Cambridge International A Level Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOC questions

Chapter 21 5 Substance Melting point Boiling point

°C K °C K
1 a Kinetic energy remains constant, potential
energy increases, internal energy increases. oxygen –223 50 –183 90
[3]
hydrogen –259 14 –253 20
b Kinetic energy increases, potential energy
remains constant, internal energy increases. lead 327 600 1750 2023
[3] mercury –39 234 357 630

2 Just before the stone hits the ground, it has

6 a no temperature difference, so 0 V [1]
kinetic energy. All the molecules are moving
100 × 49
b temperature = 63 [1]
together in the same direction. [1]
When it hits the ground, this unidirectional = 77.8 ≈ 78 °C [1]
movement of the molecules is converted into c i voltage = 63 × 327
movement of individual molecules in random 100  µV [1]
directions.[1] = 206 µV [1]
The kinetic energy for movement in random ii That the variation between temperature
directions is internal energy, and hence the difference and induced e.m.f. in the
temperature rises. [1] thermocouple remains linear beyond
100 °C [1]
3 The air is being compressed, so work is being
done on it.  [1] 7 a Liquid in glass – easy to use, quick, and great
From the first law of thermodynamics, the precision is not required. [2]
change in internal energy of a body is equal b Thermocouple – the smallness of the
to the energy supplied by heating plus the thermocouple means that the temperature
energy supplied by doing work.  [1] can be measured at specific points on the
In this case there is no energy supplied by cylinder head. [2]
heating but work is done in compressing the c Thermocouple or thermistor – the operator
air.[1] can be remote from the device; she does not
have to be inside the reactor vessel itself. [2]
4 If two bodies are at the same temperature,
no energy flows from one body to another. 8 a
energy supplied = mcΔθ = 4180 × 0.300 × 80 [1]
Therefore, if no energy flows from A to B and = 100 320 J [1]
none flows from B to C, but energy flowed energy 100 320
time = power = 500 [1]
from C to B, it would mean that A and B were
at the same temperature, and A and C are at = 201 s [1]
the same temperature, but C is hotter than B. No energy is needed to heat the element or
This is clearly a nonsense! We can see how the kettle. [1]
fundamental this law is, and why it is called b energy supplied = power × time
the zeroth law. [2] = 500 × 120 = 60 000 J [1]
energy
mass of water boiled away = s.l.h.
60 000
= 6 = 0.027 kg [1]
2.26 × 10
mass remaining = 300 – 27 = 273 ≈ 270 g [1]
No energy is lost to the surroundings; all the
vapour escapes from the kettle. [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International A Level Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions

9 a The energy required to raise the temperature d Total work done / energy required
of unit mass of a substance [1] = work done in separating molecules /
by one degree Celsius. [1] breaking bonds from solid state (to liquid
b i Small heat capacity [1] state)[1]
Quick acting [1] plus work done in further separating the
ii To allow for energy losses to the molecules to gaseous state. [1]
surroundings[1] 11
a Energy goes to potential energy of the
Comment about the same temperature molecules[1]
rise therefore same energy losses or as they are moved further apart (accept
similar comment [1] bonds broken) [1]
iii Energy input = 40 × 190 = 7600 J b To reduce the energy gained from the
(or 60 × 114 = 6840 J) [1] surroundings[1]
Experiment 1:
energy input = mcΔθ + energy losses c Energy input = 40 × 2 × 60 (= 4800 J) [1]
= 0.85 × c × 18 + Q1 Use of E = ml [1]
7600 = 15.3c + Q1 (1) m = mass decrease with heater on minus half
Experiment 2: mass decrease with heater off [1]
energy input = mcΔθ + energy losses m = 23.8 g
= 0.85 × c × 18 + Q2 l = 4800 –1
23.8 = 202 J g [1]
6840 = 15.3c + Q2 (2)
Attempted use of either equation [1] 12

a i Sum of the kinetic energy [1]
Energy loss in experiment 2 (Q2) and potential energy of the molecules. [1]
= ( 114
190 ) × energy loss in experiment 1 (Q1)
ii Temperature at which energy cannot be
Q2 = 0.6Q1 (3) [1] removed from molecules [1]
Subtracting equations (1) and (2): Answer makes clear that the molecules still
7600 – 6840 = Q1 – Q2 have (potential) energy. [1]
Substituting equation (3) into this: (Give [1] maximum for: all energy removed
7600 – 6840 = Q1 – 0.6Q1 from molecules.)
Q1 = 1900 J [1] b i Mass per second = ρAv
Substituting for Q1 in equation (1): = 1000 × 4.8 × 10–5 × 1.2 [1]
7600 = 15.3c + 1900 = 0.058 kg [1]
c = 372 J kg–1 °C–1[1] 9000
ii E = mcΔθ leading to Δθ = 0.058 × 4200  [1]
= 37 °C [1]
10

a The carbon dioxide expands, doing work
Final temperature of the water
against the atmosphere. [1]
= 37 + 15 = 52 °C [1]
It gives up internal energy to do this work. [1]
Link to supplying latent heat [1] iii The heater is 100% efficient. [1]
b Energy required to change state of unit mass iv Decrease the rate of flow of water [1]
(from solid to vapour) [1]
without change in temperature [1]
c i So allowance for energy gains from the
atmosphere can be made [1]
ii Use of E = ml [1]
m = mass decrease with heater on minus
mass decrease with heater off [1]
m = 20.9 g
l = 12 000 –1
20.9 = 574 J g [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics © Cambridge University Press 2014