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Chin National Day Background History
Chin National Day Background History
(tusOf;csKyf)
qvdkif;uD;vJatmrf;
1
csif;trsdK;om;ae‹ ay:aygufvmykHordkif; (tusOf;)
rmwdum pmrsufESm
Ù ed'gef; 2
Ù yxrydkif;
csif;trsdK;om;rsm;ordkif;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;qufEG,fjcif; 4
e,fcsJŒpwifusK;ausmfr_ESifhckcHawmfvSefr_rsm;jzpfpOftusOf; 4
vli,frsm;OD;aqmifr_jzifh awmfvSefa&;yDjyifvmjcif; 6
Ù 'kwd,ydkif;
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;ay:aygufvmjcif; 7
csi;f awmifnDnw G af &;tzJG‹ 7
csi;f trsKd ;om;rsm; nDnw G af &;tzJG‹ 8
t*Fvdyfodk‹ &mZoH(9)csuf 10
Ù wwd,ydkif;
uefyufvufawmfvSefa&;oyddwf 11
awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹ 11
csif;awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tzrf;cH&jcif; 11
awmfvSefa&;tp csif;awmifu 12
wpfAkdvfus wpfAkdvfwuf/ 'l;raxmufvufrajr‡muf 13
*syefr[mrdwfppfyJGESifh csif;awmiftkyfcsKyfa&; 14
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh OD;0rRol;armif; 15
csif;awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ‹ESifh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; 16
Ù pwkxWydkif;
qif;rvm;puULjzLpDrHudef; 16
awmifwef;om;rsm;/AdkvfcsKyfESifh yxryifvkH 17
awmifwef;om;rsm;ESifh zqyv 17
'kwd,yifvHkESifh yifvHkpmcsKyf 21
csif;/ jrefrmcspf=unfa&;nDvmcH 24
awmifwef;om;rsm; 'kwd,t}udrfnDvmcH 25
awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif 26
vGwv f yffa&;ESifh 47 Oya' 26
csif;awmiftkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfcsrSwfa&; 30
csif;trsdK;om;ae‹owfrSwfjcif; 33
Ù ed*kH;
aemufqufwJGazmfjycsurf sm; 40
2
ed'gef;
3
a&muf&SdcJh&onf? e,fajrcsif;qufpyfaeaom tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;.ordkif;ESifhvnf; ygwfoufESD;EG,f
vmcJh&onf?
yxrurBmppf/ 'kwd,urBmppfrsm;tjyD; ,if;wdk‹tay: urBmEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;. jyefvnfokH;oyf
r_t& urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wdk;wufzGH‹òzd;a&;twGuf urBmhukvor*~ ay:aygufvmcJhonf? udkvdkeDwdkif;jynf
rsm;onfvnf; vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHrsm;tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJa&muf&Sd=uygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; csif;trsKd;om;
rsm;tzkd‹&mrlum; e,ffcsJhpepf. qdk;0g;aomtusKd;qufonf csif;trsKd;om;e,fajrudk jrefrm/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;
a'h&Sf okH;EkdifiH cGJa0ydkifqdkifonfhtjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdapjyD; csif;trsKd;om;wdk‹tm; ordkif;. cg;oD;aom tawG‹t
óuHrsm;udk ,ae‹wdkif &ifqkdifcHpm;apcJhonf?
4
*g&0ðy&onfhtwGufvnf;aumif;/ rsm;pGm*k%f,l0rf;ajrmufygonf? xdk‹xufydkI csif;trsdK;om;ae‹onf
csif;trsdK;om;rsm;. 'Drdkua&pDae‹jzpfjcif;twGuf rsm;pGmydkI *k%f,l0rf;ajrmufygonf?
csif;trsKd;om;rsm;ordkif;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;qufEG,fjcif;
e,fcsJhpwifusL;ausmfr_ESifh ckcHawmfvSefr_rsm;jzpfpOftusOf;
5
'%f&mtrsm;tjym;ESifh pcef;pGef‹cGmxGufajy;=u&a=umif;/ vla&Sawmifwef;csif;rsdK;om;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;
wdkufyGJudk awG‹&Sd&onf?
6
pkHprf;&ef vufzwifeifatyDavmfwifESifhtzGJ‹udk apv$wfa=umif;/ a,m/ aqm/ avmif;&Snf/ awmifa,mwdk‹u
vufcHI xD;vif;/ *ef‹a*g/ ajrmufa,mwdk‹u vufrcHa=umif;/ atyDavmfwifESifhtzGJ‹onf wdwfwqdwf
rif;wyftxd a&muf&SdcJh=ua=umif;/ a,ma'owdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufa&;ppfa=umif; 1886ckESpf 'DZifbmvqef;
wGif yk*Hwzufurf;/ jrpfajcrSpwifcsDwufvma=umif;/ a,mòrd‹ol}uD; OD;&muGwfu vrf;rSqD;I ckcHaomfvnf;
ta&;edrfha=umif;/ 1886ckESpf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif aygufòrd‹udk e,fcsJhwdk‹odrf;ydkufa=umif;/ aygufòrd‹wGif
a,ma'ot}uD;tuJrsm;ESifh uy`wdefat&mwdk‹awG‹qkHa=umif;/ aygufrSwqifh ajrmufa,ma'oodrf;ydkuf
a&;twGuf qufvufcsDwufa=umif;/ v,fOD;ol}uD; aq*g (iq*g) qD;IckcHaomfvnf; ta&;edrfha=umif;/
1886ckESpf 'DZifbmv(19)&ufae‹wGif ausm&Gm/ 1887ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv(9)&ufae‹wGif xD;vif;/ 1887ckESpf
azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae‹wGif rif;&Gm/ 1887ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(14)&ufae‹wGif *ef‹a*gwdk‹tm; e,fcsJhrSodrf;ydkuf
EkdifcJha=umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
7
rsm;. qkHqnf;&yfozG,f jzpfvmonf? acwfynmwwfa&;onf t"du vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm
=uonf? r=umc% nSdEd_if;r_rsm;&SdvmcJhonf?
