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    34 views78 pages

    The Moral Philosophy of Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrews PDF

    Uploaded by

    Noorulain Rajput

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 78

    Lehigh University

    Lehigh Preserve
    Theses and Dissertations

    1972

    The moral philosophy of Henry Fielding's Joseph


    Andrews
    George Saul Diamond
    Lehigh University

    Follow this and additional works at: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd


    Part of the English Language and Literature Commons

    Recommended Citation
    Diamond, George Saul, "The moral philosophy of Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews" (1972). Theses and Dissertations. 3989.
    https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/3989

    This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an
    authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact preserve@lehigh.edu.
    / ·,
    I•

    ~-

    . ...... . UNIVERS-.ITY
    ."LEHIGH" , . . . . ...1:,97
    •. ·.. 1 ·.
    -! '•

    ..
    i .. ..ABS:TRACT -C0F. A.. MASTE:R::':S 'TEES.IS ...
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    ,.

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    :Qe-org,e .s·~µ.1 D.iamond ·i.

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    . p--_lry·:. -Henr.···y F.
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    · -;in·g> s ·:_n___:h.
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    _Ji_··,_._o_-•,__ s_·.·_·e .Ail_·. ·.w_ . .s_·· ..·.· ·
    __.. _ d.. r·.:_ _ ._e_._

    '
    : l

    'l

    1:11::s s.eco·na. novel., Jg_s-·e]ph'.::


    '
    Andrews, pub:-1·is:h_e:d ·'i.n ·1'742. b.e·g:·ari :as::
    . ... ; ; .• . -·· . . . . '
    a. con:t::~Lflu·at.:ion ... :
    ..'1.1 •.
    '". ~ ...
    qf th~· pa~ody ·of 11ic.hardson' s PamelE4:'whi.ch. Field.i:r1g: pr·oou_ced in· h·is fi.·.r:st.

    nov.el :Shamela.· J9s!E1ph AP.drew_s .,. hqwever, devel:oped. . 'into: :~:t


    . B
    masterpi-e,ce· wi·t..h a· r.

    ! .... .•• •

    a .-!TI-:or:al pliil.osc)J?by that t-~·flec·t~d its· :Greator'·s Cbristiai:1: ana humasn:Ltaria.n 1

    . ·:I ,,
    I

    S::-.o·: .. ·.-t··J~.
    : . ·c·..·.1:-··...
    e· ·_'l_··_r. · ·

    In . Joseph Andrews Fielding. ·s>how.s ·hims.e·lJ~ ·n1-ost close·ly .-r·elat.ed. ·t_o: ithe:, . .•
    ··,
    ' .•
    ·1
    o· :.1.atj_tudinarian philosophy. , The
    .
    latitud1narr,iarrs be:~i-eved t.·hat Chriisti.~ :g:raac;¢ .. ' ~ ...

    · O?Otild only come . through bEfrievolt~~nce ana_·· :good ·w.or'~s· ·t·ow~·d_s_. one'. r S. f~llow. ~~:P·•
    ·-··

    '.; . ·:, · .. ~-l1~y· r:e je ct'e.cl, ··t:bt?


    .. ·' .
    p-p:rf ct · ·c~1vini-$JP-· ·of' t_b:e Antinonfi,ans , who ." s·aw: g:ood :de'e.ds :as _, ·.
    1

    . .
    . /
    i

    ·....
    ~' : ~ .' .

    ir.rel·~.yant to· grace, and._t:he. :erilight.:e.·n.e.d. ,se·.1r~:.t.nter·e.st . ?f .-the Hobb·e.:s:ians, :t"c,-. °' i .
    ·I ,
    .: :...·
    i
    ;· ,whom expe·dienc.E;;: ·wa}s: -the . t~e measµr.,e .of b~neyoJ;e-nc·~ .- : L.ite: t'n¢: .i-~ti.t1Jo.i·n.SJt.J_g,ns,
    \·1· .i :
    I_:

    . F:iel-di:hg
    -r was :ti;l.os-t outr~-g~:d ·iJ.y t.he s . elf'·ish and selr-cen·t·.e·re.cl·.
    i . • • • ..
    ~s F::i~e:1._cli~g

    , e~plaJned it in his fazt1ous ;p:ref'ace .. t'O Jose:gh .Andrews, .the selfish are :oft~n
    .. . '
    · ·e.ct··at·.·:i.on:
    th ·:. · . ·. ·,. .. . . f.. "T. h . ····a· • 1 lf t·h·. · ·t··. n'·:, • t. · .h ·. · ·
    ·\ .e -e·:x:~pipx-a;r·{, o . .·..._ -~ JK.J/· 1.C"µ·· .ous.· · ., , _'. :. a;- .q11c:i.Ll y w· .os:e .$.QU:rg,e _ 1.s q,J.:.:.Pf··
    · · -: . · .
    . .

    ·•.

    ...'PT ocee11ing: .'fr:t:>rn.. ·vanit:y :ailci ·'_,:hypocrisy-. .u·The...Ri'dlCfil{)U:S H: '·s:ub.ve·rt:s t·:he· ·b.e·tter
    ... r

    i:i~t~er3": qf
    .....
    men-; ·m~ke.s t·,-~em: :fo9li·sh art4, i_n
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    .
    -c.-or.r-uption :at.· :s'6c1ai :.fnst·,:Ltutidhs. :whi:c·h: ·uhde-r differe-iit :c.ircl1rnstcµices:· ·m~,g-J;1t.'· .... .....
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    "sa.t. ir~·-,·· wit.


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    -set1di-ng ,t,hem: -on --~ -_lq:qg jpu:r:ney- c;lu:r\tng w:hi:.Gh tJ1ey eno.bunt·er
    .
    three. :groups
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    ··Lady Bo:oby:.; exploi~t'ive ·st,rc:tngers, ,_such :as the chi1.(lish ·,:i,roa:st.ing." .squir~; and ·r
    I

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    . . ~ - nr··ofession:
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    enc9unt·er. the three tJ;avelersi rea.ct with digp.i.ty a.rid humanity while th~ _:affec,ted :\
    • I

    .. ' 'i

    ·-d~rr.ionstrct,t:e· yanity,_ _hyp.oc-ris:y and general deb·asement•. .Iri t:he: novel-, _as-
    '
    ~- i\ .
    !
    .

    ·. ·. _-g~-neral. ·rule_, thet· ~a:ffec.teq/· ~e nro 9 t ·qften "t-he- :r-:i·cb._ a..nd pewerful . and tl1e: ~telf~.-
    -~\-

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    ·: :ie•pp and. bene-volent . ·ar.e:: most -oft·e-n t·he _,po9r ·and_ .s:i.rnple .. - ;.

    ..• . ',·.
    i
    Two s·e·ct:ions of· -t/he novel illus.tr.ate mqs~ ·c.learly ·fie.Idling' s· pn.p..l<)sophy . _. i . . '
    ~~- : '

    . . ,. ·'I

    ·In the· coach robbing inci¢te·.nt, ·g,t th~ nov.e_:1)-s :/'',


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    •' !.

    ,/ ·f
    .. .
    l

    beginning;_ ·-t·he. vices: and. the virtue:s· df v.g,rt:ous mem.be·rs o:f s_:_qc-:te.t.y- --~r,e- · 1'." "->,

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    illustra.te d by: ·tne·i-r manner ·o:f ·r.e~sporis·e· -
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    ~-a be·n~violeno~
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    .....
    foolishnes. s and. ·aff-ectatio n to c·orit,e.ntme~ t
    1 1
    ·.:;•,
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    symbolizes. for :Jf-:Lel.c}i:ng the· j:qurr.iey· ·eg,¢h- individual might take·. ,,' .. .
    ,,·,
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    ~·'

    It: ::r:s tl1e ·r.e:f.orm- of the- individµa·1 ·and :society t:tlat_ i$· Fie.-lding:':s :m~;jQ>:r;-
    p . .
    conce·rn
    .,. ..
    ' - . . . ·. . -• .
    As: .a_· c·o_nse·rvat_fve·. -s-oo_iial c:r-iti·c he did :-not wish to overturtn :.exis·t:ip.g-._ :;. : ••
    ., , , r , t

    c.las.s.,es,. or soc-ia,L in-st:itutio ns, but he did ·believe that :.his .soci.ety ~could b.-e_ . ..

    r.e:formed. :Tb_e•. very ~Gt of w.riti·ng ·._Joseph ):Andrews: s11ggests-' that (,:its ia1rthor·,:.
    .. 1

    -
    wh:L.I·e ·b·et11g . ~·eal:_,:Lstj_c_ a.1:>o~t the. flaws o:f m.en, believe.d. th~t if t·h·e :des·it~e.
    .,-: .
    < was grea·t re~orm was· 'POS:S•ib'J_.e· .- Fi,e:19-i;qg off'er.s- ,n·q riope: q~- Efg;rthly ::r ew.a.rd .for 1
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    '
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    . . '.'):' I :,.
    ·r:-.
    however,.·· -t-ha.t a s-:impie iif-e:. ·of· c:ont-ent-mer rt, ·b_e'nevo1e·rice and ~good_ deeds can be:. .( ....
    . '

    . !
    ·I ' l ,;
    live.:d by ·those who want .:it and is. ifhe most· ·nob:le . li_f·e an individual can have.· .·,I :
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    ·T,h-i:s t'1:1es.i s: is :accept.ea.·,. and appr··oved ·i·n _JJart,1.:al fui:f:~Lilm$t of I,_

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    (. Ex-emplar.s · o:r· Benevol:ence: . .1.


    .l: . p., 46
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    C>HAPTER. I: 9 I:NTRODUCT~EON
    ·.· ·:r,

    ' '
    .,.,

    .The ·e.i:gihte·e:rit-h. c.er).t11:ItY ·i.n .E·ngl-<3.J:1.d was· Jt' p.er=i-od o·f Jc11ange,-'
    •. ~·,; ~ ·. .
    de·irelop~- \ ... ·•
    :·, -~
    (

    me_::n,t :·a11d .re:ad_justrnent.._9n ail ;J~evels of' s_:ociety.. What .ffiJg;de' :i.t ·rlitf.er-~n.t-
    \.. ; ..
    ":. \ ......,

    \:f;·orn pr~vioµ s centmi es


    - . /
    tlJ.· whicl:i .d_i{~_iocati_orts
    1 .
    h~_ci.. oc.cu-r.r·ed -was ·th~ . .. i

    . int.rodu .ction bf iridus-tr :t-aii.::z ation. whiqh, in:. t--he ~,ong: run, woul_d. have.
    ii " :i; '
    f~ - t
    a-s p.r·ofoµ.nq ·ap. ·E{ffe:ct. on g_oveJ"-nmerit $, .,soc.i.al ·ittpt i tuitions and ;demo- . !
    , .. ' . '··, : .
    ... f l
    ., . . .

    :·gr'.c:1pey, ·aH a great war or natural dis.aste r. Dq.r_ ing the pe·r.i.od' o:f.'::, Henry· . I

    l·
    ... !
    '
    Fi·e:L:di-n"fs:'s l-if~., 1707--l.7.:i4t :piq.h:ipuls1t:or:s :fr.om many segme·nts· o:f: so:fietY .
    -~
    P.,

    :so·hem.e:d f'·or: power, governm ents c.01i~ps~,d and Engl·arid '·s t_reasur e.d . .. ,.; -
    I •· · I
    1 1·
    .. : ·- •.-. .. . • .. i • !
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    inst.it,u
    ; .
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    :trembl. .ed
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    . . .
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    :·Tei the .m:oral :and
    , - •
    s·\ensft.'t:L
    :I-~ ve:. . ·
    '

    .<? . .-:

    lliind. of one like Henry Fi·e1a.:J.ng, it was. not difficu lt to underst aJa
    j
    ;,.·. ' ~-

    tha;t suqh instit'Li .tions were l buf'f'ete d b:y UI1cont ro1.lahl e exterio~ . flrces
    j ·_ i
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    and f'urther we~ene d 'inter!); a.lly by co:r~upt individ uals w~ose p~im.r:ry •
    . I
    I

    ,.
    ' i .I

    ..
    c.onsid.e .r·ati:on wa_s self.-g.r atif-icat :Lon and who
    . ·. dfien:· showed
    . a
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    vtlc:i·ohs.··-~
    .\
    \.

    .....
    ·'·
    ·un·conc~.tn f.or _J·u,st-ice. an.d p1J.b_l.lG and. p:'.tiv~te . :·good,.: ·D·esp:j{-te: h-1.~- v·e;ry_. I '
    ' I .
    1 ~

    ' J
    '

    ~t::t;op.g :feel.ing. s. ~nd .natural. < s.at iric·


    . ·. . . . - . ~
    ·bent,. ver-i:fi:~ d o_n: ·t)1~- ·10:0.d!Dn:\f-.··t_age_•
    '
    ', ·:_.·. .. . I ,
    .. \ . . ' - : . . ,.'
    ' ' .

    between l73{)·~·and 1737,. every b,i·ogra phi·cal :ikidica ti~n su~ges ts tha.~ ·.
    - ..
    .J

    ... ':e:conomic- ne-.c·es··s:tty rather tha:q. -outr-age at i:nju.sti ce wa~ Fieldin g 1 ~ "

    ·primary :niot·iya.t=.ing· .force: -.f'o+ writi.n:g. What.eve-r t:he reai19ns ·for

    :do-~ng- t.hi:s, .Field.i_ ng coul:d pqt. :_~grtor'.e -t.ne ·state of li:fe in. his. co

    c::oul_d n:ot p·and$r· .to publ.lc s·e·ntime nt--ali ty an.d cbuld_ .not lie t-o . I

    . ., . . . c . .. .. . .. . .. ; ; ,I I . ,. :.
    himself ' aboµt· w~~t • had to be- said in, :hi·.s: ·w·orl{. . ~ong· ot,;l1~·r ·t,~:Lngr·, I

    ~i
    cJose:eh Andrews reflect s the i11te11ectua;lL honersty of it:S author. l II.

    :.
    -..,
    ,.:,:
    .;
    ,,,.--
    f '!
    .:
    I

    l
    i~· ,I
    I
    I I

    ' I ·-~
    l . j I '

    I
    4 ...

    •I
    t A ·"

    · .) c·e:'rt·:ai:p for·ces ·wr·t_hin the.. artist :a.rove him. to ·be h_on.e.~t·. with: :~o..oj;etyi ~·' '. ~. .:

    f<
    '
    . r. •• ·.of
    : .- I
    -Alt,h.ough 1742,:,::. the_ ··year -of: _.~To$epq
    ·-I I

    : I

    An..dr·~:W-$ r publJ.'Ctclti·OP,: ·was. :not:, the ID'C)S:t .mome:ritOU·S one ·qf the: c_ent*Y·, •

    :~·
    ·;
    j •

    ·. ~
    .·,
    ' .u !
    °€ i.'on. ,O:f a Work .devoted t._o: the· improvemen t· Of .men and t.he·ir S·bpie.tw·., ;~
    ,. '
    ,;

    - ' . ' . ' . ' • . . . ·. : . ' ' .• .

    Irc)ni.cally enough, ;it - was the. developmen t of t·h:e: nov.eli:sti:c~ trorm.


    . .; ·i . .

    ..
    ·~
    I
    .) , it:s~·;t.f which. gave ·Fieldi.rig t.Ji'e-
    ! !-
    Ill.ediWU
    .. .
    .tl1r6ug_h
    .
    . ,. .
    wh.ich lie wa:s
    " "
    t_-ol·: _d·eve.lop . .. -: ·. .
    . !

    .. ... ' . .

    "t :J:!i,s _gr:eat ari;ist·tc _.p.ower·. -~tl1.ough. Fie_lding_ wrote .mor-e pl·ays; th84h -_
    ~ . ,, ' .• :
    ..
    '·
    /':;
    i :
    .
    \
    i .
    '
    ..
    , .novt::ts·,: i.t is ·t'he novel-s t·'hat; made his ...litierary r.epµt-atl:Qr.t;, t.~e ptlay_s ' ,;·

    ' ..
    '·, '

    1:
    ' . ,) •:

    c}ur·-i_ng,
    .. ·
    :
    the ·eigl:lte_enth. century wnen ·nef,oe,. ~:i_ch.ards:on ~d. ·qther wr·ite.~s •.
    -.
    i

    •. ;r •

    But it· was ·Fi,elding:, -above all, :wpJb


    ;'
    ·l .,. l ._

    .-

    ..\
    t-heater in 17:37·._when ylalpole initiat·ec1 the· :Thetitrica l Dice:qs.i-ng A.ct ·in
    _,;_

    :resp·ons-e' to- Fieldirig'·:s :"Sat-irt_c~l .a~ta.cl\~ ll,J?On: him.


    .1
    ';He· rnay hafe ''.
    turned.
    i

    - . . . - - ,. - . .. - . - . I . -. - . ·. : - _,:_ . . \ -. . .) ,J•:
    I
    •
    :.t·q ·th¢ n.ov.e:l- be:cause .i.t.·s· Uhi.que struc·tur.e-
    I

    rnabl·ed hitn· to ·fully cle~E!_lop1 . i


    . • .!

    I
    i
    .. ·)',..
    . .

    c_ha.r-·a.ct.erizat-i.on, plot. and ·-moral ·philosophy -.


    .
    :E{e -wq,s- 9ls-o !P-O.t~vctt.eo. ·by!
    .
    . . '
    .f .
    .
    -
    /.-: ',

    ci. need ·:fqr- ·rnoriey ~nd by· irea.1,o_usy o·:r .R_i:c·harqsioh 1·s _gr·e·at -succe .ss;.
    ..
    !

    . -·thou __ . Richa.rdso'ri . .p.-lod-ding. . and inte:lle·ctua ,.lly·· infeori,o_.r_-· an_:_·.·a._...:r.·_:o.··•·u_n_:·a_.·. ··,,


    .·····-· _g.-:nt· .. . -; I
    . . .·
    ·1

    ....
    ~-· ·,,.
    · ;-;/··:. :
    :
    .,- I
    ,
    .• j

    :J?am:ela .ma..wkt sh., contr_i ved @d in.de cent . two \works,. '
    ·-'
    .

    ·Fie_:lding_..' s first
    .

    .. .t·
    ; i
    . , i,

    I • • j i
    ·Shamel,a •and. -Jose_ph· _ .Anclrews-, we-r_e ~1F-it-t.~rL· .-in an.$.wer to Pamel·a aJ.s pa.r.odies= -: !

    .I •. .
    •1
    ./.\ . ·- . " ,. . . ~I
    whic}). woul:cl e-~p.ose__ the $ham. and pr~tens~ __of Richards-on ' s- work. Ir:t th_e·
    .. " ~ I !

    c_ase o:r· ,$-ham.el.~, Fie.lding"-s- limit:e-d -purp·os-e.· .)"l:aS fu_1£:t1l:eg, but] as he'
    ~- ·,
    ·I . -"" - ti.: ,,
    :- (!•r-eated ,·Jo_:sep·h Afldrew_s, t_he compl_exft·y of 'plot, the· v~r.iety ·_ an.d depth .1
    i

    :...r.
    or"· -cl1aracter- izati6n. :and. -the
    ·, .
    pr.dfµnd..ity o:r· .moraJ. p:b..ilosophy elervate,d th¢' '
    I

    '\. --
    :

    ).' - ..... -
    ·--· _.., ~.'
    T1:1e: v.er_y. -_$cope ·:_Qf the ·ma.te_rial produc\ed
    ... ~'
    . ....._,· ·,. .,,f;, .
    _Fi.eld:Lng.·'s -:first _gr.~at novel ... '
    -·

    .~,.~.. - . ~~ .

    \·.,
    -~
    ~ ·r··
    I .
    .. ",.:
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    ,-
    .... ;

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    . '
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    '
    '

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    '
    ,I !
    !

    ·.
    ~.·. f' '·t·. he. 1,r:fbv.e
    . 1··· . i.s.
    •. t··cJ b. e- .un d e.rs t oo:u
    :,.:i. t·t-. . . ·an.0.
    : ·i·1e...n·ature A t·h . ·' t .an.1::!e. -of· th
    _ e. ··s:ubs< •
    ,. /.

    ·l!
    1
    · is·
    ,.
    ·. · ,. i'
    ·. ·1. ,
    ~ .. .• . i
    ._,,.~pr·,- ,mu;st also ·be underst ood,· for ·b_~p.in·c;:i i-t li.e_s .a, powerfuJL philoto phi~al
    .

    ,. . . I
    : .... t !

    'Vls.ion .· . -3o$eJ;)li_ .Ang.;.ews_ }las·· ·been reco_gn ized as. $. th.c,_roµghly\ moral ~ook
    .., _0:
    ·-:

    '~
    '

    ' t._hat :aJ+mos·t de.man.els thoµ&l1t··ful- ·stuciy, -~d ft:· is .through · comedy, that tr1i~
    . l
    r .
    . .

    ino·t.a,li t~ is e;mphas_i·ze.d ··and illu~in a.ted. l Pe·r.h·a.ps Fiel.din: g: :turned t.o . .....
    '· .. ,,I ~ . . .

    I .

    $QniE;dy' as hi.s· mediUill in t'he n.qvel a$: th~ :_natu.ra l su.ocess ·or t·o· the -dira-
    L

    ( I- i' . ·,, i
    I •· i ,,

    v.lhatev.e r- ·n_i.s .reasons :. for'. us_i-rµ.g it:,


    .. 1

    c-c:>me_dy in Jose·pll Arld;:r·~w8· re·inforc.e.s·.t· t·he .·s·e~'ious _:in.t·~nt· of:'· t:h~ ·wo.rk ~: ·As
    .E..1..:L.z·abeth Jenkin.s..has expres~ ·ed it·: . '-';F,ield ing is a :great comic. writer.,
    ·l • I ·/.

    . >.
    • ..
    ,.
    • !'
    .. ~

    'The bas.i. c serit:>us.;.. !

    to a,. questio n ·about.· h-is attitude - toward. th.e ·Wo:v:ld and. tbe·: :societ·y in
    ..
    ,1. • .
    ""'= _:
    ;•.
    ,.

    wh·ich. he. l.ived .. '.F:.ie:·1din-g: w;p,s· an ipq:Lv:Ld11al who.· coul·d ·ide-n.ti fy c·l-e~:J~:Y.· 1

    ·'
    \
    : ',t

    ·:· .' t·h~ ·C():f·:rupt.iQtl _ah'd in.justi ce in the. ,World.. clr+O. Wh.Q ·al.so beli.ev·e a.· t°riat 1

    ~.""7"---.

    '·
    ' . ,
    (
    . .
    '
    men_. and iristit=u t'i.ons. co:uld ·b.e. bet-ter·e .d.
    .
    .

    .
    ·J.Iis 'bio_gr~ phers and :his.. w.ork·s t.h·emse·];yes:_ port_ra~ r ·h·im as a man :

    !
    ;·

    \
    life m~ght ·be like in .soci:ety a-rta :att:empte-d t.b, r·e·alize th~t I vi_s·i_on : : ' '
    I.
    . .J
    . ·., i

    a~t:.i.ve·ly as a-_ politic al g·adfly. and. la.t·er · _a.$· a cir.cu.it r.iditig mag'.is-t r.~te~ .; '· ' . . I·

    Bis· involvE;: ;men.t in poi:ft:ic:_S ' ex.~rc.is :ed th.r-ough dramati c satjre..an¢f I' '

    .
    pamphl eteering , was not withQ,U.t. ·-~i>s .d:ang:er:s, :and 9--Il A
    .
    .

    .i7:37·
    . \'
    it was respon-
    :::

    sible for ending his c_are-er· .as-, a dr-amat


    i . • '' •'ist·.
    '•'•' • ,, .·• • I • ,·
    I
    j

    i.·· ;. '' . ~'- .


    ,.
    '
    ,. ' .
    -$.t·tf,t"Jide. :coul:ci . o.e :tr-ace·d· ·t.o J..uc:Lci ~h_d reso·1ut( =. bel·:L,e·.f:9
    !I' • . .·, -
    ·tnat:. th~: au_t;·hor
    ;_.;
    ··, I ,
    ., I

    ·worke·.d itl=to. c:J' 0$:eph· A.ridr"ews= ·w~tth 'Y[it . and .in.vent·iver1;es.~ ...
    ..
    ~ :;,..·-.
    :,,;-

    L..
    ··1;-:
    ,··.'l.
    i

    '

    man· -- a :·man of -t·h.qugb:t and: acti:on -- ;Fi_,e.1:d_ihg had. done'. his'. own: s-nar·e·
    'I

    .\

    • ;;,· j
    !,
    •· . I .f\'
    ..
    ,. . I.:
    r
    6

    !
    ·1.
    ' ·I•
    i .

    _q_f --~pi·r.it u.ai searchin g;.. ']h€ r:es.tJJ-:t ·o·f· t.)1is · quest,_ acc.ordi ng t·o .a -~
    '.i[.·
    - . ~-
    s:tu¢ly done· by ·Ma.rti·n. ·c .• B.atte-s- tin, was: :a st.rong attract ion ·to t:.he·
    1

    ......
    . . . .'
    ,
    :John.·Ti llQt.$·.on ,- :S:·amu.e:l :_Clar·ke and.· Benjami .n Jfo~.dlY believe d. in. ·arta._.
    I
    •
    pr·ea:ched. a pr:agma t.icj com+non-.:-9e:n.s~, :!0lrist ianity wh·:tc.h htd at . t:t~t l'qaJ?.e
    ' . ,
    . . --
    ··.
    . I
    i
    3 . . ' , .,•,·
    -go·oa.. w·orks .. · +~he -attit·ll:d e of: t,he latitudi .rlarian ,s t·owardi di-ss¢n ters
    .•. t-. ..
    . .- :
    i

    ;' J
    was nlttC}i Jnore :rn{]id,. aii.d -tolera nt than the ·at:titud es ·.o:f _IUMY '
    cont·eIIffiora;r:y·. I - •• • •
    ;

    .J\lso, t:hey look$d to -basic Chris-ti :anity incfiiv:tdual,.ly ·


    ' I • .._

    ii1ter_pr·e·t._e:d rather· th·an. ·to· ::!ofty pr()noun c.errients ·. qf a.r1· .e<ecles i·$,st i:cal I
    i ·: : 1
    I I
    I.
    I ,d

    The.:ir ·b.el·iefs -were-·" a"mean.


    , .. ' . . . ,, . · ' . . .. ,. ·. . . ,. . -·· . ! .... ' ,,

    ·. , :pe·r.haps :a. -,t_gqld~n- rp.Efg.n:n, . lJet:w-een ·t_wo, .extr·eme ·atti·tud e·s. .{·hat_ vter~
    •.. . ' . : . .,

    (,
    In Joseph Andrews. t-h~ author deline·a t·es the·se ·;
    :-~.
    :;
    ;.
    ... 9 •.•
    . •. •:. ;
    att..-itude:s i·n nt1 un:c.ert
    . . ain. . te:rms, ; ·On·
    .-,
    th·e orte... s:i.de: were various
    - ..... ; . . . . . .. . . . ,, . . .. .
    ;•

    ~-
    ., .• . .· :
    . A'
    .ii-
    Calvin ists, pw't.icu iarly·· t.-hose- }qlown :.a·s . Mt::L_:r.rqmians, · wh<b- wer:e : z·e,aious:.
    .. :; :
    :-,.·,:,-~--~.

    ·Chri~· ians but who rejecte d t·he notioif that cha.r:it'y and good wbr.ks.

    were the. ;re:sp:on :sib:ilit,y of t·he trhe. believe- r-, To: such individ ualst,
    '\ ' , . ! I

    :Goq '·:s: ·_.gr.ace c¢uld . ·:not b'e:,


    • ! .
    t2·arned but wat~ g:Lven ·. fre.~ly .or
    •
    r;tQt :at. a.Ii .. ·
    . ·.;

    .. ./

    I
    . ·there .w$.s no relig.i.o us ]p.res·s:ur.e on'. t:he Ant:ipon1:La11s t.o e:mg.age, i.n ~
    .
    '
    J I
    I
    "I

    humanitar:ian- ·a.ct.s.;:,, .~nd, i.r1: fp,.c·t,. .S:C)tn.e ·believe d· t.hat ·te.n{fvolenc:e wa:s _

    i' •
    ::{
    .. .
    ·.:act01ially a :h:Lndran9e t:o ~c:1,lyati.9p,; wbile·· ot-rters fe·lt. t.hit ~y· action . )
    !..

