WindEnergyMFGSupplierHandbook PDF

2011
Wind Energy Industry

Manufacturing Supplier Handbook
About the Sponsors
AWEA is a national trade association representing wind power project developers, equipment suppliers, services
providers, parts manufacturers, utilities, researchers, and others involved in the wind industry - one of the world’s
fastest growing energy industries.
The Association provides up-to-date information on wind energy projects operating, new projects in various stages
VMKL]LSVWTLU[JVTWHUPLZ^VYRPUNPU[OL^PUKLULYN`ÄLSK[LJOUVSVN`KL]LSVWTLU[HUKWVSPJ`KL]LSVWTLU[Z
related to wind and other renewable energy development. People count on AWEA to provide up-to-date, accurate
information about the domestic and international wind energy industry.
The BlueGreen Alliance Foundation (BGAF) is a 501(c)(3) organization that works with the BlueGreen Alliance —
a national partnership of fourteen labor unions and environmental organizations dedicated to expanding the number
and quality of jobs in the green economy — to conduct research and educate the public and media about solutions
to environmental challenges that create economic opportunities for the American people.
BGAF’s Clean Energy Manufacturing Center focuses on job creation opportunities in the emerging clean energy
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their communities as well as manufacturers looking to participate in supply chains in the growing wind power and
solar energy industries.”
Global Wind Network is an international supply chain advisory group and network of manufacturers whose mission
is to increase the domestic content of North America’s wind turbines, onshore and offshore.
GLWN helps manufacturers identify and evaluate technical and business pathways in the wind sector and connect
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suppliers to help them expand their businesses and keep pace with market demand as well as supporting smart
public policy initiatives and integrated federal/state/industry efforts that are key to expanding the wind industry.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)
^VYRZ^P[OZTHSSHUKTPKZPaLK<:THU\MHJ[\YLYZ[VOLSW[OLTJYLH[LHUKYL[HPUQVIZPUJYLHZLWYVÄ[ZHUK
save time and money. The nationwide network provides a variety of services, from innovation strategies to process
improvements to green manufacturing. MEP also works with partners at the state and federal levels on programs
that put manufacturers in position to develop new customers, expand into new markets and create new products.
4,7ÄLSKZ[HMMOHZV]LY[LJOUPJHSL_WLY[Z¶SVJH[LKPUL]LY`Z[H[L¶ZLY]PUNHZ[Y\Z[LKI\ZPULZZHK]PZVYZ
focused on solving manufacturers’ challenges and identifying opportunities for growth.
2 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

Table of Contents
Overview 4
Section I — Wind Energy Market 8
GLOBAL WIND ENERGY MARKET 9

OPPORTUNITIES IN U.S. WIND ENERGY MARKET 11
Section II — Anatomy of a Wind Turbine 18
Section III — Doing Business with OEMs 28
SUPPLY CHAIN OPPORTUNITIES 29

THE ROLE OF INTEGRATORS 31
ADDITIONAL SUPPLIER OPPORTUNITIES 33
Section IV— Meeting OEM Requirements 34
WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM A NEW SUPPLIER 36

MARKET ENTRY TIPS 38
WHAT SUCCESSFUL COMPANIES HAVE DONE 39
DIRECTORY OF MAJOR INDUSTRY PLAYERS 40
The Wind Energy Supplier Development project is supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership,
the Rockefeller Foundation and the Energy Foundation.
Wind Energy Industry Manufacturing Supplier Handbook is a publication of AWEA - BlueGreen Allliance - GLWN
7OV[V(JRUV^SLKNLTLU[!-YVU[*V]LY9V[LR0UJ6OPV)HJR*V]LY.HTLZH7LUUZ`S]HUPH
Preface
This wind energy industry manufacturing supplier handbook is designed as a starting point
for manufacturers interested in becoming suppliers to the industry. It provides information on
the potential growth of wind energy markets, describes the ‘anatomy’ of a wind turbine and it’s
JVTWVULU[ZHUKWYV]PKLZHU\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVM[OLWYHJ[PJLZHUK6,4YLX\PYLTLU[Z[OH[HYL
relatively common in the utility scale turbine industry.
While the wind industry has seen remarkable growth in the U.S. over the past several years,
HZPNUPÄJHU[WVY[PVUVM[OLWHY[ZHUKJVTWVULU[ZMVY^PUK[\YIPULZHYLJ\YYLU[S`Z[PSSILPUN
manufactured overseas. The sponsors of this handbook are committed to building a strong
domestic manufacturing sector in the wind energy industry and our goal through this handbook
is to inform manufacturers of market opportunities and ultimately increase the number of
component manufactures that participate in industry supply chains.
However, it’s important to recognize that manufacturing components for the wind energy market
PZUV[ULJLZZHYPS`HUHWWYVWYPH[LKP]LYZPÄJH[PVUZ[YH[LN`MVYTHU`JVTWHUPLZ6,4»ZOH]L]LY`
YPNVYV\ZZ\WWSPLYX\HSPÄJH[PVUHUKX\HSP[`YLX\PYLTLU[ZK\L[V[OL]LYÒPNOJVZ[VMYLWHPYPU[OL
ÄLSKHUKLU[YÌHYYPLYZTHÌLOPNOMVYZVTLJVTWVULU[Z
As a result, we have made an effort to provide you with information to help you decide if this is
[OLYPNO[THYRL[MVY`V\YJVTWHU`ÔLYL`V\TPNO[Ä[PUHUKÔL[OLY`V\TPNO[X\HSPM`HZH
1st, 2nd or 3rd tier supplier.

