), as shown in Figure1. The phase-current
measurement is not available with this implementation during freewheeling of a phase.
More or less an average current can be obtained with this setup. If two phases are
simultaneously conducting, then it is not possible to separate each phase current in this
method. Therefore, it is useful when no overlapping conduction occurs in the machine
phases and average current control is acceptable. In the second arrangement, each
phase current is sensed independently with one resistor, as shown in below Figure.
Including the resistor in the freewheeling path allows the monitoring of phase currents
continuously except when the current is being turned off (commutated) once and for all
at the end
8.Describe the construction and working of rotary and linear switched reluctance
motors.(June 13,Dec 14, June 2016)
Since the torque in SRM drives is independent of the excitation current polarity, the SRM
drives require only one switch per phase winding. This is contrary to the ac motor drives
where at least two switches per phase are required for current control. Moreover, the
windings are not in series with the switches in ac motor drives, leading to irreparable
damage
in shoot-through faults. The SRM drives always have a phase winding in series with a
switch. In case of a shoot-through fault, the inductance of the winding limits the rate of
rise in
current and provides time to initiate protective relaying to isolate the faults. The phases
of the
SRM are independent and, in case of one winding failure, uninterrupted operation of the
motor drive operation is possible, although with reduced power output.
LINEAR SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MACHINES

INTRODUCTION
Linear motor drives are being increasingly considered for machine tool drives because
they reduce the need for mechanical subsystems of gears and rotary-to-linear motion
converters, such as lead screws. Positioning accuracy is improved by the absence of
gears that contribute to the backlashes in the linear motor drives. Linear machine drives
combined with electromagnetic levitation are strong candidates for conveyor applications
in semiconductor fabrication plants and possibly in low- and high speed transit
applications because of their ability to produce propulsion force on the rotating part,
known as the translator, without mechanical contact and friction. Linear switched
reluctance machines (LSRMs) are the counterparts of the rotating switched reluctance
machines. In fact, the linear switched reluctance machine is obtained from its rotary
counterpart by cutting, along the shaft over its radius, both the stator and rotor and then
rolling them out. In this section, various linear switched reluctance machine configurations
are introduced. Further, the ideal inductance profile is related to the stator and translator
lamination dimensions. A similar relationship for the rotary switched reluctance machine
that has been derived earlier is worth noting.
9.Discuss methods of rotor position sensing and sensorless operation. (June 13,
Dec 14)
CURRENT –SENSING METHODS

Current control could be inexpensively achieved both with sensors and without sensors.
A number of options emerge as indicated . Direct measurement with galvanically isolated
current transducer is still an expensive solution. Noninductive, low-ohmic resistors can be
used to monitor the current by measuring the voltage drop across them. They are not
galvanically isolated, as in many applications galvanic isolation is not a strict requirement.
This method provides the most accurate current measurement with the least amount of
investment in materials and processing circuitry, but it does introduce an external resistor
component in the circuit that consumes power on the order of a watt or less.
The indirect method, such as the one utilizing the resistive nature of the drain-to-source
conduction path of a MOSFET for monitoring the current, is an attractive alternative. It
also does not require any additional components to serve as a transducer, as the phase
power switches could be used for monitoring indirectly 28 the currents. Special
MOSFETs, called sense FETs, are available with processed current signals that minimize
additional control electronic circuitry to transform the drain–source conduction voltage
drop to the control level and keep it isolated during its off state from the control circuit.
Otherwise, the drain voltage at turn-off will be at least equal to the dc source voltage,
which is multiple times greater than the control supply voltage and will damage the control
circuitry.
SENSORLESS ROTOR POSITION ESTIMATION
Incremental Inductance Measurement
This method uses the fact that the current rise and fall times are proportional to the
incremental inductance, and under certain assumptions the rise and fall times reflect the
incremental inductance and hence the rotor position itself. Both these techniques are
described in detail and their merits and demerits are discussed. The only advantage of
this method is that it only needs to measure the current and its rise or fall time to predict
the rotor position and can use the active phase itself. Therefore, it can be implemented in
real time and online with very little or no extra cost other than some software codes
required in the controller.
10.Compare and contrast the performance of SR motor and VR stepper motor.(Dec

13)
Switched Reluctance motor Variable reluctance stepper motor
Conduction angle for phase current is Stepper motor is usually fed with a
controlled and synchronized with the rotor square wave of phase current without
position, usually by means of a shaft rotor position feedback.
position sensor
The SRM is designed for efficient power It is usually designed as a torque motor
conversion at high speed with a limited speed.
11.Derive the expression for static torque in SRM(Dec 2016)

UNIT – IV PERMANENT MAGNET BRUSHLESS D.C. MOTORS
PART - A
1. Why adjustable speed drives are preferred over a fixed speed motor?
The common reasons for preferring an adjustable speed drives over a fixed speed
motor are: Energy saving e.g. Fan or pump flow process, Velocity and position
control e.g. Electric train, portable tools, washing machine, Amelioration of
transients: Starting and stopping of motors produce sudden transients. It can be
smoothened using adjustable speed drives.
2. What is the structure of an adjustable speed drive system?

The general structure of a motion control system or drive consists of the following
elements: The load, the motor, the power electronic converter; and the control.
3. Write briefly about the construction and types of a Brushless DC machines.

1) Brushless PM machines are constructed with the electric winding on the stator
and PMs on the rotor. There are several conventional PM machine configurations
and other more novel concepts conceived in recent years to improve
performance.2)The configuration of a PM machine and the relationship of the rotor
to the stator determine the geometry and the shape of the rotating magnetic field.
PM machines in which the magnetic flux travels in the radial direction are classified
as radial-flux machines. 3)They are cylindrical in shape, and the rotor is usually
located inside the stator but can also be placed outside the stator. PM machines
in which the magnetic flux travels in the axial direction are classified as axial-gap
machines. They can have multiple disk or pancake-shaped rotors and stators. The
stator-rotor-stator configuration is typical.
4. What are the advantages of PM machine?