    ,,
    l' -
    .,
    .,

    ·'
    ·-:c:ommi·tted. or p:erform ed by t·he e:Le··ct,;,GOUld . .-hot b,e -.sfiti:fu-1._. c,ruel,· or
    'II,,;·.~
    .· -.; ~ ~

    ·1 .
    ,d:L·sh·on·est eve_n t-hough -it might appe·.ar that way :k)ecaus·e ·tn the stght
    '.

    Thi:s: :att·.itud e. of indi:f.fer-e:t1~e;;_t


    --~ :~~.,.,- -o: t_~a.: suffi'.ering:~ ... ' . '
    ~ ..
    ~-·
    ' '•.

    d :
    ·_o:f: ot':her-s ·i.s ·s.ucc:ir ietly and a;:pp~-opr·iate::Ly_, a.:rt.icu latetl. in :Joseph.
    ,,· ·::
    ~- -::
    ~ ~.-·
    'i ;4·:
    · ·· ,,'
    'C"

    '
    ••

    · · • Jr . - . -_ · · . · -· · t'r ·
    luJ.dxt~ws when :Mrs. Tow~w.ouse exclaim s·: ·· Comm.pp .cl:1.ari ty, . a,. ·f~f-t !: .:..
    \,
    ";j
    .At t.he other ext:r·eme wer.e, tlJe ·pes·si:ruipt:ic ide."iis:. · of tnen such, as :S.w.t:ft,
    .>, .,

    ...
    -/1 ·~· (E!Qbb.es, M~d-~v-:tlle. and
    {'
    ,,.
    :IiaROli,C_·hef-ouctiuid\, ·w}]:q ·t.l:lOUght I • ~ . •
    ··at. ,:man .a$ ·1.gnobltt, .
    • • - , ..-;
    - i

    'Jl.: :;

    : =·· .t: ~·.·i-~-.::

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    ~- $.elf-<i1tt,e:re.s·t . .Such .Hobb~·pian ·p.es:.Pimi·S~ r,ev.oltecl tb.e 1·atit.ud:ina r'ia~s_,..... :


    .;

    ,,
    I·
    f
    ·'

    ""· •,

    .i

    ...... · .
    "bo d. o the go;od wo:rk's~ of' God.. Good deeds t:o t·he.m wer·~: not. cr·o-sses to - .
    R, ,
    ~,- .

    ..
    be bo·rne wit:h. stoi.c · e:r1dws1nc.e., b\1t· rather: opport·unit ies:· for .goo·d th-at·
    /·

    .. f.
    ,·
    we.re: t.o ·o.e. -embr·ac·e·d.- The i-atit\1dinar1 .a:r±.s s.tresse.d ·the, pe·r:fec.tilD ili.tyr .
    ..

    ,.,.,,
    ·,
    1·

    strict rationai·ism ·oft.he rieo--.s.t--oics :and-the .Antinomi.an ·ism of .the·


    . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ' . . . . ..• ,·

    . .
    Calvinists. . 'I'h:ey ·b.e.l.ie.ved. that . f:ait.h, was rt.ot enqug·n ,i th:$.i ,.\· ih. 't-he :e_pd,,. •
    . t

    ..,.
    . .
    ~ u
    ,.

    - -·'g,o·od worl{s could. man :dem:on.s.t.r.ate. the· es:·sen.t·±a-i -g·oodn:es:~ of 'hum.an

    \. ..•
    .\•.
    ,. -. lat. itu.dihari:a n pe-lief was '~:

    ·.~ ~··

    r(. --~-,(l) uni:versa.l benevolence ·'.'; (2} ':· its motivat.ioh .


    ah act{ve,
    .:-- "•·'
    .'was_ in [ t-r.ie J sympathe·t.i c; em~tions ·of compassion : :an~ pity; :
    (3·)' it·s s·ource. was tp.e r1at°lxral go•odness :of' the heart
    :; . ·.-· ·!
    [·af!d ft$_ reward w.as th.~ J (4) self approving joy that is
    ·"
    ·.~· t.he. person·al recom}dens ation . f'~~ the -~o.od mqtll' s 13.-90.rs :;.n
    ·, .--'·
    'behalf. of o~riers. '-'D , · /
    .·
    Tl1e, ph~lo:so:ph.: icgl outlo<jk: .i:h Jo:,sepb :And.r~ws, eneompa_ss.e ·s ~the -l~titudip. -;-.
    .. . ' .

    ....
    . ·\,

    .....'·
    . '· :

    . . • l

    u:oi·ver:se .j as -bene:vole·n t · :and ord.·e.r.ed; one in: .which goo:<:l. µJ_ti:m~tel-y will.
    . .
    '
    be. rewardEl<l :.and evil lU.timate·ly ' ·w:ill. be. ·p:unished.
    .

    By the us~e of a
    ' ):
    ;

    •,.• ....
    ,.
    .... ·:. . ·'
    . . -·\.
    " t. ' : .\
    i

    a. re1_):re.se. rftattye· sarnp.lin:g of t'he mor-al attitudes and religiou.s, be·.1-.i·ef:s


    ~ I
    in. e:i_ghteentli c·ent\).ry life·.. .At ·th'.e e~d .of the work ·ther·e is ;r-esolut_ion ;1
    •

    ,.
    · t:b;t;ng~t ma.k:e· ·,s~·ns. e. a.ttd have m.eani:ng, a:nd; the re·s.o.,l:ution . ·pr9.v,i_d.'2s confir--· : . ,
    I

    .'
    .•·
    ~·
    ~,. .
    "' -~·
    ·,

    .,
    ~-.

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    .. :

    •
    .......... !,,

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    j'
    !

    . p ;
    ·!· I •

    r·
    i
    i
    'Il'.\'g,t.::i on :of· ·,Field.{t1g 's :at-tr~ .ct·i on ·t·:o l~t i tudin ar·Ian fde·ali r. :r.·
    .. c
    ..
    ' . l.
    ,. Li·t:tle : .evide nce s.uggeJst.s:··rthat Fi.el:q.ing- =embra.ce·d th¢· ·1.atitt1d.inar·i:an
    .~ . -. .

    .,
    ... /
    ·,
    idea;ts · forma lly; instea d. he 1.}ye9- "1?-lles:e .i.d~a~ s-, '.or :j3r·ie~. t.o. l~ve- · t·h~m,
    ·>\ :
    . . . . ~ . . . ; . . . :: ·.
    j.
    L

    /"
    tm-·ougn: a. .
    life devot·-ed:_ ·t:9. lJ~:n:e·vole.rtc·e an.di., jus.tice ·:.-
    .
    '

    j ' -
    . ; '

    '
    ,Hi-S: work·
    .. '- . . . . . . ' . .
    as'
    .. ~ . S{)Cia. ..l
    •: ; . . . .
    . ; ,-•

    ...
    ·/'

    c:r.i t·:ic an~d: m.g.gi_'i3trate. g,:Lve ample proof ·of hi& _invol v~men t- fr{ ·the .life ~ 1

    ~ f ' ·,
    ~ I
    I
    '
    i

    ,.of ·his times . . This '.v:fc3.p_,. :uov.tE;iv~.r,- J.nvol vemen t -of· ·a. y-.ery t:;va4i.~.ional.
    I ,.
    ,.
    !
    .
    ·fie.-id1-)jg. ·was int:ere. -st:·e.d . i,n .:iwp~r¢v,frtg: tJ:te ex.-it.sti.-ng socie ty
    "

    . -~
    .·.. _[' ·-

    "i )

    wish to t·e.ar down ·and :r.e-b·ui.ict~ wnat·. ·be wante d t:o: d.o was,. ·-stre:q .gthen.
    --~ . ' '

    pt. . .
    and ref9.rn1 t.l;+E:! eXi$O:ting st·ruc:rt~r~_s :-c{f · s-c)ciet.y,.··
    '

    FteixJ. ing· viant~. d his·


    :·f.eILlo.w· :m.ah to· b·e ·n·ene· vQlent · -~_:rad: tb,€3 · l--n_~:t i tu:t lons: :.or-·_ so·:cie t.'f 't·o :lq:e· .Ju.s·t_.•. '!

    .f . ' ' ·. .
    :~[\O Jti.e.ldin.et,. th~·$:e j~ns.tttµ'tlQ.!1S- W~re ·ba·s :Lcaily good; ,it was J~E{n ·fih.at
    '
    ·"'··
    •',
    ;;,--·.:.
    Jf': )11ep.· . cquld oruy .·ie~n._ t·o f.ac.e t:hems,e:lve.~
    ,.

    -:and /eaC·:h,. ptl1~_:t. wi t::h :bone:sty., t:b;e qµialt ty· · .of R..i:fe W·O"lJ.lcl be b·.ett,er· for . .,.
    '·
    . . i . '

    . ·~-···:a.11 .. ·-. .Jpsep h Andrew s· w.ith-· .its ""frank' Vl~y( of ¢a:nk~rid, ·pr·oy.i ~~Sl .op:~-

    ·:meg,n$ · py whi·oh..• xn~ ·can s.ee·. h_ims-eI.f· ,a·s :he r-e~l y ·i.s and ·b.e,giri. ·t:.o
    ~. ·.\
    ..;. ·,.•;-..;
    . ........ ,d:. ··. .. ·.+L' . -...;:( ,.
    .•. ,,
    ·un·. ers-0.a nu. !-
    -'!

    ,·
    ;_.j

    .
    ;

    , '.~.
    a.re:t:3-s:... o:f..c1;iar. g,cteri z~t-io n, -:st·r-:uctu,rE\, pl:iilq·s.ophy a.n:d 9.tyle;, to .q.·~t·e..rm.:in~ '. ~:

    - ,., i"
    ·~· l .
    . '.'{: •·

    t:hEt. Qr:i.g::L:fis :of th:e: .f:l:a1-rs. Fi·eld i·ng f.c;>"ll;ng. in· ·s.oc':i·ety, _t.o. _d:e]_ine·a;.t·e in . . . .~ ... : !

    ·-1

    .~llJJ/1~d.rto. :L'n this ·_in-t.:ti)d.~ct ~:6rt _ar;td::; to 011tli~~~ t.ha:t. pr.oces:s· tbfrou.gh. · I
    . .. :~
    .·; ... ~- :• . I

    .!
    whi-cl1 ·t:J:ie: -.aut,hor ·oei_{evEig .,·.li:f-e · mig.ht " ]:)e improve:d •. i
    !

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    :C:ha.pte.r +.l The l\f'at-ure. ·.artd -So.µrc~- :o:f' t:-l1e R_,.:id.ic-111:ous


    .;.
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    I

    .. ,I'· ;,
    ..
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    -.J1~n. e.x;hib-=Lt, :ma~y- ftaw.s. ... :r.r1 t:O,e. :e·i_g.ht:eert.th. ·cen t,ury ,· £)Law$ ·1rt
    . . . ,.
    ·:J?er. s:on-a·:i.. ·c.ondu¢-t
    ....
    ·were >y·-ie-wed ·as· 'wea knes _ses th.a t ·{:!·ou.id. ·be· stren g.the rie.¢ 1-

    ·tpr-ough priv ate\ rec- ogni 4 i_on- an.d the·n . t.l1e _ex·er:c,iS.e . of· the: wi.JlI... :.1~
    ,,. r ..
    ~ "r'
    ~ ' \ ...t·he e·ig htee ntti. ce:(i ~~Y it. ··was belte -ye:q .. t:ha t it :mah, ·c.ou l·d i·'?Bfr!J. to i

    .. ,.'

    @de tst-a nd the· fixe d phys_.i·c_al · laws th:a t :goy erne cl ·h_i_s 'mee _han ~cal
    . 't, .•
    ly . I
    .
    .
    ·\r•
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    r

    ' .,
    .

    st·re ngth e·n !lJ..S wea kne sses -and ·1ea.d a ·ha-:ppy tr:a hqu il ·.l:if e. -tl1e· Ill.111 ti~.-
    . ~.

    ·,
    l,
    ~
    t
    . . ;- !

    ,, _:pl·i cit_y of '_soc;i-al c.:titi:c·s of~ the. time - saw ·as tine±r· duty the :·ide :ntif .i- 1
    ,'
    .. catio n·· o.:f huma n. er.-r· or'· an:d. the itist ruct ±on of' ·m.e: tho:d s .:f.or- :re-:flo
    ~ .•.· ·. :. ,', . .. .. . .
    .i
    :Mn.
    - . ' .• • - . - • . . • • .
    .
    .

    These.·,, ·.
    J . . ' . .

    :r·, -, .· ',
    ' ~
    ,.I"
    .
    soc;L ~l- .~t·:Lt,·ic.s we:r:e_' c.on.vf'.nce·a. t·ha,:;· 'tb.:e.y had .ach. ie-ve d, a go_o¢i '.und.. " '

    e:r~ .. ! '
    -~-\- '
    ~ .... '

    ' stan ding : of man ' s.~p qsit· ion :anq.: re.sj ;)o'n sib.i l.ity in t-he· univ ersi e and. :h.ts
    ;

    ...'
    •."" '_..
    ·

    J.
    . ·1

    . ' :niafiY otne r Work.·s we:r.e 'd¢_dicat·ed. ·t. o :imp r.ovi .ng ·iap 's .c;.dri:duct· E$ld SO.'Cl:cil
    J" t
    A~th ough news:pa:pet s · and pam phle ts : were the cbie .f V-ehi cJ.e 9
    .. ·1. '

    . ·.o.f S'o.c ial cr:[ti-_oisp\_, t·-:he mor al l·ess .9.n was c1J~s-o: t,o: :b·e :t:oun.d i.p w·or ks
    .
    .. "I
    J"
    .

    i·
    I
    · o":f' :·ftct :i·on :, espe .-cia _lly ·t:he pl~y s :~ncll nov els o:f :H~n~.Y _F.ie-ia;.:th:~·:··
    ;,{
    ·'
    :·

    . • 1·
    - I
    .P1li l.os. oph: icall y·, Fi.el ·di.n .g· c1pp .ear$ t,o: ·oe. v.-ery cld: se t:_o:.· .h~s cart~
    . . . ~ .
    ·-.... !

    I
    7 .

    ·t,:em pora ri·e·¢ \ ap._µ his·. keen sens ·e· of· ob·s e-ry ation :, · inv. enti ve witt ·and . • i

    ')

    l:i-t erar y tale nt . ~1;1abled him. t.o· pro=duc.e art· tha..t wa.s· .

    s·oc ·iall y\ c-ri tica l.


    . ' ,.

    l
    .. :.

    '
    :F·o:r :Fie ldt:q .g, mens·'; f
    :i:rri:p.er~

    . ..
    vert ed the ·bett .:er· ·nat:
    . . .
    ...
    . . ure
    . . .. .
    ' n, was
    ·in tnen ., rriad:e the.m f'9.o lj,sb and.: ; :·in tl,ir . . ·. . . • . . .·.·. •,.. . . . . . . . . .
    ,;,. ' I
    'l

    :-, . i

    .
    res:pon.$.i~:. J-·e · :for· t.h:e. ·corrup.£-ion .of -E>o-e±.et:y:' s i.n:s tit:u tion s.

    ,. •.1·
    '.' .

    ' .
    - .
    '

    10

    CYati9:tt· ·pehind ·t.h·e -~toci.al cr.it:ici-s;rn ·lfi Jos·eph· Andr~W:S: i·s t··l:lat '.'·i·f· me:n i

    ; ;,,·

    c. ou.ld : -c-ome t0 r:eal i·z§! ·h.ow ·t-]ie.:ir ·weaknes$·e-$ . degr aded · t:hem :and jpol lut·. ed
    .
    . .. .

    ,._
    t.hei r: :i.ns tii{u tioh s t'h:ey :~i_gb.t ·re. form. In t:he ~ov.e_l; t·he re is litt· le-
    . . .

    ·•

    .
    . :He d.id not ·wish : tQ ,¢ies troy e.x~ist.in:g stru ct.u res: .'1 But· ·he.
    ·.;,.

    tive cr·i.t i·¢..


    ' '
    ' '-~
    '
    ·• d• -b--
    : , e· i .i.ey
    ·,· e t····h- a.t · l.-J.::
    ·· _:p-· ·'ma;n ''
    -d. ':1. · ;,, ,:d .r·~c·ogn·
    · · •ize
    ·· - :T--h.
    . -e:.- :R_
    l
    ·· Cbu...i .. · :yy ·. ·--···i d-. ic-
    • ·· ul ous
    · · .,r- in
    ·• _h·_._··1i·_:_m_·s·_:_·~-- l _ :f_
    .. !
    \
    ·,
    ··,..;·

    ,. "'.,

    ·,_

    ·.-h-a:rm.oniou.s...
    -· ' .•...

    - In .his ·pr·e-face-: t,o Jos-e:ph .And rews , .F-i-:e·lding .ex;p:Lain·s. t.hat·1 ·he ·int··e-nd-s

    to·,e :Xpo se "The Rid ictil oush adct iden tify its or;ig ihs ahd reS ulbs .
    . i •
    Fo.r
    -!\'.
    t_he ~uth oir', _,,.The Ridi culo "U-s '' hcis it.s tr.ou.rce in. n:af fect ·atio n" proc
    !
    eeqt ng: ..
    ~
    ..
    f:rorn rrohe. -of thes-.e· two :Qatts:·e.-s, - va.rti·tJr. ·or· b.ypo q·~it;ty:
    . ,

    for _as v-an it:y put$


    . ;,,

    :us ·on aff'e Q:.ti rig f·a.l se ·c.-h ara.c te·rs , ;in- .orq_e:·r to- _'pu rcha se app·l-g;µ~{e; s:o i'
    .(:_;
    . . .• -. . i.l •· •
    j

    p.ypocr.isy se·ts -u·s: .on q,Il_ e·nd_e_~vor t9 .avo id qen sure , by ··co ncea ling · 9\1+_,,
    I·
    ,.j

    vi,ces.1- u:qd er a~- apJ/e,_a.ranc!:e-' of the ir opp osit e _virtu_es'' (:p.. 10) . · nThe: ., ,c·
    ii
    ·'
    !
    . I
    I.

    . Rid.iG111ous'' ma.keS .men .as9 es a.rid: dQi ts but !lot yil;L a,:i,n s, T'j
    • .
    .\ •
    T ql,ut hor -
    .Je'Ji;
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    .•
    ';
    ,-
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    i
    ~ . ~

    ,,. ."-

    stipu _la;t es- t:ha t his ma:i:h int:(q_re.st fodu ses on n·The-: ·:g·i·<~llculod:s·"; an d 1
    (
    ,.
    .

    .-.
    ... I
    I
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    -,

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    ., .
    :r:n.pft q:r~_adful_.-·_cal a.rtlit1Ers-·n .nor tq der_i!d·e 1
    :rr itnp_er:fect,to;nS.·, Qf -natt lr-e, ~-. ·• e:- t
    \.

    u-gline-~ts, infi rmi ty, or .-poverty, ...• but ·when ug;linets-·s ai~s ,at 'th~ ·.
    J
    I
    i'
    i": . ),

    .
    or· lam~n~~s
    .

    _:g,pplau..se: of be.a Uty, ·e'ndea1vprs t-o:· d-J_spi:ay agi1 i:,ty , .T "he i


    ~-
    !' ....
    '

    ":trut
    i I •:
    •.
    c.artnot· he~p
    ~ ~ .
    :fi:11.0- t'11em_ amu sing (p·.: . :ll_.): .. F·:t~id.i-~g was; bas't :q~l ~y _g,·
    . I i

    f.
    j.
    ..

    .
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    -. I
    ·s_ympg,tb.eti-c- man, ·:r.e, p~lle d ·by :m.i:se_i~y and suff ~r-in g, ye:t he: c-ouJld. :hot:
    -,I
    l
    he1-p lau- ghin g if t~e suff '-ere r made hiinSE~'lf, prep oste roµ s.
    :!. ·'!'-••.
    In. tihe nove-1

    :.:.
    . "

    · tt_·$ elf, when ·_the- t·n:fir:rn @d. the_ ugly are helq . up ·to :r-_idicu1e it is ·
    . \
    [:

    · only beGaµ.se· tbe:y are pret. "ettd ing to. be wha t the~y .are: ;not:.: T4~ s:am.e :~
    I
    ,.
    I

    ,-.
    j

    ·- .•, -c~,· ---i-s-· true for all the b.ypo_cri t_ic al and
    . .
    vai:n . Fiel ding wil l a.lw~ys- take · _
    .1·

    1·
    i
    \.
    His.' i.ns·tr.urnent. of ch~ st i:s-ement\ i.:s: r
    • l

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    -
    :.sat.ire., and it· -is· .an.-:instrument:. 'b·e ,µs.-es· w_ith -f~ci-_.1ity'. .Even· ~pough:
    i' .. '
    ... ,(
    I

    . . . . . ' '
    ' ):

    :,the author 'I~ ~atir:e :· is ·bi.ting·"·and 1tpung~nt. it rar.ely .s.eems bittie~ or .,


    f ·_ - ~ F .. .~ ·- . ~"
    I•. ,.;~ i
    ~ .. l
    des_pa:i·r·ing_ •., :There is .a·'..:~tens.e- of re$,olut:t~on in Jos:eph Andr~ws,i a .sens:e· r
    • ,. t ~
    . 1·
    /.

    tJi;:~t.·· in ·t"11e. fi.hal. :reckoning•. the 1:rmat.e j'ustice. :'lll t.he uni:ve_r_.
    . r se_' will• •. . ·= , . , .
    I: i l,
    .....____

    pre~a.ll.. :_It~ may pe: tJn.:i·~- E}_e.np·E\, that allows :F..ieldi:r1g_ t . o s-ym:patnize 'With,-·
    -· ""j'
    .•.
    f
    ,,, .
    " ,,
    1· ·'"'
    the·. ·suf\fe.rer and .deride· the pr.etentious. •. e' ·;, •· ' . -;:.
    j
    ·l ,r·

    '···' ,(

    . Jllt.nough F-iel-cLing takes pains . to: ·exp.1-.ain his :1deas . co~.cern·ing. .,

    . (
    .(
    I •

    I
    ..
    ,:-.:.•,
    F-. Hom.es Dudden beli-eves th.at this ·t-heory i·s ina<;ifequat/:! ·
    .. .I

    '.p,e.c.au·se
    ., '
    ·it is ·t·o.o ·r·e.stridlt-ive since '':aff·ect;ation...,is. not -the: only s.qur-c~
    . . . ) . .: ·t .. · .
    ... !.
    . .

    .Qf t.:h-e .~f-idi:c11l·bu.S H.· .. ,afid tb.e qjUt.I}OT n~:ve.r' :re:.ally' _~uc:ce.ed9 ±·n .-::prs>Ving· ·[
    I

    I
    'r. . .
    ,· l ' . I

    t.hi.s theory with th_e·· mate_ri;a1 'in th.er ;novei . . - b.ut ·-more · ,A:·:·-~,~m-ilar:
    .. I
    1· "

    $yrnpa-t.heti.c:[ crit-i·c.i};m_ is. :e]tpJ~:e..s:.-se·:d by G. M.- Goclden and ·from· an


    iii
    l
    .,.
    !

    .. ~ ..
    ,/.

    :entire:lY ~i.f.feren~ ~ngl·e.J


    •• -41'.'.
    G9dgep b.~.l.ieve.s-· th$.t th·e ·bheor:y·· at·
    ! ~- ..
    '''The - '·
    l
    . )·. '~

    -r .
    J{idiculousn is :inade.qus1t·e to this work be·c.ause -of' .Fie lding·'·s. ,grea.t- ·,

    .' . I
    J
    \

    ; :c_r.-eat:ive powers .., toi :Godd~n.,. '"t·~e-_ fqrc~ ·o=f L~he aµt]Qidr'''s geniUS.':_; (· I

    . ·(_ ... : . . J·

    ;_ tn~'. ·:dep.t_n :qf· 'b.i.s'·:ins.i_ght,


    ~-,.(. .
    t:he de·pth of .
    his de:test:at:·iorts· and' .a.ff.-e.ct-iohs,.•.
    ..

    . . ,s·ooii c~rie.d '.hin, far ··bE3yop.q; g;J;ly mere- _pt:udy. in ' .


    t . he ridicule -o:r· vai:n .·arnd
    .
    ;~···

    ~ 2 ~-·:
    ·h· · · · · · ··t .,._ .· .· ·1·
    -_ypocr.i.--i.ca-.... ·f· f'_ec
    a. · ·t· . · .
    . · ·t··:·a.·.ion_. ·".·
    I·
    - . I:
    ! •

    I
    .cbr.r.ec,it. :Taken: -at- face value n,The R'iciicl1l.01+s·'"-· '~d: :~Lt:·$ /3Qµr·ce~ .s~eni: 1::
    • I'

    ~.... .-
    [ n.o .more. th9,ll a. convenie.nt- s-tarting 1Joint from ·wh.tch to b.egtn in at-
    r
    I..
    . J tempti,ng t:o: ~-om.prehe:nd the:· ··c.omple:x:ity· of· Fi.e:lding '·s: cJ;1aract~riz.ation$ .. I'

    ·· .... @,so, · th~:, fc:ict., t.Jtgt. :a.f:f~:ct:c1iti:Qp wq,s: a pop\iltir t:arg._et .for: soc:ial cr-1_ t-·icism ·,.

    :at .t·he:', time: makes th.e ,aui:ihor:'s interest in it s·e.em ·comm.onpl_t:t¢·~,.


    . . .

    it- i.:s. neither the _sup.~:rfi.cial· i.ndications ·of aff'ectation nor it:·s
    "
    t.op·i"C;aJ_ity -t·hat 'qXe 'imp_qrt~nt· :but -rather the rn.or:al_, ::r_e1·igious· - and
    i '
    ·p.:_syc:}Jolo.g_ical ·ramification: that., lte: behirid vani.ty and nypo.cor~is.y t-hat-
    .• ,.

    . '
    g··._ive "The,. . j
    Ridiculous'. 9
    . substance and meaning.
    : 1·

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    AnciJ¢.evis· c-an only :s:ug;g:~$t: bow q;e~p. lt s·j~:gn :ifie.an t :Fi:eld .in·g '-s t,h-:e,.q·ry is ,. ,f

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    ·. r
    f •• .

    to the. ·nove l. 'i

    .,
    ,.
    ' ~i ;·

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    The.re is a~ori tin:ua l mo:r~ l·torif lict in Josep h Andrews b~twe~n·
    ·;-:=
    ·!
    th'e --vain and hypoc rit·ic: al a,nq. ;·tli_e. b~nev o·lent and kindL-. By i?-at:·iri-z_i.t)g_ · .·.
    -··
    the ba.-s>-'e and ··~nno bling·. ·the god>c~>, :ir·te1.·a1·ng i.nt:en ds ·.to .ins.tru .c.t manki nd
    • ·,

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    .
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    ·,· ..
    . . '3
    :.arid: its .even tua~ trium ph . · . M-''.h
    .¢ should
    ...· .. . . make. themse
    . . . :lve.s
    . ·. w.. isel
    . I inst:ei
    . . . . ad
    .. .
    . '- I ,:1

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    ~ ~
    qf fooli sh, and aldi hg s:ug~Ef::sts that_ such a t·:rans ·forma t±olil is pops.JJJ.1· · , .
    1
    .f ·. •
    in ·•.q,_ world where God· is just $,nd ·th.e $oci-~ 1 st.ruc: t·ure b.as·i eally .i.o@d,
    '
    !
    ..