The handbook has been divided into several sections, starting with an Introduction that provides
you with an overview of wind turbines and basic terminology.
Section IPKLU[PÄLZPUK\Z[Y`VWWVY[\UP[PLZMVYTHU\MHJ[\YLYZHUKJV]LYZ[OL>PUK,ULYN`
Markets, both in the U.S. and globally. It describes industry growth over the past decade and
projections through 2020.
Section II offers a detailed review of the Anatomy of a Wind Turbine, which describes the
major working components. A turbine is a collection of systems that converts wind energy into
electrical energy and includes an estimated 8,000 components. Each of the major systems is
reviewed with pictorials, schematics and descriptions of the major sub-components.
Section III focuses on the Structure of Supply Chains and requirements for component
manufacturing. We describe a manufacturing model that has proven to be competitive and
successful in this industry. Quality management system requirements are also reviewed,
Section IVV\[SPULZZVTL5L_[:[LWZ[VOLSW`V\KLJPKL[OLILZ[Ä[MVY`V\YJVTWHU`PU[OPZ
industry and how to get connected with existing supply chain partners. A listing of the major
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Please feel free to contact us with any questions or comments.
MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry 5

Introduction
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PU]LU[LKI`*OHYSLZ)Y\ZOVM*SL]LSHUK6OPVÔVJVUZ[Y\J[LKHMLL[[HSSRPSV^H[[[\YIPULPU
(see photo on the left). By the 1920s, U.S. factories were producing 100,000 wind turbines per year,
mostly for agricultural and rural applications.
;OLÄYZ[SHYNLJVTTLYJPHS\[PSP[`ZJHSL[\YIPUL^HZKL]LSVWLKH[[OL5(:(.SLUU:WHJL*LU[LYHSZVPU
Cleveland, in the 1970s, with funding from the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.
The two-blade turbine (on the right), built in response to the emerging oil crisis, was a 3.2MW unit and
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considered North America’s largest wind turbine.
;VKH`PU[OL<:^PUK[\YIPULZJHUILJSHZZPÄLKPU[V[OYLLJH[LNVYPLZHUK[OPZOHUKIVVR^PSSWYPTHYPS`
address issues relating to utility scale turbines.
Residential scale wind turbines are less than 100kW, typically used for a home, farm, or business
and can be connected to the electric grid or connected only to a storage battery or a building.
According to AWEA, an average American home would need a 5kW wind turbine for its electricity
needs. These small turbines are typically about 80 feet tall with a rotor diameter of 18 feet (AWEA).
They contain an average of 30 - 80 components.
*VTT\UP[`ZJHSL[\YIPULZHYLR>R>4>[`WPJHSS`\ZLKMVYHZWLJPÄJSVHKSPRLZL]LYHS
buildings of a school or a shopping complex, and supplies extra generated energy to the electric grid.
They contain an average of 1,000 - 3,000 components.
Utility scale turbines are greater than 1MW, typically connected to a transmission grid. The GE 1.5MW
^PUK[\YIPULHJVTTVU\[PSP[`ZJHSLTVKLSOHZHO\IOLPNO[VMMLL[T^P[OHYV[VYKPHTL[LY
VMMLL[T.,;OL`JHUJVU[HPUHZTHU`HZJVTWVULU[Z
1888: 1970-1980
12 kilowatt wind turbine 3,200 kilowatt or
3.2 megawatt wind turbine

Terminology
BLADES: Most wind turbines have three blades, though there are
some with two blades. Blades are generally 30 to 50 meters (100 to
MLL[SVUN^P[O[OLTVZ[JVTTVUZPaLZHYV\UKTL[LYZ
feet). Blade weights vary, depending on the design and materials —
HTL[LY34>PUK7V^LYISHKLMVYH4>[\YIPUL^LPNOZ
RN[VUZHUKVULMVYH4>[\YIPUL^LPNOZ RN [VUZ
Blades are advanced in design, but labor intensive in the

BLADE THU\MHJ[\YPUNWYVJLZZ6,4Z\Z\HSSÒH]L\UPX\LKLZPNUZ
for blades, and may manufacture blades or purchase them
HUB from suppliers. Manufacturing includes labor-intensive processes
SPRLHKKPUNSH`LYZVMÄILYNSHZZ[VISHKLTVSKZHUKÄUPZOPUN[OL
NACELLE edges of the blades.
TOWER
HUBS: The hub is the component to which the blades are attached;
it connects the blades with the drivetrain. It is one of the single largest
components of the turbine and each hub can weigh over 15 tons.
NACELLES: The nacelle houses the main components of the wind

turbine, such as the controller, gearbox, generator, and shafts. The
plants that produce nacelles are primarily assembly facilities. Nacelle
components are produced (in-house or by outside suppliers) to the
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6,4Z[`WPJHSSÒH]L\UPX\LKLZPNUZMVY^PUK[\YIPULUHJLSSLZHUK
[OLSLHKPUNNSVIHS6,4ZTHU\MHJ[\YLUHJLSSLZPUOV\ZL
Some companies license wind turbine designs to other companies
and several companies contract out nacelle manufacturing.
TOWERS:;V^LYZHYL\Z\HSS`[\I\SHYZ[LLS[V^LYZ[VTL[LYZ
HIV\[ [VMLL[OPNO[OH[JVUZPZ[VM[OYLLZLJ[PVUZVM]HY`PUN
heights. (There are some towers with heights around 100 meters
(330 feet).
6,4ZKLZPNU[V^LYZ;OLZL\Z\HSSÒH]LZLJ[PVUZLHJOJVUZPZ[PUN
of metal rings that are thickest at the bottom of the tower and are
conical in shape since towers taper slightly from the base to a
narrower opening at the top. During the manufacturing process
plated sheets are cut, rolled into the conical shape and then
welded into rings. Rings are then welded together and painted.
PERSON

Section I
Wind Energy Market

Global Wind Energy Market
US and China are the Leaders
6]LY[OLWHZ[KLJHKLPU[LYLZ[PU^PUKLULYNÒHZNYVÛNSVIHSS`^P[O[OL<:HUK*OPUHOH]PUN
established themselves as global leaders. Until 2010, the U.S. had been global leaders in new installations
MVYMV\Y`LHYZPUHYV^NYV^PUNI`HSTVZ[PU ;OLHTV\U[VMLSLJ[YPJHSNLULYH[PUNJHWHJP[`
worldwide available from windpower over the past 15 years has risen to close to 200,000MW.
Currently, over 35,000 turbines have been installed in the U.S. and one of every
Ä]L^PUK[\YIPULZ^VYSK^PKLPZZLY]PUN<:LSLJ[YPJHSNYPKZ
NEWLY INSTALLED CAPACITY (2010) CUMMULATIVE CAPACITY (2010)
*6<5;9@ 4> *6<5;9@ 4>
*OPUH *OPUH
<:( <:(
0UKPH .LYTHU`
:WHPU :WHPU
.LYTHU` 0UKPH
0UKPH Italy 5,797 3.0
<2 -YHUJL
0[HS` <2
*HUHKH *HUHKH
:^LKLU Denmark 3,752 1.9
9LZ[VM[OL>VYSK 9LZ[VM[OL>VYSK
World Total 35,802 100 World Total 194,390 100
Source: AWEA and GWEC