1)In general, PM machines have a higher efficiency as a result of the passive, PM-
based field excitation. PM machines have the highest power density compared
with other types of electric machines, which implies that they are lighter and occupy
less space for a given power rating.2)The amount of magnet material that is
required for a given power rating is a key cost consideration. The cost of magnet
material is high compared with the cost of the other materials used in electric
motors, and design attributes that minimize the required amount of magnet
material are important considerations in motor selection.3)The stators of PM
machines are generally fabricated in the same manner as induction machine
stators; however, modifications are sometimes necessary, such as the design of a
stator lamination to accommodate high flux density.
5. What are the types of PM machines?

1. Interior PM Machine and
2. Surface mounted PM machine.
6. What are the differences between mechanical and electronic commutator? (Dec
13, Dec 2016)
MECHANICAL COMMUTATOR ELECTRONIC COMMUTATOR

1. Commutator arrangement is located in 1.Commutator arrangement is located in
the rotor. the stator.
2. Shaft position sensing is inherent in 2.It requires a separate rotor position
the arrangement sensor.
3. Sparking takes place. 3.There is no sparking.
4. It requires regular maintenance. 4. It requires less maintenance.
5. Sliding contacts between commutator 5.No sliding contacts.
and brushes.
7. What is meant by permeance coefficient? (June 14)

The line drawn from the origin through the operating point is called load line and
absolute value of its slope normalized to µ0 is called permeance coefficient.
Permeance coefficient= µrec((1+PrlRg)/(PmoRg))where µrec=relative recoil
permeability,Rg=air gap reluctance,Pmo=internal leakage
permeance,Prl=normalized rotor leakage permeance.
8. Discuss briefly about the types of Permanent Magnets used in electrical

machines.
PM strength and other key properties :The various types of PMs include the
following:
Alnico—a family of magnets made from aluminum, nickel, and cobalt characterized
by excellent temperature stability, high residual induction, and enough energy for
a number of industrial and commercial applications.Ceramic—a hard, low-cost
ferrite made of barium and strontium ferrite with excellent stability. Ceramic
magnets tend to be brittle, hard, and resistant to corrosion.
9. What is commutation.(June 13)

Because of hetropolar magnetic field in the air gap of DC machine the emf induced
in the armature conductors is alternating in nature. This emf available across
brushes as unidirectional emf because of commutator and brushes arrangement.
It provides less spark, easy to control, less maintenance, more efficient, small in
size (compact).
10. Draw the magnetic equivalent circuit of PMBLDC motor.(Dec 13)
Magnetic equivalent circuit
11. Compare brushless DC motor with P.M. commutator motor.

Brushless DC motor P.M. Commutator motor
1. No Brushes. Maintenance problems 1. Commutator based DC machines
(RFI, sparking, ignition and fire accidents) need carbon brushes, so sparking
eliminated. and wear and tear is un avoidable.
2. More cross sectional available for 2. Armature winding is inside and the
armature windings. Conduction of heat magnet is on the stator outside.
through the frame is improved.
3. Increase in electric loading is possible, 3. Efficiency less.
providing a greater specific torque. Higher
efficiency.
4. Space saving, higher speed possible, 4. Commutator restricts speed.
with reduced inertia.
5. Maximum speed limited by retention of 5. Magnet is on the stator. No
magnet problem.
against centrifugal force.
6. Shaft position sensor is a must. 6. Not mandatory.
7. Complex electronics for controller. 7. Simple
12. Give the emf and torque equations of the square wave BLDC motor.
The emf equation is given by E = kφω and the torque equation is given by T = kφI.
where k is the armature constant depending on the number of turns in series per
phase in the armature winding, ω is rotor speed in rad / sec and φ is the flux (
mainly contributed by the Permanent Magnet on the rotor). I is the load current.
13.What is meant by demagnetization in PM-BLDC motor.(Dec 14)

In the absence of externally applies ampere turn, the magnets operating point is
at the intersection of demagnetization curve and the load line.
Demagnetization curve
14.Write the principle of operation of PM-BLDC motor? (Dec 14)

When a D.C supply is switched on to the motor the armature winding draws a
current. The current distributes with the stator armature winding depends upon
rotor position and the devices turned on. As per faradays law of electromagnetic
induction a emf is dynamically induced in the armature conductors. This back emf
as per lenz law opposes the cause. As a result developed torque reduces. Finally
the rotor attain the steady speed.
15. Compare 120 degree and 180 degree operation of BLDC motor.
The 180 degree magnetic arc motor uses 120 degree mode of inverter operation.
The motor with 120 degree magnetic arc uses 180 degree mode of inverter
operation. In 180 degree mode of inverter has 1.5 times copper losses but produce
same torque with only 2/3 of magnetic material. Motor operation is less efficient.
16. Give the expression for self and mutual inductances of a BLDC motor.
Self inductance is given by Lg=(ψ/i)=(πμ0 N2lr1)/(2g”)where g”= g’+lm/μrec ,g’=
Kcg,N=Number of conductors in the slot, I = current, lm = magnet length in radial
direction , g’ = air gap, g” = air gap including radial thickness of the magnet, μ rec =
relative recoil permeability, Mutual inductance is given by Mg=-(1/3)Lg.
17. What are the types of sensors used with PMBLDC motors?
Hall effect sensors are most commonly used for speed, position sensing with
PMBLDC motors. Optical Disc based sensors are also used. Presently rotor
position sensors are avoided by using alternative methods called as Sensorless
control methods, which uses terminal emf measurement, third harmonic voltage
measurement, flux estimation and neuro – fuzzy techniques etc.
18. Write the dynamic equations of the PMBLDC motor.