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ‹tpnf; ay:aygufvmjcif;
csif;awmifnDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹
8
tqdkygn‡dE_dif;r_rS csrSwfonfh a&S‹vkyfief;pOft& csif;awmifnDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹. vlxknDvmcHudk 1932
ckESpf pufwifbmv(29)&ufae‹wGif 0&J&GmY usif;yjyD; csif;trsKd;om;vlxktwGif; ynm/ usef;rm tp&Sdonfh
vlr_a&;tygt0if pD;yGg;a&;u¾tm;vkH; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef/ jynfrESifhtjcm;wdkif;&if;om;nDtudk aoG;&if;
om;&if;rsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ef/ e,fcsJhtpdk;&udk taES;ESifhtjref awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfcJh=uonf? (xdkpOfu jynfra'oESifh awmifwef;a'o ul;vl;qufqHcGifhudk t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ydwfyif
xm;onf? )
csif;trsKd;om;rsm; nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹
qHk;jzwftwnfðycsufrsm;
tzGJ‹.trnf - “csif;trsKd;om;rsm; nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹ ( crnz )” [kac:wGif&ef/
xm;&Sd&rnfh0g' - 'Drdkua&pD0g'/
&nf&G,fcsuf - (1) rdrdwdk‹=urRmudk rdrw d dk‹omv#if zefwD;EkdifcGifh &Sdap&ef/
(2) vufawG‹aqmif&Guf&mwGif e,fcsJhvufatmufcH wdkif;jynfEkdifiH/ vlrsKd;tm;vkH;wdk‹ESifh
vufwGJvsuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef/
zGJ‹pnf;ykH - (1) A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ‹ (odk‹) A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ‹/
(2) wdkufe,frsm; (odk‹) òrd‹e,ftr_aqmif/
(3) aus;&Gm tr_aqmiftzGJ‹/
(4) pnf;&kH;a&;wm0efcHrsm;/
(5) trsKd;oRD;rsm;tzGJ‹/
A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ‹
(1) OuUX - OD; 0rRol;armif; 0rRol;&Gm
(2) 'kOuUX - OD; 0&Javm[m 0&J&Gm
(3) twGif;a&;rSL; - OD; uD;azvdef; awmifukef;&Gm
(4) 'ktwGif;a&;rSL; - OD; tGrfedef; xm;avmif;&Gm
(5) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; - OD; bluD;[kef; pyfaumuf&Gm
9
(6) tr_aqmif - OD; xef;abG cGD&def&Gm
(7) ? - OD; xef;&Sdef; ydkif;wDG&Gm
(8) ? - OD; vdef;a* ydkif;wDG&Gm
(9) ? - OD; a,mvdef; yef;avmif;&Gm
(10) ? - OD; xef;[m abmif&Gm
(11) ? - OD; 0rRol;idkif; 0rRol;&Gm
(12) ? - OD; tGrf[m wDG&def&Gm
wdkufe,ftr_aqmifrsm;
(1) aESmfacsmif;wdkuf - OD; avm[mvdef;/ OD; avmtGrf[m/ OD; edefbluD;?
(2) awmif;ukef;wdkuf- OD; tGrfedef?
(3) a,macsmif;wdkuf - OD; [kef;edef;vdef;/ OD; idkif;edefcDG&Sdef;/ OD; a*vdef;?
(4) armif;acsmif;wdkuf - OD; avmuD;[m/ OD; a'guf'GJxef;Edkif;/ OD; rif;Ekdif;xef;avm?
(5) csDacsmif;wdkuf - OD; rmefvdef;/ OD; =umefedef?
(6) ta&S‹&if'l;wdkuf - OD; Ekdif;vdef;om/ OD; xef;xGef;?
(7) usifa'G;wdkuf - OD; vkH;/ OD; =u,f}uD;?
(8) taemuf&if'l;wdkuf - OD; xef;Edkif;/ OD; rfem;Edkif;?
(9) qm'l;wdkuf - OD; rfem;uD;/ OD; [ma*/ OD; [midkif;?
(10) vSdrRqefwdkuf - OD; [kef;rem;/ OD; r'grem;xef;/ OD; uD;ydkif;?
(11) cifazmifwdkuf - OD; udrfvdef/ OD; [mEl?
(12) csefjyef;wdkuf - OD; bef;r/ OD;oef;at/ OD; rfvkHvSL;?
(13) rcsKH&kdwdkuf - OD; tGrfavG/ OD; &kdvduD;/ OD; wDG'defidkif;avGxef;?
(14) a&mif0gwdkuf - OD; vGJuD;vif/ OD;&Spf0gEl;edefuD;avm/ OD;&mwdef;/ OD; uef&m;?
aus;&Gmtr_aqmiftzGJ‹
aus;&Gmtvdkuf rdrdwdk‹tpDtpOfjzifh udk,fpDzGJ‹pnf;&ef/
pnf;&kH;a&;wm0efcHrsm;
(1) OD;vdef;avmuD; - cufavmif;&Gm/
(2) OD;edef;xef; - xm;0g&Gm/
(3) OD;idkif;[m - oDGyef;&Gm/
(4) OD;uD;idkif; - wDG&def&Gm/
(5) OD;uD;a* - wDG&def&Gm/
(6) OD;vDa*&Sdef; - cufavmif;&Gm/
(7) OD;avmuD;vdef; - pGefawmif&Gm/
(8) OD;cDG&defidkif; - cDG&def&Gm/
(9) OD;atmifvdef; - xm;avmif;&Gm/
(10) OD;tGrfwrf - xm;avmif;&Gm/
(11) OD;idkif;Ekdif; - abmif&Gm/
(12) OD;vdef;El - wDG'def&Gm/
(13) OD;idkif;avGxef; - rcsKH&Gm/
10
trsKdoRD;rsm;tzGJ‹
(1) OuUX - a':c,favmxHk vSd&kH;&Gm/
(2) twGif;a&;rSL; - a':tGrf&def awmifukef;&Gm/
(3) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; - a':xefrH awmifukef;&Gm/
(4) tr_aqmif - a':vdef;&S,fa&mif 0rRol;&Gm/
(5) ? - a':a*wD; 0rRol;&Gm/
(6) ? - a':[ma&mif 0rRol;&Gm/
(7) ? - a':xef;&$D xm;avmif;&Gm/
(8) ? - a':uD;vdkif; cDG&def&Gm/
(9) ? - a':rmefxef;ydkif 0&J&Gm/
(10) ? - a':aAGydkif vSda,m&Gm?