Total Installed Global Capacity
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000

Charts Source: GWEC

Opportunities in U.S. Wind Energy Market
6]LY[OLWHZ[ZP_`LHYZ[OL<:^PUKLULYN`THYRL[OHZZLLUZPNUPÄJHU[NYV^[OHUKKLZWP[L[OLLJVUVTPJ
downturn, opportunities for wind power in the U.S. continue to exist. According to the U.S. Department of
Energy’s “20% Wind Energy by 2030” YLWVY[[OL<:WVZZLZZLZZ\MÄJPLU[HUKHMMVYKHISL^PUKYLZV\YJLZ
[VVI[HPUH[SLHZ[VMP[ZLSLJ[YPJP[`MYVT^PUKI`[OL`LHY
(JJVYKPUN[V[OLZLWYVQLJ[PVUZ[OL<:^V\SKOH]L4>VMPUZ[HSSLKJHWHJP[Ì`¶I`[OLLUK
of 2010, we were on track to meet these projections (see Chart A).
Driving growth is the fact that our nation wants more wind energy. According to a recent Harris Poll,
VM(TLYPJHUMH]VYTVYL^PUKWV^LY(UK Z[H[LZOH]LHSYLHK`WHZZLKYLUL^HISLLULYN`Z[HUKHYKZ
(see Chart B).
CHART A
U.S. 20% WIND SCENARIO
305,000MW
300
250
200
Installed Capacity as of DEC 30, 2010

150
4>
100
50
0

LEGEND
QOFFSHORE QLAND-BASED
TIP
Why “invest” in wind component
manufacturing? Because for many
it can prove a viable market for
GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQLW·VJRRGIRUWKH
HQYLURQPHQWDQGLW·VDVWHSLQWKH
right direction towards US energy
independence.

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Goals
29 states and D.C. have an RPS; 7 States and 3 Power Authorities have Goals
CHART B
LEGEND
QRPS ACCELERATED OR STRENGTHENED RPS QACCELERATED OR STRENGTHENED RPS
QVOLUNTARY STATE OR UTILITY STANDARDS OR GOALS QSTRENGTHENED VOLUNTARY STANDARD QPILOT OR STUDY
(A! I` 4,! I`"ULÎ`" 6/! I`

*(! I` 8 GW wind goal by 2030 62! I`
*6! I` 40! 4>/HUK 69! I`
¶JVVWZ 1,100 MW by 2015 ¶ZTHSSLY\[PSP[PLZ
*;! I` 45! I`" 7(! I`
+*! I` I`¶?JLS 90! I`LUK
+,! I` 46! I` :+! I`
/0! I` 4;! I` ;?! 4>I`"
IA: 105 MW; 5*! I`¶06<Z 500 MW non-wind goal
1 GW wind goal by 2010 I`¶JVVWZT\UPZ <;! I`
03! I`" 5+! I` =(! I`"NVHS^P[O
^PUKVM97: NE Public Power Districts: production incentives
2:! I` I` =;! I`"HSSNYV^[O[V
LA: 350 MW by 2012-13 5/! I` 2012 from RE and EE
4(! ULÎ`[OLU 51! I` >(! I`
annually; 2 GW wind goal by 2020 54! I`¶06<Z >0! I`
4+! I` ¶JVVWZ >=! I`
5=! I`
5@! I`
Sources: (derived from data in) Lawrence Berkeley Labs, State Public Utility Commission (PUC) and legislative tracking
services, Pew Center. Details, including timelines, are in the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Energy

Wind Energy Growth in U.S.
The number of U.S. wind turbine operations has jumped from just one in 2005 — GE Energy — to nine in
2010. During this same period of time, the number of total facilities manufacturing components for the wind
PUK\Z[Y`NYL^[LUMVSKMYVTPU[VV]LYPU
The following maps show the current installed wind power capacity in the U.S., as well as the location of
the manufacturing facilities.
KEY
Turbine Nacelle Assembly
Towers
Blades
US WIND TURBINE OEM NACELLE ASSEMBLY BY YEAR

GE Energy Clipper Gamesa DeWind Acciona Northern Power Systems Nordex Siemens Vestas

2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 THU\MHJ[\YPUNVM4>[\YIPUL
(UUV\UJLK6,45HJLSSL(ZZLTIS`-HJPSP[PLZ!(SZ[VT(7V^LY4P[Z\IPZOP5VYKPJ
TOTAL OPERATING FACILITIES

6USPUL 6USPUL (UUV\UJLK ;V[HS,_WLJ[LK6USPULPU*VTPUN@LHYZ
;V^LYZ
)SHKLZ
Nacelle Assembly 3 12 8 20
;V[HS 6]LY 6]LY
Manufacturing Jobs 2,500 20,000 18,000 38,000
Source: AWEA

Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW) in 2010
WIND POWER CAPACITY IN MEGAWATTS
Q< 100 MW Q100 TO 1,000 MW Q>1,00 MW TO 10,000 MW Q>10,000 MW
AL: 10 5/! 69!

AZ: 128 NJ: 8 7(!
CA: 3,177 NM: 700 RI: 2
*6! 5@! SD: 709
DE: 2 MA: 18 TN: 29
/0! MD: 70 ;?!
0(! 4,! UT: 223
ID: 353 40! =;!
03! MN: 2,192 >(!
IN: 1,339 46! >0!
2:! 4;! >=!
5+! 6/! >@!
NE 213 62!