The dynamic model equations of PMBLDC motor is given by
dia/dt=(van–Ria –ea(θ))/L
dib/dt=(vbn –Rib –eb(θ))/L
dic/dt=(vcn–Ric –ec(θ))/L
dω/dt=[ Te–Tl –Bω]/J
dθ/dt = Pω/2 where the Torque developed is given by
Te=(e(θ)ia+ea(θ)ib+ea(θ)ic)/ω,TL=Load torque applied is the coefficient of friction
and J is the moment of inertia.
19. What are the relative merits and demerits of brush less DC motor drives? (Dec
2016)
Merits: Commutator less motor, Specified electrical loading is better, Heat can be
easily dissipated, No sparking takes place due to brush, Source of EMI is avoided.
Demerits: Above 10 kW, the cost of magnet is increase, Due to centrifugal force
the magnet may come out.
20. How the direction of rotation is reversed in case of PMBLDC motor

The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing the logic sequences in
PMBLDC motor
21. What are the difference between conventional DC motor and PMBLDC
motor?(Dec 12)
DC PMBLDC
Brushes are present. Brushes are not present.
Sparking may occur due to brush. Sparking will not occur as brush is not
present.
Brush tend to produce RF1. RF1 problem does not occur.
There is a need for brush No need of brush maintenance.
maintenance.
22. What are the various kinds of permanent magnets? (June 14)
There are basically three different types of permanent magnets which are used in
small DC motors Alnico magnets, Ferrite or ceramic magnet, and Rare - earth
magnet (samarium – cobalt magnet ).
23. What is meant by multiphase brushless motors?(May 12)

A multi-phase brushless motor including a stator having a plurality of drive coils
each corresponding to a specific phase and a rotor having a plurality of field
magnet poles of successively alternating polarity. The stator further has a plurality
of Hall generators for detecting the positions of the rotor and a speed sensor for
detecting the rotational speed of the rotor.
24.Give the uses of sensors in motors. (May 12)

It is used to identify the position of the rotor and it is also used to excite the coils in
proper manner.
25. List some applications of BLPM DC motor. (Dec 15, June 2016)
Fans, Pump drive, Traction and Hydraulic power steering, precision high speed
spindle drivers for hard disk drivers etc.,.
26. Why brushless permanent magnet motor is called as electronically commutated

motor? (Dec’15, June 2016)
The switching instants of the individual transistor switches, Q1 – Q6 with respect to
the trapezoidal emf wave is synchronized with the rotor. So switching the stator
phases synchronously with the emf wave make the stator and rotor mmfs rotate in
synchronism. Thus, the inverter acts like an electronic commutator that receives
switching logical pulses from the rotor position sensor. This is why a BLDC drive is
also commonly known as an electronically commutated motor (ECM).
27. How the demagnetization occurs in PMBLDC motor. (May 15)

During the normal operation of motor, when the torque and back emf are constant,
if the field flux level becomes low, then demagnetization occurs.
28. What are the classifications of BLPM dc motor? (May 15)

1. BLPM square wave motor.
2. BLPM sine wave motor.
29. What are the two types of BLPM SQW DC motor?

1. 1800 pole arc BLPM square wave motor.
2. 1200 pole arc BLPM square wave motor.
30. What are the ways by which demagnetization can be limited in permanent
magnet?
There are several ways to limit the demagnetization. One way is to keep the current
below the maximum value and another way is y use of pole shoes to a permanent
magnet to collect the flux and then transfer it to the air gap.
31. Define the energy product and maximum energy product of a permanent
magnet.
The absolute values of the product of the flux density and the field intensity at each
points along the demagnetization curve is called energy product. The maximum
value of the energy product is called maximum energy product and this quantity is
one of the strengths of the permanent magnet.
PART B
1.Derive the torque and EMF equations of the permanent magnet brushless DC
motor.(June 14)
2.What are the differences between mechanical and electronic commutator? (May
12)
MECHANICAL COMMUTATOR ELECTRONIC COMMUTATOR

1.Commutator arrangement is located in 1.Commutator arrangement is located in
the rotor the stator.
2.Shaft position sensing is inherent in the 2.It requires a separate rotor position
arrangement sensor
3. Sparking takes place 3.There is no sparking
4.It requires regular maintenance 4. It requires less maintenance
5. Sliding contacts between commutator 5.No sliding contacts
and brushes
Less spark, easy to control, less maintenance, more efficient, small in size (compact)
3. Sketch the structure of controller for permanent magnet brushless DC motor and
explain the functions of various blocks.( different types of power controllers (June
13,June 14, dec 2016)
Power circuit:
It consists of six power semiconductor switching devices connected in bridge
configuration across a DC supply. A suitable shunt resistance is connected in series to
get the current feedback. Feedback diodes are connected across the device.
Control circuit:
The control circuit consists of a commutation logic unit which gets the information
about the rotor shaft position and decides when switching devices should be turned on
and which devices are to be turned off.
Rotor position sensors:
It converts the information of rotor shaft position into a suitable electrical signal.
This signal is utilized to switch on and off the various semiconductor devices of electronic
switching and commutation circuitry of BLPM motor.
Two popular rotor position sensors: Hall effect position sensors, Optical position sensors
Driving circuits:
The position sensors are kept in the stator such that they are influenced by the
rotor positions. By suitably connecting the position sensors to the controller required
pulses to the devices of the electronic commutator are given.
4. Explain in detail the various rotor position sensors used in permanent magnet
brushless DC motor.(May 12)
A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic
field. Hall effect sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection,
and current sensing applications.
In its simplest form, the sensor operates as an analog transducer, directly returning a
voltage. With a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall plate can be determined.
Using groups of sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be deduced.
Electricity carried through a conductor will produce a magnetic field that varies with
current, and a Hall sensor can be used to measure the current without interrupting the
circuit. Typically, the sensor is integrated with a wound core or permanent magnet that
surrounds the conductor to be measured.
Frequently, a Hall sensor is combined with circuitry that allows the device to act in a digital
(on/off) mode, and may be called a switch in this configuration. Commonly seen in
industrial applications such as the pictured pneumatic cylinder, they are also used in
consumer equipment; for example some computer printers use them to detect missing
paper and open covers. When high reliability is required, they are used in keyboards.
An optical sensor is a device that converts light rays into electronic signals. Similar to a
photoresistor, it measures the physical quantity of light and translates it into a form read
by the instrument. Usually, the optical sensor is part of a larger system integrating a
measuring device, a source of light and the sensor itself. This is generally connected to
an electrical trigger, which reacts to a change in the signal within the light sensor.
One of the features of an optical sensor is its ability to measure the changes from one or
more light beams. This change is most often based around alterations to the intensity of
the light. When a phase change occurs, the light sensor acts as a photoelectric trigger,
either increasing or decreasing the electrical output, depending on the type of sensor.
Optical sensors can work either on the single point method or through a distribution of
points. With the single point method, a sole phase change is needed to activate the
sensor. In terms of the distribution concept, the sensor is reactive along a long series
of sensors or single fiber-optic array.
5. Sketch torque – speed characteristics of a permanent magnet brushless DC