¡csif;awmifnDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹udk OD;aqmifzGJ‹pnf;cJhaom OD;[mxef;tGrf uG,fvGefoGm;I csif;trsKd;om;
rsm; nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹Y ryg0ifawmhay?¢
11
uefyufvuf awmfvSefa&;oydwf
awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹
12
(cGD&def)/ OD;uD;a* (wDG&def)/ OD;uD;idkif; (wGD&def)/ OD;tGrf[m (wDG&def)/ OD;vdef;avmuD; (cufavmif;)/ OD;xef;avm
(abmif)/ OD;xef;[m (abmif)/ OD;bluD;[kef; (pyfaumuf)/ OD;vDa*&Sdef; (cufavmif;) pkpkaygif; (15) OD;
jzpfonf?
wwd,tokwf zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;rSm - OD;avm[m (abmif)/ OD;xef;abG (abmif)/ OD;vdef;xef;
(abmif)/ OD;xef;avm (abmif)/ OD;xef;a*idkif; (abmif)/ OD;a,mvifidkif; (vSdrRqef)/ OD;avm[mxef;
(vSdrRqef)/ OD;vdef;avG (odef;)/ OD;tGrfvdef;a&$ (odef;)/ OD;uD;tGrfom (odef;)/ OD;idkif;avG (qm'l;)/ OD;uD;Ed_uf
(qm'l;)/ OD;xifavSmfvdef; (qm'l;)/ OD;vdef;xef; (&Suf)/ OD;,Grf;wrfvdef; (cswf)/ OD;uD;&Sdef;a* (wkHvdkif)/
OD;rfem;vdef; (vJom)/ OD;&kdavG (vJom) pkpkaygif; (18)OD; jzpfonf?
1940 ckESpf arv (21) &ufae‹ zrf;qD;aom yOPrESifh aemufqkH;tokwf zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;rSm- OD;
avmuD;a*armif; (awmifukef;)/ OD;ikdif;a* (awmifukef;)/ OD;a,mvdef;xef; (yef;avmif;)/ OD;a,mvdef;wyf
(yef;avmif;)/ OD;xef;&Sdef;armif; (vGJyef;)/ OD;vGJ[kef; (&kd)/ OD;csKdiftGrf (&kd)/OD;avmEkdif;ar(&kd)/ OD;[mvdef;Ekdif; (&kd)/
OD;abGxef;vdef; (&kd)/ OD;vdef;[m (&kd)/ OD;vdkufEkdif;xef; (&kd)/ OD;uD;avG (&dk)/ OD; uD;wrfxkef (&kd)/ OD;rfem;Ekdif;armif;
(&kd)/ OD;a,muD;tGrf (&dk)/ OD;vdef;Ekdif;xkef (&kd))/ OD;vGJuD;vif; (&dk)/ OD;arvdef;(&dk)/ OD;Ekdif;idkif;[kef;(&dk)/
OD;vdef;tGrfrem;(&dk)/ OD;xef;Ekdif;(&kd)/ OD;a*idkif;uD;(&dk)/ OD;xef;abG(&dk)/ OD;&kdEdkif;a,m(&dk)/ pkpkaygif; (16)OD;&Sdonf?
awmfvSefa&;tp csif;awmifu
13
rsm;yifv#if Tr#axmifuswdkufydwfcHI udk,fusKd;pGef‹tepfemcHjyD; vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;ae=ujyDjzpfa=umif;/
vlrsm;pkjzpfaomArmrsm; awGa0rdef;armrae=u&efESifh ,if;odk‹ axmifwGif;a&mufaeaom csif;acgif;aqmif
rsm;tm;vnf; wwfEkdifor# tultnDrsm;ay;=u&efa[majymojzifh y&dwfowfrsm; rsm;pGmwuf=uGEkd;=um;
cJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif csif;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh csif;awmfvSefa&;ta=umif; a[majym&efarhaecJh
aomfvnf;/ ,if;ta=umif;ra[majym&ef e,fajrykvdyft&m&Sd rpPwmaZAD;,m;. Edk‹wpf&ojzifh 0rf;om
tm;& a[majymcJh&a=umif; ocifatmifqef;rS qdkygonf?
14
ausmf&Sdonf? ,if;wyfzGJ‹rsm;udk 1942ckESpf {jyDv(9)&ufae‹wGif rif;wyfòrd‹odk‹4if;/ 1942ckESpf {jyDv (16)
&ufae‹wGif uefyufvufòrd‹odk‹4if; cJGa0 wm0efcsxm;cJhonf?
*syefr[mrdwfppfyGJESifh csif;awmiftkyfcsKyfa&;
15
(2) awmifukef;&JarXme
wm0efcH - rodef;vS (c) edef&
tiftm; - 500
1947 - wGifxyfrHzGJ‹pnf;
(1) usifa'G;wyf
wyfzGJ‹acgif;aqmif - armifydkif
'kwyfzGJ‹acgif;aqmif - armifxGef;
&Jabmf – 500
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh OD;0rRol;armif;
16
csif;awmfvSefa&;wyfESifh zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;
qif;rvm;puULjzLpDrHudef;
17
awmifwef;om;rsm; AdkvfcsKyfESifh yxryifvHk
awmifwef;om;rsm;ESifhzqyv
&cJhaomtm%mrsm; -
18
bdvyfodk‹oGm;pOfu zqyvu n$ef=um;vdkufonfhtwdkif;/ wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf wdkuf&dkuf
a&G;aumufyGJðyvkyf&efESifh =um;jzwftpdk;&tm%mrsm;vJ &&SdcJhw,f? =um;jzwftpdk;&tm%mtwGuf
Oya'udkjyifqifaev#if =umaernfudkp;dk I Oya't& wefcdk;tm%mr&aomfvnf; CONVENTION ac:
xHk;wrf;pOfvmtm;jzifh qdkygrl 'dkrDeD,Htpdk;&rsm; &&Sdaom tcGifhtm%mrsm;udk&ygw,f?
oHwrmefv$wfa&;udpP -
EdkifiHjcm;a&;udpPtwGufqdkv#ifvnf; jynfaxmifjcif; oHwrmeftvJtvS,fvkyfbdk‹ olwdk‹ (jAdwdo#
tpdk;&) vkyfay;ygr,fvdk‹ajymygw,f? urBmhukvor*~wGifyg0ifEdkifbdk‹vJ axmufcHr,fvdk‹ajymygw,f?
oHwrmefudpPudk &k&Sm;oHtrwfESifhvJ awG‹qHkajymcJhygao;w,f?
jrefrmjynfavwyf -
jrefrmjynfavwyfumuG,fa&;twGuf avwyfxm;&efudpPudk jAdwdo#ava=umif;AdkvfcsKyfESifh
awG‹qHkjyD; ajymcJhygw,f? r=umrSDav,OfysHarmif;wwfjyD;aomolrsm;ESifh pwifzGJ‹pnf;bdk‹ pDpOfygr,f?
ppfwyf&kwfodrf;a&; -
Armjynf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;ppfwyfrsm;&kwfodrf;&efqdkonfhtcsufESifh ygwfoufI wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu
&kwfodrf;ay;ygvdk‹ qHk;jzwfcJhv#if olwdk‹&kwfodrf;ay;ygr,fvdk‹ajymygw,f?