    ·if somew h:at po-l}u ~eq l>y l>a.s1~ ind±v iduaJ. s. 'B.att·
    .-. . . . . '
    ;
    e.stin ·;·affir ms: th:is ·view ' - . ' -
    '

    .
    the :hovel. and- .se:es
    '.
    ·o.f:
    .J,,
    .·ft.s un·:Lt~.rqal. rnor:a l.:sign i:f:ica n.ce wb:tk$q.' ov.t' iri:
    ,. ._.,
    i·
    I
    'J'two: ai$ti·n -c.t.. layers · t.h.at fun.ft ton concom .i tautly : a th.es.:Ls: att:ac:k,.·~n·g
    '
    ''

    i
    :
    ..,
    Vf·c.e and. fo.lly
    .·
    , .~-ar1d 'an. attt.i tn~s-i $ compr ·i~-ing a p9si_t i ve ~thf
    •'
    ca-~ aiter- -
    l·

    n):1.ti v-.e ,. tbe i?tand ard .again s·t w-1:l:i.~1}- th~ s.ca;tiri:_zea. are- meas:u red and:
    " ' .
    ~- !

    Jud.ge d. 114 The thesi s and antith esiS, in the novel is delin iated in
    '·
    .. ,. ~

    ·,sharp " cl~t.a,i .l .• F:ielqi n_g. sends:-; J·ose1) h. And.re ws., Abr~a m Adams , Fanny·
    -:· . .J ;

    •.
    Il :. I ~-
    i
    .,.
    · ,Goodwi:11 a_pq.. othe·r ·v±:;tu ous. c:Jµ.ar·a·ct,.ers -J ourne_ ying. tht:'ou gn · t~e , travel
    \· ·:· •.: . ,. '1··
    i ·- ""' :'
    "Ill
    ' . i
    I . .,,
    ·~q. . set$ '~g_a±ns:t th·em -a·· var·,Je fy of ya,itr ahd hy:poc r1.tic;3 ,l c·hara cte:r·s ·.
    • . \ - ,.
    i! I ~
    .
    I '
    :It .is, throu gh numer-o.u~ co:p._ front.a tions b'e:tween th:·e two· groups . ·t·,h.at the- ~

    ..
    .

    • ~ -~. t

    me}.t:r:ii.'n:g $.nd ·i;gip-l ic.-atio ns :o·f' ''The R.:id_i-,9µlo;µs" ·c~ri .-S:e. un-der -stqod .
    i"
    I
    [·
    ;
    .,. All.ie: d to ·t·h·e .mora l si:g:t;J,-i.:r...i·c.e..1lic:_e of'. af,fec .tati:o n is...a re.-li_g_·iou:s- sfgni-.:-- "

    .. l.:
    . .
    ( :·
    An· ind·iv. i:dual, ' s van.ity · o~ l1ypo crisy might· Vf;=,ry we~·1 pr·ev-e nt. ·1
    .!
    ''

    ~. . ~

    · {lit:'iori tftt a: p,piri tu~l st:ate .a¢.h.i:evecL volunt .ar-1·1 rt and j;n·dep err.den tly .. I

    I_t. j~-.s, not a bal·ah ce sheet on whi·ch .. ar·e li.s-ted , .all ,o:f one-'s. ·good: a.~~.q:$ ·
    .r .,.
    i
    . but. r:athe r a state }1chie ve·d :·dl!lrin·
    :
    g_, a .life devot:~O. . ~
    t() benev olence · and:
    • j

    ·- ' . . ' i ' .


    ,.
    .
    .
    the- ·sear.c-h. for· §p:i:r.i tttctl, ·pe:r:f ectioti . .The- t.r.ue Ch:ri.s,t·tci:n' m:ight s.ome---·. -

    - ~~ i
    titnes ·b·e.: troub. l:ed by aff'ect -:ati.on - -- :o'ri"lY a. s'ai:nt· coul.d be .cq,rripJ.6-te:l·Y
    j . . . ~
    1 '
    .

    i: ':
    .'
    j;
    I
    '

    .'
    '
    ! •

    I I •
    l
    • 13 i
    . . " I
    i
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    :
    I
    I I
    I

    .
    I
    I !
    I
    }

    f·re~
    i.
    ! . .I. I
    pf· i·t· .-- b.ut p·~ would al}i: ays· rem ain. awa re of hi·s ·wea k.n6 sses· :an·d
    ;. • • • J • • •••• ....

    ..
    I '.
    '
    .!
    I
    ., ·.o:9rlt i.:r:i.11e, h.i,s .·s'earc11 towa rd c:otn .plet e· in:te lle-e t.ua l :Pon ~st_y .
    ;.
    ·: .

    . i .. -~
    [n th:is
    .. i
    '
    - noy~~l, the :s-e·a.rcli 'become·s morf:!:. than a °J?ur·e·ly ··me ntai :nr·oc
    ..
    ·e.s:s . :,-. it. t-ak.es:
    ' . :'':
    .. . .

    \
    i
    I :_o·

    i.
    1' .. , ..

    p;tac e in ·t·h:e ir1di 'vid1 1a.i "s .e.nc bunt er· -with . hi·s ~e·11:·ow· :man-·.
    J'
    I\.. f.

    '
    . . . ..!.' . :•. . . ~: ...•. -,_ . _. .· ·_· . • :

    ItI is
    .;..

    r :
    'Clia ra.ct er±z ed oy gpod de.eds , ~ love of hurn:ani ty and a he1 ief in the
    : . . I .
    I

    . '

    Altl1.qt~_gh F:i·e idin· :g wro te t~.f.q~·e, Ere'ud :had ;_;i.d ent·i fi. Ea·d t,he s.ub· -,
    ;·.
    :.
    !. .

    ''

    psyc hol: ogy. .It i·s _pro bab:l y· f¢r t·h·i s .rea son that ;, ·Mo-r.r-i:s ·Go·1 aen be·li ·ev·e s.'
    .. .;.

    .- '
    I @

    t:hl:i t ·t:i:re ·:rnaj::·or.· psy- chol og:~ cal 'Jt)at t ~rn:s i.n 'Fie ·ldin g '·s. t.he·o:t:Y. of. :v,The ·
    ,.._ !·
    t
    . . !.
    ·Ri,d ic~lo ut3 ,,. c_an be· ide ntif ied l. anci. exp· laine d·. :To t.ha t eti.d , thi;s :·
    l

    .(,

    .. (. :
    :cri tic has wr-i tten an: enti re ·Et-tudy· of the· psyc holo ·gic al f.oun dat:i On.$ · ·
    l ' . • ..

    .~
    - " :, ...
    ..: '.-

    . .

    Varti .t:y has behi .nd it . ·self ;_ -~

    ,-· r
    ; . .. • •· ·~-.. '- •
    I\ ..

    an out \Oll esel f, 5 ·. • Decr~ptiori. is


    ? ~ ..,.
    a d$ge:ro11s aha. note ntia .lly des truc tive
    ,.
    '

    . psyc holo gic· al cli·.s drde r be:q-~-q,se· ,it p:r·es·e.ht·s


    :"\.

    an, :ent irel y diffe rent _;;


    . ..•.
    . , ·c'I

    . #-' pict ure o·f· _c,ir cµms ·t.ah ces t'.han ;·:i:-e~lly,. e:x:i.Bt ~- (J-on _·Be q.uen tly, the· ·g_clod.__. , '.
    . : J

    t- ,' .
    " ._ - • "' (iJ:
    ~.
    : I , i'
    m_ay appe ar ey·i l and, ·ev-.i l go.o· d; wisd oni m~y chan ge :pla ces with .
    fool i-sh - . / > • • • ... I .·. •
    · ,.1

    . . . . ' ~-

    n.e:ss,':·ahd 'bea uty with ·ugl± ness -.•. ·Thi s .is: pr~c isel y• ·wha t happ e:ns· iri, ··~rte
    •' l '

    .. ··,,.:
    -.~
    of' ,_a:, .s.oc {ety tha t has the .p.o· tent. ial. <J'f 0

    gr·e.at good_.. For th.e 'i:nd ivid tral .· 1


    :

    r~s ult. , GdJJd.:en ..lras. iden tifie d· th·is qQn o.it.i ort as .a behavi.:or-.i_s:t ph¢n .ome rto ~

    "

    ep.c losu r.en comes· as- a. ·c9n.seq_11e:nc<2: o.:t preo ·c-cu pat·i on with :se:l f·, re-s· ult:s : :
    "
    in· .a.. bloc kttg e -in .hUrrian c.9nrrn~n-i·c'atio:n a.-n·d ·1ea ds t\o the -a~. ieria tion of .
    .. •.·.

    .
    · · man from h·i·s fe.llo.w' .mart.• ·6·· · F:pr :$U•eh.. a Jn.a~:, t~·ac:hihg oµt. pit·d. g-i_:Vjing
    ~
    is f;
    - ~ .

    .....
    i

    t
    · l4

    . .

    I:n ·Josep h Andre ws :in·st··a:t1c·es :of· ''·psycho·logfc.:a,_l en-c!ld"s-µre.T~-


    ( ..,,. -~

    :,.. '
    ·ar,e· gray,e: ,: r:epul sive or am~si ng .•
    ~: '..
    ,cThe antic- i· o:f M;r:s. SiiJ)sl,:::,p,_.·Beau(.:
    .,,,. ,,

    on
    r
    D-J:>da·pper , L~wye r SG·Out··, :P·~:r.s lrulli. b·er :and ·e:v:en Lady · Boob~ -per.s,el:f. .,"'

    .,
    ,:

    ... ,,

    ..-..
    dir.e.c t -ci"on·seque:r;:reE=_ of'·
    .
    ah .exce: ssi ve: pr·e·o·ec·u~at,it>n_ with self' a:ti_d .
    .
    .

    . . .
    _·re.s.:ult. ing aliena tion: from mankin·d. But_:· behin. d eve~ t.;he .most· b.il;ar tous
    :~
    : .•..
    i:r10·t.c:l~ntS, in the nov.el. ,. :f.o.r·-' -itL$tct.h.·Ce t.n~ ·be·aroorrr farce that CO!Il·C lude:S ·" ;

    !
    ;.

    :rn~:'.ft\:3.-l $:ens:e·, C.,o.rrµpts just·iC ~_,. i~~pe·des· ;mart:' S religi oUS prqgre·S:~::., enl.
    . ....... ..: . .·. .. . . . ·1
    :j
    . ·f
    .:h-.umani
    ·. ·_. ··t
    . Y:· T
    .j.
    :...,>.
    '•
    '·

    -~-

    'The s:t.art. in-g ·po.int. ax@: the · e·nd- re.s-µl t. ·o:f Fi_e·l·_d:i-hg.·, s c.r·<pa tiye
    • "' • ~ ' • .O•
    \

    -·.·- .. .
    .~b,i.ltt.y· is· ihts·. moral . ·v·isi:o n whi:-c_n i·s :b:est· unders .to.od i.n t-.e·rms·
    ,' •!
    .o:f·, th~

    _r~ .
    . ~
    .
    it·.
    ~

    B.eh_incl thi ·1.augh te-r that. these .cp_aJ?:acte~$ :evoke is th-e contin uing
    '·\ .
    '\ ·'
    .
    '·
    r
    mo.ral strug·g le- :of virt-u.e pi·t··te- d :again st .vi-ce. arid wisdom _ .pitte d aga~n st .
    •'

    f.oQlis 1ln.es- s..


    ..,
    Glen ·w. Hat·fi el.d belie. ves th-at . fr.om thi·.s mo·ra1 strug gle
    •
    corne.s the ri.:ove.]_ 's signi· ficanc e ·; a ·defin ition. d_f virt1+ e, whi~:h 11.e sees ''.·. •I
    ·, L.
    \
    ;

    \
    .,
    . l
    '
    'i:i".
    1

    ''as: ·t:he ·expre' .S$:ion ,. ini the· act,iv e f·orm of· ".char i.ty, _of·· insti nctiVf! · go·od i

    , .
    PJ3.t.U:r-~·, ·.an\'cl ·the ·as.sum ;pt·ion is t,11.at i;l;i:is ac:t.ive v·irt.-ue?·· t,h:ou~;h- it<.may~.
    i

    ·; .1 .. . . ,.
    . . -, ·\· ' ,.•. .
    npt 'b.e· rewar ded i.n ·the •. ·. /,. ..mat·er -ial s.ens:<$ .. is .suf.fi c.i e·nt .·.·unto it,s.e:l f . !.
    ·'· .. . . . '
    ••
    . !
    l
    -. , ,.. ' ... . . . - .

    j
    ·:

    ·and j.;t·R .o~ ~ew$X d.'17 ·Ac"Ct ording to Aurel iert :Pi.:geon, ·Fi~ld itjg . del't_n.ea.t ~~
    • j,- • rI. .
    i
    •
    .
    ,-rq_a,rk,est · c·olor·~:{'-'. becJ~fu·se :hi.s :n-ov~1" is· .r~.$.;lly: ''a.- :·_piea -on·ib~ haJ_f o.f .th:e..
    )
    ·•
    . . '

    _poor· -.· ... :o:f the s:i:rrrple and ~t'nnoc:ent· •... \iwho are cPµ~:h~ci "py t. :he ·wor.Id . ,,:s. 1

    !. .
    ~- ..
    I

    .
    .Batt:e-s_tin s .e·e.s t·he' noy:e·1 ·as mqre· :th~n mer"<ily· a J;ilea., he ·see:s- the: ~on:fi:Lct_:
    I'

    .. .,,.... ~

    '
    ::leao. ing t.:o :a t.ri 11m:ph o·f·· ·v.i_rtue. .J:ndi eatin g that- iri the ...:f:Ln::a.1. ·analy_ s-i.s
    .

    . ,. :·

    JJa ... ld' ·.. •.. '


    ·F 12-E? ... ·i:Pg ·s .
    ·•
    .... "j",

    .,

    ,.
    I
    15
    . '.

    ..
    .
    '
    . t·hettry · :of "'The R:1-dic.ul.ou.s" des-c~ ribe.s. t,h~ :n€2g·a tive ,-as:p.ects o.f m:an '·'·s=

    {1.}: [·T-hrough] the depic. t,ion of· t·he· ··goqd. man as hero:; -"( :~··
    '
    -
    •J •

    {.2·.): the not.io n ·t·hat t·he. · suµI.. o·f h{s gooq_n ess. t·s ,,..

    '· c-h-ast ·i ty (or yirtu e, or -tempe r.ance , the co-nifr ol-f of.
    J , ~- ·.· · rea:so n over the ·passi ons) with res_pe ct· to himse lf,:
    ......,
    \
    -'. ·and chari ty with respec t· ~,o ~ocie ty,; C3) t·he c,hoic e •
    ,.of' Joseph _ and his reject i·on ..o:f Pat·i_p J:ior's wife ·to·
    :6xem plify the ·r·or:rher, and of the pilg-r im p.atriar ch
    t. Abraha m," -the epitom ~ o:f human :fai t·h eX})re ssed in worJ~. ~;:,
    :to repres ~-nt th.e latter; t·an(? . (4} t"he analo gy of the .
    • ·g~od m~n' s .. l1.:fe, in· a ;wo·rld ·._of.· van:i ty and ve·xat i.on, . i:o
    to a ·pil_gr image ~hrou gh strang e lands t.o -h.is. true home .. ·;
    ·f,.
    <·
    ..

    Iri tr1;e.ir p_i.lgr i:piage 'towar d h6me· an·d :hrippineJ3:s·~. Jc5se.ph ~dri~w s
    ,;·
    . 1·
    :arid. Pat.s,o n Ab"±··ah:am. Adams giye _.fre_g_ue-nt _evide nce. _of benev olen·c e and,

    e·h~r-it.Y:~ e:v~n th:oug h t.:hey :are. :conti p,uall y ;vi.c.ti mizecl ·by. t.he :sel'fi sh

    ..... ,1
    and the vieioU :s, It is th:r,p.u gh this dif'f'ic P,1t and .of'ten dis<r: uptef
    ..
    •l.
    .

    s. e~c:b ·-.:for :fu,l:fi l:lmen t; that th.-e read.e r com~s tb' un.der .st:and the: gulf'
    ·'

    '-.
    ·The aut=r1or ·nas made '
    'hi.s :'pUr:pos~ :i.nt:el .li.gib;t:e. by' fas·hioni.ng_ tJ1-i:s. s:p.'.iti tual ·t-r:·e:lt, fill Odys.s ey
    !

    ·i
    !
    'I
    .)

    What: tnakes .Jos·ep h Andre ws esp·e. cia.lly attr.a ctive , ent:e~ -tai.ni ng
    .\

    ·: ...~
    ~.
    :in.to life .by Field ing'$ arti.?t ry·,. arid·t he .thi·ng s they do an·d_!. say,
    . -~
    •
    t·hat C,Q~un i_··cate F"iEfld ing·' s c:on.ce .pti,on o:f' "The. Bd.dic.ulou·s..'' 8J1.d. :h:Ls
    .- '

    ., .
    . .,
    ·~- ·.

    cour··_se_: ,· humor
    . ·th··· ··
    . . ~ar+ an.y · f ac· . e or ess_. ay
    _pre·· .. · ever co_-_·:u
    _ : 1. d_··•. \
    ~ ~
    :'.

    ·, ..
    :
    -· '·

    . '
    \"

    .i.,. ., ·'
    .,

    .·~.
    \
    \

    16
    ..
    (
    . ~: \ ,·

    ~--

    .
    , '
    '
    '' .'
    ;,
    ' .

    .(
    ;.
    i
    • i • r

    i .:

    •,
    I
    .
    I

    ,;: ,I
    .. ; .
    .,

    I •

    ·: ,_·'
    . ..:.

    ,. I ,··S{)lem.nly· pr.ot.es-t) I have no intent.ion t·o v·i'l,i. :fy .or q.spierse· -~


    -anyohe; ·r·o:r though everyth_ing_ · i,s -copied from the. b-o"C:>.k .of fnatµre · ·
    •
    •• t, -

    action p:roduc.ed which f hav~- nkbt


    ·a.nd :·s-carc"e_ .a .char_acter of _
    .'
    '
    . tak:en from. my own observatio ns :and e~perience
    . ~ .· .
    ; yet I- ha-vb used>
    . . . . . .

    ·the· utmos·t care ·to obsq;ar e the persons by such dif.fer,aent,_ c.ir--_. ·
    ..
    . .

    cums·tances,- d..e,grees, and colo11rs, ·t--hat it will ·be impossible


    ·t:_o gu~ss at· t_hem with .any q_egree of" certainty . . . . ,(p. ie) .. f.
    i
    :
    !

    ~3;elci.itig-'·s s_olernn_ pledge conc~rnin_g · th:e: bene-vo:tenc- ~ and. dl.sin)beJ?e·s t.eq--


    ... . "'and
    : /,
    •('

    ·net:fs .of: h_is :mot·.ives the ~r;ro,p.YJ'.);l.ity of .his- .sourc:e-·$. c:a..nnot '·b_~: :ac·c·_~ptect.·,
    '·· :•
    .... '--.

    ·w:ithout .que:stiJ)n... Critical st1x~i.es . hav~- 'icier1tifie·.d


    '
    living or·· l.ite,:r~·ary, .
    _i.
    .
    I
    'l! •. ,, I

    . I ' i

    -~ .

    ,,
    Andrews.· -
    .<

    And
    ..
    ~

    .as t·o .F:ielq.tn~-' s b~nefic·e_nt:_' -i.-rit·ent·ion-s·, ·whi·l~


    I "
    .

    ·0,e m.~ke1:s··
    !
    /'
    ·- :no personal a.t_t:-aoJts; th.trough . ·his jc_harat2t-:.er.s, -£:hose e;Lemel'.lt._s .;L~ the I.l-W~l. :..,,.
    ·I j·

    J
    ..
    .tem.i:ni-scen t., ·bf <Pamel.a wer:e :c-r·eat:e~, i_:n- _p:ar~:~: to. :rtdicu:le -.~ t. ·,
    . .

    , B.ow;eve.,11 <ti.st.ort~:.d :kr·e p_ort.ion-s:. o~ h:is- .s6lemn ·pr,ote:s-t--at·.f~ in t'.4e


    j~
    I •
    j

    ·'
    I.. '
    int.r:odµ'ct·"i-.on ·tc>" Jt)seph __:Ari9-t$.W$, .Fi~lct:tn-g-: doe·s' c.opy :£ram ·the '':1?ook or :; .

    -~
    .. '
    '·
    ..
    nature.''
    . ' .. . aS:' ·he-
    .. Understand
    ,• . . ,', . '. s: and
    .• .. . . d·erfines·
    . . i . ,· . ' it
    .. .. .·For m_any·: of his :c·11it·:tcs t.hisJ,
    '

    j. !
    ;· \
    .
    ·aµtho·r·'s-' cre~tions ·r::ing_ true . . Mk:11.ric:~ Johnson1 f.or _iristarice·-~/ finds in ;-

    [:

    .,

    :( ' .
    I

    . ·2 "' I.
    .. ·:,, .

    t;t'ay~ b.UI11an .charac;te:r. · 1 Dudden fees the novel as an· ·a.c··cut~atd- ano:. I
    'i
    i i
    I"
    rr--r··eaJ._ist.:i.c· pi(i'ture. o:f t,h~·: .Engi:i.s:h po-q.n..try-si de .- in.
    ·-
    t:r1e·,. ftrst naJ.:f ·of·· -the
    ' ' '·7-; !' ; ":_. •
    ·,., i
    ~ -~··= .

    eig~~eepth centur;. n 3 An.d I:µr~. K. B/;I.P-e+ j:i. believes that. "throughou t .

    the nove:l (Fi.e-1-ci:tng::): ne,;_er· allow~,:_ ·h·ims·e.if: to: l,ose: toucth with ,th.e
    ;•
    :r
    .;

    < realit).
    I

    'o.f l.'i'fe,_.,:, ~n:cl .a.s ~- .r-~$:Ult


    e"S
    . i he .portrays.' _ ;'Engl.:Ls-h
    . life:J wit-·h, :a..
    t,,"iyia.ness with whiCh ·it had neve:¢ been :pictured before .. '' 4 ·, .sufu, rri ..,.
    '
    I ,. .i' :r . ·I
    I

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    -~ \ I· '.J_·
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    I
    I
    r . • \ - - •. I ,>

    . \ •: .1

    l· ' - ?· J: .,

    ,I · ., , ,i,. I·
    What Fielding .d.id was t'() l;irill'g -~ n~w,dirnens 'lon, of rei'.lis.i and crea,tivi'b;y
    ·. '0. - ·· I · . I :· .
    ;. . ; . I' .. . . . :;•
    '

    ' to h''i$ portr~yal. :of c·Bara:~·t·~ and_, ~.et'tilng. And Goa:den ··.·r',_y be· .c.i.ose·st m_

    • . ·.., ' .· • •; I
    ~", :.

    ' . ·t,.9 t·he trutn whe~n .he ·cqnt::ends: ·t'J:\at ~:i}e_:l.di'r1g·:'tl characte:rs\l .·~re. '':'fJ_e·.~h·: -~d: ··.
    ' . . '. ,, ' ' .. .i

    ··-.b'J_ otJd .··' n;. 5


    ,,·. f
    . i

    ..
    .....· -, --·· -. _.,. .. . . /:
    .. t I

    .. This does not f Of.,a rilo~eU\ s\1g~e.s't ·that ait those w~ci po~ulate
    the.. pages of Joseph Andrews ~e perfe.ct spe·cimens of .hurnh re~lity, I • .
    -.1

    -.. .:·

    · · :It ffia;y'he true that :Fieldil:fg atterp.:pt;ci t() ·portray the oriinary men a:n.d
    . •. I 1 ."1
    I f
    .
    •'

    r
    -··women· .of t:h~ time~., })1;tt· J3g,ne+:j i r:s
    . in$ls.te:nc~.
    t- t:hat t.he.
    .
    :author
    . I ":had·
    {I I ,
    J
    .. 1·

    ·1it-t>l·e., use ·f:or .t:<hcit which was abnormal_, grote$g_u·e. or :µnnaitural" S:iittlply:· .,
    ••

    1:.
    be.;i}et'SC thai\; whiph Fielding hi:rrrsiiir: saYs in his iritto(iUctJ. on. 6 ; Fielt;LL:rigis
    ·I
    ! -~ -;
    . ) ·:1

    re·ality· ts diff,er-e:ht ·from tl1:?t· · which app~:\ar:ed ._in_ tihe: n:Enet.:e.e:nt·h :c.:entucy-
    ·1
    l..
    •

    n.a:tu:talist±c;'' novel; Fielding i's' nbt a disintereS ted sciein\J.fic ohse+vElr; !. .. . ;"; I ,. ·- •
    . i

    .. ' :
    .
    ke l.lSed bizarre,
    (\
    '·.
    Hogarihi,an carica-
    .
    ' '
    ' .•

    .. ·t.ure:s, ·suc·h. -as.-·the bovine Mr_$. Slip::$:.Iop, t . h~ s.l1t.l.v~l.·e·d Beau; Dida.:pp·e.r ·


    . r • ,

    . g;:p.c} t:b_e: s.wlnt·sh l\1:r. Tr"iiiliber to e~etn.plify .r·e:,al d.ist-ort:i·on s of


    t
    . .
    ~

    ·{ ..
    c-.har:act,er· :. i.n, hi·s q 9c·i~ty.. :m,he· f) oci~·ty
    . f: .l
    in •:
    .·Jo:s.·~J?h ·~Aridr.ews. is riot the:
    : ·• -_ . . ·\ . •.. ' . •

    I
    1 .. . . .' \ ..., ..
    b:y-produc:t ,of ~fo·c.:Lal .s.c:Le:nce .but r-4.·e:-J'.~di·ng·' s.: s·,o.ct~ty., a:s .he s'ee..J1 ·it., ·tµ: I , •

    .J I
    . ~ L
    tnic~~ccJsm. · 1

    _Joseph·'" And.r_e·ws grew int'.o .a ru:(.iy !


    deve.i·op.e~,: ::.i:na~1:?·e1:1der:tt l:J.rtfi.stic
    !
    ,,
    !
    I,

    ·w.c):t'k :from a p~rody: o:f ·Pamela. . Fie'lcii11g ·had :aire.acly c·ompJLe€eµ ~:or-i_e· - ·.
    ·.,- :,,
    ~ - '
    "· f I ,

    ·success-ful.: par·ocly:., ·shamela, b~t· in ,t'h~.s·. :p.etvt"wor·k :c-n.ar:=ac·te.rs. t]1at wer-e


    .f-

    _r. e.latE}d t'(J Richardson's: ·cr.eat·lons: ··too.k oh . ~ ::{1-f:e: of their own.( -, or·
    .. .. ~
    ., !' '

    t-hese .cl:lar-c1·ot·er:s. ·t.he .a:r:e·ect.~~ . have ;.~pecial imp.ort:ance be-cau.se '[they ..


    ·\

    wel-J ·e:~c-e:qi.p_]~if.Y 'tl1ei) c_:r:~atqr:·'·:s, 'f!d.~~-s c.oncertling ·e:t:r:or and fooiis.hne·s, s· .•.
    '
    '
    . ,· ~ong. th.ose~ wh_o have ·tr.j.eq'. t·o ~.n~.e-rpr·.et
    ,.
    the. ":a:ffec:ted ,a.nd ·af·fe-ct·:at""J_bn is
    #·
    -_Ii
    If'.

    \
    J
    WilbJ.u·· Cross_/ who: .belieye.s ·t·hat m·or.al bl.~p._dt1ess: s:it:·s ·at·. t·he vert--Y- b.~art-
    ' .. .. .
    i
    ·, .
    i
    I
    ! i'
    ''
    . '
    ,,.~ I
    !
    ,. .t • >

    f : I >

    ' ' ;, !
    :...
    . .•
    ,,, .·
    . ~ .
    ' .
    • ''

    l8 ,
    I
    I

    I .
    -~ -1·

    • I

    f':rom what natur e in"ten ~ed int9. sotrJ.eth,ing eJ_se, 117 such a;' trarts· form.a tio'n.
    . , .- . . .. ~ .· ' •-. .
    i
    :i

    >.