motor.(Dec 13, June 2016)
6.a.Explain in detail the magnetic circuit analysis of brushless DC motor on open

circuit.(June 13)
Permeance coefficient PC=  rec [(1  Prl Rg ) /( Pm0 Rg )]

b. What are the advantages of BLPM DC motor over conventional DC motor.
Brushless DC motors offer several advantages over conventional DC motors, including
high torque to weight ratio, more torque per watt (increased efficiency), increased
reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime (no brush and commutator erosion), elimination
of ionizing sparks from the commutator, and overall reduction of electromagnetic
interference(EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal
forces, and because the windings are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by
conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for cooling. This in turn means that the
motor's internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other foreign matter.
7.Explain square wave permanent magnet brushless dc motor drives. (May 12, Dec
13)
Brushless Motors
Brushless motors such as permanent magnet and switched reluctance motors depend on
electronic drive systems which produce rotating magnetic fields to pull the rotors around.
The advent of new magnetic materials such as alloys of Neodymium with high levels
of magnetic saturation and high coercivity, able to set up and maintain high magnetic
fields, have enabled a range of innovative brushless motor designs by eliminating one set
of the traditional motor's windings, either the stator or the rotor. The implementation of
many of these brushless designs however has only been made possible by the availability
of inexpensive high power switching semiconductors which have enabled radical new
solutions to the commutation problem and much simpler mechanical designs.
Permanent Magnet Motors
By using permanent magnets, rotor windings and mechanical commutation can be
eliminated simplifying manufacture, reducing costs and improving reliability. At the same
time efficiency is improved by the elimination of the need for excitation of the rotor
windings and by avoiding the frictional losses associated with the commutator.
Brushless versions of both DC and AC motors are available.
Brushless DC (BLDC) Motors
The speed and torque characteristics of brushless DC motors are very similar to a shunt
wound "brushed" (field energised) DC motor with constant excitation. As with brushed
motors the rotating magnets passing the stator poles create a back EMF in the stator
windings. When the motor is fed with a three phase stepped waveform with positive and
negative going pulses of 120 degrees duration, the back EMF or flux wave will be
trapezoidal in shape. (See diagram below)
Synchronous Operation
Brushless DC motors are not strictly DC motors. They use a pulsed DC fed to the stator
field windings to create a rotating magnetic field and they operate at synchronous speed.
Although they don't use mechanical commutators they do however need electronic
commutation to provide the rotating field which adds somewhat to their complexity.
Rotating Field and Speed Control
In the diagram below, pole pair A is first fed with a DC pulse which magnetises pole A1
as a south pole and A2 as a north pole drawing the magnet into its initial position. As
the magnet passes the first magnetised pole pair, in this case poles A1 and A2, the
current to pole pair A is switched off and the next pole pair B is fed with a similar DC
pulse causing pole B1 to be magnetised as a south pole and B2 to be a north pole. The
magnet will then rotate clockwise to align itself with pole pair B. By pulsing the stator
pole pairs in sequence the magnet will continue to rotate clockwise to keep itself aligned
with the energised pole pair. In practice the poles are fed with a polyphase stepped
waveform to create the smooth rotating field.
A six step inverter is used to generate the three phase supply and the electronic
commutation between the three pairs of stator coils needed to provide the rotating field.
Only two out of three pole pairs are energised at any one time.This also means that only
two of the six inverter switches are conducting at any one time. See the Motor Control
diagram below.
The speed of rotation is controlled by the pulse frequency and the torque by the pulse
current. In practice the system needs some fairly complex electronics to provide the
electronic commutation.
Position Sensing and Speed Control
The inverter current pulses are triggered in a closed loop system by a signal which
represents the instantaneous angular position of the rotor. The frequency of the power
supply is thus controlled by the motor speed.
Rotor position can be determined by a Hall Effect device (or devices), embedded in the
stator, which provide an electrical signal representing the magnetic field strength. The
amplitude of this signal changes as the magnetic rotor poles pass over the sensor. Other
sensing methods are possible including shaft encoders and also sensing the zero
crossing points of currents generated in the unenergised phase windings. This latter
method is known as "sensorless" position monitoring.
The diagram below shows the system for controlling the voltage and speed with the
associated current and voltage waveforms superimposed on the circuits.
Note that though the magnetising current pulses are in the form of a stepped square
wave, the back EMF is in the form of a trapezoidal wave due to the transition periods as
the rotor magnet poles approach and diverge from the stator coils when the rotor magnet
is only partially aligned with the stator magnets.
Power management is usually by means of a pulse width modulated controller (PWM) on
the input supply which provides a variable DC voltage to the inverter.
Mechanical Construction
No current is supplied to, nor induced, in the rotors which are constructed from permanent
magnets or iron and which are dragged around by the rotating field. With no currents in
the rotors these machines have no rotor I2R losses.
Without the mechanical commutator and rotor windings, the motors have low rotor inertia
allowing much higher speeds to be achieved and with the elimination of this high current
mechanical switch, the source of sparking and RFI is also eliminated.
The stator windings are, easy to manufacture and install, bobbin windings.
Since all the heat generating circuits are in the stator, heat dissipation is easier to control
and higher currents and motor powers can also be achieved.
Some brushless motors are supplied with the control electronics incorporated into the
motor body.
The Magnets
Depending on motor size, the magnets can be arranged as a full-ring magnet, as spokes,
or embedded in the rotor core.
The preferred magnets are manufactured from the rare earth element Neodymium in an
alloy with Iron and Boron to produce the strongest permanent magnets currently
available. (Most of the world's known supplies of Neodymium are found in China)
One drawback of permanent magnet machines is that the magnets are susceptible to
high temperature complications and loss of magnetisation above the Curie temperature.
Permanent magnet motors are inherently more efficient than wound rotor machines since
they don't have conduction losses associated with rotor currents.
Synchronous Operation
The motor speed is directly proportional to the pulse frequency of the inverter. If the supply
frequency is fixed and the motor operates in open loop mode then it will run at a fixed
synchronous speed. Changing the supply frequency will change the motor speed
accordingly.
Variable Speed Operation
The brushless DC motor can be made to emulate the characteristics of its brushed cousin
in which the speed is controlled by changing the applied voltage, rather than by changing
the supply frequency. The supply frequency still changes but it does so as the result of
the changing motor speed not the cause.
Using this configuration, increasing the voltage of the pulsed DC supply from the inverter
will increase the current through the stator windings thus increasing the force on the rotor
poles causing the motor to speed up just as in a brushed DC motor. Although the motor
runs at variable speed, it is still a synchronous application since the feedback loop triggers
the inverter pulses in synchronism with the motor rotation thus forcing the supply
frequency to follow the motor speed. This also means that the motor will be self starting.
Characteristics
High efficiency and power density.
No field windings needed to produce the flux as in induction and brushed motors (this is
called the "excitation penalty") and hence no conduction losses.
More torque per Amp due to lower losses.
Compact, light weight designs. The magnets are generally smaller than the windings
needed to provide the equivalent field.
Lower costs due to the elimination of the field windings.
Speeds up to 100,000 RPM possible whereas the speed in brushed motors is limited by
centrifugal forces on the rotor windings and the commutator.
Torque is proportional to speed as in a brushed DC motor.
Trapezoidal wave form.
No commutator, hence low maintenance and long life.
The abrupt current transitions give rise to similarly abrupt torque transitions as well
as magnetostriction in the magnetic materials resulting in cogging as well as acoustic
noise which may be objectionable in some applications.
Applications
Permanent magnet motors are ideal for applications up to about 5 kW. Above 5kW, the
magnets needed for higher power applications become progessively more expensive
reducing the economic advantage of the design. The magnets in brushless motors are
also vulnerable to demagnetisation by the high fields and high temperatures used in high
power applications. Inverter switching losses also become significant at higher power
levels. Brushed and induction motors do not suffer from these problems.
Permanent magent motors are thus suitable for traction applications from low power
wheel chairs and golf buggies for some higher power automotive uses .Brushless DC
motors are preferred over brushed motors for powering electric bikes because they don't
have the friction associated with the commutator brushes in the brushed version.
8. Analyse the operation of electronic commutator of PMBLDC motor with neat