awmifwef;e,fudpP -
awmifwef;e,fudpPESifhygwfoufvdk‹awmh olwdk‹oabmwlw,fqdk&if vGwfvyfa&;ay;&r,fvdk‹
awmif;wmyJ/ 'gayr,fholwdk‹udk,fpm;vS,fr[kwfawmh udk,fpm;vS,fvdk‹vJ rajym&J/ 'Dvdkqdkv#ifjzifh olwdk‹
oabmwlygvdrfhr,fvdk‹ajym&wmyJ?
t*Fvdyftapmifhta&SmufESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;udk jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tapmifhta&Smuf TRUSTEE
SHIP ,lbdk‹ tcGifhta&;r&Sd/ u|efawmfwdk‹uvJr,l/ olwdk‹jynfwGif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf;
0ifrpGufzdk‹ ajymcJhwJhtcg bdvyftpdk;&u aumif;jyD olwdk‹udkar;=unhfr,f/ olwdk‹oabmwlv#ifvkyfrSmyJ
vdk‹ajymygw,f?
tm%mydkiftcGifhta&; -
wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfESifhygwfoufI tm%mydkiftcGifhta&;twGufawmh odyfjyD;twdkuftcHrajym
yg/ toifhtwifhavmufawmhajymygw,f/ onfjy\emudkzdjyD; rajym&efvnf; zqyvtvkyftr_aqmif
tzGJ‹u n$ef=um;vdkufygw,f? onftwdkif;qdkv#if wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk {jyDvtwGif;rSm
usif;yEdkifygr,f/ arv(odk‹r[kwf) ZGefvavmufrSm wdkifðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu Armjynf jAdwdo#jynfaxmifpk
twGif; aeraeqHk;jzwfbdk‹ygyJ?
a&S‹vkyf&rnfhtvkyfrsm; -
jAdwdo#jynfaxmifpktwGif;aernfqdkv#if tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk bdvyfygvDrmefu twnf
ðybdk‹ wifjy&ygr,f/ odk‹r[kwf jyifyrSmaecsifw,fqdkv#if tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;pmcsKyfðyvkyf&vdrfhrnf?
tJ'DhtcgrSm tcsdefaESmifhaES;atmif vkyfcsifvkyf=uvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomf wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;a=unm&eftwGuf tcsdefuef‹owf&rSmyJ/ tJonfhta&;[m vlxkqHk;jzwfcsuftay: rlwnfyg
w,f?
19
vGwfvyfa&;trSef&r,f –
trSefuawmh vGwfvyfa&;[m &rSmyJ/ tcsdefuef‹owfvdk‹ b,favmufjrefjref&Edkifw,fqdkwm
tm%mv$Jajymif;&eftwGuf pmcsKyfcsKyfwJhtcgrSm ta&;=uD;ygw,f? ArmjynfESifh jAdwdo#tpdk;&wdk‹ pmcsKyf
tay;t,loifhjrwfbdk‹vdkovdk/ &bdk‹rSm aemufuaxmufcHtm;ay;wJh vlxktiftm;&SdrS u|efawmfwdk‹
vGwfvyfa&;udk&rSm/ wdkufyGJrjyD;ao;bl;/ 'ga=umifhrdk‹ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ[mrjyD;ao;bl;/ odk‹aomf wkdufyGJ
tajctae wpfrsdK;ajymif;oGm;w,f/ onftwdkif;tajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefoGm;r,fqdk&if {csrf;om,m
wJhenf;eJ‹ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &EdkifbG,fenf;&Sdw,f?
tm;vHk;toifhjyifxm;=uyg -
owif;pmq&mrsm;u tu,fIom tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;twGuf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&mwGif jAdwdo#
tpdk;&u wrsdK;wrnfðyvkyfvdkygu rnfodk‹vkyf&ygrnfenf;[k ar;jref;&m AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 'ga=umifhrdk‹
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ[m rjyD;ao;bl;vdk‹ u|efawmfajymwmaygh/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹tm;vHk; toifhjyifxm; =u&r,f?
tJonfhtcgusawmholwdk‹ jyifbdk‹ tawmfcufygvdrfhrnf?
tdENd,xufomr,f -
=um;jzwftpdk;&&Sdrnfhtm%mrSm tdENd,tpdk;&xufomv#ifomr,f/ ravsmhbl;qdkwmudk tdENd,
jynfudka&mufvmwJhtwGuf &J&J0Hh0Hh ajymEdkifw,f?
puUjzLpepfysufjyD -
,QKoabmwlnDcsuft& puULjzLpepfysufygonf? puULjzLpepft&rSm bmrS r&cJha=umif;/ Armjynf
ppfwyfqdkif&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;ppfwyf/ Armjynfa&wyfponfwdk‹rSm Armjynf=um;jzwftpdk;&vufatmuf
a&mufrnfhtjyif/ ppfwyftopfrsm;udk xlaxmifEdkif&eftcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; &&Sdrnfjzpfa=umif;/
20
aysmufuG,foGm;&ayvdrfhrnf? xdk‹a=umifh vufatmufcHwdkif;&if;olwdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;=u
avmh/ t*Fvdyfwdk‹. aoG;cGJpepftdk;=uD; 0dkif;Izsuf=uavmh/
zqyv tzGJ‹csKyfpnf;rsOf;Oya'tc%f;(1)tykd'f(3)
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
(u) vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;onf rdrdwdk‹.=urRmudk rdrdwdk‹omv#if zefwD;EdkifcGifh&Sdonfhtm;avsmfpGm trsdK;om;tm;vHk;.
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&eftvdk‹iSm ArmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;/ 4if;wdk‹rS oufqif;aygufzGm;
olrsm;/ wkdif;&if;om;tjzpfcH,l&&Sdoltaygif;udk nDnGwfpnf;&Hk;ap&ef/
(c ) Armjynfudk Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹ tm;vHk;oabmwlvGwfvyfpGm zGJ‹pnf;aom
wdkif;jynf=uD;xlaxmif&ef/
(* ) ArmEdkifiHudk wkdif;oljynfom;vltrsm;. qENtwdkif;jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef/
T&nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; zqyvu atmufygtwdkif;aqmif&Gufrnf?
