Text as a

Connected Discourse
 What is Reading?

Writing?

How about Discourse?

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Discourse

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Connected Discourse
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“"Connected speech is more than just
a string of individual target segments
joined together in series, since each
segment is liable to influence the
segments that surround it. The precise
form that these influences take is
determined by the particular language
in question, and so the phonology of
connected speech is part of the
phonology of the language that the
child has to master ..."

(Sara Howard, Bill Wells, and John Local, "Connected Speech."

The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics , ed. by Martin J. Ball,
Michael R. Perkins, Nicole Muller, and Sara Howard. Blackwell,
2008)
 “Connected speech, or connected
discourse, in linguistics, is a continuous
sequence of sounds forming utterances or
conversations in spoken language. Analysis
of connected speech shows sounds
changes affecting linguistic units
traditionally described as phrases, words,
lexemes, morphemes, syllables, phonemes
or phones.[1] The words that are modified
by those rules will sound differently in
connected speech than in citation form
(canonical form or isolation form).”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_discourse
 Let’s Try!

× Group yourselves into five. Brainstorm and discuss the

relationship of reading, writing, text and discourse for
10mins.
× In a form of a role play, show the relationship of reading,
writing, text and discourse. You have another 5mins. to
prepare.
× Choose a specific situational example (may it be based in
daily life) and be ready to explain it.
REVIEW
READING

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TEXT

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DISCOURSE

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CONNECTED
DISCOURSE

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13
JABBERWOCKY

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 JABBERWOCKY by Lewis Carroll
‘Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that
catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!”
He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he
sought-
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.
“And, has thou slain the
And, as in uffish thought he
Jabberwock?
stood,
Come to my arms, my
The Jabberwock, with eyes of
beamish boy!
flame,
O frabjous day! Callooh!
Came whiffling through the
Callay!”
tulgey wood,
He chortled in his joy.
And burbled as it came!
‘Twas brillig, and the slithy
One, two! One,two! And
toves
through and through
Did gyre and gimble in the
The vorpal blade went
wabe;
snicker-snack!
All mimsy were the
He left it dead, and with its
borogoves,
head
And the mome raths
He went galumphing back.
outgrabe. 15
 UNFAMILIAR PART OF SIMILAR WORD POSSIBLE MEANING
WORDS SPEECH SOUNDING IN
ENGLISH

1. Slithy adjective Slimy, sly, slithery Description for a slimy

animal

2.

3.

4.

5.

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“A reader lives a
thousand lives before
he dies … the man who
never reads lives only
one.”

- George R.R. Martin

 Is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to
derive meaning from a text. It is always an
interaction between the text and the reader. The
reader’s interpretation is shaped by his/her prior
knowledge, experiences, and attitude.
 Is an activity that challenges our beliefs, inspires
our imagination, and expands our understanding
of the world.
 Is a skill that can be improved through consistent
practice and requires development and refinement.
 Applying
Effective
Reading
Strategies
GETTING AN OVERVIEW OF
THE TEXT
 GETTING AN OVERVIEW OF THE TEXT
1. PREVIEWING
 Means looking at the readily visible
parts of the text, like titles and
subtitles, and also visuals and graphs,
pictures, and charts.
 Helps you familiarize with the contents
of the selection and focus on the
important information in the text.
 First, identify your purpose of reading.
Next, examine the titles & subtitles of
the text. Afterwards, browse the
introduction & the conclusion of the
text. Finally, look at the visual elements
of the text.
2. SKIMMING & SCANNING
 Skimming means looking for the
main point of the reading and
identifying the ideas that develop it.
Physically moving your eyes rapidly
along the page and tracing your
finger along the lines of the text to
speed up your reading.
 Scanning means looking for specific
information and especially useful
when doing research. It is a useful
strategy to apply when searching for
answers to questions.
 Applying
Effective
Reading
Strategies
USING CONTEXT CLUES
Context Clues
Are words, phrases and sentences that surround
an unfamiliar word that can help you recognize
the meaning of the unknown word because the
text gives you information about it.Getting the
meaning of the unfamiliar word through context
clues is a very useful process, because this
allows you to read more fluently and increases
your vocabulary.
 Five Most
Common Types
of
Context Clues
Most common types of
Context Clues are :