    C ·Under :Sll,~h ·c:i,rcUill


    .- . ; .
    . .st.a.-n-c'.!·e·S ·men ·are.
    . . . . cut . ,·of:f. from. the:ir bett·e:r :selve
    . . . . .
    ·. . -. s.. . . . •,. ·, . . . ·. ·• .•. '• : . . - .. - .. . - . ; . ·..
    . /•

    '
    • • . • i 't . .

    ,<tr b s s
    I;_ • . .
    ti:.-
    ·irnpt:Lc·~t·t.on, ·then·,
    .. l • • ·;
    : .
    1
    ,s.. i-s:, i11at., vanit· y ·anq hy-;p:oc:ri.sy are· uphat·ur,aJ..
    .
    1..
    ~; '!
    . : . ~· . . "; . . . ._(:
    i
    . . ._.__.
    .

    :.con..d.it:ions·.. This> would . pl.ace . t.ri,e .·pl·rune ··for· ·. the·, co.r~P .t.ion ofi me·n on
    . . ';. -·~. . .

    ; ;' -:
    ,!

    the ·comp::,L~:X- :sq:G-::ial int:err e.l.at. t.on·s~':E.ps tha-t deve.l op· a~: c i.vili.z ~tio:n s: . 1

    \ .i .)

    .. "'' '; ~-
    ·d.e.1re·16:p· ~. 'nl i {I th~·or y J;µns· oou:rrt:erf- i
    t·o- .Field ing_' s ·be:l:ieof: :ip ·tl1}~ ·ba·s.:Lc.
    'j

    -soundn~ss ·of soci·a l tnst-it ut.ion s:, ~J-t:ho11._g_h. it would tend to st1b s-t.ant·i:at-~. 1

    . tit:.
    ·l ~,

    "f, ' ;.
    ·the :f:act,., that i·n "tlJ.$ il:C)Vc3i ·coJ··ru.15ti~on i:s gen·e rally t:o "be -:found more
    ... - !: I
    I

    b:ft. ert i:n


    ·,

    iph·o.iie: of :h±g;he·r: .C l~s.s,.


    1
    · befrt.~.r e·dlrcatlon and. mo-=r~~e· ·sophi stiq:a -· ' I
    i,
    :-
    !;
    i
    I

    t:tC?:P., an,d goodn es·s mor·e o.ften in t.he ·S.inip le ani unaff.e ct.e.d~
    'i'

    .Mu.ch. ·as
    • ·1
    ~: i·· q i

    ',:·1
    ,-~hat
    It

    ·1'
    :F:ie:ld .ihg· ·f{nds t·here is ultim ate j;us.·ti ce iri t·he. uhiyer .se.:, s:_o· :Ctt"O$'·S.
    ,·
    ~

    finds that· ·t.he ·vain and hypo critic ~l ni:q. t,he .end • • ·,
    . . , , . s· .
    th&s elves . ".,._ :bf the ent.ir e gr:oupj , s.ome· are. punish eo.. by bEe:ln·g -~xp.·01$.eid . '
    •. • ' 'i
    i
    ·l
    •

    • .,
    i
    ·to the world as.' :£:r,au.ds· · an·d .:having ~heir elabo rate plans foileq I, .oth~-r:s, ·
    J I ~
    . l . I /!I
    I

    irorti .cally , ··By. b·e.ing· r·or-ce d t·.o .. ; . - . ·-


    .rem..tfti;n whg,t . t];1.·ey i
    are .. :,:·
    'i
    1

    '. \
    I
    i'
    ·:r,4e. vari~ ty o:f -cha.ra cte.rs who~ exemp lify ·,·'The :R.idi·:culous"·'·; in t.he·...
    0

    '

    'I . •

    I
    i .
    -~· . ..
    ·.•
    : i'
    · :novel · reJ;xre s,e.nt ~very clas P prese: n:t in Erigli, s.h ~.ocie ·ty at _ t-1~~ \ t im~ .. . A:~
    -~- . . '. -· • i ' ' .:.
    q, r·¢:s.ul t they, ,.can be ·g-r:ouped. in, many} -cliffe rent log_ic .al ways, all stic:h
    . . ;!·· .
    .!" •. • ·- j . : .
    ./.

    · group ings, arbitr ary' thOug h they m!y be}ha id.ing . iri the d.E!'fi:hiil;io:h .of.
    . ' . . ~ . . ,. . '
    '
    .

    . . ' .
    i ~
    . . ' . f
    ..,., ~f:ee c.t at. ion . In: the- follow ing dis·:~u ssioh 8tffe.cLt:a.t.ion will be· s·et fc):r;th
    ,.
    . . • . . . . ..'

    • \'

    ·o..y·
    r ·. denionEi:tr·a}ting:· how
    . . t-ri~. ·~f.-fe.c-t,ed
    . 1te:act'·: wi·t"h or .again st the e:tem:pl.~FS: i , • . • . .
    •. '
    • '
    of gooqne_ss .:
    'h

    • ·- . '. .
    ~t=tr:son· ·Aclams, · J.osep h iAna.rews. :~np... Fctnny , Goodwill-~ ' ! .,
    For''
    f . :
    f \,. ;

    ·conve ni¢:nc e· =:s.~k.e,: the· .affec ted: wi·i:u.., be discu· ssed iri three gFqups·.:
    ,•
    I -_

    .,• . "t \
    I ;,: .. i

    ir·tr-us-tworthy·t:!: acq11a_int·cµ-1_ce.s of: thelv


    J . irtuo
    . . . -us
    . I
    •I
    :,
    l
    . '(,
    I
    ,.
    1-·

    I
    '
    . I '·
    ''\
    .,3 '\
    '

    i ~
    .. t··. . . ..
    ··s.-ra nger:s : . I
    W110Itt ·t·. h_·e·
    ,;.. . .. _·.
    r .

    ·p:rot :ag_d nis-ts · meet on their : .Jour ney


    I .
    ~ •
    ..
    and caJLl ous
    . ·7· I!·
    ,·
    \ ;
    1
    i,'
    ,15r·o f§$S: iortal me.11: who yi¢tim j_·z~. the .p:r.ot'.ag·... oni.- sts.,
    1· . . . i·

    ., )
    ,i
    i
    !
    .~
    L

    ·r·
    ....
    ·.i
    !'.
    I } I

    J.. ' .• . '·


    !
    i
    .. ···,·j.·,

    Cro.·a.$· has· accu rat. eJ;.y .ob_s·~erv~d t·h~t· .F_i.el' .:d:it1g


    - ,._ ·rr . , ,;
    .
    : ···b;g,§ .rat·h er ;'.excelle--_. "i,. .

    i' !
    .... .
    , '- 1. !
    I.

    . in ·his portr _aits : o:r.__ p~op le· in' whQIP. ~h·§


    '

    :com.matt virt,u e;s · h.av~ s~:r:te.:tied 1


    _

    .. ;
    ••
    '
    .; '

    ,. ·want ()~
    I

    cons ider. ably .from exer cise ~.- q.f p~opl.e. 'whom. ··t.he worl d ha:s
    ,i

    rend ered s.e:l-i \tsh 1 inste ad· ~f'ki nd: £41~. ge~:¢·rous._. They ~re not ~tri gb.l ,
    (
    ' j : . \

    ... : b·ad, bllt .any good qual i\tie s wh-icl1 ~h~Y m·ay .h~v~ :can hard ly . be: ·awak en dJ
    •. . -. r
    , •
    i .
    l

    . exce pt by an appe al to selfi S)1 rn:otiYes. ;,9 r;ad.y ,Bo'ol)y, the oeP,t :ral .
    1 '. :·· ·.· --1 · · r
    I

    ·a.nt:a-g.on:i..s.t .in .the work , tY})if.ie:s Cr-os:.-s '-s sta:tE;rrient. ·. S,he is tµe. most. -l'i
    . :

    I
    ; .' t
    ca;;r-E::fu.lly .cle.:.li:neateo. of the a:ffe. .cted. t}t'.farac:ters in the: nove l, pl·ay s ~n j

    ..
    It i·s Lady Boob y l_s
    "\ .. ' ... " .

    Jb~ep-h_ j.our neyir ig at the nov~ ·:l's. be.@inri.:ing arid lier. :1u~rt th-~t cotnp lic:af tes ·'

    . . I
    ~
    'a'i1Q. -conf uses re.la t-lon ships at its encl·. As q title d member of) soci e 4:~,
    .:
    !
    ... . . ·,
    I' .
    pE(t JJowe.rs carr y grav· e .r.e.~ pq~rs io-ili 't.ie.s , b.ut :her· a:ff:e .ct:at iorl paus es
    I
    :,·. ·. i
    her t_o'·tis.e thes e powers· ~o· ]JuliY :and C:·.ompei •. ' '
    •
    . ~·.I
    .
    ' j
    . ' . . ':·. 'f
    I
    ,··,

    '
    '
    ! •• .i
    Ii~dy -Booby is: a:t:fl icted . b,y v~nit ·Y :and iu:_st -. .Al.t·h:ough- t:·h~ yt_.ct.im'.
    ., ...
    of· :an unhctppy m..ar;rri.age an.d s.ome ·of·· the natu ral. rg;vages of mi.dcU,.~ age,, f . ,. • ' "1i ,.

    '
    . . . r
    ·of he;r relu¢!t.a!-l.t footb ·qy .
    .. . /'

    •Ancir.ews ,w~s 'brou ght in •


    '·'f:rQIP.: t_:he $t~)5 le to 'atteJ 1.d..on. his
    • ••
    }ady,;., to go. • 1,

    .'

    on her :er-ra;:nas.,,
    "

    ~. .. : . ~
    fJta:ti d behi nd her·_ chair ., wait a:ii, -her tea-r· table ):· -and
    ~.
    :,:

    , I'·
    ' '
    · ·. · -· · · TT ( ) .. .
    1 •
    :ca;r~,Y J1er_·praye.r-b:oo;k to chur- ch ... ,p. 16., a:a1 ·beca us:e s.he has ·lavis:heq -~- . ..

    ·:: :a ,;
    atten
    .
    t.:ion _. Qn. him., to tn.e scan dal ·of p~.~r s such :as· Lady Titt. le
    . ian.6- Laciy\' ." ~

    .,,
    .....
    "
    [.

    ' . ; ·: ~-.
    • ' ' r~ ·'
    ·,
    .' ; I ·.:
    ·• . \ j

    ,·
    =---~
    - ..?

    ~ '

    '
    ----~ -~ -- -- --......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
    - /

    i
    . '

    III '

    ,.! 1.
    ·, !I ! •

    ! '·
    l·

    ,).' I
    l L,
    .,. L
    T·~t.t.1$, .'.Lq,cry 'J3o·ob,Y b el i e:v.e's s b~ .de:.s. e._rve s · Jo.s·ep.h ' -s love i·n= .f ¢ t.u.r:n .-. .
    :.:.··.:::-·, .:
    • •
    A:f-te:r t·he tin.ex pecte d de.at h -of)-11.er · hu~b.a.rtd, and an extra or·dJ ri.a.~ ;ily brie_-f:
    ... . '
    ·)~·.-. --

    :peri od :o:f tnbur ning, _Lady Boob y· at:tem ]?t:s t·o con$111nrnatE{ her·· r/elat io_rts J;ii:p ,
    ~. '.. /·

    with . her f ootb oyr , Alt houg h :Jose ph is te)Ilp te d by , }ii s l!li stre ss, h/ilf".;.. ;
    !
    . : . . . I . . . i
    ·,

    - ti~ke .tl_in Jjed,·. he.. rnanage·-s t·.o r·esis -t ·h r blat ant advan c·ep;: this lejec t~on .
    -~= 1
    . ~-. :--"';,> .: . f

    ···....: . •
    s::.
    set1d$:;--her: -i:i::ito _pa.rox:rsms bf rage: ciJ?lQ.r.eve·ntu·ally leads . to h;is ~xpu lsion
    •. -
    s
    ·- \ ; ' . --._
    J
    • ·;

    ·:--::.

    . ~
    ,:
    upon t·he· 6t.)l~ r·.• ., He:r ·1u:s·t· ha·s ·te·E3;·n, ·f:ptts:t:rc1t-e.d,. ·and he.r v~it y: .,has been\~. ' ~- .

    •.

    :..:.:
    i

    1Josi.t·t-on in· .s.oc·:ie.ty, ;her t~ens e - of" :aµ~h orl.ty 'has -ais·o be:~n- sh~~ ~rt.
    ~- l
    . . . . . [. . . . . l
    Go:lo.e.n b-elie .ve:s that·.
    ... .
    -L~dy :Bp¢by·., is itjcl ined t.o coe.: rcive cond upt ·be·c_:a,u.se ·:
    \

    I ;;the nobl e and the rich , t·o.b ottep (~ett iri:g tht:?·ir· '·re,s:ponsibtltLt·. ies
    ! i ·,
    .

    • a
    : . .~ { '.

    ,. •
    .• •

    I
    '!
    .lapse , unde r ·t·he gene ral, 9-a~c.ade .o:f luJxu ry), tend ,to wallo w with in -'s.-elf-. ·
    l
    I ~-: {
    e:~clos:.e:q__ pr:Lv.tl~g~·s,,· r'edu: c:ing their · ~~f:'·e·r.to:r·$ to· :t'hi:n gs an~ 9verw h$ltn ing:
    .- ~-
    ,• .
    !!
    ·)

    'l·.
    i
    i ; --..

    As a .resu lt of her Van ity


    i
    arl& :lust , t~ Booby pees pe·o1ke as

    B:e·cause- :of t.he strat· .i:ffe d- ·so:ci .al


    .- . • • ; . -.. .
    ; ·' •.· .• • ~.·.
    :or-lier ,.of· wlt1ch s:he. is. ·a·'pa rt~ :s·he' cian
    •• ..·
    -~ .. J

    -· i

    ··:-:
    ..
    us-e- .her posi tion. and we.a lth to. ·tyr:a ;nn'iz e othe~~s wi_t:h. impt,tn·i,tY~- wn~·n
    .. ~

    Josf~J;)h ·.exci t:es, J1er :Lu.st, Lttdy Bqob y ptop ositi ons h-im,. coyl y at, £i:r.;$t,
    1.
    To her offe r of the '' 'high est ;. . .
    fELYOlU' in h~r :power' 11 .

    i=

    H~r: bft-ra~~ ~-
    '

    .
    :'
    . .
    ...... ;
    ·ret:- ort ,.sugges·~s th~t his: re·:rusal. has :sha~ en the foun datio ns of her·· ·., . . . ] '

    :,

    .
    ·1

    .! .
    .,

    . .. '
    C
    i
    - !
    :soc-i ctl posi t i:on-;. .ampl.if:i_ed..he~~ :exu al : :frus trati .on bµt, ·,worst.: ¢,f a.1'.1:, _..:;
    ; ' - 'i . ;
    ,· ~ ti «'·

    wotu ided , her yfµr).ity. She.


    . wi·Il not·J her
    acc::$ .. -,je.ct·. i.on
    r. pt.. re : .: fr-otrt ftpot
    .J
    boy. •
    ( ..·. -~
    ·
    ' • i,i '·I. a .· .,\

    :~
    ·\
    ',:·.

    . "
    ' -
    \ !
    '

    . !
    I
    -21

    -· .I

    . ,·
    .::o

    "C,J
    /:
    '
    "'1·
    ~ ,. :~v~n. :con.s.ide:titrg \.h·e· stric t les.s~n .s J~~e-p h has reo·eiv e·d. f'rom:· ·:Parso n
    .,

    ~:- . .. !' ' • ;

    . ~~~
    I • ~. • '•.;:;

    .,

    :e Spe'CC:1c3.J.;1Ly·. S ih9E} it :has· le.cl t·o ·Jps~.p h} S ,eXp11l$ ion .and illlpov e;isbm ent·.. .
    ·; ...
    •J

    .... .,· . • ..
    'f1·.
    -- .

    :,,

    ·-::Be.cause of· his. :~ove and total ·aevot ·io~- t6 Fann.y :Good will, Jo$epl1: ·sac·r'i +
    / ~ .. . .
    ,;

    ·i

    fi:ce.$· ·h:is :pos·tti:e>n. and. ··future .: ::i~nst:ead (of· h~.s-, vi:rtue ·..
    i •
    Throu ·gh6ut the
    ., •·""

    ·:·
    , ~ftbry, L·ady :Booby f~ees but. f~-ils~· t.o ulh.·de rstahd ·~Jos:~-~·b:'s t.ot'.al ,:·a.ev otic :p.
    - . ·..
    1
    .. . ...;. .

    , I , .. ;
    ,.
    ~ :· to· Fanny. . '
    His st:ubb:ornnes:.S; frustr .ate~l :her lus-t ·and -i·nfur"i-atJ~$ her.- - . '\
    ·{
    ,.
    In. no· ·wap· d.oeJ~J Lady, 1399by · c9~un J.cate 1with _Josep h or .all.ow · heF.se,1r·· to_;:
    . . -,·· '.
    .

    ' ...
    .

    j .: ••

    ,,. up(Ier stand what he des ~:re§ . J,l Be'ca:q,sJ she :Lis . ·~ ;ictir n Of a:ffec tatian ;, ) . .

    i
    . s:he: is ·capab le of neither- sym.J?"g,thy :n:oit .mer·cy :and sends' Jopep h, .on hi:S.: -:
    ,.
    "
    ..~-··

    ..
    ,·. . .w~y. - Thi-s a_c-t.ion i-$ cr~el , . but· there '.i.s stron g evide:nce 'to ift'dic ate \
    that.- she i·s· m9t.i11_ateq ?Y' a. cles.·tr'e to !get t-he b·oy oµt: af -li:~·r- ·s:tg_ht an,i
    i
    : •
    r, :"4" ',.,;.

    mi:nu ~$ .·well cics. :p.uni.sh. ·him. Whe·.n 'the·. lc·onvq:Lµti.oitp.; ·df ~t'h·e. 'plot br,irig

    Josep h "back .into La.c;ly ,BQoby. Ts. prEfse nc.~; all he:r we·a]mes·s-es ·and·
    "' • •. •' •

    ,:-1
    :•
    I
    .cornpu.l·--( ~ '~ f
    •;

    ·::i. ...

    s.i.orrs ri.-s_e:
    '
    ·-t,o. ·t·.he -stl.rfa -ce.
    ;
    Al.thoug_h_ .· ~er a..ff.e.olta.t_;i.on c:auites- .her t·o- !··
    "!

    ··v-ict imize .. ma.1.1:Y., ~{he ~ts <t"lie- tnot;t Pathe t~c ·v.iciiim ·qf· g;ll_.... She. i s, at . oncie 1
    ' ·!

    u·nab],/~· t:-o g_et t_his naggin -g inf.at· ·uat ion; ·out 6f "1:1e.r. m±n·a.. and. una)ble. t (). ...
    - .•
    .. ·. .

    -act: wit·h· t.he r~solv ~ thq.t,


    . .. .

    .is .her ·s·.oc:·ial prero gative -.


    l •
    ··.' ... . ~ ;. .. ·.
    Th:rs emoti onal .
    . -

    .·-.. . . . . . . . ' ...

    ·., c·orifu '-sion i·:s d_e.1":ipe_ated i)i: _a~'rartj.bli:ng·:,, hyster:f·ca:1t·.r,no:qologq.e iD: whi-Ch
    ~~ .
    . ·.'. ~

    (1 ., I
    .
    ; f'

    :Lady Booby' admit s . to Ji~}? unc•pn t:r·cill able fe:elin gs· and b·.er·a tes ~r:s~,i·:e·
    . 1 •

    ll'.
    . '' ..
    :for "her· weaknEfS:Se.-s:. ·she cries: , T:f ·'·Wh~t . am I 'doing' .? How :do· I $.u=tf'er
    ; . ' .. i;.. ·..

    , t.hi.s :pas·s,i·on °6-0 ·cre~p imper


    t cept.ib
    . . . upon: me·?'".
    :ly At .one _point abe.
    .•. ; '
    I
    f
    tn:1,1}3e·s. thctt· 'l:L:fe
    . w.i th _Josep h ·wouJJ i n' s.at'i9 fy -e-very_· -a_ppetit:e:, · ever_y
    . . ) •'

    ,,.

    desire :, ' '' but. l~ter she ins:i-sts ·that s:he d)2.sp ises ·and ·det:ests: :h·e:r
    I

    :im~ge. ·f:row; Lb.er J


    :·:· ,,

    ,i pass_,i,ons:· and .will ·'-'i'tea r b.is b~som ,: t-r~9-.ct. qn· ;ti.im,; .. ,.

    ;.r
    :-/ .,;·
    \
    .
    ·; '•

    . .-.l:

    ,,
    \

    \,
    .. •
    /
    22 i

    ~1
    '
    'i

    . : . -~ .
    'f ·. \:
    i,
    ... ·

    ~ . -~ '.f
    :..-

    .spur:nr ·:i+i~/ ·H (p.. :2s2:} •-: . it: :lS; t:he co:q.fl_ iGt. n·e:tW.Efen· :soc:,ia·l :Pr:-i,de aria.
    I
    ~;

    '"tady :B·ooby···:_a
    .. :

    .'··s·exua,J. pa,s-_sion ·t·hat: '~e:aves: w:r:ack~:<:l ·and bedev tled·: c.r·~~at~e


    M.C1 'C~-au.ses her: ·t.o rai:s:e ·hav=oc, wit:h' tJ:1::os-e who ·°v'ti1·1. not fulf·i ll pe.r·

    .:deman ds: . ..
    Q

    )• .
    . / .

    ., :
    '
    ·L
    . ,·
    '·j, i·
    Onc-e: slte:. h~~- ·r:~'s.ol-v$_d to· de.s.t:r'py. the m.ar.r··iage: ·of· <J\>s:e:plJ-, and ·FaP4y:,' ·r

    I
    i
    ;•

    · L,rtdy. _Booby t:lS~p. gre=at_ ene·rgy · to


    .
    . ci:aj:oie:, . "qµ:l4y. an.ct m.~ni1:nila.te:: ·thi)Se' w~o-
    . t
    .... .:,-;

    Irii:ght, fur-t'h er her I?ia.;n. "'Altht rugb Lad.y ·Bo.oby i.s. a. ·woman :<;)f· ,spi:r_it· :~n4
    ..
    :
    ._intelli_gen-c.,e,.- it -s,e,ems· clear t:hat'. sJ1e ,fee:L.$ t:hat .JosEfp.h =will be her,s '' ."
    ' . ' ' . . : .
    . . .
    . . .. . . . ' .. .. . .: .

    . -~ .

    .
    .· .
    or. :'no one:·'. "..s:.•
    '

    ·nwiti:g ·_. tJ:-i,t:.s·. <lfi-ff-i..cult= per.io d, :L·ady· .1?9.opy -i_s ..


    S'e 1
    i·-:ze:d ))y' ~
    ~
    :•
    .. ··,,···
    .'f ....
    -C:!-Obfl.ic.t be:twe :en .c:ommon :s:ense .and d'es:tre_~_ Sh~ re:cti:i z·es :how· ·p.e·lfi- sli

    :E.Uid :~bsurcl .are he=r . :obs:e-.s.s:ion:s. ,. but be·i~=g t,b.$ J1.e1p·ies_s:. v.i.ctim of· ,·
    [

    12:
    :af:re·ct~.rti.o'ti=; .sl1e canno t- ·c.ont:r ,ol. the·m.· ·".

    F.ie·ia.·i-n:g dev.~:t-_q_ped, in Lady B.oob.y t.he, ~lors·t- qualit._i_es·. ,-or· Ji.er· :_c·lass._.

    ·, By
    ·....
    ,-del_fne-at i~g: a :_f.igure =comb:Lni;n·g van:it y, -l_ust, · and ':Power,: Fi:e.iuirig
    .. . . ' .. .

    .
    :,r1qped t,-.o :at-tt~~,cl{.· •~I
    t.h? .ooir~pt:Lo_n;,
    • '• c
    or: a ·gr:cbup: wh.o s.houZL:.cl_ "hav(;3 ·:sErt. a-- gpbd
    : . :·:

    I·l
    I --:.

    ·.r.-e:inf.-orc.ed t:his_: imp::re.-:s.si0:p. b·y l~av,:i ng Lady .Roob_y· a.


    •

    .one d::Lmen-si_.onal: 1

    \,

    ' .
    ..
    .
    ~ ...

    '~·
    .and her ·p.atJj.et·ic,. 1ta.$fSiRna;t'e. ·:s:olil·oquy b·efor· e Jo·s.eJJ·h·' s marri age a.re
    -~

    ·put· two ~:x.:ru.npies of-i.,t.his' ·full, a.:Lme-nftionai chax.a _q't~r ization .. · Fi:e·ld:tng·

    ---crea ted Lady .


    Boo"py .a, W()mq;n.,~- and..her dest-x'-:~ctlive im:pulse=s ·:a.;r.e .n'ot t·hf
    . ·• . -~ ..
    I -

    • C-.

    restl t ~fl~~-an. ang.er ,Q·:f '·tte-rr ib:l·e ma.1.-igni_tr·n -.~$, :~_a!'lerj··i deS'CJ ;ibe$: 'them..
    but rare r
    .the. pas'si pna,te f)·4:si:;:pat'.ion$. c>f' ·a; WOllla.n: Who has bee~ sCDrn;ed.. '
    .· {
    . ii
    .
    . ,:
    ~ .-. ''i:::·i"

    I ·1 :t
    .,
    ·,

    . ,.

    . ., -., •.
    '~
    23 I

    I .
    ~
    ·'· .1 ~::· .. 1
    J
    •. .,.., . "':-'
    1 .
    !'
    I' ~·

    -~. ~··
    M:rs. · $·l:iJYS1o:p, · :Lady Boob.y ':s\. Jle:rv~n.-t., ls· a·. :£01.i to ··.her= .~:t-~·t:r·es$.
    . ~

    i·
    . ' . .. . ' l .,, .·
    , and --~ :prepost.er:ou-s .ob·.je¢t·· of· -:hilar·i.:ty Jher.self-~ tn· t··he: wo:rds of· Dudde.n.;
    I

    I
    I

    : ~ .: '.. .
    i .
    I
    I'·

    /. i
    • , I ' •

    Curi ous . ~OIQ.ponnd: of . i~no ranc e, vulga:r:L~(y~ ancl y~f ty. ,,14 In orde r t-9: -~
    • ,..,
    •
    'i
    l

    . !

    i '
    em.pl:J.as::ize: t):1e:.-.p~·Glil.,:i~a1: :n·atur-e vf .Mrs •. (Siips.i_qp 1 s · ·cJ1.a.ract·e·r-;. ·Fi1e·ld.in,g.
    I,

    'I. ~
    ; i' ~. .
    I. ·-, ·!.

    has -made ber .a grot.e ·sque and. rig.i culo Js figu re, Biiam :B~e Jlji ·notw ith~.
    .;··
    I'
    f .. i I. :
    . ./ . . . •\ . ·.