1? (u) ArmjynfudkvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfESifhwðydkifeufwnf;wGif &Srf;/ csif;/ *sdef;azg/ em*e,frsm;udk
vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef/
(c) 4if;jyif puULay:wGifom vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynfe,fudkvnf; vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh wcsdefwnf;
ay;&ef/
2? &Sif;/ u&if/ *sdef;azg/ csif;/ Armpaom wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;yg0ifonfh ArmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
wnfaxmifEdkif&eftwGuf rnfuJhodk‹wnfaxmifrnfudk vGwfvyfaom Armjynfr. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
vGwfvyfaomawmifwef;e,frS acgif;aqmifrsm;wdk‹ aqG;aEG;aphpyfrnf/ zqyvtzGJ‹csKyf=uD;. oabmrSm
vlrsdK;OD;a&oef;aygif;av;&mausmfpD&Sdonfh w&kwfjynf=uD;ESifhukvm;jynf=uD;=um;wGifnyfaeaom vlOD;a&
(17)oef;om&Sdonfh Armjynfonf tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mrjzpfyJ tiftm;awmifhwif;aom wdkif;&if;om;pHk
ygonfh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH/ Armjynfjzpfonfudk vdkvm;onf? odk‹rSomv#if EGm;uGJusm;udkufrjzpfyJ &Srf;/ u&if/
csif;/ *sdef;azg/ Arm tp&Sdonfh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;wdkif;/ tnDtnGwf =uD;yGm;wdk;wufrnf? urBmwGif
tjcm;vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh *k%f&nfwlqufoG,f,SOfðydkifEdkifrnf?
21
awmifwef;e,fom;rsm;uom qHk;jzwf=u&efjzpfonf? rdrdwdk‹oabm qENtavsmuf ArmjynfrESifh raygif;vdk
rwGJvdkyJ oD;oef‹cGJxGufvdkv#ifvnf; Armjynfru rnfuJhodk‹r# wm;rnfr[kwf/
'kwd,yifvHkESifhyifvHkpmcsKyf
22
yifvHkausmufwdkif[kac:wGifonf? ,if;1947ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv (12)&ufae‹tpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ajym=um;aom rdef‹cGef;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
23
aoma=umifh T 'kwd,urBmppf=uD;onf wdkif;jynfwdkif;/vlrsdK;wdkif;wdk‹u rdrdwdk‹tou tou/ vGwfvyfa&;
twGufwdkufaom wdkufyGJjzpfap&rnf[laom a=unmcsufudkrSD;I a[majymyHk&onf[k ,lqbG,fjzpfonf
[k OD;0rRol;armif;rS 4if;udk,fwdkifa&;rSwfwrf;wGif rSwfcsufðyxm;onf?
24
12? rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrsdK;wGifrqdk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. wkdif;&if;ol wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk;wdk‹. cspf=unfa&;ESifh
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;rsm;udk tpGrf;ukefOD;pm;ay;I aqmif&Guf=u&rnf?
13? TpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk azgufzsufolwdk‹tm; opPmwnf&Sd=uaom vlrsdK;/jynfe,frsm;rS aumif;rGef
ajyvnfatmif 0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif;=u&rnf?
14? rdrdvlrsdK;/ jynfe,ftzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhom jynfaxmifpktwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufyg0ifI jynfaxmifpk=uD;tm;
xdrf;odrf;umuG,f=u&rnf[laom pmcsKyfrsm;udk 1947ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufeHeuf(10)em&DtcsdefwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;acgif;aqmifI jynfrESifhawmifwef;e,fudk,fpm;vS,f yk*~dKvf(23)OD;wdk‹onf jrefrm
jynfwckvHk;/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd=ua&;twGuf ArmjynfESifhawmifwef;e,f yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;/ yifvHk
pmcsKyf=uD;udk atmufaz:jyyg vlxkudk,fpm;vS,rf sm;rS toD;oD; pdwfygudk,fyg oabmwlvufrSwf
a&;xdk;=uygonf?
1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; - jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,f
2? p0fcGefyef;qdkif - vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f/ awmifydkif;apmfyGm;/ &Srf;
3? p0fa&$odkuf - anmifa&$apmfyGm;
4? p0f[kefz - odEMDapmfyGm;
5? p0feef; - vJjcm;apmfyGm;
6? p0fxGef;at; - omrcrf;apmfyGm;
7? OD;cGefyef; - vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f
8? OD;wifat; - vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f/awmif=uD;
9? OD;xGef;jrifh - jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f/ armufr,f
10? OD;=umyk - jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f/ oDayg
11? p0f,Zfz - jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f/ oDayg
12? qrm;'l;0g;qif0gaemif - ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f/ jrpf=uD;em;
13? OD;wdef&wef - ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f/ Aef;armf
14? OD;aZmfv - ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f/ Aef;armf
15? 'l;0g;aZmf&pf - ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f/ jrpf=uD;em;
16? 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; - ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f/ Aef;armf
17? OD;vAef*a&mif; - ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f/ Aef;armf
18? OD;v$mrkef; - csif;udk,fpm;vS,f/ zvrf;
19? OD;axmifZckyf - csif;udk,fpm;vS,f/ wD;wdef
20? OD;uD;,dkref; - csif;udk,fpm;vS,f/ [m;cg;
21? OD;cGefxD; - jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f/ yifvHk
22? OD;cGefapm - jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f/ yif;’,
23? OD;jzL - usdKif;wHkapmfyGm;/ jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f
24? p0fpHxGef; - rdk;yGefapmfyGm;/ jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f
csif;jrefrmcspf=unfa&; nDvmcH
25
a[majyma&;c&D;pwifrnfhtcsdefwGifyif taESmuft,SufjzpfcJhao;onf? odk‹jzpfaomfvnf; csif;jrefrm
cspf=unfa&;vkyfief;udk jyD;pD;atmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufcJhonf?
awmifwef;om;rsm; 'kwd,t=udrfnDvmcH
awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif
26
1947ckESpf {jyDvwGif t*FvdyfjrefrmoabmwlncD suft& awmifwef;om;rsm;/ Armrsm;ESifhtwl
vGwfvyfa&;trSef&,lvdkjcif;[kwfr[kwf awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;aumfr&SifzGJ‹jyD;/ arðrdŒwGif wdkif;&if;om;
udk,fpm;vS,ftoD;oD;tm; ppfaq;I vlxkqENudk xkwfaz:apcJhonf? &D;pf0DvsHaumfr&Sif[kac:onf?
ppfaq;r_rsm; {jyDvqef;rSpI (27)&ufae‹wGifjyD;qHk;onf? wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;u
ArmESifhtwl vGwfvyfa&;t&,ljyD; jynfaxmifpktjzpf yl;aygif;rnfjzpfa=umif; wnDwnGwfwnf; xGufqdk
=uonf?
vGwfvyfa&;ESihf 47 Oya'
27
1? yx0Dtaetxm;t& e,fedrdwftxift&Sm;&Sdjcif;
2? jrefrmpum;Esifhrwlaom bmompum;wrsdK;wnf;&Sdjcif;
3? ,Ofaus;r_wrsdK;wnf;&Sdjcif;
4? &mZ0iftpOftvmwrsdK;wnf;&Sdaom vlpk&Sdjcif;
5? pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mtusdK;aus;Zl;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vHkavmufr_wdk‹&Sdaom vlpk&Sdjcif;
6? vlOD;a&tawmftwef&Sdjcif;
7? jynfaxmifpktzGJ‹0ifoD;jcm;a'owcktjzpfjzifh rdrd.udk,fydkifxif&Sm;csuftwdkif; aexdkifaomqEN
&Sdjcif;wdk‹ jzpfavonf?