diagram. (May 15)
electronic commutators
ELECTRONICOMMUTATOR:
In electronic commutator, 6switching devices are employed. Here the winding
may be connected either star or delta connections. Therefore, the winding should have 3
tappings. The power semiconductor switches can be on and off by information get it from
the rotor position sensor signals. Interpoles windings are employed to have sparkles
commutations. By suitably operating the switching devices better performance can be
achieved.
9.A PMBLDC motor has toque constant 0.12 Nm/A referred to DC supply. Find the
motors no load speed when connected to 48V DC supply. Find the stall current and
stall torque if armature resistance is 0.15Ω/phase and drop in controller transistor
is 2V. (Dec 12, Dec 13, June 2016)
Given data :
K m =0.1 Nm/A, V=48V
Solution:
V
 mo   48 / 0.12  400rad / sec
Km
 mo  2No / 60
N 0  (480 * 60) / 2  3819.71rpm
R ph  0.15
Vdd  2V
V  Vdd (48  2)
Starting current or stall current= I st    153.33 A
2 R ph (2 * 0.15)
Starting torque or Stall torque= Tst  K e I st  0.12 *153.33

=18.4 N-m
10.A permanent magnet DC commutator motor has a no load speed of 6000 rpm
when connected to a 120V dc supply. The armature resistance is 2.5Ω and
rotational and iron losses may be neglected. Determine the speed when the supply
voltage is 60V and the torque is 0.5 Nm.(Dec 12, Dec 13,Dec 2016)
Vs  120V
Ra  2.5
T  0.5 N  m
E  K m m
V  K m mo
T  KmI
V 120
Km    0.19V / rad / sec
 mo (2N / 60)
T
I  (.5 / 0.19)  2.617 A
Km
E  V  I a Ra  (60  2.617 * 2.5)  53.45V
E
m   (53.45 / 0.19)  281.34rad / sec
Km
2N
m 
60
281.34 * 60
N  2686.6rpm
2
Ra =2.5Ω
11.Illustrate in detail, the operation of PMBLDC motor with 180 magnet arcs and
120 square wave phase currents.(Dec 12)
(a) BLDC motor with 180° magnet arcs and 120° square-wave phase currents.
(b) BLDC motor with 120° magnet arcs and 180° square-wave phase currents.
The 180º magnet arcs were assumed to produce a rectangular distribution of flux density
in the airgap. The phase windings are assumed to be star connected.
The 120º pole arc motor is less efficient than 180 º pole arcs motor, the phase current
waveforms of delta connected converters is shown above. In this machine, the effect of
fringing flux, slotting and commutation overlap combine to produce torque ripple.
12. Discuss the hysteresis type current regulation of PMBLDC motor with neat
diagram. (May 15)
13. Discuss the construction and principle of operation of a Permanent magnet

dc motor. (May 2016, Dec 2016)