    .At ·the ag·e -c):f forty -f.iv e t~is. gentl ewom an '\las :n.ot· at this
    -;

    . ]' \··
    t·ime ·rem arkab ly ha:nd$·Ome ;· ·be:i-ng __ \rery s~or t., and ~·at.:q.er t . oo ·_;c·orpulent
    a in bo,~ and. sbtne yhat red, with the addi tion Q:f' pimp les iri the face .
    I
    '

    ·:Her nose wats 1-i-J.~ewise · r-at.h er ·too ~JirgEg);, and .h~r eyes t:oo l.ittl ie; nor
    .;; '
    ~-

    ..
    .did .she· :res.-e.tri.bJ_e a· cow so mu~ih -.:in he.r breat_"h., as in t.wo ·orow'Il gl.ob es ·- ..
    .1 ,. :· ·.:
    I
    :t

    of· ljkir ·1-egs


    '
    ,. -wrbi:qh- :s·he. carri e.d befo re her·;. on_e. was. alS:·o a ·1itt: ·le sJ10rte.r
    . '

    t.han. t·he ot.~e:r, whic h occ·as :i_one :d he:r tlo limp 9-$ s. 4~. wa!-lte.dn (p. 25) ...
    .!
    ,' -, . 'i
    fU:th ough --~t:Jti.e p.hy· sical -:c-ontr .ast p.e:twee~ S.lips:i·op. arid h·er, mt.st·r:e·ss is:
    { .

    '~
    .
    .
    ., .

    ..

    gr-e·-at, . the:Y_·· :_q.te .simi lar· in. ·t:he ir _pers '·oµal yan:f ty ~nd t·nef·r lus·t: f'or:
    ,-!.
    .. .l

    I' ·,i
    '
    jos.ep .h. Sl.iJ? sloP. is· a "mai d" who havip .g sl.ipp ·eq. oply on.Ce· :.when she'.
    i

    dff the
    i

    wq;s youn g, now feel$ sl}e Gah. !lpa.y debt of :@];.ea.sure'' si.. owes
    .. n~-~:_se-ZLf:, oy: .indu lging ''itf atiy :Jibe rt:ies / w.ith a rnan, with out the I dang er
    '. i •
    ~ I

    of brin ging a third . per~ on ·.into -p:he.·wor.ld t,o···oe,t~r~y tlJ..em;t (p. ~5) .
    .' ' ' '
    . . ' .,
    '
    I

    ; i

    -H~-r de,s·.i.gn·s op. Jq_s·eph, ·for: .all- ~r1ei r ·ia:buit,y, a;t-,_e c·om plete .ly se.rio1ts .: ,_,_

    -s~he i:s· so tq~aJ l'y unaw are .of .h~fr q~ ~epu1sive. person., t.ha:t :sh~, -actu ally·
    ~. . . . .;
    "' I

    b_eli e.ves allur emen t and. caj'. ol·str y will bring · Jos·ep·h intn h~r: ~~. '
    . :.--
    •'

    . ',
    ·'
    I

    TJha. ble -~o be t~u"t> hfiil -Wi_t·h 'h~rs ·elf abou t her,sJ ~_lf,· .sh~ also J::1as ia. ·di.s:~
    ,.
    . '· . ·,j
    ~·. ..
    F·i.el·di-ng...ts;·: not- r·idi ~ulin g s·1,ipJ3._l·OP (for her •. '',
    .\."~ j.
    .;,
    ,

    ~ e
    i <

    ug~in es:s·, whic h afte r -all is. t.he, .prtxf uet-. o:f ·natu r.e '-s
    , •:

    r·aV1~ ges, put .....

    ..:\(
    . i
    .
    .,\. <?

    .rath er for "'.ugl irtesi s £~a1.rr1ingJ at the ~pp~Lause 10

    o:r· '.beauty·!"' (p.-. {l.-1) .. ·


    ,I

    : 1 '
    .
    ..
    ~

    ·,

    :_~
    '
    .l'
    '·
    '.
    24

    ,,
    .'.·~·-
    •.. ... '

    ' ·.JS.
    :;•. '
    '
    ·.:;
    ., . ··1
    i •: :-'
    "'·'.•, The· m.··:on.sttc:5us nat:ur·e. :of rs·.1±~sl.·{J.:hi" :s.., bo. "-ki•
    ;,

    \ A..' 1:""' ±'. ·~r..: i. .·.,s_. ,an


    .. . .extens it)nfl' . . .. . '. ', ' . . . . .
    'of· . heJ:.;:.·· :c·h.ar:ac:t:e·r . .,
    ~ j
    ,,
    ',

    whicl1 ·is: se.J.f~l.o vi.ng:, pe·tt·y, c:ruel, s·elf·is·h an~ l.us.tfu;L 'in·~trret .crude-st.

    way.. Vfuen. she c·o;rn~~ t:o · U11dE=.r$tand that Jos,epb will .-haVie ho· 11a.r~ .of
    .• ,,.,.

    ' 'I ... j

    i
    ' I

    I!
    • I
    I
    I
    I
    ,;
    I
    d~n1.ons}~:rc1t.es thr.ou.gh thes.e char:a·ct:e.:r{:; t·hat ba$.en·eS)3 seeks i:t·s ,c·ou:rtt·er·--
    ··r
    J
    ". ~- ··>:.a::. '·· -.
    f. '
    I

    I
    JJart ...: ~- .~
    I
    I

    ..

    .
    : - {
    :se.:rvant 's- bawdine:ss' illumitra tJ~.is .-and. :. c·ar.:Lcatur.EtS t.he m-i'.$t·r·e.ss ,.~,·.·_·· · ., ., I

    r
    \.
    I
    S.l-ips·lop_:r ·.~ }usts c:.U'·.e q,l:s o rn.or.e cle.-ar1y =c-om~c- than. L·ady I3ooby '·~:, bEf¢au$~.:
    \·
    ' I
    iL
    ·~he. ·:t.s.. :so: ·grotesq ue,.. i=::f ·a tp.reat t,o n.o: :on~ :fiPXl .:i.,s a .member· ·of· 1::the
    .,_ I
    ~· ~ I 'I
    :~
    lower- C~·c.t·ss~S:.. . J3.li1Jsl op·'s =i:trdiscret~i·ons. a±:Et f·ax- ;Le$$ pe:t·.i,:QtlS · l·t:tlctn ,,
    . •· . .-. .,:. ; ':'. : ,,

    .. . I ·'''
    '
    As· a. cons·.e.rva~ive s·ocial ~riti:c, ·Fie:ld.it1g: ' •• ..
    exp~·q.tea..
    .. I
    the
    ' I
    - r
    ·uJ?-l?:er o.1~$.S.Ef.S, to- ~::et :th·e:- e-xarrtple f·or the l·owe:r-: clq,ss·e:s, expect(e d.
    ~
    .,

    ..r:'ect.itttde· ar:rd $:nt~-g:r·ity f;rrom.. t:Ji.ettr· be-c!·ause of ··t.hei.r ~u:per'io r ,p:q.$\i.t.i·gp,


    . .; . 1 •

    .•

    . $:·a;-~f in their c.orr.upt :ion ·a .gte·_ater a.ang_e:r 'CD~ ·.s_:9c.:ia1,:·d=ts:r\1Jp.tlon,: :Md. ·

    s:rili'.t)iy to.Ok them more Serious ly t.ha;n he Jla, th(:! lower clg.SSes .\1 5 · A.
    .. :' ~ ·- . . ~ '

    ' ." '

    . .,,. ·.
    I . t:he :p.ttre.- irony of ·what· ·Mar:k ;S·:pil·ka., e'i:1.ils. ·vi.Q~ :,~tt..~rn.pt::in·g· ·:·bo p'a1S:S: .:itise.l_f·
    .
    ~
    . . . . . 1 .. ;.
    '
    .· . . . 16. . .. . . ; . ',. - . . .• ,~· . · . .. ·I

    . o:ff g;S Vi.~tue:~: · ·Th·i·S ·is: es".pe,c:..ially . .-eviden t i·n· -chapter XIV -cYf Boo:k:. :D~.t
    ,. .. . . .
    ~
    .

    ')

    . ~- ; ..
    "
    . \
    ·.
    move. -with ·mu:ch:· :¢.ourte1 sy' ·t.:oward.~ bim_,.,,. (p·.. ~8$) . whE3n·
    .; .. . :
    Iiady
    .
    .B.oobyi. tle:~ve:·s·· "i
    ... ~.. . ' . .}

    the :r·o.ont. · In ~1. s-he do.es., '.·Mr'sl :S::1ipsl. op ..is pg,t'h~t·i·G, :and. absw.d·..
    1
    ~. ·,
    ./
    1 -~
    ·.~
    •, I
    . I
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    !
    1

    : ·_.: •. !'
    '/, !'

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    I
    · i~ 125
    ' .
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    f. ;- .. ' .
    ·~
    rr
    . !·
    I.
    \ • . '!

    -~

    ..
    :.cnq .rabte r :in th.e . riove .l.
    ,.
    l,
    ·::1-
    .-'i.... • I

    :·te.If s .. cdnii"C! ·and· more culpal?1~ tJj;ah.. S1ips:J:.QJ? .· be9~U;},~, ·Pf" ,hi:$
    .• .:· ::
    ··=··

    Pbun.c:e ·is :a1.s.o


    1 ·, ~

    . a:ffec :t.e.d by a mixt· .ure of vani ty, and _hypo c;r:is: y, _ Pu:t· 1in. his: cas·~ t.he tr- !
    !-

    •. J
    ..:. /), \' c. 'j ·i
    \

    9bje.G_.G_·.. of h:is cove t.ous ness i$ ylEfa ltn rat.her· thari. ·s:·ex· •. ·Poun
    .. c·e 'l·s L
    '' -... ' . . . . ...
    ~i'
    · I. '

    .. f i
    :pr.g:b_l·Enr.1..rni-g,n.t P.:e J_ess ned il' :gre~ d wap pis· only vic·e ; i-ns·t e:ad he is. j: :
    ~r .
    l'
    i .7

    :r,

    ,f
    I
    'I
    •·
    As Dudden ,h~s re·oogn:i[zed it
    f.·

    t·he: .con flict w·ith i.n· founc ·e .:~x.~sts ·betw~·e.n'· "'m.is erl_y meanne:.·ss a4d the
    J !

    f ·
    \.
    i [· ;,
    l' desi re to be ioo~ ed µ.p to a.s a. pers" on of' afflu enpe ariO. ·impo rtabc e., n1
    . 1r
    '
    ·This cont: eadic t:Lon sur·:face,s:: when·· ·Pounq:~ is. ident i:f'i:e d. as' bei.nd : wea,.lt~.··_
    1
    · ~-
    .• 9 - ' .' . ~- '
    ~: •
    1 '\ ' f :

    Feg;ri h_g borro w.er- s ·anq suppl ·ic_.a nt$, :he- denie :s the -·po·s.s·es:s.ion b~ .rich es _ _ :; :'
    1
    :i l
    howe ver,. wne.n l1e, is l:abe le.q ·pq.or b€3. bocts.t:s. df ·what: he. ·-h~s. udr:tb1Ei t ol !
    1
    I

    re·solve ·this :·c.t)p tradiG


    .
    ·ti·ori , he. ·will ·be :t>.tagu(;3.·'l. '·wttb: t-t as: 1·ong1 as
    . ,. . ·:

    .. -~ t. .,
    •
    l . . ff .:
    gre.e d ru1.es . hi.S .-lif'e:A Gree.d. drive .s ·him t:O·
    •

    .s.eek nror~ we:alth~ mbre than. ,


    f

    ~
    "
    h~···. :.¢.ould .ever ·.ne.ed ·.or use.·.. pin.c·e ·tner~: is= 'nb uppe r l'irni t. t.-o l1~s wa.ntrs;
    .1A

    r.
    .
    I \
    ·he is· -driv ~n to. lyin·g : ~nd. nypo cris-y · .tn get~ ing mqre ....~ :He i·s c.op. stant lty:
    . ,! . I
    ' ; .--~
    . :-~

    <:mi-s:repres"E~nt:ing :·his· . afflu ence . e·ith e~ to. boas t. or ·whi-ne, i~i the.! s.ituat~q>:q.
    . I . ,
    i ..
    pre.s ·ents it.,se~ Lf.. Bu.t ·de$_p:i.te what lle says , :non~· ·-of wh·at: ·he· :ha.s.. is eve]? ; ~

    .~ .. ! . .
    , .!
    .··t.
    . ~·.
    -:::.

    . J.
    a rat-h e:r :reve ali-Ii g . p:hil osop hica l disc. our$ e "he )i$.s with Abrah am\ Adam s.J
    ./
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    ·obligation for the t·rue, C:h:ri-~!fti·an:· ''Ri\c.hes w:ith·out· · charit:y·· w~·r.e .


    I.
    f

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    nothing W!)rth; fq~ tl).a-t; they were a bl~s;;;ing only tO him who Jade th~ni
    ~
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    .,' ·.~ !
    • • I

    ;his gr:eed, Pounce·f fE;?els·:·tJir~·at·e:n.~d aJJ.d. c:·alled


    ,.
    up.on to',,,,·def.e.nd hims·e.11~ . '

    . ·.~ •..
    .. , . . . . . I ,. :
    ' '

    :I{e dism,i,sses.· .Adarris:·,· ~gu.mert.ts- -out of> .h:and .and explai_p.s .thcLt· -th.e · word. ,
    ' ... }f ·.• . '
    ~'.' .• ?: .
    •®:ar:f ty hqS ff '··a rriean. ]Pa.I'S·Qri·~-1i°lte· qu~l{t:y:1 !('~which. he :fi-nd9.. d.is~·-aste.ful-. .
    \ I
    .
    ·. .· ' '. ~- t·· :b '
    t __1· . I .
    ··.d oes . no. f . · ·· · ". .· · A$. for t··he
    ' .

    e.v.i1s.. of: -· -·
    . '

    b .ec:ause c:So-1--
    111:I..u -.:e:_ i:c; ·a -: '' ~;-E?.P.:.:
    -h ·
    : .ernan :comri1on i
    i

    .. i
    , :. 4 I
    '•
    _po.verty and sufferin.g,: .Pounce does ·.n.ot b·eJ.._iev~ ·t_hey e·x-fst :· . n ' 1
    How· cctn. ·-"· ' I

    /
    •
    a;q.y man complair1 of hupge_.r in a (~_ottnt:r.y ~h·ere s·ucli e·xce:1·1ent· ~ialads
    . ;J :· ., !
    I

    ·are t:o. :be gt:1thered. :i.n al.mos·t· e·v~ry fi:e:ld?· .. ·._. .•.:A.ri-d :2ts: £\or , c.old _and ! .
    i

    A1man t
    ;
    ;

    '
    ' i

    .n·q;tu:·rally· wants· clothes ·no nior.e_ than, a, ~orse or any a.t:her


    • •
    :anir$:al I

    • ·• .• ·TT (p. ·233).~- · •:T\J .Adams.:' explanat·:io n.tthat .,, '('.!b.ai!-.ity :is a ~enero.u$
    • I
    disp.ositio h ·to relieve; t··he ··d:istres--s~.d:'·''_,. :Po1:µ1c·.e -re•S.J?Ond.-s. ·t-hit;he·.
    ·i
    ' ..
    i

    in :,
    ;

    g;grees be·c·ause to h·im d_i_spositd.·o n· ff·'a.oe·s: n·ot s·o ·much ·corrs:i:st the
    i,
    -1-;
    .;

    ·act as in the dis}?ositio n to a.o it, ''' a:n:a, Pe?':id.es 11


    'tb,e d:i$tresses o} .•.
    .; 1'

    .mankind q;re ·triostJ~y imaginar:Y-; and- .it: woul·cl. Jbe. rat.her .f·ol;ly t:·-hcin :go:odJh~ • • .~ • ' • I

    I
    Although' Po_unc'E::? s·:~es n_o neeQ. for 1charity·, ·
    : '! .,,

    · he is Willing ·to ente:riatln a1.i the g~C>d. intenti6ns or· the ])hilanthr~ ~ist
    i .

    as. 'tor;i.g as lie a.oes not part With ariy of hiS money. :LB At first, Parsd:n l. i
    i•

    ·i' I
    ! ;
    I '* ;
    .Adams:·""rea.cts with- reaso_ne.d argurp.er:it,s to ·t_he st$.ward':s s,ophist·rie s ·andl ·
    , , I
    ·, ~ ' . 1j :.
    . . . . . . . .. I .I
    hypocr.1:s--:Le.s.; but in the. :f·ac-e of:· su_ch C'QJflJ;fpicµ..9U$ .:a1::s:horiJe$ty..,? :thei ang,r·
    I

    "' .. I
    l
    ->
    r.i·s-es. w'.Li>hin him and ·h$- i-~-~I}S- out. of th~ ,movi·ng· coach ·t,o· b.e r1d of· t1j1e:
    , i ·, :
    . I ;
    •s·i.ght. 'of· Pounce. Thi-s. leap, . .in e:ff'~ct-·, ":i~S: q, jµd.·gm_en,t qri; _ Pou:n-<1e '.s motaJ..
    " ~' j

    \ d

    .degraclat-i.on~ ·poun.ee.:'is treasure· and ·ht'.s: boasts ·of·, gain c·ann,ot :.move·
    .i~

    ... ,•

    ti:_,

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    .mov~, Adams:~· :he is ~-~reSis~:a.. ·lty· n.e-itJter weait:.h. ·n.or ·p.ower, _qp.ly) tl:ie,
    j

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    :g<)'o.d ·dee·ds· tpat to.en do.~ · .


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    Pout1c·e has at l.eas t .one: . gt)od deed t·o· his cr,ed:Lt. He· .·satv~:s F:anny :
    ' ~· '
    .
    :. .
    ~- . .. I
    .as She . _-{s: ·'b.ei:h.·g carr:i ed,. off· oy tb.e 0:r.o.a.s:t·ihg·~' s··qu ire ',S· . men.. Thi·'S ll\''
    ' i
    ··- .
    re8cu ,e mak~·s a.ll t:he. mare: q~u~··i.d1;t$ Qr·<J.s.s·-' s: c.Qrite::1:ition t·hat foµ:p.
    . I -. !·
    ce :}).as:. ··
    . .

    :, ·,11 .

    ' t
    us·'t''
    I

    ' _- .. ' ,,i: 9


    .:.

    p
    ·y-oun g..wome:
    ' ' -. ..p·..p
    ..-;"1 ''
    an · ip..e·.L~_ec ua....r,..:. -1·
    1-0:r '.n. · :tt {s· d1f'f "icul t . t_o reco gniz e
    I ·•• t

    -· ., • !

    '
    -1

    L Su.ch. an, incl inat ion, ··i.f. it ex.i,s t·s, bec~U.-~$ ·it is ·s1:9;b·verted by, the
    ., ·. ;(,
    '

    ...
    ... -

    . ., .- • I _., , \
    ·are :s11bverteep.. by· his- -i."nsatiEtole· des,i re for: ._g:ain. .Pounce.: is, unab ·le t6 -:
    • ·, • •• • ... - • - • .
    \
    ,:,.:, I '
    i

    . .' .. " ,_' .- -> . ' . :{ . . . ' .. ' . . ..


    I

    i
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    _face hi.s :;profoun.d. mor·a l .fail ure in lif,e: beciius..e· he -"~as sed ·hif fortuq.ie! j

    , •
    . I

    thJtougb; "con ceaie d dfsh 9ne$ ty and extort:LO,nate usur y, 1120 Encl osed
    .•
    ~--
    '1.I! I

    :wit.h :in the P.+1is9n o:f bis· own gf:eecf, ·e·$-t~·ap-s;_e_d <fr'om bis :fell.o w·;ma n a.net,._\ <.~ ~
    . ... ·,_. . .
    ·'!·· : ~~

    I
    ' ..
    ..:t
    f-or t.he· .mc)st :l)art ., 11nsympatl1:~t~c t,oiw.:a.rd him, Poup.ce ·' ~ .s;Ln and (punish-- ·1
    l ;

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    ' 11:
    -~-h~- :_se:If·--·c_:ent.e:redne·ss _ana.· cold incli:Efere.p.ce_ tJ:Jat
    ,'
    can -be s_;.eeri in.:,. l.•-

    •: 1
    I . l

    ·tb.e; J;)er sbna iity ~o:f Pete r Pounc·e_ is· _mu.ch iti ·evid ence in the char 9,tte r
    l

    't'

    -of Pame la Booby., Jdse·ph ·st.s.ter


    J •

    r_: 8 .$,nd t·m·· wi.fe· b:f Lady _Boob y' 8 ; neph ew .


    .; • ::
    :i
    ...
    'Like. Pounce_,-. :Pam.eJ_a ha$. r:ts:e,n fr·orr1 ···-~ean ci·rcµrns~-,a_nc . es.,_ ha~: forg otten '; '":
    ; I

    •·
    "'··
    .
    the na.tu re ·of he.r beg.i nnin gs and has 'Qecome .c·o_ ntem pt·uo us of 'tho:~·e. for;- _i

    :! i ' '
    ' • ' 1· ,-
    : f

    wh-orii ii.:fe '·:i P ~ · strug gle. .. Li'ke-.·,many o~her_s in ·tne nove l,. Pame.1la- Boob:Yi J ' :.'
    ._ti

    ,.
    . . ;. . .. . -~
    '
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    ;"
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    '

    .i_s:
    I [

    Et b.ypo·c:ri te· b:ecatrse sh.e:. ''cop c·e·~ s the snob bish P+id e of· th~,- parverlu!
    . ;
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    , . I

    In· Pamela_' s cas~ , :,


    t
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    F1e·:1aing has· focus.~d: on.


    ',(, i

    a sp:ec ial lei.rid of· .hypo crit'e ·, one t.hat '.has- '
    I
    •;.r I

    .i·at·_e_ly ·arid tenu_ ously arr:i ved -at. soc:i :al :posi :tio~ :and must go t·d ~xtrenjLe~ \ i

    • . , I
    I 1
    · I i

    ·ne:sp it:e· her marp iage "to :w.. Boob y, . Fame] _~ is • •


    undia.re . r

    !
    ''-: : !.

    of· hep s:t:at·ibrt-,. --Md: ·the· inten d:ed· · we!dd ing .,.o:t'.·,. Jose p4 to Fanny ·,
    ·,
    '.\
    a .g.irl 'I
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    from
    ;

    s:~Lmi lar sj_:tnl)l·e·.: :b~girtrrit(g:p·_,: uhs,ett le,s.: he·r:·~ .,. ·.Pa.tne.1.a'' s. ·.o!llyl ·obj~c~ ,
    .. .:
    ;· •
    is: t·o. be: .rid of· Panny; :, ·an;q;: t.:h:i,~ int~n t co'i.n.ciae.s .; w1·t·h t.-he :d~:s\i res o:ff
    ., I
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    : ) I
    her. aunt._ :by marri age,. La._d.y Booby .:
    .- '. . . . . l =· 1, ·
    1

    . .
    ..
    , I
    ' . . • . : t· : '
    Fi~ld: hng' $ delin eatio n of ~amelg, i.S heay;y With: ridiCu J..e ~ecaus1 .i
    : I ·:

    ·,the· r·es.~::t'v~d· .his :s.·.pe·c·ial s:c:or.n :t'.or, t·ne. ~-r::Lvi.s,.ts',


    . .. the ',
    p.er$\citrsr eagerJ.b1'.
    ' \
    .:· l •.:
    i

    on: the make or thope- who· on ·t:he dthe·:.r- hand ·are 4esp~ rate];y , . hoj..d~.n._g on ! '
    I

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    ..,l. .,·2. 2.1 ' . . i


    . ..
    . ·• .· . ' ..•··.' ..' ·' . ' ' ·.· ·...
    t:eJ a= g:r:.ea.ter ., shar.e qf\ .genti l:ity t·hart t.pe. :S·ltua \. . l.·.. ·. ·:·. •. ' .
    I ..
    ti.on merit:s .:. · · t . ~n_ .0=9d~r
    ·; • j I •

    ; i ;
    ' 1
    t,o·. ge.t· t):J/e we.ig:h t ot· .~utli ority b.e·hin d her d·.is.-a pptova· l. of Fanht, ' • I
    '
    .
    Partl;~Jl.~. I
    !I
    :
    I
    !
    ,
    ~ . I ;
    g~ts. ·Mr·.·.· Booby· to· a&n:onis:h· ·Jose]? h· by tellin g him:: · · · · t · · i,nsis.
    ..i: • t
    '., .. . mus
    " ' ·r·
    .' :~ ·1 .. ,.. :
    '1· :

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    ,.
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    · ·aS: :y:<:>ti. are. a reiati on ·of mi11~, S:O much beneat.l). you.. ,·n (p .. ·258:)•. ...... I
    !
    I
    0

    the ,stubb o:r:nne ss of :a man in lo.ve, ,Jo$·~pb remind g· .Pam.ela.


    :.<

    .
    t .hat·: Fanny .
    ! .
    is· I
    .. .
    ·"··
    '
    ;her· equ.al , oril.y. to Jre tq:ia l.)y lti_$· :c,~llous . sister ·. : .r!.I :·am· now: this
    ... .· . . ., ):·

    .!
    i

    F.or Fi~ld ing, .i-


    .. ...
    ·. ' l • . • :.
    ,j
    .

    J?wnel.a· Booby :·is .l:Lke: R-ic-hJ1r;-dsorl:'}3 :herd·i ne carrie d to c\ SQI;> qisti,c ated
    . .'
    "a
    ·t....
    'I:.'

    ·ext.·r·eme: . . In F'ield int.:' d ·vi.~w,. .. /n.'·otl1 Pamel: as have: .used s.ex: to .aekti:eve· '
    I

    . '
    j

    ,no·s·i
    ~ . _·arn.,·.e,Ia B.· ooby··. knows· that. this tack C·an. work andl :4s
    t.ion. and wealt.h.·. . . . ,.P
    . . . . ...... ·::.·'l . ' .• · /· + • ~ .,_
    1
    ' •.•
    I

    convi nced .that her brbthe f. niigh~ bene fit Jrom her. ex:per ien·ce· . i ~er~ is I ••

    ' ,· .{ • .~ 1· . i .

    a cynic al since Tity in the way PamrfLa Wishe s t.o help her broth er. S~e .
    ... · .. '.

    ;
    ,. .!
    I •

    i·s .Conv inced t:hat Jos.eph share=:s h~r b~Se s,ta.nd·'ar'ds:.\. !f;~
    Itonal d ··p~uls on has i
    \. •t
    '· \ .
    ' :
    ·.de.s·c ·ribed ·,suo:h_ self'-d .ecept ion. as. a ,r:Pam.elian :f.ormu la. :for succe ss,, in\: 'I

    . r'.

    0
    I
    ,
    'l'.

    Ne:it.h er· ·vic·e · nor· . . .. . .. : ;.can


    virt.ue . ·. f ;i"riall.y
    ·. . . ... . . ·d.,
    . •. :only:
    ·. .. ' pseud·o
    ·.... · . . -·vi··rtli
    .. . . .·. ie:.n·...
    t -2·3··. .i · ::.,: '
    .. .. . . '' - . ·. . } · succ.e.e . 1:<
    . .' . .· . . . ,· ..·. :\. I" : .
    •.

    .l . 1-- '
    ), '·
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    1
    .. .:· . . ·. ,- . . ~ · · ·... , I ,
    I
    Urif.ortun ately for tbe impac e of the p·ortr ayal . of .Pame la, ·1 F,ield ipg

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    status • By .making Fc1Priy . the Midrews '· natm:a;L q'.;;i.u,ghtet at the· \Jovel ' ! "
    :!,:

    ·,
    r. I :
    . end-, 'thus :·raisi_ng r1~.r:·soC!ial _:s·:tanding,: Fie;lding:dem6ns·t:~a;te..s .ltis c_onTi ,
    •• • • u .. ~
    ,.