Section II
Anatomy of a Wind Turbine

Anatomy of a Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is a collection of operating systems that transfers the energy from wind into electric energy that ultimately
will be used in homes, communities, and businesses. The main operating systems include: tower, blade, rotor, drivetrain,
gearbox, generator, electrical systems, nacelle, yaw & pitch, and controls.
This section reviews the construction of standard utility-scale wind turbines that are between one to three MW (Megawatt)
PUZPaL;OL[^V[`WPJHSJVUÄN\YH[PVUZMVY[OLZL[\YIPULZHYLHTVK\SHYNLHYIV_Z`Z[LTVYHKPYLJ[KYP]LZ`Z[LT
This section will utilize the modular gearbox system, the most common type, to explain the anatomy. This style uses a
gearbox to step up the rotor speed entering the generator.
BLADE
HIGH SPEED SHAFT WIND

MEASUREMENT
BRAKING SYSTEM NACELLE
COVER
MAIN SHAFT ACTIVE HEAT
BEARING EXCHANGER POWER
HUB CONTROLLER
BLADE FACE
BEARING
HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM
YAW SYSTEM LUBRICATION
SYSTEM
MAIN FRAME GENERATOR
LOW SPEED SHAFT CONTROL

SYSTEM
GEARBOX TOWER
COLOR KEY QFABRICATED QCOMPOSITE QCAST QFORGED QELECTRICAL

Tower
Rolled tower section
Tower internals
TOWER OVERVIEW
Supports the wind turbine Maximizes height for good wind
Rolled steel sheet - welded VM[V[HS^PUK[\YIPUL^LPNO[
Attaches to concrete base and foundation
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
:[LLS7SH[L-SHUNLZ@H^.LHY*VH[PUNZ7HPU[)YHJRL[Z+VVY(ZZLTISPLZ/H[JOLZ/VPZ[
Climb Assist, Ladders, Platforms, Lighting, Cables
SUPPLIER IMPLICATIONS
100 - 200 tons of steel
50 - 120 meters in height
Shipped in three sections or more
Internals assembled at tower manufacturer

Blades
Blade for 2.5 MW wind turbine

BLADE OVERVIEW
Creates lifting force and rotational torque to generate power
[VÄILYNSHZZI`^LPNO[^P[OLWV_`VYWVS`LZ[LYYLZPU
VM[V[HS^PUK[\YIPUL^LPNO[
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Internal Core/Spar, Fiberglass, Skin Composite Laminates, Carbon Fiber, Epoxy or Polyester Resin,
Root Insert, Fasteners, Barrel Nut, Protective Painting/Coating, Lightning Protection, De-Icing System
[VUZLHJO
30 - 55 meters in length
Vacuum resin infusion and pre-preg molding (most are two pieces, some are one piece)
*VYLWHY[ZPU[LNYH[LKPU[VÄUHSISHKLHZZLTIS`
Hull with core materials
Spar caps
Spars with sandwich
Root section
Bolt holes

Rotor Hub with Pitch System
Hub with pitch system
ROTOR HUB OVERVIEW
Extract the power of the wind and convert it to rotary motion
Hub connects the blades to the main shaft Cast, machined, and
coated hub
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Hub , Nose Cone, Pitch Brake (Disc, Calipers, Pads, Hoses, Seals, Housing), Bearings, Lubrication System
6ULVM[OLSHYNLZ[JVTWVULU[ZH[[VUZ
Material is typically cast ductile iron
;PNO[JHZ[PUNHUKTHJOPUPUNZWLJPÄJH[PVUZ

Drivetrain
Drivetrain Schematic
Source: Romax
DRIVE TRAIN OVERVIEW
Consists of all the rotating components: rotor, main shaft, couplings, gearbox, brakes, and generator
YWTSV^ZWLLKZPKL[V¶YWTOPNOZWLLKZPKL
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Main Shaft, Rotor Lockout, Bearing, Seal, Lubrication, Compression Coupling, Rotor Lock,
Connector Plate, Slip Ring Assembly, Transmission Shaft, High Speed Shaft, High Speed Coupling
Brake System (Disc, Calipers, Pads, Hoses, Seals, Housings)
Main shaft is forged steel, machined and ground at 15- 25 tons weight
Machined steel couplings, bolted, keyed,some with rubber

Gearbox
Gearbox Schematic
Source: Romax
Gearbox
TIP
Gearbox
Manufacturing
occurs at
3 US locations:
GEARBOX OVERVIEW :LQHUJ\
*(&OLSSHU
10 - 20 rpm to 1500-1800 rpm on high speed shaft
3 more locations
6ULVM[OLOLH]PLZ[HUKTVZ[L_WLUZP]LJVTWVULU[ZVMH^PUK[\YIPUL
in process:
Normally planetary or parallel-shaft gearboxes =)0RYHQWDV%RVFK
Not used on direct-drive wind turbines
Two more plants
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
are beginning
construction
Housing, Planetary Gears (ring gear, sun gear, planet gear, carrier gear), Hollow Shafts
Bearings (planet bearing, carrier bearing, shaft bearing), Hoses, Torque Arm Systems,
There is a growing
Lubrication System, Cooling System, Hoses, Sensors (temperature, particulate)
market to main-
tain and repair the
WXUELQHVLQ
operation today

Generator
diagram
Generator and
heat exchanger
Source: Ingeteam
Generator
TIP
Most generators
GENERATOR OVERVIEW
have been imported
Converts mechanical energy into electric power
Generators represent [`WLZHYLZÙJOYVUV\ZHZÙJOYVUV\ZKV\ISLMLKPUK\J[PVUNLULYH[VY
a growing industry
4VZ[JVTTVUPZ+-0.+V\ISL-LK0UK\J[PVU.LULYH[VY
potential investment
PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator) most commonly used on direct-drive turbines
opportunity
and are growing in popularity
Northern Power
builds their own INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Housing, Windings (stator & rotor), Lamination, Rotor Magnets,

Ingeteam from Commutator and Brushes, Bearings (rotor front bearing, rotor rear bearing, autolube system),
Spain is building Encoder, Shaft, Slip Rings (slip ring and brush), Exciter, Couplings, Generator Temperature Sensor,
an assembly plant Coils, Cooling System (Radiator, Hoses, Filters, Cooling Fan, Pump, Pump Motor, Reservoir,
in Wisconsin Heat Exchanger)

Electrical
diagram
Power converter TIP

Source: Ingeteam
Most opportunities
ELECTRICAL OVERVIEW
are manufacturing
Power converters change electric power from one form to another;
to the Tier 2 & 3
DC to AC or AC to DC, or one voltage to another
components
Inverters convert DC to AC
Switchgear connects or disconnects wind power plants from the grid
Transformer adjusts the voltage