UNIT – V PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
PART – A
1. Distinguish PM synchronous motor from BLPM DC motors.(Dec’15)

PMSM PM Brushless DC motor
Sinusoidal or quasi–sinusoidal Rectangular distribution of magnetic
distribution of magnetic flux in the air flux in the air gap
gap
Sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal current Rectangular current waveforms
waveforms
Quasi-sinusoidal distribution of stator It has concentrated stator windings
conductors. (short pitched and
distributed or concentric stator
windings)
2. Explain in detail the vector control of permanent magnet synchronous

motor.(Dec 14)
1)BLPM SNW motor is usually employs for variable speed applications. For this
we keep V/f constant and vary V and f to get the desired speed and torque.
From the theory of BLPM SNW motor it is known that as the speed is varied
from a very low value up to the corner frequency, the desired operating point of
current is such that Id =0 and I is along q-axis. 2)When the frequency is more
than the corner frequency it is not possible to make Id=0, due to voltage
constraints. In such a case a better operating point for current is obtained with
minimum I value after satisfying the voltage constraints.Controlling BLPM SNW
motor taking into considerations the above mentioned aspects is known as
vector control of BLPM SNW motor.
3. Compare the performance of PMSM with BLDC motor.

With equal r.m.s. phase currents the torque of the square wave motor exceeds
that of sine wave motor by a factor 1.47. With equal peak currents the factor is
1.27. For the same flux-density flux per pole of a square wave motor exceeds
that of a sine wave motor by a factor π/2. Square wave motor has a slightly
better utilization of the peak current capability of the converter switches. In
PMSM three devices conduct at a time (180 degree mode of inverter), where
as in BLDC only two devices conduct at a time in 120 degree mode.
4. What is meant by field oriented control of PMSM?

In general for field oriented control the stator currents are transformed into a
frame of reference moving with the rotor flux. In the PMSM the rotor flux is
stationary relative to the rotor. The rotor flux is therefore defined by the
mechanical angle of rotation α, this is obtained from a rotor position sensor.
Thus, the control is much easier to implement than in the case of induction
motor.
5. What is meant by slotless motor?

In slotless motor, the stator teeth are removed and resulting space is partially
filled with addition of copper.
6. Write the expression for the self and synchronous reactance of PMSM.
The sum of the magnetizing and leakage reactance define synchronous
reactance. X S  X M  X l , Xs = Synchronous reactance, XM = Magnetizing
reactance, Xl = Leakage reactance
7. What are the applications of PMBLDC and PMSM motors?
PMBLDC: (Low rating application)turn table drives for record players, Hard disc
drives, Low cost instruments, Small fans for cooling electronic equipment, (High
rating application)Air craft, Satellite system, Traction system (in future).
PMSM are used in low to medium power (up to several hundred HP)
Applications, Fiber spinning mills, Rolling mills, Cement mills, Ship propeller,
Electric Vehicles, Servo and robotic drives and Starters / generator for air craft
engine.
8. What are the features of permanent magnet synchronous motor?

Robust, compact and less weight, No field current or rotor current in PMSM,
unlike in induction motor, Copper loss due to current flow which is largest loss
in motors is about half that of induction motor and High efficiency.
9. Explain the difference between synchronous motor and PMSM.

Synchronous Motor PMSM
3 phase AC or six step voltage or current 3 phase sine wave ac or PWM ac is
source inverter is used as supply. used as supply.
This type of motor is used in very large Here it is used in low integral HP
compressor and fan drives. industries drives, fiber spinning mills.
10. What are disadvantages of PMSM relative to the commutator motor?

Need for shaft position sensing and increased complexion in the electronic
controller.
11. What are the assumptions made in derivation of emf equation for PMSM?
(Dec 14)
Flux density distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal, Rotor rotates with an
uniform angular velocity of ωm ( rad/sec), Armature winding consists of full
pitched, concentrated similarly located coils of equal number of turns.
12. Why PMSM operating in self – controlled mode is known as commutatorless

DC Motor?
Load side controller performs somewhat similar function as commutator in a
DC machine. The load side converter and synchronous motor combination
functions similar to a DC machine. First it is fed from a DC supply and secondly
like a DC machine. The stator and rotor field remain stationary with respect to
each other at all speeds. Consequently, the drive consisting of load side
converter and synchronous motor is known as commutator less DC motor.
13. .Explain the distribution factor for PMSM. (Dec 15)

Distribution factor (Kd): Distribution factor is given by the ratio of the MMF
performed in the concentrated windings compared to the distributed windings.
Coils in the stator are displaced from each other by a certain electrical angle, each
coil produce sinusoidal MMF with a shift angle β.
Where ‘m’ is no.of coils/pole/phase
14. Write down the expressions for torque of a PMSM?(Dec 13)

T=3EIsin β/ωm N-m ωm is the angular velocity,T is the torque produced, β is the
torque angle or power angle, E is the induced emf .
15. What are the features of closed- loop speed control of load commutated
inverter fed synchronous motor drive?
Higher efficiency, Four quadrant operation with regeneration braking is
possible, Higher power ratings and run at high speeds ( 6000 rpm).
16. Write down the emf expressions of PMSM?(Dec 13)

Eph = 4.44 f Фm Kw Tph volts, This is the rms value of induced emf per phase,
where f = Frequency in Hertz, Фm = flux per pole, Kw = Winding factor, Tph =
Turns per phase
17.What is meant by self control in PMSM drive?(Dec 12)

 As the rotor speed changes the armature supply frequency is also
changes proportionally so that the armature field always moves (rotates)
at the same speed as the motor.
 The armature and rotor field move in synchronism for all operating points.
 Here accurate tracking of speed by frequency is realised with the help of
rotor position sensor.
18. What are advantages and disadvantages of PMSM? (May 12, May 15)
Advantages: Runs at constant speed, No field winding, no field copper loss,
better efficiency, High power density, Lower rotor inertia, Robust construction
of rotor, No sliding contact hence requires less maintenance .
Disadvantages: Loss of flexibilities of field flux control, Demagnetization effect
and High cost.
19. Distinguish between self control and vector control of PMSM? (May 12)
S.No. Self control Vector control
1. Dynamic performance is poor Dynamic performance is better
2. Control circuit is simple Control circuit is complex
20. Brief-up the advantages of load commutation in permanent magnet

synchronous motor. (Dec 12)
Commutation of thyristors by induced voltages of load is known as “load
commutation”. Here, frequency of operation is higher and it does not require
commutation circuits.
21. Define the term load angle.(May 15)

The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor, E and terminal
voltage phasor , V during the load condition of an Alternator is called load
angle. In PMSM the load angle is the angle between stator field and rotor field
when the machine is rotated at synchronous speed. It is represented as δ.
22. State the power controllers for PMSM.