    ·t '
    - I \
    ·b,i.as,
    1•

    , · . servat:i. .v~ and ,gives ·.a m.Erasu:re ·of' credib ility t·o Pamela' ~ 1

    !
    ~ , r.
    I
    .\.
    qi.:s·~pprov_a1., ,·Pamela.· has bt=:rc·ome a .h9lJ~ow., ~,1:fish_ , sn:qb. ·G·:orr:up~:e~ by ·[ l
    . .. : ' I :
    I ,' :i ·. - '
    · . I ,
    . ., .
    ,wealth and. he.r own :vanity . · 8:he · i's ·m:or;e arist.-oc_ rat, ic ;f;h·an ith·e ::ar.isto+ \
    . { :I
    ct·_ats. and. cart no: long.er feel :for her- orotl1e· r .or :someone from s:tmilar I .,
    '(. t' . :l '
    ., ·J "

    :c'irc-umstanc·e·s.. . D..cJt1glas .BrcJo°Jts sees. her .gros.s.n..~ss. $.ytnbol.i·z.e·d b;y ·her l :-;
    • . . . ·I. ,j
    :
    .. .. .. 'i .:

    nov~p,.• s I '.
    • .
    f

    . 1/:l;Ughter . ·.in ob.ur6h,. at the end,. and identif i'~s .this l~ghte r
    as a :!\eject ion ·'o:f the moralit y an(l ·v?J.;\1~·.s ·enipodi~·,d :i·n the lives .·o:r · ; .
    j • ·i

    I ,
    . ... ~4 \f, (,·· ' :·

    JC?S eJ?,h- a.J;J.d. F~nn.y·. ·"' '


    i'•
    i.
    J
    .,,

    .....
    •
    I·· I·.I i .
    .

    .KLo:tig wit'n': Pamela., L.ctey. :_BcroJpy ·oas.· a:rtot.he.t iweaJ;ron··' Be-au L)iidapp
    "
    er, ·:. ,,
    r
    . I'
    ·t.o thwart the max:p:f~ ge of' -Joseph and Fanrty.. The fact. that· L~at:r Boob ..
    ·,
    r
    . I• !

    fe.e_ls called upon· t-o use t:l1e S:ervice.s of t"lais --sor:ry specime n i)s . furt. er
    - . .. . . . '. . 1· .'
    ' . '·· !.
    I
    ..
    . .. . '
    .. · . :' i '•
    evideric e ,of her d~,s1Jer-:at,·,;i.:9n.• : Af.;ong·
    ..
    ·with .Lady. B--ooby,
    .
    Dida·pp er irepres~
    . i
    nts
    :
    .. . . . , I

    C I '
    0

    '.•
    i'much of' the vice anQ. arti f':iclaJ.. ity FielCtt:n g {7deplo i-esJ.; 112
    \. - '. . .:
    5 ! Howev~:ir~
    , I . ..
    .' . . ' ~ . l ' ·I'
    •,

    by :h·imsel. f Didappe r typi.:fie -s · ·a spe:'?ia l kind .a£ 1.1:ppe·r·--cla.s~. fa~, t.he _a,
    • '
    1
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    .. · •.·,(2·:G
    . I

    '·'-f: o··.o·. . ·1·.i·:.s···h··.·. ..····e· a·u


    ·.b ·r.. :n +h: -~
    ·.u: w·_1:.1 {}Qn ::1$·:.E=:@nent·. :o f .t·h
    . e. nave l , F.•.
    · re ld.
    ·· ing- ;'.
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    . lri c-he s i)h: h~ ight :•
    .,
    .·He ·wore -his· ovrn/ p.a~:r-, thqugh ·t:he· :scarci ty qf it .- . . .
    .,,,
    . '

    , ,might have given bim ,suf.fic ient ex:cuse· for a· per.:Lvrig,.

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    ·te lJ}a·d ve·ry- :narrow .should ers ·and no cal.f:;.·
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    ~o.. ·his: :ga:it n:tight ,,more
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    1nirid Were well adg,pted . to bis, Petson 11 fp. 269). Didappe r ~s \a.. J :. I

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    · :;r·to.i··eulou·s- :f.ig;u:re in every w~y; but bei:p.g rf:E~nti_·r·e.ly
    . .
    well. sat.:~_sft e·d
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    '.
    .I

    a:(], 'Pa.I't;,
    i

    with his ,own I'ierson . . . .·.


    so. he .
    wa.s Very:a pt to ridJcµJ_J; an¢i
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    .at: any .im:p~-r:=fecti...on in another! '~ (p:_~ ·2.69) .. ·sin'ce he· is· heir ~o .an I j ..
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    ''iminens"e fortune " and depends on a ''great rtlan" ~ho tre.at.s' hl~ Hwith [ 1,
    .. . i
    t.11~- ,11tmos·t· ·:disr~'sp·ect:''· and g~ts :from- _tl1.~ Bea,u.. "l)ler1ary: bped:i~ttlce to f;
    . !.· ·1' i
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    his :cormnands TT (:p. 269}, I)id.app. er . i.s ab.le to. 1·:1.ve conrfor- t:ably --~i thoutr ·\
    . . . '
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    g:reat·1y °ta)ci.ng_, ·.his: me~gr~ m.e:ntali :r.e:s>ource-s .:
    . ·::
    His vcµi:Lty ;Ls s~ great, :f
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    '±hat he believe p he .il3 the pa.rag.on ·or wit, Sty.le arid pasi,ion ;! inSteaf<i(·· .....
    . . . ! -~tj r .

    a b·eing_
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    he is a rttQd.e:l ·o:t tn-~:f:fe ctual·ity , imp.os·s ible ~-:o _g1.pp:r,9ap_ h wit. ·'
    ... . . . 1
    1
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    any re:actio n other -than._ laughte .r .. · His: s:oft- womani·s :h bo~y, ~i~ feeble{\ ·
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    If :ifos·ep;h, -Fa.rmy· an.q. ]?"arson A~~s \c·an .recei-ve ; no· humart-it_y from '
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    ~- thpse· tlj:a.t t.h~Y-' kn.ow, it. ·it3· no wor1a.e:r .:·t)ien' that t·h~y are vi~t-~rq .ized ·
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    heaped upon vi'ct.imiza tion. After he ip clisJ1:i,issed :b;o:rn Lady' JBooby'.s }
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    service @d sent .on ·his'wayj .he is rcibbed and. beaten on the· road
    , ., . .
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    le.·ft··. in a ditch, --n~ke·d -.an·~ -~·n'j_-µr.eq.. • j '.'., . • •


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    by t:J:1e· qccupi:µl.ts_, qtf a co:ach: .that. hg,:pp~ns
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    i:nl;tu.rna;ne, :r::eaSfns .. fear
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    .The ·re:s.cue:rs res:pons·ib: ilit-y· i·:c· tfoseph i:~


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    m~:et: tpe.;i:r matc.h: in:·-se:lfishn ~s:$.
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    :in ·rvrrs. Tow~w6u$.e, i wife of t:he_ ptopr·.ietor :of· t-he i'nn whe_re the inju -~d t . :·
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    kI - hy:;;terioal. amalgam o.:f bile and hypOcl'.'i:;;.y;,1 Mr,s. .
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    . ·Tt>w~wous·:e .re·.f\ise.s
    . give the Tittle .bit of aid that would aJj.:Le'V'ia.-be i
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    t·he suff·er,ings_: o·f· a fell·ow I1;Uman. being,. ·Whe-r1. finally she is :.forced ·~o .
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    ,. ... he=lp, she does: tfo gru¢lgingly · .an¢L gr-ace·:lff_Hs:Ly·41: .ylhen· remi·nded :by her: :· _1<.'.
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    Husband ()f the irnportanoe of c::.onirnon Charity, Mis'~. Tow-Wouse • s reSJ:lC)1Sr .. 1:·.

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    is.. char:act-er·i- stl-C ·of t.-he.. perversion
    . . . . of'. Christian
    . benevolenc ·e: "' Gorrlmb:n
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    Charity a f--t.! •• . . . Common. charity teaches u~ to prov;id~ for o'L~


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    s etv.e tf, ct:P.d. q11r f.q.trii.lie.·s ·; -and I. and. n1ine w.orf' t ·b_e. ruine·d by :y.our ch~ilw", ·.·. --
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    'She re.~cts. to t.11.e :re.-quest ·for p.~lp a.s- i._:e s.:he had bee-J} ·ask~:d ~-:.o· clot··~ ·
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    · · .:and 1:od_ge all of mankind ...
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    dimi:p.ishes after .Be.tty tbe. s·erv:ant-m.a ·id s·u_ggests. ·that. ·J.os.e·p.h :.may ·b·e· • .',
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    "a greater man t<han. the_y.: . .
    took him :for" (p. 54) .. . :: .
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    (p.. :i4) .and. wil.ling~y .g.i>r~. Joseph ~id. · Battestin sees. i·n this beha :iJor ·:.~.i
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    t·h.e .··".rp.qral worthless:n~ ss.,i·of ·a. me.'re·1y :pol·i·t·ic> :philant.hro py~ "· 1lie·cause
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    •.. hands omely wb.eh b.e :t,ecov ~rs • 27 , To facb; ,this is not :phi,lanthk,opy hiti ,,. .
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    rathe r the s.elf-' irtte:r eSted mamruvering of a hypoc rite: Mrs. -~ow-wo1s~ .., ..
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    NT:r. _T·ow-wous.e _and Be:tty ·.in bed t.oget :her. :'.Mrs·' To~--WOU'Se
    • - ·• , ·- - •• • '. • , • -
    s-tanas·
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    ·as· : me . •• I
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    "'Tl+i~ ' t.he reW~d : of my Vi~tu e~ 1 " (p • , be) ' ';


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    Mrs. '.t'ow-WOuse CarJ,I:1ot, of cou:rs,e, u:nde:rstand that the sexua .l fi.del t ·:Y-j.
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    0£· w·hi·ch- sh~ -is }3Q p:ro~cl 6an in no .way _c.ompe.ns.at·e· f'or her· . gr,aive .
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    in the=.-case of ·other affec ted ch.µ.:ttc1.¢te,r·s.::, ·t:hat·: ·her 1li-:~f. ormedi beari
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    a ..high ··:(:ore:he·ad,. ·a .·1.ong. nose·. wnich is "-shar p an


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    re·d., r.r a :pair of l.fps. mad.~· up "two. of-


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    which· . :defor ms :her ·G,hg.:rac:ifer· .and. affflic ls·. ·:every thi-!lg. ' wii;;h~, .which s.Jie·. •· i
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    ., cQ'mes. ip cont/: tct. 3o · The. Vit'tti fhce'
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    of her. af';f'.e qta.tlo n plagues> all


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    , J;)e.rvading soc·i_et:y and .cor-rupt_i·ng. lll~ny dif.fe rent types 'in= -s-Qc.i~ty. nE=
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    s·u_ch ·t:y.pe is t:he s.··up·?r ·':.pat:,:.. :i.ot, that uni,Ve:r.s.al. :s¢,ourge-= wh.O·· m~Jke·s a
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    ···- ·....,\.;public. di·s1jJLay of :his· natii.on·~~·.i.~trJ, ·wr10 ·is·: ·qu,ick t:o· ·spot· tr.e.as on in
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    have cUl· . ~, .. L7dowi;it:dsJ ~ange_d;~ ·sir;, :( would ·11~ve them hanlse .d' u \i \
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    -f:P••, · 114) .• Ad·ains


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    and :Sµ_g.gest$ that t.ime: an:d ·re.as.on mi-.ght. 111ak~ t·he ~qoward
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    :ge.ntl eman Is· unmov:e.a.. an.Qi .r-espo nds with exhor tation s :on: co1+r~ge ·and
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    .c:oun try. .But. :as_: b.ot·h me~ walk i.n·, the :c:Jstrkne,ss .,.-. cr. ie.·s of . terror : ringl
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    out:·; · Parson · Adams r1i.-shes.· ·" 't-o the ··ai:s i·stanc.e o.f:·. :some· JYQqr :··cr~.iflture, ........

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    .·wrfom s·om.e v1:tI,a ins. 'ar.e· m~rci ering' .n (Ii· :115·)_; howeve.:r.,· the. ,swa.tg !
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    p~t:ri 6t· h?,s p.udde·.:o..ly been :tr-.ahs =forme d i.nto a. trern)J l..:t:ng ¢.ow.a:td.. He .r
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    pleads .;,ith Adams: '!IThis _is 'np bu.Siness of ours,; let us ma.}s:(? as ,.
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    JllUch haste as pbSsib.'.J_e out of the way, or we may fa,11 into th,ir han~sl
    .
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    t·o ·t·he ·ple:a·


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    ·<:ri.tt·sel·ve s :, ,r- ·.(p. . · :115 }.. Adams makes no answe r and lheads :i:rpi i·

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    hypQC rJsy hardl y neei:ls eluci datio n heie:a.use 1.t t·s so OPVib11&;_ ~o~ev ert, i !

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    for· Pauls on :it s~g_ n.i:fi:es F-ie. id-ing r·s 11nder-st:and,i_..ng of the diff'$. rence :' i
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    .... bet-Ween the appar ent and. the real 'Ln life and the inabil i_ty
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    p.ers:on.-s to :r.-ecogriiz:e that at· some p·oit:tt· the:·ir words must ceas·e and .· 1

    t.-n.e.i.r a.ot-i:o n$ begin- . 31 .T.hi.s I}o:Ln~ .n.eveJ· c·onles :for t.he· patrio it, ·• His:
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    nat11.r~. Fie_ld ing_ sugge sts· t·hat fb:LL·owing the incid ent wit·h Adams,
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    mart of c:our.a ·ger1 wilJ_ run to J:::i.i:s home: "'w.it.-hout once .lookin g·.·. belliin d 1

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    t-:h·e Par·s on. The: :next morn_ing: :h:~ n:den·i-.eJ3: hims.elf··•-r to .:Aci~$, ith effe · '_,tL.f ''. j
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    that it may be. :S~aid that co:rit.r·ary to his rrow:r;1 rul·e· s Lhe/ has_ J7 intro Jced .I
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    . t:.:oler ~te.a ·o:p.l:y ·b~c·au.s.·~..oJ~· h'i~· we·al.th::. He r~pr-e:$·en-t$· tne ·.s·eJ_f .,-·indu lgerice .
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    ·.Of t·he idle :r·ic·h carr:i ed to the .e:x:t-reme. B.e.c:attse -,of· ·h:i·s. s.~If:,_ cente:tt .,etf ~-
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    .The revolt tLng


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    t,br;{)Ughou.t his re·arin ·g 'the s-qu·ir.e rs· ·ever.,Y wi.s:h was ·tndu.lg,e.d._,. ·pre·.ve n-ijip.g ·
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    1. the. :deve.1..opment ,of-_ -~:J.:.s:c~
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    ·fn:g;-e.nu"i·ty. i ·;

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    c.:o:ti.di tioh in Which he iB the victim of the con-bi nuous war betwe ~n hid I
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    . -aff'e:c-t.e-.d be·cau-s·e: y~i-~ y @,nd :bypoe!._isy pois-o n t·he·ir j:'e_~·a.t~~n,sh·ips· wit9 ;


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    .:q~·es1)ons ib:ilit :ies. as it{eJ_l _ . ,For: ,this: gr·ou-p._ Fieldi ng. ·,res~-Jt.':y¢cl :s_pec ial

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    :man ... -_ i_ He s·hoµl: q .clo-r:1q :]:J.a;rt.n to -~n. ·i-nn.0.cent: :neigh bor .anq :s·hoill-d ·ri~lp I f. l
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    gs;1,,fed .pu.O,j_icily by virtu e 9f the ,f~ct th~t . t:a.kih g it on ~ave its. mem.be ,. • .. ,<.

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    ·1f tJ.i~·i :r :cftllin .g.•. w.as t:.h.·:. .ff nr(:i;rf s:t.ry:·.··.i,. they· '\ · 1

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    lawy er, Field in,g may have been part icula .rly symp athet ic tb the p:i:'o bl~~
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    .:n~tu.+e o.f t:hei r work , wer,e sup,p osed' to discip l:::Ln e t·hem seJve iS., ·but t*ety- '

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    Cal.l ing in $eve :tal £n:i.po:rtant ways, .
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    . sJ.tff\:fse.d with s·e·lf- :lJ)Ve are. $·6rrie· me:ri t·hat ·~t-hey cann ot eve.:n ·f·ab ricat ~ · ;
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    ~an ai.r o·f 'Sympathy and irtt·e·rest, altho ug:h t·he.i r WOTK S.l{pp·.otredly depdn dS·
    . .. . . . . . . . . .. .~ . ' . . \ ·1

    ;on i·t .. · :O~hhers manage· ·t.·o· app·e.·ar· kind a.p.d soli· citou s towa .rd t:hei· r earn ~st
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    :v-e·ry s·hor~· :t·im~··· The sour·ce: of th·is.. laxtk ,of ·c:h:a.r·i t.·y- i$. :c:t'.: .c.:C>rnplet·e . I.
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    :p:raf.e-9 s:i:OriEit <~i:ti.c·ompe-te:r:ice·. ~

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    product· bf ·incii-+f~~~:c.:e_, j_I)_ othe r cas:e S :~{~:- :-~ b.y-pr;oduct o:f .stl{ pi_d it __i:~.
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    ....
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    i·n- ·a:11 cas·e s tt:$ ;res. ult-s .are de,st ,ruct .ive. _ I~. ~·he .r1ove.i'., f.iel ding · doJ$.
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    , . ·d.e:.~ti·nea-t.e..s:ome -~+f·e·Gte·d. pro. f.e_s sion al ·me:n. -who ·are _cornpe.t=ent,, ·but: ·the .
    . . -1 '. • r· ;

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    ; ·:often: use. t-h~ ir ski lls f·or dubious\:pur_p;ose.s,_ ..... '

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    ·Whether -.-foql& or: not, mottt :affe-ct:e:d :prqf ~JfS ;:idtt ais -m~nt.p.1;,1;late- t;
    i

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    l_:a:r:im _ra.g.e to .imp·re:ss an_d. c.-onfound t:he .p··.·ublic. - As: .a; writ -e·r and as· a.
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    . ... . . II !t
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    ,. . .. prop essi ona 1 rnan1 F:L~ iditi g was :out rage d. by the, way corr upt :l'.n diV idur i
    ' I J

    \l_S~d- the la,.ngua_ge ·for t·-he ·ir OW'p gai-n by· t.wisti,._;n.g th_~- tiJ.~ ~nin gs o:f wq}~d
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    =and dest rqyi .pg trut: h.- . .. :Throll_gh . this : work t.he -:author- .l~GGU·S·e$.. p~of·e·r· s\·-,··
    1

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    iopa l.:s o_f( u.s·ing jarg._on to :rri.a.sk°' ign_ora.nce and ~i$_$uad.e ,.t·he ih.q uisi tite l =

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    :a~d- not-€ tc) c.orrunu·rticq,te,· and :·e.I:q:citl-~t-e
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    ou·tr ag.e. d. by :t::he.ir s:~.ctirt:ton.io.us·· p.ret._e.hs.ions . . .
    .
    . . . . :

    ·t:o ··rr1oral _puri ~Y .and a.·tv·tmt,


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    :aut hort t.y. :!n t,he nove ·l ther :e ·a.r_e.,man_.Y·._· ,.LV'
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    . tes-' but
    . ,. . .. n~one ·g'r.:.
    ,·. ·eat,er l: I
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    Of· t:h~ .seven. diffe lren t-- . . . . . '
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    .. ¢'.l·ergym;~µ o.eline::at:e.d. in:··t.he. nov el, only Abraham Adams.: i·s fr.ee :. of· t·he1
    ·J ..
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    tain t .of co:rr1,1pt;ion, 38 The· othe r Si:x exem plif y fiv~ clit fere nt type si l
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    suffer·ifig of .manti·nd._.· • '~ I

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    <~:p:eci:&i. q9..:i;1s i-qe·:tat :Letti lJe-c··a:i.:us.e: t:ihe,y _a.:r.-:e· p:art·:ic\il-ar
    /. l

    . :ly odio.u-s . .
    s-1:>ei-'cimens.-: ::

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    ··and .b.ecau;se· _Fie_ld;i,rrg .creq;t~d t·hem. w.ith. enou:g:h detYail t·o· :deinon.s,trate 'I
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    _:e)ternpl.ify· ·ror .·Fieid·ing·:::
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    beii·e.f· ·t11at, . sa;I..vat_iqri= could
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    ii acl:i:.ieved. }>y fait·h c=tion~- and riot by ,charity,· and t··hei:r live'.s, and .(actions,.· i
    1

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    ,:,·
    f .. .:
    ~
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    ·in ne.g.ativ~· way$, advance·, the ·1·at.it-ud.inar,ian 'belief :in· b,et1e:vol·e;nc.e and!.
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    ,_good '.:.;w-or]ts ·a.S: :e.sse.-nti.al :ele;men:t::-s ,·in. ·t:he fulfil:1:rneJit: .of CJrri·st::ian I
    I

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    ·. 0 •· ., I ,
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    :ffi,l.S·S.lOll. J~a,rn..~b.us,-1 ·a. kin·d. ,C)f :.P_.ar·son~in-.re·s·idertce at, th:e: T.ow-wou:s.e · Ii J. I
    1
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    lfp.n,. -is Jt -c,on:tid,ent ,c9m.bin~tio11 of ·guile, _gall and ·_gree·d.· .Alt,hough I I

    ,: . .
    :~·ot·..we·ii. :·vers·e. d ·i.n ·the.:ology·., Barnabus: i.,p sk-tii.~-<t :~~ rnaJtin.g:: 'i;rioney· by ;I
    .... 1 i I
    · : i I
    :deviou:s: means, and. he: I
    • ! ,

    :i:s· in .no· ·waJJl imp.~~e··4 ·vy ::m¢r.a:L s.cfp.J_jl_e·s .-.:i)n . gett·il:b?-~i


    i ! i

    what:.· he ·Wq.11.i:/$·.• Ee woul_d. s.oonet t.'r_,_pretic-h a ·funer:al sehnon :f:o·r . ... . ~ !I


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    g,nxt,J1ir1g goqd' T} (P. ~ :64 }.,


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    -t·:h~n p,:re.:acJ;:i fre·e. for -.an 'upr i:ght ·man·~.- His
    ·•
    ----- ·:: i

    ·mehdac:ious· tal-e:nts. ov~.r]_a_p t.Q other :g,r~~s: as we.ll... -Alt.hough he, love~

    ·''··s.e:bmoris ino pet·t¢r· t·b:ci_n,, 9,-~:g~9c·e+ · L~doe}s:J


    .

    ::ti_g:s, ". · Barr1abus:. :q,tt.em.pt.-s, tq·. ! 1 .,


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    .
    . . : I i
    ;

    . '
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    JJo:nv:i.nc~I .AJ5raJiarn Adan1s t'hat- t/he.·sermon s. he i,s -'s-o: d~s·i-tQU$: ,.~)t· . publi.p·h':i}mg_1. 1

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    •. ~ .,, ; !

    :\.. r will. have a better market ·if· ·tbey are :a.d:ve·rt:i·s.ed ·as· i>he. war-·k. of· "·'a { \.
    ·-
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    · clerg.yinari l.ate.ly deceased,· all w~r·r~nte,cl. or-:Lg::Ln·al.s-,.. and :nev~,r pr--:i.nte.·4·.., !' /n
    .
    ' · \ .\. I'

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    · (p, 63i). · Ba:t:tiabus' cannot illlderstand t):iat AdqJns' motivation for. :publllllP~ ·
    I i
    -i-ng ·t:_h·e se.rmor1s; af3ide .horn \hi.s ··i.rit~-llectu a..l vani:ty, ! I
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    ac qui. ,. s i, ti on of ,wea;:Lt,J;]... ·but tb.:e .4.i s sern:in.~t:{L 9fV ,of wl s~dom;-.•. · II
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    reformer Whit.efield,; the ' great . • . enemy ·to the i · I:


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    by t]ie oJ_e:tical :!
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    lttX:u;t'y and splendot 'of the Clergy'" (p, E?T)..


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    Bar;:n9-b-µs '.L$ oµt::raged


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    t-rtos,·E;! ·wl:lo ·woul-d e¥pe ct. :hum:b.:le:.r1e s:s, o':ont:r::.it:i_on: }tnd.· :hum.il,·. i ty ftom the ' I !·t ; , I

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    :-'.He ar:gues that "W1litef'i·el.d ·w.ould r·eauc.e t:he·: ci.e·rgy
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    exarnp]_:e ·nf the: ·primi t i've ages . . . •. ~nq. wo:tRld: i-'n·s in.uat~ to. t..·h:e ·pea.pl~
    · •• · •
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    t:.hat .a c:l·e··rgyrnan ought t-o be always preach.ing- and. pr:ayft.tg' '·'. ( It~ ,6 7 ) . !.
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    g,. positi.ve, ·chr·is.t±an corritnitme.nt to l':Lf\~ wi:tbi 4ll the burden:s.· Md, .r.e:s·~- !-
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    Farson Trul'l:1,b·er· ··-rrr·ore. ,t.hari: matc'h.es: Pars.on B=arnab11s. in

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    b.y gi vi:Qg: him. :a ·Swinis .h nature.,, :Fie:ld-ing' makes hint a,. r·i.gure of
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    b.e·c.ause he. is\ in. d'i·re nee.a. and· hop.es. :that hi-St ·fellow: c:ler:gyni.ah vi:r.il
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    .Trulliber t.011s.e.·s· l:1.im.. :i:nt·o· 't.:ne:: :s.t·y s:o h.~ ,¢@ h·ancUe ·t.he' 'liogs· himsel~~
    ·'·"

    '. JtLthoµgh the .reader is :i)J. cline.ci ·to b·e· .sympath.etj~o ·to ·poor Adann.s ·
    i

    ...
    ,, '
    ilouhd.~ring.· ·in tn·e .mud, he :c@.11ot- he:1p· ·p~·ittg: ··
    :am.us-e.d. b.y
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    his precl:LcametrtJ.:.
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    Th·.e fae·.t· tnat Trull:l.JJ·eJ~~ :nas. mi$.t·. sake.n Adarn·s :for a. ~te-llow :·s:w1ne'I1erd has
    ' .. \ ·!Jiot:hing· to do w·i:th .. Adams" deme~nor or: 'dries's.; :i,t h_a$. t·o 91.c;, with:.Trul liber's
    .· ' ; . . ·. . . • ·i . I
    '"; .. I i
    wor'.ld: · vi·ew.·. _Field.ing rnake:s :Truil'i'1:Jet·· t.h~ :E{piritual, br·othe·r ·of- the hbgs
    .. . I
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    '

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    'He: tends, Jli::; a:ppr~i::;al @d tUJ.derst@d ing .of' all that goes on about j.
    . ·.' ·.·. . . . 42· .
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    h·itii C-Orne S. fr:Oirl a :'SWini sh ·nat:u,re . . ·-: J

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    ·1?~l:~f~,ves th~:r:e is ·_p._·:b.t'et1:tii:al :Pr·,o-t'i t -q;t' 'han_:·d,-; :he, be·c:o:m.es: coa:rs.,.~ rul_ :d
    f'· ": , $ •. l
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    un:ch~itab le .When he. discovers that A.da.ryp has come. t.o borrow ~on~y. 4$ ;.. •
    II . .

    A~~s· ._:Ln_no¢er;i:tly be.li~ves. that ~Trulllber· ~wili. heip him :as a f·e·llow
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    Tt:ullibe,r -~9--:$
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    '':always thq.t i
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    . ,.word {-chari_ty_ J i·n ·'his_ mouth'". (p-. ])+3_:),· .he ·nev~_r give:·s..· a. '·'farthing" l 'i
    . - ·- :- . ·. . .. . . . . - .. .; I ;
    t·:o anyone, in need. I
    TO Ad.ams~: Jnod.e:S:t request for·· :_aid,, :his "brutal - ansietr .., • l ~

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    is , '' ' I would· have t.-he-e P:un_-


    ·· i-s.hed as -a ys1,g:<=lPQntJ for· .. tJ~y impudene:e
    ., ... Fo11Urr- . . I !
    I

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    t:een s.hi_:I.._lings. i:ndeed·!,- ! ,w-on,··t_· give,,.t.hee a fa:rtl:t::Lng' '-' (p-. 'l42t-). WheQ ·
    . : 4'

    Adams . attempt_:.s ·to rem-ind him. of .hits sp'ir:itu~l qbligg,tion s to chari_tyj \


    \' ·i
    ~ I

    I • , '.Tru.llib;er· j_us-tifies- :his. b·atre-ness ·b·y acc:usiiig. _Agams. of ,being ~. cleri·c$.1,;.