/0./,9-9,8<,5*@9,73(*,4,5;7(9;:6567,9(;05.;<9)05,:
Electrical System parts
Electronic Control parts
Sensors
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Power Converter , Converter with IGBT Module (on the rotor side), DC Intermediate Circuit, Power Inverter, (on
NYPKZPKL7V^LY-HJ[VY*VYYLJ[PVU:`Z[LTJHWHJP[VYZOHYTVUPJZÄS[LYJVU[YHJ[VY:VM[:[HY[LY4V[VY*VU[HJ[VY
Wiring and Connections (main contactor), Main Disconnect, Fuse Main Circuit Breaker, Relay, Cabinet Heater,
Power Supply, Grounding System, Main Transformer (pad mounted or nacelle mounted)

Nacelle Housing
TIP
These housings
are built as
subassembly
containing many
components and Nacelle housing
shipped to assembly
NACELLE HOUSING OVERVIEW
SODQWIRUÀQDO
assembly Is the housing for all major components of a wind turbine
Provides weather protection
5VYTHSS`THKLMYVTSPNO[^LPNO[TH[LYPHSZZ\JOHZÄILYNSHZZHYV\UKHZ[LLSMYHTL
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Fiberglass Shell with Structural Steel Frame, Brackets, Exit Hatch and Latches,
Wiring, Lightening Rod, Landing Pad, Ducting

Yaw System
)\SSNLHY¶
[VTL[LYKPHTL[LY
TIP
Have been mostly
imported and
represents a good
manufacturing
opportunity for
US companies
YAW SYSTEM OVERVIEW
6YPLU[Z[OL^PUK[\YIPULPUSPUL^P[O[OL^PUKKPYLJ[PVU
VYTV[VYZ\ZLK[VYV[H[L
Includes a parking brake system
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Brake, Calipers, Housing, Pads, Seals, Hoses, Electric or Hydraulic Drive, Reducer Gearbox, Lubrication System,
Fan, Pinion gear, Polymer Slide Pads/Discs, Encoder

Pitch System
Pitch Control Cyclinder
TIP
If you supply
View of Pitch System
components for
HOHFWULFDO
hydraulic or PITCH SYSTEM OVERVIEW
PHFKDQLFDOV\VWHPV Feathers the blades to best capture the energy from the wind
you could have an
Used to stall the rotor to help slow down the turbine
opportunity
Geared slew ring with electric or hydraulic driver
in this part of
a wind turbine Each blade controlled separately
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
,3,*;90*70;*/:@:;,4
Motor, Cooling Fan, Motor Brake, Pitch Gear, Gear Reducer, Limit Switch , Battery, Battery Charger,
Seals, Auto-Lube System, Rotary Electric Drive (pinion, power electronics/drive, cabling,
contactor/circuit breaker fuse, encoder, power supply, heater, misc. electrical)
/@+9(<30*70;*/:@:;,4
Linear Hydraulic Drive, Accumulator, Pump & Pump Motor, Proportional Valve, Position Sensor,
Hoses/Fittings, Spherical Bushing, Cylinder, Linkage, Position Controller, Limit Switch
4,*/(50*(370;*/:@:;,4
Bearings and Lubricants, Motors, Gears, Pitch Cylinder Linkage

Control System
Wind sensor
TIP
Source: NRG
If you supply
VHQVRUVFRQWUROOHUV
SRZHUDPSOLÀHUV
CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW actuators or related
Balances and optimizes machine operation and power production
FRPSRQHQWVWRGD\
you could have
Maximizes fatigue life
an opportunity in
Maximize energy production wind today
Provide means to monitor
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
:,5:69:
Speed, Position, Flow, Temperature, Current, Voltage
*65;9633,9:
Mechanical Mechanisms, Electrical Circuits, Computers
76>,9(4730-0,9:
:^P[JOLZ,SLJ[YPJ(TWSPÄLYZ/`KYH\SPJ7\TWZHUK=HS]LZ
(*;<(;69:
Motors, Pistons, Magnets, Solenoids
INTELLIGENCE
Computers, Microprocessors

SectionIII
Section III
Doing Business with OEMs

Doing Business with OEMs
Supply Chain Opportunities
>PUKLULYN`6,4ZMVY[OLTVZ[WHY[KVU»[THU\MHJ[\YL[OLJVTWVULU[ZWYVK\J[ZYLX\PYLK[VI\PSK
a wind turbine. These companies are primarily engaged in designing the turbine, outsourcing parts,
assembly, testing and shipping.
6,4ZNLULYHSS`W\YJOHZLTHU\MHJ[\YLKJVTWVULU[ZPU[^V^H`Z;OLTVZ[JVTTVUTL[OVKPZIÒPYPUN
HU0U[LNYH[VYJVTWHU`ÔPJOWYVJ\YLZHUKHZZLTISLZJVTWVULU[ZKPYLJ[S`MYVT;PLY Z\WWSPLYZ¶
6,4ZW\YJOHZLHIV\[ VM[\YIPULJVTWVULU[Z[OV\NO0U[LNYH[VYZ
6,4ZVUS`W\YJOHZLHIV\[VMJVTWVULU[ZKPYLJ[S`¶THU\MHJ[\YLKI`;PLYZ\WWSPLYZ
The total number of parts purchased directly by OEM’s for each turbine is estimated to total between
800 and 1000 – out of the 8,000 components in a turbine.
Following are the types of components that are purchased directly as well as through intergrations.
Please note that each of these categories includes a number of sub-systems.
TOWER: NACELLE: FOUNDATION:

Towers Nacelle Cover Rebar
Ladders Nacelle Base Concrete
Lifts Heat Exchanger Casings
Controllers
ROTOR: Generator OTHER:
Hub Power Electronics Transformers
Nose Cone Lubricants Bolts/Fasteners
Blades Filtration Wire
- Composites Insulation Paints and Coatings
- Blade Core Gearbox Lighting
Pitch Mechanisms Pump Lightning Protection
Drives Drivetrain Steelworking/Machining
Brakes Ceramics Communication Devices
Rotary Union Shaft Control and Condition Monitoring Equipment
Electrical Interface and Connections
Batteries
Bearings
Brakes