PWM inverter using power MOSFETS with microprocessor control. PWM
inverter using BJT‟s with microprocessor control (up to 100 KW).
23. Write the advantages of optical sensors.

Quite suitable for sinusoidal type motor as it is a high resolution sensor. The signal
from the photodiode rises and falls quite abruptly and the sensor outputs are
switched high or low so the switching points are well defined.
24. Write the disadvantages of optical sensors.

It requires a clean environment. Provision of high resolution sensor adds the cost
of the system
25. Classify the different types of PMSM?(Dec 2016)

a) General classification: There are two types of PMSM :
1) Surface mounted rotor: further classified as
a) Projected type b) Insert type
2)interior( or buried) rotor
b) Classification based on rotor configuration:

1)Peripheral 2) Interior 3)Claw-pole 4)Transverse
26. Differentiate Square wave and sine wave motor(Dec 2016)

Features BLPM Square wave motor BLPM Sine wave motor
Flux density
distribution
Flux per pole (Փ) Փ = BgτlWb Փ = Bavτl

2𝜋𝑟 2 𝐵̂
τ= = ( 𝜋 ) πl Wb
2𝑝
RMS value of the line 𝐼𝑚

2
Irms= √3 Id Irms= I =
√2
current to the motor
27. Define synchronous reactance in PMSM(May 2016)

The synchronous reactance is the fictitious reactance employed to account for
the voltage effects in the armature circuit produced by the actual armature
leakage reactance and the change in the airgap flux caused by the armature
reaction. For an ideal two pole sine distributed three phase winding with Ns turns
in series per phase neglecting the leakage inductance of the slots and end-turns,
the expression for synchronous reactance is given by µ0
3𝜋𝜇0 𝑁𝑠 2 𝑙𝑟1 𝜔
Xs= 8𝑝2 𝑔′′
28. Draw the output phasor diagram of PMSM (May 2016)
PART B
1.Derive the EMF and torque equation of BLPM Sine wave motor. (May 12, Dec
12, June 13, Dec 13)
Ideal brushless sine wave motor with winding and PM rotor
E p h  4.44 f mT p h .volts
3 r1lBN s
T  I 2 sin 
2 2
2.Write short notes on Volt ampere requirements in PMSM motor.(June 13,June

14, June 2016)
4
Fundamental component of ampere turns per phase of a practical one= (iT ph K w1 )

4 3
The total sinusoidally distributed ampere turns is equal to =( ) √2 I ph K w1T ph
 2
The amplitude of the ampere conductor density distribution shows is equal to the total
sinusoidally distributed ampere turns divided by 2.
3.With neat sketch, discuss the torque – speed characteristics of PMSM.(May 12

June 13,June 14,Dec 14, Dec 2016, June 2016)
Maximum torque remains constant from a low frequency to ω0. Any further increase
in frequency will decrease the maximum torque. At ω= ωd the torque developed is
zero.
4.Draw and explain the phasor diagram of permanent magnet synchronous

motor.(June 13,June 14)
5.What are the differences in the constructional features of PMBLDC and

PMSM?
PMBLDC
 Rectangular distribution of magnet flux in the airgap
 Rectangular current waveforms
 Concentrated stator winding
The sinewave motor differs in all three respects. It has
 Sinusoidal or qusai sinusoidal distribution of magnet flux in the airgap
 Sinusoidal or qusai sinusoidal current waveforms
 qusai sinusoidal distribution of stator conductors, i.e. short pitched and distributed or
concentric stator windings
PM Brushless DC motor PMSM
1. Rectangular distribution of magnetic 1. Sinusoidal or quasi–sinusoidal distribution of
flux in the air gap. magnetic flux in the air gap.
2. Rectangular current waveforms. 2. Sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal current waveforms.
3. concentrated stator windings. 3. Quasi-sinusoidal distribution of stator conductors.
(short pitched and distributed or concentric stator
windings)
6. a. Derive the expression for synchronous reactance of PMSM.(May 15)

b. Write short note on armature reaction in PMSM.
7.With a neat diagram, explain the operation of power of controller for

permanent magnet synchronous motor.(May 12)
The 180º magnet arcs were assumed to produce a rectangular distribution of flux
density in the airgap. The phase windings are assumed to be star connected.
The 120º pole arc motor is less efficient than 180º pole arc motor, the phase current
waveforms of delta connected converters is shown above. In this machine , the effect
of fringing flux, slotting and commutation overlap combine to produce torque ripple.
8. Explain circle diagram of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
9.Discuss the different rotor configurations of PM synchronous machines. (Dec

