H2 Physics JC1 2011

Tutorial 8: Thermal Physics

A. Temperature Scales, Thermal Equilibrium & Internal Energy

1. TYS pg 108 Q1 N05/I/3

T/oC = T/K – 273.15.

By plotting T/oC against T/K, gradient = 1, y-intercept = -273.15. Answer: B.

2. Change of temperature in K = change in temperature in C = . Ans: D

3. For bodies in thermal equilibrium, there is no net transfer of energy when body X is
placed in thermal contact with Z. Ans: B.

4.
(a) See lecture notes.

(b)(i) In the range 273 K to 293 K, there is larger variation of resistance with temperature
change; the thermometer is more sensitive whereas in the range 353 K to 373 K, the
variation of resistance with temperature is very small; the thermometer is less sensitive.

(ii) At R = 1500 Ω, T= 297 K.

B. Specific Heat Capacity and Specific Latent Heat

1. TYS pg 109 Q4 N04/I/15

1. Q  mc T
Q 1.0 x103 x180
c   2100 J kg-1 K -1. Answer: D
mT 1.5x (357  300)

2. TYS pg 109 Q5 N08/I/19

2. Pt=mcT
Assuming negligible energy loss to surroundings,
mc T 0.500 x 4.2 x103 x(100  15)
t min    81 s. Answer: B
P 2.2 x103

3. TYS pg 110 Q6 N08/I/Q17

3. Answer: C. The length of Q is longer than the length of S. This means that the time
taken for condensation from gaseous phase to liquid phase is longer than the time taken for the
fusion from liquid phase to solid phase. This means that more heat is loss in condensation than
in fusion. For the same mass of substance, the specific latent heat of vaporization is greater
than specific latent heat of fusion.

4. TYS pg 110 Q8 N04/II/2

4(a)(i) Heater is switched on at t = 4.0 mins when the original straight line graph deviates from
linearity.

(ii)1. Mass of ice melted per minute when heater is off = m/t= 0.011 kg/4.0 min
=2.8 x 10-3 kg. (2 s.f)

(ii)2. Mass of ice melted per minute when heater is on = ∆m/∆t

 = (0.110-0.064)/(13.4-10.0) = 0.046/3.4=1.35 x 10-2 kg

(b) IVt=mL v
IV m
Lv  where  mass of ice melted due to heating.
m t
t
5.2 x11.5
Lv  x 60  3.35x105 J kg-1.
(1.35x102  2.8 x103 )

(c) Ice taken from a freezer has temperature lower than 0oC. Heat is required to warm it to
o
0 C before melting occurs.
Given the same heating power IV, mass of water collected per minute would be smaller,
thus latent heat measured would be larger than the true value.

5. TYS pg 111 Q9 N06/III/2

5(a)(i) In the liquid and gaseous phase, both the water and water vapor molecules undergo
random translational motion. At the same temperature, the mean kinetic energy of the
molecules of water vapor and water molecules are the same. Hence, the root mean square
speed of the molecules of both water and water vapor molecules are the same.

(ii) Internal energy of a system of molecules is the sum of the random distribution of kinetic
energy and potential energies of all the molecules.

(iii) At the same temperature, for the same number of molecules per unit mass of water and
water vapour, the sum of random kinetic energies of water and water vapour are the same.
Since the mean intermolecular separation of water vapor molecules is larger than that of water
molecules, the intermolecular forces between the vapour molecules are much smaller, the
mean potential energies of vapour molecules is larger than that of water molecules. Hence,
internal energy of a unit mass of water vapour is larger than internal energy of a unit mass of
water at the same temperature.

(iv) During melting, with no change in temperature and thus no change in random
distribution of kinetic energy of the molecules, the specific latent heat of fusion is used to break
the intermolecular bonds and increase the molecular potential energies with slight increase in
intermolecular separation. During vaporization, with no change in temperature and thus no
change in the random distribution of kinetic energy of the molecules, specific latent heat of
vaporization is used to increase the molecular potential energy by increasing the mean
intermolecular separation by one order of magnitude (10 times).

(b)(i) Since some water is lost to evaporation, more water needs to be supplied than is used
by the town.

(ii) Vol rate of water evaporated = mass rate of water evaporated / density of water
dQ
/ Lv
 dV  1  dm  dt 900x51x103 x 9.2
 dt  =  dt  = =  0.187 m3 s-1
 evaported   evaported  2 .26 x10 6
x1000
Volume rate of water from reservoir = vol rate of water to town + vol rate of water evaporated.
=2.7 +0.187=2.89 m3 s 1
(iii) Cover the canal to reduce loss due to evaporation. Cost of covering the canal is high.

Reduce the rate of evaporation by reducing the surface area of water exposed to the Sun by
making the width of canal smaller. Problem: The rate of water supplied will be reduced.
Use large water pipes instead of open canal to avoid exposure to Sun. Cost of construction of
water pipe is high.

