Rainwater Harvesting

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 Rain Water Harvesting?.
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,
conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area – for
beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-
groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle
What Is Rainwater Harvesting?

RWH technology consists of simple systems to collect, convey,

and store rainwater. Rainwater capture is accomplished
primarily from roof-top, surface runoff, and other surfaces.
RWH either captures stored rainwater for direct use (irrigation,
production, washing, drinking water, etc.) or is recharged into
the local ground water and is call artificial recharge.
In many cases, RWH systems are used in conjunction with
Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR). ASR is the introduction
of RWH collected rainwater to the groundwater / aquifer
through various structures in excess of what would naturally
infiltrate then recovered for use

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Why Rainwater Harvesting?
Conserve and supplement existing water resources
Available for capture and storage in most global
locations
Potentially provide improved quality of water
Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a
supplemental supply source.
Capturing and directing storm water (run-off) and
beneficially use it
Commitment as a corporate citizen - showcasing
environmental concerns
Public Mandate (India)
Replenishing local ground water aquifers where l owering
of water tables has occured

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Why Not RWH?
Not applicable in all climate conditions over the world
Performance seriously affected by climate fluctuations that
sometimes are hard to predict
Increasingly sophisticated RWH systems (ASR) necessarily
increases complexities in cost, design, operation,
maintenance, size and regulatory permitting
Collected rainwater can be degraded with the inclusion of
storm water runoff
Collected water quality might be affected by external factors
Collection systems require monitoring and continuous
maintenance and improvement to maintain desired water
quality characteristics for water end-use
Certain areas will have high initial capital cost with low ROI

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 Condensation

Let’s take a look at

Precipitation The Water Cycle
Evapotranspiration

Evaporation

Infiltration
Surface Runoff

Grou Consumption Surface Water

n dw
ater

Sea water intrusion .ppt (6)

 Condensation
Rainfall Definitions

Intensity – Quantity per time of

Precipitation the rainfall event (mm/hour)
Duration – period of time for the
precipitation event
Average Annual and Monthly
Precipitation – Average rainfall
over one year period and
monthly intervals and usually
based on 30 or more years of
Consumption
data
Grou
ndw
ater

Surface Water
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 Rain Water as Source Water
Design Considerations

1
2
Typical Diagram Recomendation

4
3
5

6
Raw water
tank or
Aquifer

7
1 Roof 4 Pre-filter
2 Screen 5 Storage tank
3 Discharge of water 6 Flow meter
7 Storm water discharge

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Ground Water Recharge

Under natural conditions it may take days to centuries to recharge ground water
by rain water. As we need to replenish the pumped water, Artificial Recharge of
Ground water is required at some locations. .ppt (9)
Appropriate Water conservation
and groundwater
Technology recharge techniques

Water harvesting
cum supplementary
irrigation techniques
in Jhabua
Ground catchments systems channel water from a prepared catchment
area into storage. Generally they are only considered in areas where
rainwater is very scarce and other sources of water are not available.
They are more suited to small communities than individual families. If
properly designed, ground catchment systems can collect large
quantities of rainwater.

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Storage
• Storage devices may be either above or below ground
• Different types include
 Storage Tanks
 Water Containers
 Lagoons or Lined Ponds
 Infiltration Ponds
 Size based on rainfall pattern, demand, budget and area

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Percolation Pit
To divert rainwater into an
aquifer,

The percolation pit is covered

with a perforated concrete slab

The pit is filled with gravel/

pebbles followed by river sand
for better percolation.

The top layer of sand must be

cleaned and replaced at least
once in two years to remove
settled silt for improving the
percolation

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RWH – Methodologies

• Roof Rain Water Harvesting

• Land based Rain Water Harvesting
• Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
• For Urban & Industrial Environment –
• Roof & Land based RWH
• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces
Recharge Wells

The runoff water from rooftops or

other catchments can be
channelized into an existing /new
well via sand filter to filter
turbidity and other pollutants

Abandoned wells can also be used

Cost-effective process, which not

only conserves rainwater for
immediate use but also helps to
enhance the local ground water
situation

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Quality Issues
Roofs contain: bird droppings, atmospheric dust, industrial and
urban air pollution

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Operational Procedures and Design Considerations

• Storage tank – dark materials to exclude light and

algae formation

• Corrosion resistant materials

• Tank in protected shaded area – lower temperature

• For multiple storage tanks – design for frequent

turnover

• Regional wind direction and industrial activity – Lead,

Mercury, other heavy metals

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RAIN WATER HARVESTING FOR OFFICES – Developing a GREEN BUILDING in
Nairobi, Kenya
RAIN WATER ACCUMULATION IN LIEU OF STORM WATER ATTENUATION POND

GREEN ROOF

GREEN ROOF

MANICURED
LAWN GARDEN
POROUS PARKING

OZONATION
FILTRATION OVERFLOW
BACKUP MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
Co nc e p t & De s ig n Princ ip le s GROUND WATER
REPLENISHING
WELLS

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PRINCIPLES OF A GREEN BUILDING - WATER

SYSTEM OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND GREY WATER ARE

COMBINED TO ACHIEVE THE FOLLOWING:

• 25% OF POTABLE WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION

• 100% OF POTABLE WATER PROVIDED BY RAIN

• 50% REDUCTION OF SEWER QUANTITIES

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