12)
There are four types of rotor geometries in general. They are
(i)peripheral
The permanent magnet are located on the rotor periphery and permanent
magnet flux is radial
(ii)interior
The permanent magnet are located in the interior of the rotor and the flux is
radial.
(iii)claw pole
The permanent magnets are generally disc shaped and magnetized axially.
(iv)transverse
The permanent magnets are generally between soft iron poles and the
permanent magnet flux is circumferential.
10.Write a detailed technical note on the following (i) vector control of PMSM (ii)
microprocessor based control. (Dec 12)
vector control of PMSM
BLPM SNW motor is usually employs for variable speed applications. For this
we keep V/f constant and vary V and f to get the desired speed and torque. From the
theory of BLPM SNW motor it is known that as the speed is varied from a very low
value upto the corner frequency, the desired operating point of current is such that Id
=0 and I is along q-axis.
When the frequency is more than the corner frequency it is not possible to
make Id=0, due to voltage constraints. In such a case a better operating point for
current is obtained with minimum I value after satisfying the voltage constraints.
Controlling BLPM SNW motor taking int considerations the above mentioned aspects
is known as vector control of BLPM SNW motor.
microprocessor based control.
1. The advent of microprocessor has raised interest in the digital control of power
systems and electronic motor drives since the microprocessor provides a flexible and
low cost alternative to the conventional method.
2. The optical encoder provides rotor speed and position signals.
3. The inverter triggering pulses are synchronized to the rotor position reference
signals with a delay angle determined by an 8-bit control input.
4. The speed signal, which is a train of pulses of frequency, proportional to motor
speed, is fed to a programmable counter used for speed sensing.
5. The stator current is detected by current sensor and amplified by optional isolation
amplifier.
11.Explain the construction and performance of a permanent magnet

synchronous motor with neat diagrams. (Dec 13,June 14,Dec 14)
PMSM consist of the stationary member of the machine called stator. Stator
laminations for axial air gap machines are often formed by winding continuous strips
of soft steel. Various parts of lamination are teeth slot ahich contains the armature
windings. Yoke completes the magnetic path. Lamination thickness depends upon the
frequency of the armature source voltage and cost.
There are four types of rotor geometries in general. They are
(i)peripheral
The permanent magnet are located on the rotor periphery and permanent
magnet flux is radial
(ii)interior
The permanent magnet are located in the interior of the rotor and the flux is
radial.
(iii)claw pole
The permanent magnets are generally disc shaped and magnetized axially.
(iv)transverse
The permanent magnets are generally between soft iron poles and the
permanent magnet flux is circumferential.
Sinusoidal or quasi–sinusoidal distribution of magnetic flux in the air gap.
Sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal current waveforms. Quasi-sinusoidal distribution of
stator conductors. (short pitched and distributed or concentric stator windings). With
equal r.m.s. phase currents the torque of the square wave motor exceeds that of sine
wave motor by a factor 1.47. With equal peak currents the factor is 1.27. For the same
flux-density flux per pole of a square wave motor exceeds that of a sine wave motor
by a factor π/2. Square wave motor has a slightly better utilization of the peak current
capability of the converter switches. In PMSM three devices conduct at a time (180
degree mode of inverter), where as in BLDC only two devices conduct at a time in 120
degree mode.
12.Derive the EMF equation of PMSM(Dec 2016, June 2016)
13. Derive the torque equation of PMSM with the phasor diagram (Dec 2016,
June 2016)

EE6703 Sem-Eee-Viist-Au PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE6703 Sem-Eee-Viist-Au PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Visit : www.Easyengineering.

DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1. What are SYNREL motors? (Dec 13, Dec 15)

2. What is the principle of operation of reluctance machine? (Dec 14)(May 15)

3. What are the properties of Reluctance motor?

5. Mention the applications of distributed anisotropy cage rotor of synchronous

6. What is meant by reluctance torque? (Dec 2016)

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Synchronous reluctance motor?

8. What are the types of Synchronous reluctance motor?(June 13,June 14)

10. Skewing is required for Synchronous reluctance motor. Justify?

11. What are the advantages of increasing Ld / Lq ratio in Synchronous reluctance

12. Compare Synchronous reluctance motor and Induction motor.(Dec 15)

2. Runs at synchronous speed Runs at asynchronous speed

13. Define: Magnetic flux.

14. Define: Reluctance.

15. Define: Permeance.

16. List out any four features of synchronous reluctance motors.

S.No Synchronous reluctance Switched reluctance motor

20. Mention the applications of distributed anisotropy cageless rotor of synchronous

Pull out torque

22.What is a vernier motor?

23. Write the salient features of Vernier motor.

24.State th application of vernier motor.

3. More mechanical strength Less mechanical strength

PART B (16 MARKS)

Open slot stator structure semiclosed slot stator structure

Reluctance Motor. Reluctance motors operate on the following principle.

Torque – angle characteristics

Phasor equations for a synchronous reluctance machine

4. Derive the expression for torque equation of a Synchronous reluctance motor.(June

Figure 1 Four-pole conventional salient pole design.

Figure 2 Four-pole isolated segmental rotor design.

Figure 3 Four-pole double-barrier rotor design.

Figure 4 Four-pole axially-laminated rotor design.

Figure 5 Four-pole transversally-laminated rotor design.

Figure 6 Four-pole transversally-laminated PM assisted rotor design.

7.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous reluctance motor?

 It is used in automatic processors such as in food processing and packaging industries.

EE6703 SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES

2. What are the advantages of Stepper motor?

3. Mention the different types of stepper motor?

4. Mention the features of stepper motor?(Dec 13)

7. Define: Resolution of stepper motor?

8. Define: Pull – in torque of stepper motor?

9. Define: Pull – out torque of stepper motor?

10. Define: Slewing frequency of stepper motor?

11. Define: Stepping frequency of stepper motor?

12. Define: Maximum starting torque of stepper motor?

13. Why interleaving is done in a stepper motor?

14. Explain: VR type stepper motor?

15. Explain: PM type stepper motor?

19. Define torque constant of a stepper motor.(Dec 12)

25. Define: Maxwell’s stress

26. Define Lead angle(Dec 2016)

Variable Reluctance Stepping motor:

used in a wide variety of industrial applications.

• An ideal torque-speed characteristic for a stepper motor

Pull-out rate Speed

Uni-polar Drive Circuit

Bi-polar Drive Circuit

TYPES OF STEP MOTOR DRIVERS

8.a Explain the concept of torque production in variable reluctance stepping

Let e(t) = voltage applied per stack