C. First law of Thermodynamics

TYS pg 112 Q13 N04/I/14

1. ∆U = Q + W. Since at thermal equilibrium, the amount same of heat is removed as it is
supplied, the net gain in heat by the contents, Q in the above equation is zero. Since the
contents do not undergo deformation, no work is done on or by the contents, so W in the above
equation is zero. This implies that change in internal energy ∆U of the contents is zero.
Answer: D.

TYS pg 113 Q14 N05/I/14

2. ∆U = Q + W = (+80) + (-100) = - 20 J.
Answer: B

3. TYS pg 113 Q16 N06/I/12

3. Gas is compressed-> volume decrease-> work is done by external force ON gas.
At constant temperature, mean random ke of gas molecules does not change.
Gas is ideal -> internal energy U = sum of random kinetic energy only.
So U remains constant -> ∆U = 0.
By first of thermodynamics, ∆U = Q + W
0 = Q + W. Since W is positive, Q must be negative, i.e. heat flows out of gas.
Answer: D

4. TYS pg 113 Q17 N07/I/20

4. Work done by gas = p∆V = 1.3x105 (3.6 – 1.3) x 10-4 = 29.9 J
Heat supplied to gas = 24 J
Using ∆U = Q + W = 24 + (-29.9) = - 5.9 J.
There is a decrease of 6 J of internal energy.
Answer: B

5. TYS pg 114 Q21 N08/III/4

5(a)(i) Internal energy of a system of N particles is the sum of the microscopic random
distribution of the kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles. The internal energy
depends on the state of the system.

(ii) First law of thermodynamics:

Increase in internal energy = heat supplied + work done on the system.

(b)(i) Work done by gas from C to A, WC-A = 1x105 (20 – 5) x 10-6 = 1.5 J

(ii)
Section Heating supplied to Work done on gas/ J Increase in internal energy of
of cycle gas / J gas / J
A -> B Zero 4.2 4.2
B -> C -8.5 zero ∆U = -8.5+0 = -8.5
C -> A 5.8 From (b)(i) +4.3
∆UC-A=QC-A+WC-A Work done by gas ∆UA-A=∆UA-B+∆UB-C + ∆UC-A
+4.4 = QC-A + (-1.5) WC-A =+1.5 J 0 = 4.2 + (-8.5) +∆UC-A
QC-A= +5.8 Hence, word done on ∆UC-A = +4.3
gas = -1.5 J
6. N01/P3/5 part(c) (d)(e)(f)
6(c) Increase in internal energy ∆U of system = heat supplied to system + work done on
system.

(d)(i) Mass of air m = density x volume = 0.903 x 850 = 768 kg.

(ii) Q = mc∆T = 768 x 1000 x (390 – 275) = 8.83 x 107 J.

1
(iii)  
T
1
0.903  .......(2)
390
1
 275  ........(1)
275
390
Hence,  275  x 0.903  1.28 kg m-3 .
275

(iv) Volume at 275 K = mass/density = 768 / 1.28 = 600 m3.

(e) Work done = P∆V = 1.03x105 (850 – 600) = 2.58 x 107 J

(f) Change in internal energy ∆U = Q + W

= 8.83 x 107 + (-2.58x107)
= 6.26 x 107 J

7. An ideal gas expands from a volume of 2.00 m3 to a volume of 6.00 m3 along two
different paths as described in the figure below. The heat added to the gas along the
path I→A→F is equal to 1.67  10 6 J .

(a) State in words the First Law of Thermodynamics.

(b) Compute the increase in the internal energy of the gas as it undergoes expansion
process I→A→F. [1.07 x 106 J]
(c) Hence, compute the heat added to the gas along the path I→F.
[1.47 x 106 J]

Solutions
(a) Increase in the Internal energy of a system = heat supplied to system + work done
on system

(b) Work done from I→A→F = area under the graph = ½ x (6.00 – 2.00) x (2.00 – 1.00)
x 105 + (1.00 x 105) x (6.00 – 2.00) = 2.00 x 105 J + 4.00 x 105 J
= 6.00 x 105 J
Increase in internal energy =1.67 x 106 J - 6.00 x 105 J = 1.07 x 106 J

(c) Increase in the Internal energy of a system = heat supplied to system + work done
on system
1.07 x 106 = Q - (1.00 x 105) x (6.00 – 2.00)
Q = 1.47 x 106 J

D. The Ideal Gas Equation

1. TYS pg 115 Q23 N03/I/10

1. Using pV= nRT. For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, nRT, is constant.
Hence pV = constant. Plotting pV against p would give a horizontal straight line graph.
Answer: C
 2. TYS pg 115 Q25 N05/I/12
2. From first law of thermodynamics ∆U=Q+W, Q=0 since cylinder is insulated.
Since gas is compressed, work is done on the gas and W is positive.
The change in internal energy ∆U is positive; internal energy U increases.
Kinetic energy of gas increases since all the internal energy of ideal gas is kinetic.
Since temperature T is directly proportional to mean kinetic energy, temperature
increases.

On the microscopic level, when kinetic of gas molecules increases, the molecules move
with higher speeds. Thus molecules bounce off at higher speeds upon collision with
piston. (This imparts a larger force on the piston per collision and increases the
pressure on the piston. So pressure is higher.) Answer: A

From equation of state of ideal gas, pV = nRT, when gas is compressed, V decreases, p
increases, so it is difficult to conclude that pV and hence T increases.