    • ~

    ;give ·t·-c) vagabondS:'u:


    -~ I

    ,fr·8(u;.cl.:. ~:':C ,$110W,what: c:J:i~=rit:y.iS.,: bet·.ter :t.ha.n to. {


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    ·• ·. . . ' ' '~


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    ,
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    :he is a man :j.'n: n.~ed-~ Tfr·:S.'µpJ.?OSe r· am not _ ~ cl_.e:r-gyrnan, ram nevertheles ts:
    .' . (

    t}Jy broth·er; cm,cl th-911.,


    ~ .. >:. '. . ~ .
    ,~$: a Ch:r.isti.a.n,. m1.1c·h 'Ihore: }is a c'.1ergyman, art ..
    •!
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    ··'I'ru-lJ._fb~-r, ·,· uowever,·', funct t:iOllp j


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    ..... ·· ,. on a dif.·ferent· 'sta.ndaX:d.' of ·m:orality :very ·stntilar to: t·hat of the· :J:?:Lgs-,. · '.\
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    he tend:s. In :_:fac-t, Reid beli·eve:s_ that. T:rullibe·r is spiritual~ y and ·J
    I
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    physic:.aiJ_y sw.in.i·sh wtth ··hi.s, :gre.at ··be.l.ly· s:yrriQOJ.i-zi,ng his "g:ra:sIJiri{?; •I


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    ih·g·est.'ive- ness. n· · As· to: t·h·is. c-riti.c r.s ..n-oti:on ·t<hq.t :T:rull.iper- .is .none 1
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    dePerrds on.. whether t1iat
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    Trullib er iS :devoid of compai, Sion °and cruel to his fellow; clergyman,: . I I
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    . . . . . .· '... . . . ·.. . . ,· . j
    Phili·p ':Stevie]:~ b..~J:.;i~ve:.s ·-'tlxat- Tr·ull'.ib er is: 1I
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    . 46
    :rr11;ght .le-·ad·· ..readers . t·o .. hate L him . Ij
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    .Otl.t qf: ex'lc~ten ce ~- Inf t.h·is
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    in_starice--, . Stevic..Jr:' s --u:na¢rs-.:tb·anctin·g of Fi·e·iain·g.°' s ·!!19tiv-e· in (~r~ating· th~s .


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    ch_ara,:cter is open :_t_o·, conside rab_le qu.e.$t:L_dn,.. · The·re :are .other ~h~~c:te.1is
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    in the noV12l m v.ictous ad TrUl.:I:Jber. {the patr\ot , the false benefac ttjr, I

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    :<:lo rt:crt l,_h:a,;t:e :out ~-of :ex·i·s'-t.·ehce· .. "· .Tr~l-lib er i-·s cl. 'charact ,e·r who< engende:rts:
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    b,ot.r.t .rEfV\iJ:$i-:bIJ- c1nd· come:d.y-··be::ca,use :t-he ba·se thii.rg$ that he· d:oe$ :ar:e lI '
    I
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    ,Often done in 1a.ml.1S:i;ng :r.;rp;ys ar+d Q'.o n9t destroy bUt qllly: inc~nvt nience
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    t':he -inn.ocent., .Adams:" ·:experi.en.ce with :Trul:1:Lp_er· ··:cioe.s n.cit er.ode 'his '- LI:
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    faith .tn the gooQ.ness .of hu.m.anity,·· but it does, teach h±I)l. that iwithin j I
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    ·.hi,s own ·"-s.a.·erea.. dr·.der!': there :·a:pe, ·'-·rwo~·$.e· Im·av~s than: ·any ::de.pi-ct.ed in· 1.'
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    'p.etti:f.' qgge:r$. ':,, yt,J:iq·:· f\:>.~-- .f:fujt::ab·1e reco:tnpens~ · .S, I

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    ;We-r:e. ''·pr:ep·g.re.d_ to ·underta ke all kinds- ·of tfhady le$.~1 bwsi~es -s .: ·. · .:. · ·- .,
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    .Fi:e-1:ding· ·heaps sp.e,c:ial. ,s·c:orn ·on. ··t-he Q,Qr.:rupt rn.ernb.ers of ·his·: ,6wr.t _pro_~,
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    :could be .de-form ed for- the.- profit :of .f.ew t·o· ·t-h·e· dEthr·ime ,nt ·of ·many.. '

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    Layry.e.r ,·S·c.out., whom .Fieldin g .dej;)ict.ed ·:_:,{wi~:h te:al bitt·erne ·s·s ,, '_f' ·i·~i :._h_$.r.d i i: .
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    .s:-co*t i.s e·ngag ed .·.


    ·by '
    Llidy Bo01by
    ··t:.o _pr.~ve-n.t- ithe, -m:::trraiage ·of ~os·ep·h: ~an;d :J:ir~y . Lady" :;goob_:y·.-rs· -purpo se i:s i

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    . ·t:-cb :pr.eve.nt t11e. rn.~r'i age 'by s.om.e:how .c·hang ing: the ·iav{,· but :Sc.out,. _in qUO:
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    o'p:seg_uious-, ·manner, a'f;.s.erts: ·t.h.-at of TT' :c1 huriidr\ed. _1@.w.yer:s·, not o:p.e. or' aD;.l:
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    ·Of them· c·ou.ld alt·er t:he :law·,... T q: -l;ft1ti Ji~: 'l1as:·t ettS :to'. :as sure -:he:r ''t·hat·· 1
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    :tn tl;ie prnv-~r o:f · a. ··i_awye r· ...._ \ .... to pre;ep t_ t~e 1.a.w' s · ·tq;kin g ~
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    .,' lar·ce· ny (f\jr .cu5trt i,rig_: a ·-.h~s_·.s.el-t."v1ig: w9rt.h tJiree, hg;lf pence. )
    ·, . . .• a mortt;ij: rs I
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    5;.o:r;i.f·t-n·~ment ;· ·iri . ~Bride we:li ::p~i:$,on.·.,1 wni.ch , f·ortu nate.l y r:or ··:-~te .young:, .i
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    The l,e.gctl . q.eJros :i.i;.ion charg- ing Jos-e'.}ph. ). ·; '
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    .q.D:_d: -Ean.n.y· ''¥tit'h_ :t-he 'c-r.·irne._;. whic:h· ftc·9ut :~iteJ ,. 'h·ir.ns-t~if_, :Sl1ow.s 'him ·t·o b . .
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    an :i.g!"lqble u,nioh qf i· guile and igri.ori;tnce' wl1qpe ~a:iu '<2:<Diit:ern iS · not l ·I I


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    e· but: r.at·'t1er· :ke.epi .ng ·t·h~ l~tte·_r· of: th_e law intac t ,at· . th; expen~ 1~
    I

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    of :it·s: ::s.p;f17_it t:.b.t-O?t~gh .. ·the ·use of· ·trictE ?r-y


    . · ;a_.·n;cl., I.ies. L~'.wyer s:eout
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    <e ·not, bear -c::c)rµple.t:e· .re.sp.oh·S ib:il.i ty :for· -what h~ tr~Le_$- to ·a.o ·with~ the -law;t
    . .he i.s, aft,e,,r: ·a11, .rnatti_pulateq_ by :Lady Boooy:,
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    but. h·e wbuld not :have.
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    .P.J.ayed trr~, :rrole: :of· ''pet·ti fogg.·e r·v· ',:tri 'tJrni-s ,c-as:e. ·ii. i:t wer.-e. not: ~or his ,1· . I
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    . lar ·s,it.u.a - .. ' . . ·.Parso
    . ' .. t. . i.on- ' . . .n Adams l'1
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    ·:is aiso· tempte ·d ·b·y L~d:;:: B.ooby., ·but hf:!: r·es·is. ts, J1er: :'demana.s· even under
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    -ht). s:11ch ntor:al backb• on·e •· If j11srti ce }manJl~,e.$: I\
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    to . .s·urvive-,. . . -±t· ·,
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    is :i.n. spite·.~ _of arrci. -not t>ec·q1ttse_. of: h:.:t-s· e·.f:f.o rts. · ,
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    :rn. ·t.he s.ax.ne -lway· tl1at just± c. e_: trium phs at the' -~nd of Jo:s_e~J1 .Andrerws, .
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    ·victi·mi.z•ed. ·b.ut .pr;e-~er.v~d, ..-SO Josepl1 r.o.a:nag:e·:s to s_urv:tve :h:is. woµin.d~ in .· ~ i


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    s.:iJ·J.·tf~ ··of: li:L.s phy$:. icia~l·


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    ·Foll_owin_g :a ·s·eve.r.e. :11e~t.ing: ·p_y liighway.men, tlie;·_.
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    ·lnj\ir ed --yo.un_g man i-s ·t.a-ket1 to· t:h~- 1Pw-w-ou.s:e i.nn- wher·e he_ ·;it~ --m.1/hister-~di\
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    . 't·o: by a surge·. on. WI.19 is bt:>th gr·eed y can.cl irtc.otnpe.t-e.--rit. Hi-s s,ymp~~--n.e,t
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    ., P. ur:s($·., and -his i:nt·eot·e-st. in h:i.s ..p.ati·e:ht wan.es. r·apiq.ly when he· q.t·soovetsj
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    t~hat: ··Jo.seph ;L:s p~mrile$_S. P~rs.on .Ad~$' arrival on :t·he scene,. and hisj
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    inj.u.1:i-c---tjion.t'o· t:tie··s.urge·.o n t'hat it i:s the 01 ct11t.y of-' tn~n of.all,prof es4ipns I
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    ·to apply the·ir .s~i)Ll·,·g:r·$..tt·s:· :fo1: t.he r.e'l·ie.f of t-he _poor· and :1aec:e·ssito"ttsi'
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    (P·.~- ~5.°l) c.-:annot move ·thi.s _practition er to: :any re~l un_der:st,an ding or 1,.
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    (p. 51) could not help ·this case, neatly Sldesteps the g-y:estiOn of htS/. ~
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    · · l . own responsib ility to the needy, and stmp,ps him 9-s. a vacin and :fatuou$
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    .-pr9,ctitio n~r who bur.ie·s ·.bi.s nia~y .f.a·i1ures. w·ith. an ihd,i:f':fe.ren t· :,:~nd ·wel1t.[ I
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    pJ'.'a.ct iced prof'ess:Lo:ncU shTug. <Eiatfi:eld s ees 'the sur,geon rl?t ~s a, wi$el
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    and" experienced , h·ealer wit·h pr{d.e. in. his' work 'but: as a s·k:illeat 'trad.e$ ·-(
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    ,.. man paid for p_,ro.fit, -and. on~ who· i.s n:ot learned in a ge.neral .sfense. b\lltl'
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    a·.· .-s.k i. ll'.. e d .t e.c·h ni.cian.


    · •. . . o.· ·f· 1···...im·i
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    . · d·om. This. is . .· .. r in-. the.··
    .. ·. . ·true··.· . . .. sens·e
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    Fi·e·:lding is not reall:y c6ncernecl .wit·h pr·ofes:sto:r: tal $ki:_ll~. Saaacity )

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    men..
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    These feelings: de·veiop spontaneous l_y. Field.i.ng cre1at.ed many


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    character:.s: ·i.n ·t.he ~l1ovel ·w.11-0 · are. .,·s :i._mple
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    those:
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    . f~·c;tcrific},eEt ·fo·r in: n.ee:d. · ·T:he of . the, ·s·ur·ge·on: 1--:(:.s nQt his [ ;
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    ..-iimi_te·d wtsqom. b]Jt t·.11e· van:ity
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    ·,. a.bout. Jos·~phrs: condition, sho_rtiy .after· the beating:, t·he ::Jur_g.eJon s:pirirsl
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    out: a c'omplicate· d, ~meaningle_ ss ana·· u,lt:imat:ely e·rro:neoµ_s. --ai·agnq1s.is: whieh

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    h_a·s in· it ,su:ch savo ry word··s _as ,.oe.c• ipu. t· , n·
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    ~p.ne,_urnat.t,~f' :and. rrdel iruus . "


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    As fo:r: the J?f·o·gnosis,. t·:he · sur·g eon pro- ,
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    :nounces: solet nnly : ''His c:a·s.e: i.-s t:pat. of -~-. dead man·,, (p .•. ·52) .. :; It . is i
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    cle.,~tr .from JI'ield .il1g· ' s port. raya l t·h·at t-he -i?3-urgeon is· sides tepp1 r1:g. I!
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    're.s pons i'bili ty an~. attc; nipti ng ·t . o di}·3,prove hi.s ·: incor rrpete n.ce ·b_y "'dr.esslizjtg· " I '

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    ran:c:e in ....angu ~ge . The :surg.eon, h'QW)~:~yer:, i.s .a vic;tirri. Of I
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    will :surv iv.e with ·numan·e care: ·because ·of h·is yout hful ·st:reh1gt·h. ahd iµ !i I
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    :~P.t°t-~ Qf. the ·min istr~ t:Lon s of: .a r·o.ol- who has ·pled ged 'hi:s· ':aiid t·o othe r~ J
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    ;r,· .·-te:d . cor:r:u.pt·ib
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    ·; gende:rr!ed
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    iri wort hwhi le ins_ tituti pn.s. That: ·t;her ·e are t.hos e who. 'could . -b~., v·icti mcilz eq
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    .. t:n ·tne:ir fe:·llt5w men ·is evide:nc·~, o_f Jti:eldi:n;g 's: b:ei·i ef' in the· ·ult. irnca:t-.e ~
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    ·C·HAP.EER ·:tv EXEMPL.AR.S· O.F
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    Jo:s.eph. A.l;lct.v:e.ws:~ · F.a.nny Gt?odwf11 and. a.. small. gr·OU.J) :of minor·. · cha.r:a ctersi. ;f
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    who r~pre sent '.benevOle:n,ce and. Ghari ty · in the ·nove l. To be sure, tJ:+i~ 1·
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    g.r.oup :.is: ,dwarf ed 'by tne vafn and. hy:poc rtt.:ic. ai who· 1:5'0:pula~e · tqe pages: ~1f f
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    .Jo$. eph Andre ws, but· throug.·h tl1~ examp


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    w:Lrt ·ari u.ltim ate moral ·victo ry o;ve-;r ··.cyflicis.tn., '$.d. vi.q·i.ousness.. sp
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    c.le.ar . a dtCh6t .oi:ny ·o:e,tW~EfrJ, virtll.e i and v.i.'c.e, Jose,p n An<i+.'~Ws . cou.id easii ~ I
    .
    •
    : . :
    •
    . ' \ . . . . ' i '1· f
    ., I
    • • .. i ~

    !
    have "becom e an essay on moral r.eqti tude W:i.th each.· chara cter ffi'! emble1in: J ......

    . \.: .I
    \

    fPX'. t.hiS merit or that :!:'aili ng; it ip a t:ribu te to Field itig' s c~eat i~JtY ·
    -J " I
    . t I
    I
    r ·· that most of the main..charac ter;:; are ,itnbue a. With 8n0ug h huma;n it;v to \ j "
    ' I
    Ii
    I
    . ~
    i I

    ·make· t:Jnem· bel.iev abl:e· a;nd :real. · ·.The·: :flaws , that· F.j:.e:.lding dev.elo :ped in ·1·
    1

    : •

    ...
    ':1 .
    ea·.Cb :'Of· his virtuo us .cha~a cter./~ . ar.e· impor tant b·e.cau se they aCC!entuat.e· ·1,
    . . . .. . . .. I
    ,I
    f I
    th.e .gQQ~ qualit .i.es, by Cohtr as.t •. ~ese flaws· .~~ .most oft.eh t:he .ob: ject 8

    I ••:
    I

    9J~· ·g.entl e il."c:tughter ·r·at·her t··han ·r:i,qic µle )~.e,caus·~ t.he··y·· give . :evid,e hce of '. ·
    . . -~
    ~1 .
    ···1

    . r
    ·warm· -~art s and common human ity ..
    .~
    ·Miss: -Jenki ns: has id.ent i·fied. :in ·t
    ,:
    l • '.
    ·, ·.
    I t
    .. ·ri.e.·1.o.i.n~t a. st.rang : : i
    .s:ense of' moJ~~:a.l ue.'g,tit.Y· ·\Athich has: :r.e.su lted in· the t
    'I, .
    .• · ' ·:
    I

    . · 1
    ••.• !'
    Creat tOn of :p~rso nal beaut,.y for many of 1!ho$e i~ t
    the rtavel . .. :Indee di \

    . -
    .t ;,. ,··
    jus·t as uglin ess be.c.omes s.ynonym.:9us w;ith a.ffe·o tation in Joseph i, Andre't's~~
    ·b:E:raut:y ·bJ~comes·· s.yhohyrriou~ .wttJ1. b~:ne·volen.c.e... Th·f·.s· is not merel y
    :~!: ~·
    .'

    :pb.y~i.9:a.2L ·b.eau ty; . it· i~i' ··a b:e.a:ut:y that· s.h.ineJ3· .out. :from the sou.1: .•..
    \
    T.he

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    'In some·· ca-s·e'.s th.el:r :.comp·ass:ion is(

    a 1:5y~J)roduct of stiffe;ri;:p,g; i:q other cases it grows. out of


    . a.· . Christiaihj
    . . .. . . '.. .;J

    ~·. ·:ol?li.-g:a-:ti'b.tl. -t:o ·:nu.rn~nit:y·-; in -~·1 :c·a:ses ,.it emerges: ·fr9m· ~a :gers.ona.l:i:ty·· !_ ·_1 ·
    I
    -}~ ~-
    shor!
    . ..·.
    ' I I 1
    If cotnr)8:SSion had hbt b:en~in
    ...
    ·.;
    •. .

    .sup.p'J:y i.n ..-e.i~p.t.-e:~nth P©-r1ttir.y ·Ehgla:qd_, :g·er--h_~P.:s· _:F.i_e:lcling ·woiil.d .not hq,v,
    '. . .

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    {,
    -
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    ;

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    of
    I

    made su:c:h- ·a. pot·n-t Qf cel~p.:rati:rig it,/tn.rough th¢ :rives.'


    . ,. . . . .
    :h·iis b:enevol¢mtt:
    i:. '<, ; . . .. :

    .j_ ·.

    characters:
    .

    -~
    .. '
    . . . . . . . •. - out. rrieti ]>eing wb.a"ti they~ .ar.~:, reali:Stic examples . of good.pe·::ss
    ·~
    i,
    I -
    I
    ~:ttci goQdpess it.self were in cii,re :need in SO<tLet;r as they always seem ~o
    .K

    be. · Benevolent· words echoed through this soc],ety,


    ~ .
    ye.t :Little was: dolp.E;!\ . ~ . .

    . i . • ·r'

    :compasJ3.i·o11.9)te· .figure.s. in ·t.he n.ove-1 :are· t11os·:e t.h~f


    .. l l
    ;,.:
    ·f ee:l :for t.h.e·ir '.f:e'llow· man :and. :al-s·o:. act · in 'hi·S= be.half·, ·oft:ep . at ¢·qp.s
    :.
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    ·er:Eib.le ·r'i.$k to ··t:tremsei.vJ:s... ·.rt is charitable :ac.ti·o·n t·hat· . of.te:n cau.~e~ J· -~

    ' ,§
    . ... .
    . . .
    ··"''
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    )
    1

    ·... ·
    '
    ..
    .
    :-fahe. virtttous· 'to ·become .;ftlte vi:ct.im$· and :butts, .of t,-his: -w.orl§t,. £9but
    . .
    ib. 1l
    . .· : .. . . . . . .. . . ·2 l
    .( · ~t:he·. ·f:-:~dJ t.ney '·t:riumphantl-y p.ut it to ·~:h·q,TI,1e-. H:
    ..
    Well. F·-ie._J.. dlng 'khew · j'
    i
    . - ·1 I

    t.hat tl).0S~ ·w.hQ: .s·bould have ·be:en· :ffiOSt as.ha.med. were oft;e·n the O~ieS- ·most r(_
    I

    I
    ·. i.'

    ·ar·rogant a_:r.id ~s~·lf-r=igl}teous ~b•out t:hei:r, OY711 v.irtu. es. .Als·~.,. the
    :rJ'a."
    t.r:--:lurtt.p'Jj _of t.:he· COIU!)g,S Sib:p.ai:i.¢. W~S Of.ten,_ P,b mo.re tJ:);'~ c;l,Q :mo±al t.-r'ii.llnph,
    .,

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    .

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    -. ".
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    '·;, . . o:t th.~"$-~: ·t:b:+.e;~: t·:n:a;t· g-iv~:f?· t-h~ :novel :a ·,G~·.nt_f.q,1 ··f.0.0:us-, e. ng~ge. s ·i:n ·tJ1e

    ,•
    I
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    ' .
    '
    1

    •
    ·"
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    subs.·t·ane-e,. · .The:re ·is alm(Jst unar1imous c·rit.:i<?-al ag:r.eement: ·ident·ify.ing •
    ~j :

    I
    !.
    •• I •• ' l .

    pr.ima.ry' int'.~.reS;t "or ·simp:ly Hher·on of Jos.epr1 Arid_rews·. B. ·.ut. ·• it.·· is· mare : ·•
    . . ;
    I: ···
    ~

    ....

    '
    .t.s· .his p·ersonaI. ity. :t:.hat attracts such ·ci·los:e< · interest .. Adams is: a. man:
    I.
    : . ' ·1·

    :c·ompr:i·sing · rrt·h,e .oddest cohtradi.(~·t.:ions·., t·he ~·ost:' d·ivertih·g eccent·ric.it:'··: .e.-s·, 1

    :\
    ··: :• . always the s:.p,tnEf :.de.·IightfUl. mixture :of b·e.:nevolenc.:e an·d sirnp.lic.it1 .·~
    .I·

    of pedantry ·a.hd credu]_it;t ~n&. ignorance of this world" ,,3 :Many criticr~ .
    -·~-
    . 'i ' :f .
    'J1ave ·c1ttJ~mpt~xl to d~.:r·i·:h.e tl1e :con~'adictory q-q·a.l:i:tie.s ·in Adarn.s: ,. nature'i'.
    :.GodcLe:n come,s cl·o~re whe··n h·e de·ttcribes Acta.ms· :as a combit1ation. of ''primi~ive:
    . '
    4
    ,goodness anti pcrac\tic~ C@ist<ta;n:i.i?Y·ff M~yt!.pJ;d. M~clt ma.y ¢V¢!lbe C,iosi~r .
    .~ .'i L
    f.

    when ·he char,act.er. iz·es .:A.dams· ·a·s; t·he· tJ 'vir b:onus '· ·or mar.al man .• . . 1

    ..J6-.

    only te:11 a. p~t of th~ story'.


    . .
    J.\l.though 4~ is· ·a poor· man. vrith, a. wi.fe1 ·
    ( . .

    ~ ...
    ·'
    $.nd. s,ix ·c.b..ild.ren;. he. :L,'s ·wil.1:trig. ·t.o ~r··i.$.k ·ev~rytl:l.t:og p.e. hat::? :in. ·de:f~nse:
    I
    Adams struggle.s,.· ·.m.ost·· ·.o:fte'n. :s:ucicess-- .. ·1

    .-,/,I· -·"1 ·· . · '..t:~·- -.


    I
    ·It
    ia ·}

    :fully, :in a series . of µn.i:qu~· and dif.ficult


    . ... si.tuat:ions whic'h illuminat1s
    . . I
    .. -~ .-{
    .'I
    . othe ~xemplary qual·it·ie.:s of .his:: char·ac·te·r:. Oh ·his long. ·,j.ourne:r, hei
    • \ . . j

    fight:s with twc1 .s~1?a.:r.ate gr·oup:$ pf: e:yil ':o.o·e.rOfp·, nu.r_:s.~s Jq~·eJ?·h ~ack 't·o , J
    Lady...
    . . ·. . Baob.11r
    . ... u .·.f.
    • .•• ·lr. . .

    ' ;, '
    '' .-. J'

    i!l: ,differei:rtj
    ..
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    b _ .ro.feEfs_i.-o
    Y'l . ns ·a.··n.d_> walks
    . ... . . ·or·
    . life
    .. . '

    obli,gat ions to .:God Md ·the:··tr :f.:eilow man-. :The· .Chr.i,s-t.iari b.elie,f·· th.a~

    ..
    ·Tux.k if:: b.e were .-a good .ma=n .and J1er:formed :r·.i_ght.e·ou.s. at:!'t··s.. 't):nf p~turtat1~.• -'.Y.:,,

    •
    ..

    vtgor,ous. ·C.h:rlst iartit:y with it.s ell)J)l:laSis Oh helpitig the ''weak ancJ; dis-/ .·
    .
    }_:·. . .. :.

    •. 'h·.··e:r... l·
    . .. . . .. . .
    ···t···.e·d·. o'f·· t'h" 'ld'
    ,,6
    i·n· ..- 1 ~r. ·wor ·. ·i ..
    . ·' .Although hEl is Daitea. and spurned by· ma.eyj .
    .i j: .
    '·
    of whom. he has ·aske,d .cparity,:an d righteousn ess., he. never seernsi -t:o gr 01li'
    ; r
    1

    ,, .
    :. 1· 1
    .. . ' ' . ' ' . ', . . : ,l f
    .Jutbough his cl'otheS are, threadbare , ,itj is . i·
    '

    :r . ' 1 I
    I
    -,

    strength of·· cJiar-~qt:-er tha.t ·makes· .4··i.$' :ma.nho:od not· 'foppis'11. ·dress:.. r
    -~ l.

    . .
    .Although, :·fie: is at times r:idiculous. , 'he.· brings d~:gnity ;~to·· his ?:q.lling·~.' r
    .. ;I ., l
    =l .
    Go_-· ·c1de'rr's descrinti(m o.f ·tn_e fa~s.on· arid his .1·if·.e :is. ant·:' . "His .i11 c·]·a¢l .,
    . ·• .t:' ... ·
    .t:' r- . . l. ~

    .,..
    . l·
    ·.-~ : ·.~ ;,. I

    .91 nct . ·Ur1c·outh.


    . ~
    ··figure move·s :a:m.on·g; thi~ v±ci-ous arid °I)ro·sperious. , and ·we
    .. j..
    •
    ·- :/
    ·'
    I
    ..
    p'ercE!iVe the 11gi:vn;ss·o f vice and th(:! poverty of' v1da.1tn. 117
    '{
    I

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    . ·1
    .. Suen _gobdhess would be insufferiib ~~ and unbelievab le i.f ~evoi~ Gr .
    '· ~11 ,fr·q3.;ilti:es:,, b-ut, true: to. t·he h:ori·es·ty of Fielding·' s wor~,- ~OJBJW3_ is _f·
    creation Who can be accepted as well .rOr his flaws . a~ his -p~rfect ions r ·
    . .i

    ./ :SJ):ilk~·,_s .conty.ntion that the· chaxact.er· was: creat.e,d in .or<ter to. ~xpose :
    .. ,.
    :vi,·.:.rtu.-e.La-nd' ·a:ffect·a.t'io n :in.. ··th,e
    .... .' . . .·.
    ··s.amei p·e:rsori :OVe'rstat·es t·he ·case
    . .• . . . ·. :s -· ' . . :i .._
    . .•. ·:' ·More:•:r
    . . -L '.
    :• l
    ',:

    ·'
    ;I
    :i th·an :Li-ke.ly...,, t.he :aut.hor was· at·t-:e:~pt:ing ·t,o $,how t:hat h.:Ls .c11aracter ·wa.s:J
    '
    \
    :above..,all a huma.n b.e:i.ng·•.