Explanations
Synonyms Antonyms Examples & definitions
Situations
1.Synonyms
× Are used when the text has words or phrases that are
similar in meaning to the unknown word. Though their
meanings are similar, they are not exactly the same
because the word may have different associations with it.
Synonym clues may be signaled by the following words
“like” or “as”.
×Examples:
Alice envisaged the Jabberwock in her mind. She
imagined its sharp claws and jaws, and then shivered in
fright.
2.Antonyms
× Are words that reveals the opposite meaning in relation to
the unknown word.When you see words like “although”,
“but”, “despite”, “instead”,”in
contrast”,”unlike”,”however”,”even though”,”on the contrary”
and “conversely” , these usually precede antonyms because
these are used to contrast ideas.
×Examples:
The hero in the poem did not give in to trepidation;
rather he bravely slayed the Jabberwock with his sword.
3.Examples
× Are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the
meaning of the word.
×Examples:
There are many eccentric creatures in the forest,
such as mome raths and borogoves.
Only a few weapons are truly nifty in hunting
monsters, like the vorpal sword.
4.Explanations & Definitions
× may be given as clues to describe an unknown term.
When phrases like “because” or “that is” follow a word, these
may be explanations. Meanwhile, definitions may follow an
unfamiliar ord.Terms like “is”, “means”,”is defined as” and
“refers to” are used with definitions.
×Examples:
Hearing someone “outgrabe”- which means he is
whistling and sneezing all at once-can be a funny sight.
Alice thought that “toves” were curious creatures,
since they were part-badger,part-lizard, and part corkscrew.
5. Situations
× the situation which a word is used can be also helpful in
determining the meaning of that word.The meaning of the
word may change depending on its context,or how and
where it is used.
×Examples:
The hero’s conquest of the Jabberwock is an
exemplary case of bravery- an instance of the occurence
The hero is lucky that the murder of the Jabberwock
does not merit a case in the court- charges raised in court
for a crime
 LET’S
PRACTICE
Group Activity
 Direction:
Identify the type of
context clues used for
each of the ff. sentences.
1. I saw a man vaping his e-
cigarette. He was inhaling and
exhaling the vapor from the device.

2. Contactless payment technologies,

unlike traditional modes of payment
make use of smart cards to connect
wirelessly to e-readers for more efficient
payment.
3. Signing an online petition, sharing a
status message, or liking a post are
increasingly regarded as actions falling
under slacktivism, a digital form of activism
with little involvement.

4. Some parents are anti-vax – that is,

anti-vaccinations – because they believe
these chemicals may trigger autism in
students.
5. Some people like making duck
faces, or pressing their lips together
in the shape of a duck’s bill, when
they take selfies.

6. “Watch this video to discover the meaning of

life!” “This beggar’s response will restore your
faith in humanity!” and “See how one woman
made a million pesos for her living room” are
types of headlines called clickbaits.
7. Advances in neuromorphic technology
have excited many scientists. These
systems that mimic the human nervous
system show how much promise in the field
of medicine.
 Applying
Effective
Reading
Strategies
USING CONNOTATION AND
DENOTATION
Two ways of describing the
meaning of a word

1. Denotation is the basic, precise, literal

meaning of the word that can be found in
a dictionary.
2. Connotation is the positive, negative or
neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas, or
associations with a word. These shades of
meaning are affected by social overtones,
emotional meanings, or cultural
implications.
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 FATHER DADDY
Denotation: Denotation:
a male parent a male parent

Connotation : Connotation :
Association- Association-
positive positive
Feelings- love, Feelings- love,
respect familiarity, childhood
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 LET’S
PRACTICE
Group Activity
Pick a number from 1-
5. Write a sentence
for each word in the
series that follows,
making sure your
details reinforce each
word’s connotations.
Stroll, trudge, Turmoil,
1
loiter 2
anarchy,
hubhub

Tour,
3
pilgrimage,
vacation

Enemy,
Dress, attire,
4
antagonist,
opponent
5
vestment

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EVALUATION
Read the article to be given. Choose seven words that
are unfamiliar to you and underline them. Fill out the table
below.
After reading, discuss the ff. questions and share insights
to the class.
×How accurate is your definition compared to the
definition found in the dictionary?
×What type of context clues did you use the most often to
decipher a word? Why?
×What do you find useful about using context clues to
understand a word? Most challenging? Why?
×How does the connotation of the word affect your
understanding of its meaning. State an example.

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 ASSIGNMENT

Select one reading strategy discussed in the lesson. In the

space below, using a graphic organizer discuss how to
apply this strategy in your own words? Why did you
choose this strategy? When should this strategy be used?
Can it be applicable for all reading materials? What are
the advantages and limitations of using this strategy? Do
you think this strategy is the most effective? Why?

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Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
@cieloj21
cieloves14@gmail.com