3. TYS pg 115 Q26 N08/I/18

3. From pV=nRT, 1/p=V/nRT. Plotting 1/p against V would yield a straight line with
gradient 1/nRT. From the given graph, gradient = 0.4/4=0.1.

When n and T are doubled, gradient of new graph 1/n2RT2 =1/2nR2T=1/4nRT=1/4

gradient of first graph. Hence answer is D.

4. TYS pg 116 Q29 N08/III/1 (part)

4. From the given curve, pV=1.0x105x400x10-6= 20 J.

Since pV = nRT, nRT = 20 J.

To show that p is inversely proportional to V, plot p against 1/V to give a straight line
with gradient = nRT = 20 J.

p / 105 Pa

0
0 5 10 15 1
/ m 3 x103
(ii) A straight line graph passing through the originVis obtained.
5. J96/III/5 part
(a)(i) Total pressure = Atmospheric pressure + hydrostatic pressure
= 1.01x105 + hρg = 1.01x105 + 15.0 x 1.03 x 103 x 9.81 = 2.53 x 105 Pa

(ii) Using pV = nRT,

p1V1 = nRT1 ………… (1)
p2V2 = nRT2 ………… (2)
V2 = T2p1V1/(T1P2) = p1V1/p2 since T1=T2.
= (2.10x107 x 9.00x 103)/2.53 x 105 = 7.47 x 105 cm3.

(b) At a depth of 35.0 m, total pressure p = 1.01x105 + hρg

= 1.01x105 + 35.0 x 1.03 x 103 x 9.81 = 4.55 x 105 Pa.

At 24oC or (24+273.15 K= 297.15 K), p1V1 = nRT1.

At 20oC or (20+273.15 K= 293.15 K), p2V2 = nRT2.

New volume V2= (T2p1V1)/T1p2= (293.15 x 2.53x105x9.00 x 103)/(297.15x4.55 x 105)

= 4.94 x 103 cm3.

Assuming constant volume rate of air from cylinder used by diver, time needed
t = (4.94x103/9.00x103) x 45 mins = 24.7 min.

E Kinetic Theory

1. TYS pg 117 Q32 N03/III/3 (part)

1(i) Thermal equilibrium means the gases have the same temperature.

1 3
(ii) mean KE of a molecule = m  c 2  kT
2 2
3kT
 c 2 
m
1
Since k and T are constant,  c 2 
m

(iii) Carbon dioxide has the smallest r.m.s. speed since its mass m is the largest.

(iv)
1
 c 2 
m
crms,nitrogen moxygen

crms,oxygen mnitrogen
crms,nitrogen 32

480 28
crms,nitrogen  510 m s-1
2. TYS pg 118 Q34 N05/III/2
2(a) Pressure and volume may have different units because the ratio
between the 2 equations are kept the same. A multiplying factor is
cancelled out. However, subtracting a factor will not as in the case of
temperature since T/K = T/C + 273.15. Also, in the use of the equation pV
= nRT, to use R, the molar gas constant, the temperature must be in
Kelvin.
(b) 0 oC = 273.15 K

(c)(i) Assuming the gas in balloon is ideal,

P1V1  nRT1 ............(1)
P2V2  nRT2 ..........(2)
(2) P V T 101x15000 x 228
gives V2  1 1 2   1.3476 x106 m3  1.35 x106 m3 (3sf)
(1) P2 T1 0.890 x 288

(c)(ii) Weight of air displaced = m a g   aVa g

=0.0134x1.35x106 x9.81  1.77147 x105 N=1.77x105 N (3 sf)

(c)(iii) At equilibrium, total weight of balloon = Upthrust = wt. of air displaced

= 1.77 x 105 N
(c) (iv) At sea-level,
Upthrust = Weight of air displaced =  aVa g  1.23x15000 x9.81
= 1.80994x105 =1.81x105 N (3 sf)
Net force = Upthrust - total weight of balloon
= (1.80994-1.77147) x105 = 3.847 x 103 N = 3.85 x 103 N

(v) Acceleration = Net force / mass = 3.85 x 103 /(1.77 x105 / 9.81)  0.213 m s -2 .

1
(d)(i) pV = Nm  c 2   NkT
3
1 3
Mean KE = m<c2 > = kT
2 2

3 3
(ii) At T=228 K, mean KE = kT  (1.38 x1023 )(228)
2 2
= 4.72 x 10-21 J.

(iii) pV=nRT
pV 0.890 x103 x1.35 x106
n=   6.33 x105 mol.
RT 8.31x 228

3 3
(iv) KE of all molecules = NkT  nN A kT
2 2
3
= x6.33x105 x6.02 x1023 x1.38 x1023 x 228
2
= 1.80 x 109 J.
(e) Internal energy of the gas molecules is made up of the sum of random
distribution of kinetic energies (and potential energies if non-ideal) of the molecules. It
does not include the macroscopic gravitational potential energy of the gas as a whole
which changes with altitude.