    .,

    b.eri-~factor,_.,; ·t.he g.ep.erous, innk~~:p.e.r·· al:.lows tJ:1.em t·o· le:ave wi,thout pay~ng
    '.·. • ·, I !
    \ ;·
    • I .
    . ,. • 1]. 1

    the.ir= bill,. But ·before ·they· ·depart, Adams .gets into -a .heated: :disput e i 1

    -.'~~
    . with' hiS host :cqncer~ing the sup.eriOrit y of ho~~s oyer experien~il :l,s j·
    ~~·-
    . '
    --- ---. ·..
    :

    ....
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    ·.•··.,
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    . by :whi'cfh .any 'knowi~:4g~, is :t·o, "b:e- .ac.qui tlrd r.r:r :(p,., l.5:5J .,:.:
    ·,
    )'
    . .~_..
    I

    F,:crrt·unate,ly, t-he t.ime,J_y .erttraJ le-e :of Josep h s·ave.·s Adams f.rom iricµ:r f,ingf
    ~.
    t..,h. e· ·•i_nn k eepe.r . · .. •·t··:y· •. 9·- ·.Th.~-.. -~
    l •

    .. - . ··-'.:s· erun·i · P arson h.·a$ ..- ·t·· · t·_-._-:·h-_-__:e.-· -$1 i_ glrt·e st in.kl ing o:fl'.
    · · n,o
    :·

    : ~

    t·he ·_f:at·uou:sn.es:s of ht.s. i .11.t·e llectu al vanity ·. P.art·i:cu:L.g.rly in ligllt Cl,:

    'hi.:s :te·qep.t_ vi.ct in1J_zat i.on,- t·h:Ls i-ricid ent :i_s _.funny ·and
    .· . J
    .ha.s led Crotts -to· :t
    .

    thr
    . . ' ·. . '
    . ' .)

    ident ify vanit y as the 'l:3upreme touch '! in the hwnpr ous creat ipn of'

    Parso; n . . 10 At times. t.he a.dvic: ~ Adam$ _.g.iV~·{3. oith:,, motrh o·:ft:en -unsol i.cit_e :~, • '
    f ••
    ' . i

    cart b.e glarin :gly .ina:p prol)r iate ~d. even i:r'l.Co:risistent J-t.ith wb.at: he himf
    1
    selftp ractic es. F()J? insta nGe,· aster J"ose:Ph and Ad]a,ms have beenp ouhai J
    , . .· ·1
    .. , :I .

    \ by tr:te ''J?.oastip:glf Squir e 's fri.en, Josep h agoni zes over Fa.nhy 1 13 ta.te, anf
    . /·
    long
    .. ·. j

    in :~ ·r:c.Ub.b'.li-ng: respo nse :_t. he Parson. ex:clai tn.$ -: -_nYdu have not oµy.'

    :iqs.t. her,_ but have. ·reaso n :t:o fear t·he: .utmos ·t. -vlole nc·e -w-hiqh lULst ·anal
    I
    I
    I• ..
    power can irtf'lic 't upon hel:' ''. (p. 224). These word.s intena t~d t;o comf aJ,
    !I i
    I .t.

    . I
    -acc-e·ntuate :J9S·Efl)h'·s: ~·age, a-gony and· :helpl essne ss a.:nd. :have: ·t·h.e ·re.ver sie(.
    . -·. ·11. • • •
    i

    effect.·----.--. ·T.ow.ar.d the .end ,o:f· t:he novel , FakJ.y and Josep h ar·e. ·giyen- a
    .. ·.. . .....
    'i

    '1._",, •,: 11
    .,
    · s-ermo n on n1oder ~tion_ :in-
    r :iove~ and submi ssion to -the will of T)iv.it1e·
    . 1
    l .. ,

    Provide.nee. In t.he ·m::t.is:t of t:.his, ·word arr.tve s. that A~ams _, :yqung~st:.

    ·~b.er.e·aved ·fathe:r- begin s ,rr:"40. stamp -~liout , t_he·· room_ .and d~_plOIPe his lossi
    r· ,; 1
    .,
    l
    .;: w.tth- tll.~ b:i tt~fe$ t: ·$.·g.ohy·,,·· (p. 2s5·)..
    I

    Attempt·_:ing ·q9m.:f~ort, Jdsep-jt1 uses! .j


    : ~· ;· ' ' t.

    tlJ.e Par:30 :p.'s QWU wbtds ; only to be r(:lbuf 'f'ed; .w:nen., .a.. shoir't, time late4, .
    . the repor t turns out tc.i be false , ,Aa.a:ms' rekct iOn is sim,il a.rly intem p1~- · .,

    ·.flt:~t. Lai.>er Q]'.1 .in t:l1e:: s.cene , when he :once. g;ga-in ·couns els; '.love, W-ith.
    ·l .
    !
    i
    i . :,r.,mbderat··ion arid di·SC·t e:ti,on_ 'Tl Mrs·.·, Ada:nrs: ~enli.ll d.$ :him ·:t·.hat h,:Ls .riords
    ·"
    a.J;"·e fooli. sh becctu se ,he has- be:_ert a: " ~:. ~Loving and ql).er:tsh_in·g husba nd' "

    ·, · (p. :267 ): to he·r qu·:ite. -unham pered: by :mot:le a~:i_.on... _· D.e-s-pite his foo1ish+-j .:
    7
    !

    f'la;ws that. arJ1


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    .• :--""· :· !

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    , ·i· .,
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    memJ)J,able: .it1 \t:'he Parson. ' ·1:

    ' ... '• ;~ :


    -~ i_

    Ab-r.a:ha;rn .Aciams is a
    ~-
    :'.synftYatJie.t:i·c· Jiurhan be:ing.· :. ' f.µ_·:s:. mi-s.iiat:e·f?,, .rrlp:re .; '
    ~- , A.

    {)ft·en :tnan '·hot:,. ·ar-e·· macie t.rm:oce.xit-l.y and :q.r.e: tne produS!t of a n.ian. :fOri . :-I r
    ,:
    t
    I
    And ::
    . 'l· :i
    ·r
    . ev~n his: we.-a:r;~ing: _ bab:it o-£ advi.ce-,g:iv ing stems
    .'\.
    :from· .a strong de:.Sire, tcp.
    • ·.1

    ·-- i

    at.ci. tl:lose in :need. With. his counsel comes~ -t,he full wei_ght o.:r his . .L
    • !

    1
    •I
    .. ' :-r
    .• .;, . :I

    .comm.i tme:nt.i.· He cont.inually · rtislJ_es tn~o: dgJige.r without any ·hqpe ::of· .'
    :;
    ,
    ... '

    s. ei.fish .. re-war·d:. · :His us.µal _recomp~nse t:,s the su_re lmowlettge -t.hat ·he
    r' :I
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    ,I .
    .
    . :j, ·, ·•
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    ..
    impr·ov~rn~n.t :Ln Ad~.s' Cl.j;:CYLtntstanc. es, that c.omes: to :him. 'at tbie ;end of''·: . i
    ..
    i.-
    '1- '•

    ne
    '/
    '
    i trhe ·hovel, .i.::f :riot'. . a. d-irect reward for g;ny act of b_'enevolehc e. ha·s ,.
    i

    1 .
    .i

    '
    ,·

    :_l)E}rfor-Illed 1out_ -a $;yrnbol -o·f the. c!U-t·hot·' s,: be:1-i-.ef in a j.u$t µ_ni ve.~se. ,, -There·
    ·· .......... .. ·

    -~
    I

    so re-weirded I f·or his ,goo·d de_e·ds. -I·

    1··
    '
    ..S:UC:
    · h.··_ men;-~
    · ·
    ~
    '' per-e·nni?,
    ·_.· · -·· · ·•· ··1·--1·· -· ·._ .. · · ·_ n · ·
    '
    . -. · d-
    .
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    , -y inn.-oce·n- , -· w.ere, :n:ee _-e_ . in _is: _socJ.e_ y-. : ··t··_. ·
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    With :all h,is flaws Abraham- Adams ·is: a v~-r:y •s.peqiq.1 tng,rl_, ·tne .geinui.n:e . ,·:.: i
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    'Jcons-c.ien:ce·'' o_- f .e ighteent_h- ·c-~nt_ ury· En·g:_.lis:h soc_iety·:·_ .• · · Th_._·_.-·e__·:·· o·o_ i.d.- rso_n_·, ••• 'I".
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    w:f-1.1 ue. con ·_;i.nua - _y in:vo ve · in. ·v _-· aff·a_i_rs· · of· man.! ·pe~pe.tu:all,y: r.:L·skfilng J

    :.his. .fortd+es - a.ttd _h-ims:~lf?. 1.teC~¥s·e h.e·: is ,~-:o·ne of' t,-he he1~oic,. sainte:d: -.
    \

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    J ···c.hilcir:et1. bf t.his world, who.s·e . love~: _s.p.qn/t.an~,Qusl \and :ine.xhau·S:tib]:.e_.,. ·: . : .
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    :~.o:nqy.er--s: · ·11
    .a,_. · - • jy- -~.

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    mca.use .Of his $.8lfi8S.$Ji:eSrSj maturity, vita;li'(;;y- .and; ::rQ1e ! ill t,Q.e. , \,-'ti

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    make Jose- pb :An.c:itews·: :.a ·mino r cp.ct:r:aci:/E:ft"-. J-Ie· -:ap:pe-:a~~--- :s·o ve:.ry_ ·cti:ff-e_rie·nt..:.
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    becau se.- .b:is j_.qur,ney :i~. so v:er:";/ d-iffe:r·ent·:; .hf-$· .c·hi ef _pr:e·:occ~:P~ti$n,· i_s,· 1
    -

    tp. find Fann y Md. ma.r~y li;~:r-.


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    In. -ev·et·:J :s·e·nse-i ., '

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    ~of, ·t:he wbr·d he· is a s.e-Efke.r, :and- ~t. -th_e ~net. o.f", 'is-he journ~--Y,. g;f';t\e·.r havi:~g:
    ,·,

    ,sl- ·-. ' • .f. '

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    (,!_onfront.~d- t.e·mptat:Loi:i .~nd .:adve ::ts.it y, .: he :appe ·~s to . '

    .~ci.ve :found'.;,what- h-~L


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    :i·s: peeki_ng.:. ::Alt.houg:h. ·a r:~th e·r ·labq1 t~d C}3.St:1' has been :·rri'ade for;· Jo·s~:ph.: •.•. 1.'
    ,,-

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    tmt,b:rtant: than und._ ers.t.a nd'i.ng : the .dev~ l.Q])ti le.nt o:f h·is c.harac,·E-er ~- In it-lJie·
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    ·:ecll:'_*-:Ler s·~c.tion$..of the· nove ·l Jo?.·-e_ph: :.4.-t~ o"bv.ious·ly direc te.d '·by· the . , :l,
    - I
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    .'Par-s.o'r1:) 'but :a_s tim.e ~nd e:-ye:nt--s- ..pass- -~b:y;,. Josep h be·-Q:q11es- mo:r·e :p.e:rsJ)ic-a~:l ·
    . ,I

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    ·c_t,pus.. a,ficl - eon-~ ident -, he·, .g-row~-- ::s·:orn.e:wha.t .weg;ry of· .Adams:~, .c:on'.t·i';riµ·ous i
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    t~e }?OWe:t;f,~ i-nner. f.Qrc:E§:$ ,t'.:hat a.r·$ d.r:iy i-rig :h.im, th·~- :i:iti:t:ions '.he- .di.s. p~a~·P···
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    :~1.ong: :,t-he journ ~¥ -~~~ h:iJn @. ··a.ppr-o~ri:ate v.ehic ·le:' f{)r ·:Ft~ilcti,-tldg·';s _ici:ea~
    on char ity and chas t ii:;y . 16 . Tlh.~ qual ity ~:f chas tity :appe a,rs somf:!'w:h~it l
    ;.

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    - · .:._ e-_·t·_ ._·y._-... ·-1···t·
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    -· s-omewliat l·ate r ,.- that
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    :Josep;h.<'' si' Tw~ii_ l
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    genu ine fide lity ·.of a; .1:ove:r ... Tlti:-s i.s not to ·:s-ugg_e-st: . ·---
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    hi:s:: ._s·-i--st:er ·Pame·l:a,.- Jos~ pb :m:a).{¢$: · :lt- cle·:ar '.t·hat- his v-:L.rtrue: :i$: tind~-:r~ ,si~ge· -; . I

    and that he hope s it can he m.a:tnta'.[ned iiag~ ~nst ail tem. ptatl ons'1
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    .;J;3eyon<i. t.he f·a_qt . thca.·t Jos:~tPh i-:s- sav·i ng -~ht!@.~lf for Ff1.$Y,~- ·hi,s:. refus :.al ;.-po
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    :-s;ubmit t,.o t'ady· Bo-c)b.y is: an ·~s::s.e:rt.·±on cxf 'his· own human di·gn:i/t,y~.
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    ·tna.·t b.e.-ne·atol:1· the:. sur:t'-ac.e: c . ome·dy· o:f' -~Jos.eph'·'$'.
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    ·ha:s accur·at·ely
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    :.E?·e·.lf.-righteou:s c·ha~teness is the philo:s.9phica .l-.iim.pli.o-a t.·'.iori ·of: ';~is ·.. 'j !
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    '.1:tavi.ng forced Lq,cly · Bo.oby to .r·egc3.r·d 1·
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    sexual Object for 'her amusement. l9
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    Eve1.1 though he is di,smissle·.


    ;

    . •. .. .. . . '. .
    b·ec,ams.-e
    . . . · i' i-··
    '11.·. '.

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    .or-·· his ref\lsal,- he. has def:j_~d· .a me~ber .of the upp.er\ c·la-ss , whd c-:onsidetrs
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    h·irrr. above all ' ·ah. obj:ect.- cif :rhartipulais ion. . Jos:eph: may· b,~: a. s.,exual
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    but: ·he·. eome.s:' t·p.,


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    fepres:ent the- . \struggle.f
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    Virtuou·s desire-$-.· ·. '"'°':".!r· -'I:

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    :Be·eEtu:s-e of tlie . -struggle and. t·he developme:r it of ·htJJ :9ha,raiet·¢-1; tc), l:

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    -~- c:ons.tant .s,ermonizin g,. espec:iaiiy ·. ·
    ·. . . '" •· .
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    . ··~wh~n Adams insists ·O.n t'hy· yali.c1_i ty; o.f :qons~nsiQ ai :L.dea-s. 2L ThJJ$ .is . . :r
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    .:P~t-~c:ul.~+-"1.Y- t;r'.u:e i.n the.fr argument . over ,t.·h·e meri-t·s o:f a. publ:~c ve.rs:u.~--
    !
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    a :pr·iv.a.te educat.ion·. ) . J\dams .asserts t:h~t he: pr.~.fer:s: . a "' priva:te"· sch·a¢i, · . . . .
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    wqere boys, may be ·kept:. in. inn.oc.e:rtce_: :and ·ignoranc·e·' ' qf wo:Pldly: vic·e', 1i>"ili.t· _.,
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    Jo:s_eph khows·, ":, if a lJoy qe o·f. a.. mi·s·chievOU$:, wicked inc:lin~ti,.o n, n:o · 1
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    s.cho·ol, tl1ough ever so :prtvate, will Efver· make· h:tni _g_ _ :o.od,_ on the
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    ·tt~ary·, ·it ···he. be of .a"1 right·e.011s· ·t.emp~r,. yot1 ·.rn~y· trust b:im to .1t1ortdon,
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    w:he:rely~r you please.:-- .he will be in rio ··danger of ·b.eing corruJP.ted·'" " · :l
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    (tt·· 195 ).:~ . )UtJiough Jose];>h is young :h·e µse.s. J1t_s. :-~xpe~:ien}~·s ip th~ l:
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    worJii. of 'm.en ~-::1· h·ts .guide:; Adarrrs- r ,e}(J)eri·enc'e:s·· ·in t:h.e world. ··or! boQ.lts •t , ·- . ~-

    ' . ~:i .

    sbmet±mes: lead..h:im i~ the w:rong ~lir·ecti.ons: . . Jos·~ph ''}3 .experien.·_·


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    ·p~ ovt~e yal11abl·e tnstruct ion to :l,J.im, alt'ho.u,gh they ·cannot pre~ent
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    :stif:f~r·in:g when. he. c&oo:s,e:s ·to ·m.ak.e, -a. s.t:and ·against· t:he·. wi:L_l . :of ;l;is
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    :1s· an: appealing ,c:h~~c~er·, -· ·the reader :i__ s :i·n. Gl:~n..~d· to c-o·no.emn ~hts . . j •• -T• •

    . . I . .:

    p~rs-;ec_µtqrs ~
    22:
    Jo$·eph. stan.df, :in. s-JJ.~fp. · .c~·ont-ra·st·
    · .· · · · ·· .• · · .· ·.· · +
    t:o. the ,aff_e'.ct e.d,. t·he-.: \ 1
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    ' ( ·v·i.cious ·and the fals'.e- in ·the :novel ... His minor:-:.rf·l.a.ws of ,¢·h.at.a!ct'er -arfil
    . . __ i . . /

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    ~the p.t.oduct o·f yo:uth . ~;a__ the w:Lllf.ui: exuberanc~ ·of .a .man ·in :i.ovE?-·,
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    t . _rioug;n_ -h~ · is:: present~d ·wit"l:i mq,Ily opp_ortunities. t-o. clisp'lEty avarice, 11t:~ · I ._,.
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    r . e.al de.sire:s.- -~r·e sirr.1p··1e .a.rid taome.ly·. He :haE.>- n:o· . wis'h· t·o·- ri_s.:e. c,n t·he, · I-
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    Fa,n:ny q_fn ~that: -:station to which s·he· is·· born ·an.d with which s,lie..._
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    contenf .fi 23 · :tu Jo,sePh Andrews, Fielding ehg~nd,ere(i tJ:ie bEl:;;t of the i \;
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    .:E·:n;gl·i'sh-. :C~oµntrys:i.qe, .- =·~, -~OPU)3·t JPhy$'.Lqµe :-in whic·h. v.irtue · :and miµl1·-~nessr ·r
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    $other ch_arrn.ing: p.e)?·s_:on.:D.f.iG·~t·ior:t of: :HruJ~:-t:i:c beauty -and inno<5e·nce·tt' '.
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    jJt Fanny G-.oo.dwill. · She ·i-s: as. ·:gur·e i·n heart as -Aciams, c3.,n'¢i Jqsepri. lout: . ~. I
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    wh..~r:~ tlh.ey actuallf become.· tli~ force a.n(l. ·t.he irts:trume-nt of' go.odfiet;s ti.µ
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    a.ct:ion., ;the stands as a syrribol of ;gooqne·ss •. far+ny .hasi :no ;st~ong ·r:i.st i . !
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    or :nrabS:ti_:ck wit:li wh:i.ch- to fight. an,d only a· virtuous blear:t · for prote.ct.·ion:;
    I
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    she c~ot _go- off, i·n search· of· the d.rag<:j,-s of wickedne:s.s:; ·:in ;fact·,. np;: - I!
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    :mat·t.er Where she lS:, cruelt.y· and_ lust Seem tb S,e:ek her out: .f()r ·Vl.C.t:ilmlt~ . ~ ~ ·: -• .
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    , is a natural attr~ct;Lon:/ e·~peGiaJ..ly· for t:·ne lec.herous,. ·.and ·hair ,.


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    pbyiou-s f.nno.cenc,e -is- g, tempt~tior1 .for corr.11:pt-:ion to t:he vili4inous.
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    ._nov~:1, is t·hrust t:·hr:01Jg_r. .ev~·ry _le_vel o.J' :.~-oceit.y_, exposing e-i~;her·


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    :v.a.ni ty br hypo,~ris·y ·or the kindn·ess- ·and. charit_y in wh·om~ver;. .~:he· n1~~t~. · ··
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    :Her· r·e:l.ati<ins. h-i:.p· :wft:h. Jo:s':e.ph i.$ .siricer·9·,


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    uncompl··i.catJ}d.· ·and J/Gi\r'i'l1g, I

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    quite d:iffer·e nt· tr·om the selfi~M es.s. and. lust.· pr:esent . ·in. ,or,heir r.e·la- ! ::
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    :tit)n.:sJ iips .in the: work.. Chatact erj_stic ·ally; -e he• two lover-~ have. a total 1'
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    jJ:1t·,erest- iri each -ot:hE?r ·'.f:> we.irate .; t.he.y ha:ve ·fo:rs·ake n. r:omant.i-c: intere:s t · ,;;;.

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    ' i:n :~;ny :ot.b.~r-s·; t·hey ·:r:·i·ght at:tert,ipts. of sociai 1:}ett~:r:-s: -t.o ·destr·,oy · thei·µt ·
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    l·ove, ·but t·hey are -able,.. at th$ same time ..,. t.o subordi nate :stfong ·des::i1;-es_
    .

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    f,or s.exual .fulfillm en~ to· t.he rule·s of· the_ir c:hurch. 7 · Th-e ·1bve be.tw~en~ -1
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    J:osep):i -and fanny .if3: as _pure ?,nt sirnpJ.e -a$ t
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    .~e 1~bouna. :by Chr.:ist ian :Prude.·n__-~e: and decor~'- r- c1r1<1 p:r~$ie_r-v.e•.d ·aha. l>1e.ss4d I.
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    by ho.nest Virtue. 28 · The.ir ·:inlU'tiage, · at the nove1 1 s end, is tPe rewaidc' \


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    :~ perform .g-ood deeds


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    po_s·t:,·ilion: ·w:hQ., '·'h,ea r i-ng a; -mah' s gro.ans, s,t-op t his hor_s_es, and "i_~old th~
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    t-he noy~·1, :f\.q~ s '= youn gest :son, JaCfY,_ :falls - . t:r:i.t._o ct.- r.·i,ver; :a, b:y·~rtar1der •· l\ I
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    but i'n the ·meant_irn~ tpe p~.cl lar .s,ave·s. the boy') 3 l:;Lf~- ;a.nci brin g!. lJ.im
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    r>flok.. · ::l.n .q. wet· ·cond i ti.on, .. . . put ai·lv~ and :eunn ingTr (p. ~69) to· . h:i_si ~- ,a I
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    wi:t'.hout hope :of r:e.wa_rq. At '-the c·onclu:sion of., the Jiove'i, t:he. :pedl.ar· .i 1· I
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    _g.iv.en T.Jf!:®d"Som,e· J)re·S etfts :both from ·:Mr.· ·Wi:ls:·on, .?Jld 'M:r:-!" 'BoqbyH ind is
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    . ·debto r'-s. prisot r, s,igni: fica.nt ly.- ;as: a .~esll lt of· .:t:_he: suit. :br;oug hit, by hi.s·:i·I: ..
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    'isave i'f :she vtould'Tf (:p. 185)~ -it. i_s-,,=eort_une ·t.hat giyes him ortJ·!J_.~st . .
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    arid the money, b6th 6f Which ate fre~ly given with love. 36
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    fin.cl ·p·e:ace in t-:he cou.r;t.r-y :in the...arms of a chci·ste1 and


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    a. ·pleas--ant. -1..~-f-e, -arid ·alt_h_ough n.i..s. e:xi'st·e.n ce - is·: not· idyllic. , i~ is i

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    1:-··e-1.:hf:eSrces wh:at t,Jq.e·y 49Lve, c,om.~: to. bel:ie:v.e g,bout t_he de·_cept ive\ tempta- :;!
    .. . •. . • '·· .. . •• . . • . • i .. •

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    ·t:±ons
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    's Journey frqm the city into the courJ.try ~a.ra.lle JlJ i ·
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    "J::n both- c·aSE=JS. -there ·(s a "m.o~ai ~ • ' I '
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    ~iOil· ,Qf th.~ Gr·e·at · _City :to th~ ./


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    l)ilgrim.age from the- :Variety and. C:Ol;rUp


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    :ha_$: ,c·ommit_:t-.ed., Wilson':·s· ·exit fr(:,rri :the city .{_s ~: haJ?py· one:·; he·; J_~,av¢.s' . . ! I
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    full y :q_eliri~'~t·:e_s· exam.ple:s· ·or th·e ben evo lent an·d e,ha ritab )_:e as if . to·'.
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    s:aro.e pos itio n i1Q. 1th_e ro.a. te-ria .l worl d: nor =L·s t:her e-· .any indi c·at iori !.F:Lelding1 . ' i .
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    Th~r-·e is n:o e-gal~t.art.:an tendetxc_y :in F:Le ldin g. He


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    =- ind· icat es ·th-a t be had a dist- ast:e · fc)r rr:tuolt o:r· hum anit y.·· Wrigb.t. ·t·heoriJieE} .
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    'Vie-w .of hurn c$ ..nc1tur~_-.,.· ·far ·rernoJted from the, cfhe:.er. ful opti mism s·9m.' ~t tmes
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    ',· ·. Hatfield arid ot·her=-s· take a .more trad~tio.nti. ~: ;
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    · JJo.ot.·i $ d~-nouem.ent. ·and Fi.elding '· s .out·1obk .on ·his. s oci.ety and. the.. worl.dJ..: I
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    :home the mor:aI t·ri.at. t:El~r:e_(.


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    that a ~Life. of r·~a.s·on is· :p:re:fe.rable to· one dolll:L:riate0:· :Oy this· ·:J'mut.inou~.
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    ·ask$ t.he ·-reader to th:t'nk. :c,a;:re ~ 'j I


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    FOOTNOTES
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    Chap ter I
    ~. . ··1
    ~tin· c·.
    .Ba.t testin , The Moi-al' Bq.1o1.is of Field :lng '.9 ,Ari; : A
    qf Jose ph Andr· ews (Iyiio.;dletoW"!l, 1959 )., j;). 15,2.: . .. . "·
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY .i'...

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    Fj_eld ing., Henry_. :Jos·eph_ Andr·.e-w_·~ ~rid, S]1.clJ!lela, _e·d •.. Mart in. ·c:·. ·~t:,te:st.~i.n ~-
    . ,. Bost.on:, 1·9s1. . ,- . ~i · ;

    fabuden.,
    '.~·-· !!"
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    :Q-_olclep,. Morri s. Field ing's. Mor·a~ Psy~h ology . Amhur st,: :1·96·6 .. , : . ; .

    .k

    :Hatfi· eld:, :a=t:.en w. He:nry Fi~ld ihg anti. the Langy .age :o:f·. :Irony . ' ',Chic·a-g:b-, '

    . :.i9.6:8.
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    ·- -..................--.Ag-----a-·-i-·:n-..---st--•· tpe ·Learn ed Pr·ofe ssion s," Texas .Stud:i e·s tLr:i:_;L,it'.~r.:a.twe. _and, ':>..
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    t~a;ngtfage,~. :oc· (Sprin g, 1967) , 69-~3:• · .I


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    19 57-..; • l
    !
    ... I
    . ·1
    Jen1~i:r1s, El..izabe ·th. Henry Field ing. · Denve r·, 1948,. 1
    ·r I
    -'
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    ..
    \ ./
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    Johnso n,, Maurice'... .Field ing's Art of Fict:io n:. Phila delph ia,·· 19frl. '
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    I
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    Criti cal .:EIIs:ays_, ed·. Rona.l:d- ·pg,Uls.on. Englew ood Cliff s, :i.St9_2l
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    ..s~at·_i:r-e .:and .t.he· -Nove:l in the Eight eenth -Cent µr'y. ~.Ne·~
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    · :S:p-ilka, 'Mark. ''Comte ·R·e·s·olut:ion .:in F:ie:Ld·i.ng' s .Jos'.eph. :Andrews,:" Col;Lege
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    . ·. .
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    ·. •·.:
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    /s:t·evlck, Phil.it>. · .nF·i·elding and tb.e Mea.ni1*g :cif Hi·st,_ory.:,· ·,r :.I? •..1YI-~. ]1. A·~, .
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    "'·. :"
    .,o!!_

    ·T:aylor" Dick, Jr. '',Joseph .·as Hero in. ='_Jos=ep-1.:l =~4rews ., .,, ·TµIap.e. ·'.s=tud.i:etr.- =:
    .tr~: ..:Epgl-t sh.,~ ·v!l: ( l9-5. 7) ·,. :91-109 . .
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