Tier One Direct Purchase
DIRECT PURCHASE - TIER ONE

Foundry Electrical Hydraulics Composites Misc. Forge Machine Fabricator
& Electronics Shop
Bases Bus Bars Accumulator Insulators Packaging Main Shafts Bases Brackets
Housings Cables, Wires, Ducting Spinner Plastic Shrink Discs Housings Plates
Covers Components
/\IZ *HIPUL[Z -PS[LYZ 9\IILY @H^.LHYZ /\IZ 9LHY-YHTLZ
Components
Controls Heat Signage Large Main Shafts Structural
Exchangers Fasteners Supports
Electronic Hoses Transportation Retainers Seal
Components & Logistics Labyrinths
Frames
Harnesses Lube Systems
Heating Motors
Elements
Instrument- Pumps
ation
Lighting Rotary Unions
Motors Seals
Sensors Valves
Software

The Role of Integrators: OEMs’ Other Customers
0DLQ,QWHJUDWRUV8VHG%\:LQG7XUELQH2(0VDQG7KHLU7LHU 6XSSOLHUV
These tiers of suppliers supplies the following general types of components: castings, forgings, fasteners,
YVKZ[\IPUNOVZLZZ[LLSWSH[LJVWWLYWSH[L^PYPUN^PYPUNOHYULZZLZJHISLS\IYPJHU[ZJVVSPUNÅ\PKZ
coatings, rubber isolation mounts, seals, gears, and retainers.
6[OLYJVTWVULU[ZPUJS\KL!
BRAKES: calipers, discs, hoses, housings, pads, seals
BEARINGS: lubricants, rolling elements, steel, seals
GENERATORS AND TRANSFORMERS: brushes. coils, bearings, cooling systems, couplings,

housings, laminates, shafts, windings, controls
GEARING AND DRIVES: actuators, bearings, brakes, cooling systems, drive systems, gears,
housings, lube systems, pitch drive, UPS, shafts
TOWERS:JVH[PUNZKVVYZLSLJ[YPJJHISPUNLSL]H[VYZÅHUNLZOVPZ[ZSHKKLYZSPNO[PUNWSH[LWSH[MVYTZ
BLADES:ÄILYNSHZZYLZPUZJVH[PUNZJVYLTLZOWYV[LJ[P]LÄSTYVV[ZZ\IZ[YH[LZZ[\KZIHYYLSU\[Z
NACELLE STRUCTURE:IYHJRL[ZJYHULZ`Z[LTK\J[PUNÄILYNSHZZZOLSSMYHTPUNOHYULZZLZ
insulation, lighting, polymer enclosure, power distribution
TIP
In addition
to OEM
SDUWV\RX
may also
want to
investigate
supplying
service
parts

Tier One Integrator
The following is an example of a tier one integrator within the tower supply chain. The tower manufacturer is
a focused fabricator who forms, welds, and assembles a complete tower. They are responsible for integrating
components from the following suppliers:
Product Supplier
Steel plate Steel mill
-VYNLKÅHUNLZ -VYNLYZ
Tower top Fabricators
Door frames Fabricators
Platforms Fabricators
Ladders Fabricators
Fasteners Forgers
Electrical components Extruders, molders, assemblers
Coatings Coaters
6[OLY4HPU:`Z[LT0U[LNYH[VYZ!)SHKLZ)LHYPUNZ)YHRL:`Z[LTZ
Generator, Transformer, Gearing & Drives, Towers, Nacelle Housing
TIP
A majority of the
components found
in a wind turbine
are produced by tier
WZRWKUHH IRXU
VXSSOLHUVQRWWKH
wind turbine manu-
IDFWXUHU7RÀQG\RXU
FXVWRPHUFRQWDFWWKH
integrator who pro-
vides a sub-system
for the turbine.

Additional Supply Chain Opportunities
0UHKKP[PVU[VZLSSPUNWHY[ZKPYLJ[S`[VHU6,4VY[OYV\NOHUPU[LNYH[VY[OLYLHYLV[OLYVWWVY[\UP[PLZMVY
manufacturers to participate in the wind energy market.
This includes supplying parts for maintenance, repair and operations of wind farms. The frequency of
repair ranges from 1 out of 2 turbines per year on electrical components to 1 out of 10 on larger gearboxes,
generators and blades. The goal is to minimize downtime which ranges from 1 day for
LSLJ[YPJHSJVTWVULU[ZHUK\W[VKH`ZMVYNLHYIV_LZNLULYH[VYZHUKISHKLZ
0[»ZHSZVPTWVY[HU[[VYLJVNUPaL[OH[J\YYLU[S`[OLYLHYLHIV\[[\YIPULZV\[VM^HYYHU[`HUKZVTL
additional 5,000 wind turbines go out of warranty each year. Some of the types of services/products that
are needed for wind farm operations are listed below.
6[OLYUKHUKYK[PLYVWWVY[\UP[PLZL_PZ[MVYZ\WWSPLYZVMWHY[ZPU^PUKMHYTJVUZ[Y\J[PVU;OLZLPUJS\KL
JVUZ[Y\J[PVUZP[LLSLJ[YPJHSJVTWVULU[ZSVNPZ[PJZHUKLYLJ[PVUÄ_[\YLZHUJOVYPUNZ`Z[LTZMHZ[LULYZ
JHISPUN[YHUZMVYTLYZSPNO[PUNZ\IZ[H[PVULX\PWTLU[HUK6 4Z[Y\J[\YLZ0U[OLZLZP[\H[PVUZ[OL
JVU[YHJ[PUNJVTWHU`^V\SKNLULYHSSÌL[OLKL]LSVWLYVM[OL^PUKMHYTUV[[OL[\YIPUL6,4VY0U[LNYH[VY
O&M SERVICES AND PRODUCTS NEEDED:
MAINTENANCE SERVICES: OFF-SITE SUPPORT:

>HYYHU[`HUK6\[VM>HYYHU[` Generators
Uptower Upkeep (PM) Gearboxes
Cleaning Blades
Accompanying Repair
CONSTRUCTION SITE:
Fixtures MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PARTS:
Embed Rings Electrical System Parts
Rebar Electrical Control
Anchor Rods Sensors
Fasteners Hydraulic System
Electrical Cabling @H^:`Z[LT
Transformers Rotor Hub
Tower Wiring Mechanical Brake
Lighting Rotor Blades
Substation Equipment Gearbox
6 4)\PSKPUN Generator
Support and Housing
Drivetrain