3? (2) xdktm%mrsm;ESifhwm0efrsm;onf y%mrjyifqifr_nDvmcHobifu cef‹aomaumfrdwDtzGJ‹ .
aphpyfcsufjzifh ESpfOD;EspfbufoabmwlnDcsufudk&jyD;rS pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&rnfh tm%mESifhwm0efrsm; jzpfonf?
qdkcJhjyD;aomaumfrdwDtzGJ‹. aphpyfcsufjzifh&&Sdaom wlnDcsufonf zqyvtr_aqmiftzGJ‹. twnfðycsuf
udk&&Sd&rnf?
4? (Tae&mrSpIvmrnfhtydk'frsm;wGif ‘jynfaxmifpOk ya'ðytzGJ‹’[kac:qdktyfaom) A[dkOya'ðytzGJ‹.
tm%mydkifeufonf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;jzpf&rnf?‘jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f’odk‹r[kwf ‘udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
&jynfe,f’ odk‹r[kwf ‘vlrsdK;pkjynfe,f’wdk‹.Oya'ðytzGJ‹rsm;odk‹ oD;jcm;v$Jajymif;ay;onfh udpPtrsdK;tpm;
xJwGifryg0ifaomudpPcyfodrf;wdk‹ESifhpyfvsOf;I EdkifiHzGJ‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'Y rnfodk‹yifqdkxm;onf
jzpfap jynfaxmifpkOya'ðytzGJ‹onf atmufYpDpOfazmfjyxm;aom udpPtrsdK;tpm;wGifyg0ifonfh udpP
tm;vHk;wdk‹tay:Y Oya'ðytm%m&Sd&rnf?
1? jynfaxmifpktpdk&Xmersm;
2? jynfe,fcsif;csif;udpPrsm;
3? (xdkvkyfief;-2-rsdK;rSty) usefudpPrsm;
4? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;Esifhoufqdkifaom pD;yGg;a&;wdk;wufr_udpPrsm;
5? ‘jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f’ ‘udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f’ ‘vlrsdK;pkjynfe,f’wdk‹rSvGJI usefa'orsm;
ESifhpyfvsOf;aomudpPrsm;
rSwfcsuf? ? (txufygtydk'f=uD;-4? Tydk'fcGJ(5)wGifqdkxm;aom usefa'orsm;twGuf
Oya'ðytzGJ‹rsm; oyfoyfxm;&Sdrnfr[kwfacs)?
5? TvGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwjrefrmEdkifiHonf4if;/ xdkEdkifiHtzGJ‹0ifjynfe,fa'o rsm;onf
4if;/ xdkEdkifiH.tpdk;&Xmersm;onf4if;/ toD;oD;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹.wefcdk;awZmESifh tm%mtm;vHk;wdk‹udk
wdkif;oljynfom;wdk‹xHrS xkwf,loHk;pGJ&rnf?
6? vlr_qufqHa&;w&m;r#wr_/ pD;ygG;a&;w&m;r#wr_/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_/ tqifhtwef;wlnDr_/ tcGifhtvrf;
wlnDr_/ w&m;Oya't&wlnDr_wdk‹tjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhvnf;aumif;/ avmu0wW&m; wdk‹ESifhvnf;aumif;/
oifhjrwfavsmfuefap&rnfjzpfaom vGwfvyfpGmawG;=uHEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmzGifh[ a&;om;azmfjyEdkifr_/ vGwfvyf
pGm,Hk=unfEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm bk&m;ausmif;uef oGm;cGifh ðyEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm
y&da,oe&SmrSD;Edkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmpnf;&Hk;Edkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufEdkifr_wdk‹udk jynfoljynfom;tm;vHk;wdk‹
&&SdcHpm;Edkifatmif 0efcHcsuf&Sd&rnf?
7? (1) ‘wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;’.tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfaom
1? vlwdk‹.tcGifhta&;
2? vlrsdK;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;
3? ,Ofaus;r_wGif rdrdwdk‹p&dkuft& jyXmef;EdkifcGifhESifhwuG vGwfvyfpGmaygif;oif;qufqHEdkif
aom tcGifhta&;
4? Oya'ðytzGJ‹wGif xdkufoifhaomudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& yg0ifEdkifa&;
28
xdktcGifhta&;wdk‹udk vlrsm;pkESifh vlrsdK;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ bmompum;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ,Ofaus;r_
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ &mZ0ifpOfvmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ uGJjym;aomolrsm;vnf;jzpfI oufqdkif&m
tzGJ‹0ifa'owGif vlOD;a& (10)yHk(1)yHkxufrenf;&Sdonfholrsm;vnf;jzpfaom jynfolwpkonf cHpm;Edkif
ygonf[k cH0efcsuf&Sd&rnf?
7? (2) u&iftrsdK;om;wdk‹ESifhoufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpltpdk;&tm;ulnDt=uHay;&ef ‘u&if
a&;&mtzGJ‹’wpkudkzGJ‹pnf;&rnf?
8? ‘jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f’ ‘udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f’ ‘vlrsdK;pkjynfe,f’wk‹dtm; ydkif;jcm;owfrSwf tyfESif;
v$Jajymif;xm;aom tm%mrsm;rSwyg; vGwfvyaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwjrefrm EdkifiHawmf.
Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mwdk‹onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHY&SdI xdktm%m
wdk‹udk EdkifiHzGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'uwnfaxmifxm;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& Xmersm;uaomf
4if;/ xdkXmersm;.trdef‹t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ oHk;pGJEdkif&rnf?
9? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd jynfoltm;vHk;wdk‹.txGwftjrwfjzpfxdkufaom EdkifiHawmf.
t=uD;trSL;jzpfonfh orRwESifhwuG jynfol‹v$wfawmf vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifaom jynfaxmifpk
r[mv$wfawmfwdk‹wGif jynfaxmifpkOya'ðytm%mudk tyfESif;xm;&Sdap&rnf? orRwtm; jynfaxmifpk
r[mv$wfaawmfu a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf? jynfol‹v$wfawmftrwfrsm;udk v#dK‹0SufaomrJqEN
ay;pepft& t&G,fa&mufolwdkif;u a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf? vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif ‘jynfaxmifpk
jynfe,f’rSvnf;aumif;/ ‘udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f’rSvnf;aumif;/ ‘vlrsdK;pkjynfe,f’rS vnf;aumif;/
‘wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk’rSvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ‹a'owcktjzpfjzifh pk&Hk;zGJ‹pnf;tyfaom usefa'orsm;rSvnf;
aumif; udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;yg0ifap&rnf?