Section IV
Meeting OEM Requirements

Meeting OEM Requirements
>PUK[\YIPUL6,4ZHYL]LY`JVUZLY]H[P]LPU[OLPYZ\WWSPLYX\HSPÄJH[PVUWYVJLZZHUKOH]LL_[YLTLS`
demanding quality requirements. They require consistent and zero defect quality.
>OLUZJYLLUPUNWYVZWLJ[P]LZ\WWSPLYZ6,4ZSVVRMVYJSLHYL]PKLUJLVM[OH[JVYLJVTWL[LUJ`4HU`
YLX\PYL0:6 [VILNPUX\HSPÄJH[PVUWYVJLZZHUKJVUK\J[YPNVYV\ZH\KP[ZHIV]LHUKIL`VUK[V0:6
Z[HUKHYKZWYPVY[VWSHJPUN[OLÄYZ[VYKLY)LJH\ZLVM[OLZLOPNOX\HSP[`Z[HUKHYKZP[TH`[HRL\WTVU[OZ
MYVT[OLÄYZ[JVU[HJ[\U[PSYLJLPW[VM[OLPUP[PHSWYVK\J[PVUVYKLY
Driving the need for these high quality standards revolves around the extremely high cost of repair.
Wind turbines are designed for a 20+ year lifespan, operating in harsh environmental conditions usually in
remote locations and with the most sensitive components being 300’ up in the air. The cost of repairing a
UHJLSSL¶ÔPJOT\Z[ILKPZTHU[SLKVU[OLNYV\UK¶LHZPS`Y\UZ\W^HYKZVM2HUKYLWHPYLZ[PTH[LZ
often cost 10 times that of original manufacturing.
TIP
Wind turbine engineering
often takes years and
requires formal design
FHUWLÀFDWLRQ$IWHUGHVLJQV
DUHFHUWLÀHGFKDQJHV
are rarely permitted.
$VDUHVXOWFRPSRQHQW
production for wind turbine
parts is almost always
contract manufacturing.
OEM–Supplier builds to print
O&M– Supplier repairs or
replaces part.

What is Expected From a New Supplier
:LQG7XUELQH2(0VDUH&RQVHUYDWLYHDQGKDYH+HDY\4XDOLÀFDWLRQ5HTXLUHPHQWV
6,4ZOH]L]LY`ZWLJPÄJL_WLJ[H[PVUZÔLUJVUZPKLYPUNHUL^Z\WWSPLY
These include:
CONSISTENT QUALITY COST COMPETITIVE

0:6 VY*VTWSPHU[ 6MMZOVYL7YPJL7VPU[Z
Logistic Advantages
PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES >VYSK*SHZZ6WLYH[PVU
High Mix - Low Volume
Job Shop < Wind > Auto RELIABILITY OF DELIVERY
Available Capacity Equipment Redundancy
Right -Sized Vendor Redundancy
Expandable Demonstrated Results
Liquidated Damages
DRIVING FACTORS IN THE WIND INDUSTRY:
;OL[LJOUPJHSKPMÄJ\S[`VM[OLHWWSPJH[PVU
The challenges of performing maintenance
The high cost of repair

Comparison of Automobile Gearboxes vs. Wind Turbines Gearboxes
Auto Wind Turbine

Production per week ¶\UP[Z ¶\UP[Z
Typical operation OV\YZKH` ¶OV\YZKH`
Design life ¶`LHYZ ¶`LHYZ
Where maintenance is performed Network of garages/ 90 meters in the air in a

dealers remote location
Machinery replacement 7LYMVYTLKH[NYV\UKSL]LS 6M[LUYLX\PYLZJYHULHUK

by hand & portable equipment special transport
Cost of major mechanical repair

Market Entry Tips
FIND THE BEST FIT

6YPNPUHS,X\PWTLU[)LZ[;PLY
Repair and Maintenance
INVEST IN ROBUST OPERATIONS

Quality Management Systems
Multiple processes
Ultra responsiveness
MARKET YOUR COMPANY

Identify the buyers
Differentiate yourself
Get to the buyers!
TAKE A RUTHLESS APPROACH TO COST REDUCTION

Focus on LEAN operations
Think world class
REMEMBER OEM MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS

Capital equipment
Long-term planning
Hyper-competitiveness
KEEP IN MIND CHANNEL OPTIONS

Start at a lower tier
Team with a partner
Try component repair

What Successful Companies Have Done
MAKE SMART INVESTMENTS

Begin at a Lower Tier
.YV^6UL*\Z[VTLYH[H;PTL
PLAN FOR NEEDED INVESTMENTS

Process Improvement
Quality Systems
Capital
DEVELOP MARKETING STRATEGY

Identify Target Customers
Create a Winning WIND “Pitch”
Launch Cost-Effective Sales Effort

Wind Turbine OEM and Tier One Suppliers in the United States*
OEM COMPANY US HEADQUARTERS STATE WEBSITE
Acciona Energy West Branch IA www.acciona-na.com