10? w&m;Oya'ESifh TedkifiHzGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'wdk‹ujyXmef;rnfh pnf;urf;csufrsm;udkaxmufI jynfolwdk‹
wGif rdrdwdk‹a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfudk E_wfy,fac:,lEdkifaom tcGifhta&;
&Sdap&rnf?
11? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&[kac:qdktyfonfh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtkyfcsKyfr_tm%m wnf&Sd&m
jzpfaom tpdk;&tzGJ‹onf jynfol‹v$wfawmftm;wm0efcH&rnf?
12? EdkifiHzGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'uaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'uaomfvnf;aumif;/ wnfaxmif
xm;aomw&m;&Hk;awmfrsm;onf w&m;pD&ifjcif;udkðy&rnf? xdkw&m;&Hk;rsm;u r[mw&m;&Hk;awmfESifh wuG
xdkw&m;&Hk;awmf. vufatmufcHw&m;&Hk;rsm;jzpfonf? w&m;ol=uD;rsm;onf EdkifiHzGJ‹pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifh
w&m;Oya'wdk‹udkomaxmufI vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&if&rnf? r[mw&m;&kH;awmf. w&m;0ef=uD;rsm;udk
‘jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf’u a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf?
13? vGGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwjrefrmEdkifiH. E,fajrwdk‹waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnf&Sdae
onf[laom *k%foduQmonfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf.=unf;/ a&/ avwdk‹udk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfEdkif
aomtcGifhta&;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ xdk%foduQmrsm;onfw&m;r#wr_ESifhvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;=uD;jynf=uD;
wdk‹.Oya'ESifhvnf;aumif;/ avsmfnDpGmwnfwHhcdkifjrJae&rnf?
14? uGsEkyfwdk‹cspfjrwfEdk;aomEdkifiHawmfonf urBmay:wGif w&m;ojzifh&oifh&xdkufonfvnf;jzpfI *k%f
usufoa&ESifhvnf;jynfhpHkaomtqifhtwef;udk&&SdI vlowW0gcyfodrf;wdk‹.tuskdK;pD;ygG;udk wdk;wufap&ef
rdrdYwm0ef&Sdonfhtavsmuf tpGrf;ukeftm;xkwfaqmif&GufjyD;v#if jynfaxmifpktcsif;csif;/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh
avmu0wW&m;wdk‹udkaxmufcH/ tEdkifEdkifiHwdk‹Esifhcspf=unf&if;ESD;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnf[k cdkifjrJaom
t"dXmefudk ðyxm;avonf?
29
azmfaqmifa&;rS ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmufa&;odk‹’pmtkyfwGif a&;om;
xm;onf)?
30
Todk‹jzifh jynfaxmifpktrnfcH jrefrmEdkifiHonf 1948ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfa&;
udk ausnmI ArmtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif ozef;oD;EdkifiHtjzpf urBmtv,fwGif ay:xGef;vmcJhonf?
csif;awmiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfcsrSwfa&;
31
5? tpdk;&csrSwfaom rl0g'ESifh rnDnGwf rqDavsmf=ujcif;paom e,fcsJ‹wdk‹zefwD;cJhaom tkyfcsKyfolESifh
tkyfcsKyfcH vlwef;pm;wdk‹ jy\emyifjzpfonf?
32
1948ckESpf pufwifbmv(18)&ufae‹wGif &efukefðrdŒY aumfr&SiftzGJ‹0ifrsm; tpnf;ta0;xyfrHðyvkyf=uI
wdkufol=uD;rsm;tm; ay;&efjzpfaom avsmfa=u;aiGudpPudk jyifqifwGufcsufjyD; pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif twGif;a&;
rSL;u wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpmudk tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;=uonf?
33
u|Efkyfwdk‹csif;trsdK;om;rsm;onf xdkpOftcsdefu jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf. wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
tm;vHk;xJwGif vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;Y tppt&m&m atmuftusqHk;jzpfaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHa&;u¾
wGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf pwifzGJ‹pnf;&mY a&S;OD;tusqHk;jzpfcJhonf?
csif;trsdK;om;ae‹owfrSwfjcif;
ed*Hk;
34
csif;trsdK;om;ae‹. av;eufaomt"dy`g,f&Sdr/_ jynfh0aomtESpfom&/ us,f 0ef;euf&d_if;aom
ordkif;aemufcH/ cdkifvkHaomordkif;armfuGef;taxmuftxm;/ aemiftpOfxm0&O'gef;wGif&pfrnfh csif;trsdK;
om;ae‹/ ae‹xl;ae‹jrwfudk jrwfEdk;xdef;odrf;rnfh csif;trsdK;om;rsm;. pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_tpOftvmudk r&_pdrfh
vdkolrsm;. zsufqD;aESmuf,Suf wdkufcdkufr_trsdK;rsdK;udk csif;trsdK;om;wdkif; tpOfxm0& owdcsyfaeoifhonf?
vGwfvyfa&;
vGwfvyfa&;[lonfarG;uwnf;uygvmmaomvl.rlvtcGifhta&;jzpfonf/ vlwpfOD;csif;/ vlrsdK;
wpfrsdK;csif;/ vGwfvyfpGm&yfwnfcGifh/ rdrd=urRmudk rdrzd mom vGwfvyfpGmzefwD;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? EkdifiHa&;vGwf
35
vyfcGifh/ pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfcGifh/ vlr_a&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; tjynfht0&SdrSomv#if vGwfvyfa&; trSef&&Sdjcif;
jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDa&;
jynfolvlxk.qENjzifha&G;cs,fwifajrmufaom jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS jynfolvlxkjyXmef;aom
Oya't& tkyfcsKyfaompepfonf 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&; pepfjzpfa=umif; jynfoltrsm;oabmayguf
em;vnf=uygonf? vkdvm;awmifhw=uygonf? 'Drdkua&pD. tajccHrSmvGwfvyfcGifhESifh vl‹tcGifhta&; jzpf
onf? vGwfvyfcGifhESifhvl‹tcGifhta&;qkH;&H_;jcif;onf 'Drdkua&;pDqdwfokOf;jcif;yifjzpfonf? avmuygVw&m;
r&Sdu jA[Rpdk&fw&m;xGef;um;rnfr[kwfay? 'Drkdua&pDqdwfokOf;aomt&yfYvljzpf&jcif;onf wd&dp>mefb0
xuf omvGefqdk;0g;onf? vGwfvyfa&;/ nDr#a&;/ wef;wla&;/ cspf=unfa&;/ nD!Gwfa&;/ jidrf;csrf;a&;/
wnfjrJa&;wkd‹onf wpfckESifhwpfckqufEG,faeaom 'Drdkua&pD.tESpfom&rsm;jzpfonf?