American Tower Co. :OLSI` 6/ ^^^HTLY[V^LYJVT
Ameron Rancho Cucamonga CA www.ameronwindtowers.com
Broadwind Energy Naperville IL www.bwen.com
Clipper Windpower Cedar Rapids IA www.clipperwind.com
Danotek Canton MI www.danotekmotion.com
DMI Industries Fargo ND www.dmiindustries.com
DMSE/Dewind 9V\UK9VJR ;? ^^^KL^PUKJVJVTLUN
Dragon Wind 3HTHY *6 ^^^TVKLYU\ZHJVTKYHNVUWYVK\J[ZKYHNVU^PUK
Fuhrlaender Bristol RI www.fuhrlaender.de/index_en.php
Gamesa Langhorne PA www.gamesacorp.com/en
GE Energy Atlanta GA www.gepower.com
Goldwind Chicago IL www.goldwindglobal.com
Katana Summit Columbus NE www.katana-summit.com
LM Wind Power Grand Forks ND www.lmwindpower.com
Mitsubishi Newport Beach CA www.mpshq.com
Molded Fiber Glass (ZO[HI\SH 6/ ^^^TVSKLKÄILYNSHZZJVT
Nordex Chicago IL www.nordex-online.com/en
Nordic Windpower Berkley CA www.nordicwindpower.com
Northern Power Systems Barre VT www.northernpower.com
REpower +LU]LY *6 ^^^YLWV^LYKLPUKL_WOW&PK$ 3$
SIAG Aerisyn Chattanooga TN www.siag.de
Siemens Wind Power 6YSHUKV -3 ^^^LULYN`ZPLTLUZJVTLU[Y`LULYN`\Z
SMI & Hydraulics Inc. Porter MN www.smihyd.com
Suzlon Chicago IL www.suzlon.com
TBailey Anacortes WA www.tbailey.com
Thomas & Betts Corp. Memphis TN www.tnb.com
TowerTech 6RSHOVTH*P[` 62 ^^^[V^LY[LJOPUJJVT
TPI Composites Scottsdale AZ www.tpicomposites.com
Trinity Structural Towers +HSSHZ ;? ^^^[YPUP[`[V^LYZJVT
Upwind Solutions 4LKMVYK 69 ^^^\W^PUKZVS\[PVUZJVT
Vestas >PUKZVY *6 ^^^]LZ[HZJVTLU
6US`6,4Z^P[O\[PSP[`ZJHSLPUZ[HSSH[PVUZPU HYLPUJS\KLKVU[OPZSPZ[

For additional information on Supplier Handbooks, contact:
GLWN™ - Global Wind Network

www.glwn.org
4855 West 130th Street, Suite 1, Cleveland, Ohio 44135-5137
mesammon@glwn.org
AWEA - American Wind Energy Association

www.awea.org
1501 M Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
manufacturing@awea.org
BGAF - BlueGreen Alliance Foundation

www.bgafoundation.org/cemc
2828 University Ave. SE, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN 55414
lindan@bluegreenalliance.org

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2011

Wind Energy Industry

2 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

Section I — Wind Energy Market 8

GLOBAL WIND ENERGY MARKET 9

Section II — Anatomy of a Wind Turbine 18

Section III — Doing Business with OEMs 28

SUPPLY CHAIN OPPORTUNITIES 29

Section IV— Meeting OEM Requirements 34

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM A NEW SUPPLIER 36

for manufacturers interested in becoming suppliers to the industry. It provides information on

relatively common in the utility scale turbine industry.

is to inform manufacturers of market opportunities and ultimately increase the number of

component manufactures that participate in industry supply chains.

1st, 2nd or 3rd tier supplier.

4 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

you with an overview of wind turbines and basic terminology.

projections through 2020.

reviewed with pictorials, schematics and descriptions of the major sub-components.

manufacturing. We describe a manufacturing model that has proven to be competitive and

Please feel free to contact us with any questions or comments.

MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry 5

6 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

Blades are advanced in design, but labor intensive in the

NACELLES: The nacelle houses the main components of the wind

MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry 7

Wind Energy Market

8 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

NEWLY INSTALLED CAPACITY (2010) CUMMULATIVE CAPACITY (2010)

*6<5;9@ 4> *6<5;9@ 4>

*OPUH    *OPUH  

<:(   <:(  

0UKPH   .LYTHU`  

:WHPU   :WHPU  

.LYTHU`    0UKPH  

0UKPH   Italy 5,797 3.0

<2   -YHUJL  

0[HS`   <2  

*HUHKH    *HUHKH  

:^LKLU   Denmark 3,752 1.9

9LZ[VM[OL>VYSK   9LZ[VM[OL>VYSK  

World Total 35,802 100 World Total 194,390 100

Source: AWEA and GWEC

MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry 9

Charts Source: GWEC

10 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

U.S. 20% WIND SCENARIO

Installed Capacity as of DEC 30, 2010

MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry 11

QRPS ACCELERATED OR STRENGTHENED RPS QACCELERATED OR STRENGTHENED RPS

(A!  I` 4,!  I`" UL^I`" 6/!  I`

12 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

US WIND TURBINE OEM NACELLE ASSEMBLY BY YEAR

TOTAL OPERATING FACILITIES

MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry 13

WIND POWER CAPACITY IN MEGAWATTS

Q< 100 MW Q100 TO 1,000 MW Q>1,00 MW TO 10,000 MW Q>10,000 MW

AL: 10 5/!  69! 

14 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

Anatomy of a Wind Turbine

15 MANUFACTURING SUPPLIER HANDBOOK FOR The Wind Energy Industry

HIGH SPEED SHAFT WIND

LOW SPEED SHAFT CONTROL

6<5;9@ 4> 6<5;9@ 4>

OPUH OPUH

<:( <:(

0UKPH .LYTHU`

:WHPU :WHPU

.LYTHU` 0UKPH

0UKPH Italy 5,797 3.0

<2 -YHUJL

0[HS` <2

HUHKH HUHKH

:^LKLU Denmark 3,752 1.9

9LZ[VM[OL>VYSK 9LZ[VM[OL>VYSK

(A! I` 4,! I`"UL^I`" 6/! I`

AL: 10 5/! 69!

Supports the wind turbine Maximizes height for good wind

Rolled steel sheet - welded VM[V[HS^PUK[\YIPUL^LPNO[

Attaches to concrete base and foundation

100 - 200 tons of steel

50 - 120 meters in height

Shipped in three sections or more

Internals assembled at tower manufacturer

Creates lifting force and rotational torque to generate power

Hull with core materials

Spars with sandwich

Extract the power of the wind and convert it to rotary motion

Material is typically cast ductile iron

Brake System (Disc, Calipers, Pads, Hoses, Seals, Housings)

Machined steel couplings, bolted, keyed,some with rubber

Switchgear connects or disconnects wind power plants from the grid

Transformer adjusts the voltage

Electrical System parts

Electronic Control parts

Provides weather protection

BRAKES: calipers, discs, hoses, housings, pads, seals

BEARINGS: lubricants, rolling elements, steel, seals

GENERATORS AND TRANSFORMERS: brushes. coils, bearings, cooling systems, couplings,

The challenges of performing maintenance

The high cost of repair

Typical operation OV\YZKH` ¶OV\YZKH`

Design life ¶`LHYZ ¶`LHYZ