1948 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv(20)&ufae‹wGif jyefvnftw k fjrpfcscJhaom csif;awmif.'Drdkua&pD a'oEW&
tkyfcsKkyfa&;pepfonfyif 1958 ckESpftdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSpI jyefvnfuG,faysmufcJh&onf?
jynfaxmifpka&;
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vkH;. t"du&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifonf jynfaxmifpktppftrSef
ay:xGef;a&; yifjzpfonf? vlwpfOD;csif;/ vlrsdKl;wpfrsdK;csif;/ vGwfvyfpGm&yfwnfI jidrf;csrf;pGmyl;aygif;onhf
jynfaxmifpkudk tvdk&Sd=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pkHaexdkifaom wdkif;jynfY zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
pepfjzifh jynfaxmifpktppftrSefudk wnfaqmufrSomv#If vlwpfOD;csif;/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;csif;/ vGwfvyfpGm
&yfwnfEdkifI udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifhESifhtwl 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;/ wdk;wufzHG‹òzd;a&;/ wnfwHhcdkifjrJ/
jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sdrnfjzpfonf? vlrsdK;}uD;0g'/ tm%m&Sipf epfwdk‹udk umuG,fEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
36
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifEdkifiHawmftm%mudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfqkyfudkifaeolwpfpkonf jynfaxmifpk FEDERAL
rludkcJG xGufa&;rl[korkwf=uonf? cJGxGufa&;[laom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rSm SECESSION omjzpfonf?
Federal ESifh Secession [laompum;ESpfvkH;udk jynfolvlxkrScJGjcm;em;vnfrnfr[kwf[laom txifjzifh
vGJrSm;pGm 0g'jzef‹I jynfol vlxktm; vSnfhjzm;=uonf?
The indispenable quality of the federal state being a distribution of the power of the government between
the federal authority and the federal units. Federal is a device for bringing together and satisfying
deferent peoples and races of a country. When a number of states previously indepentent unit together and
form a central government for political administration of certain common affairs while retaining independent
37
of action in other matters they are said to form a federation. A federation is a union state while a
conderation, therefore, is a national union while a confederation is a union of an international character.
Conferation is an assembly of ambassadors of the various states of league. International sovereignty of
each remains quite unimpaired and its external sovereignty is limited only to a very small extent.
38
(2) csif;0daoowdkif;twGuf b¾mawmfcGJa0ay;&ef vufawG‹vkyfief;pOfrsm;/ tcuftcJ
rsm; wifjyawmif;qdkcJhjcif;/
(3) csif;jynfe,fowfrSwfay;a&;udk tjyif;txefawmif;qdkcJhjcif; - ponfwdk‹wGif 0ef=uD;
csKyfESifhtjcm;0ef=uD;rsm;oabmwlygvsuf b¾ma&;Xme0ef=uD; jrefrmhtvif;OD;wif/
0ef=uD;OD;ausmfjidrf;wdk‹uef‹uGufr_a=umifh tcuftcJESifh&ifqdkifcJh&onf/ TudpP/ Tt
a&;a=umifh 0ef=uD;&mxl;rSE_wfxGufvdka=umif; rlvvGwfvyfa&;r&rSD AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;.rl/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhcsif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;aqG;aEG;c%f; a&pHkarsma=umif;
rsm;yg ajymqdk&onftxd jzpfcJh&onf – [lI azmfjyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&onf?
uGsEkyfwdk‹trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif=uD;rsm;ar#mfrSef;cJhonfh jynfaxmifpkyHkpHrSm –
(1) wjynfaxmifpepfrSm yx0Dt&e,fajrpdwfydkif;I tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk A[dkrScsKyfudkif
tkyfcsKyf&aompepfjzpfojzifh vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;/ bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;pH
tppt&m&mwckwnf;jzpfaomwdkif;jynfwGifom oifhawmfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh vHk;0
rtyfpyf? jynfaxmifpkqdkonfhtwdkif; jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;aom jynfaxmifpkudkom
tvdk&Sdonf? ppfrSef aom jynfaxmifpkonf atmufygt*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhjynfhpHk&rnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif csif;/ ucsif/ &Sr;f / u&if/ u,m;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ Arm[lI vlrsdK;
(*)rsdK;&SdonfESifhtnD trsdK;om;jynfe,f(*)jynfe,fudk zGJ‹pnf;&rnf?
(3) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsdK;pktrsdK;om;v$wfawmf(txufv$wfawmf)ESifh jynf
ol‹v$wfawmf(atmufv$wfawmf) ESpf&yfxm;&Sd&rnf?
(4) vlrsdK;pktrdsK;om;v$wfawmf(txufv$wfawmf)udk jynfe,frsm;rS OD;a&tnDtr#pDap
v$wfxm;aom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifhzGJ‹pnf;I jynfol‹v$wfawmf(txuf
v$wfawmf)udk jynfe,frsm;rS vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkufapv$wfxm;aom v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifhzGJ‹pnf;&rnf?
(5) jynfaxmifpktzGJ‹0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifhaqmif&Guf
&ef jynfaxmifpk=uD;udkay;xm;aom EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
aiGpuUL/ aiG'*Fg;xkwfa0a&;ESifh ,m,DvJ$tyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;udk
tyfESif;xm;onfh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udkzGJ‹pnf;&rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlt& Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m
wnf;[laom tcsKyftjcmtm%moHk;&yfpvHk;ydkifqdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;tm%mtjynfht0
&Sdaom jynfaxmif(jynfe,f)tpdk;&rsm;udk zGJ‹pnf;&rnf? wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh
aqmif&Guf&ef jynfaxmifpktpdk;&od‹kay;tyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;rSty
usefvkyfydkifcGifhtm%m Residurary Power rsm;udk jynfaxmif(jynfe,f)tpdk;&odk‹
tjynfht0ay;tyfxm;&rnf?
39
Tpmwrf;onf –
qvdkif;uD;vJatmrf;
aemufqufwGJ
40
yxrOD;qHk;rSwfwdkifuawmh 1918 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv(20)&uf jzpfygw,f? arðrd‹/ t*FvdyfppfwyftwGif;rSm
&SdwJhcsif;trsdK;om;rsm;zGJ‹pnf;wJh csif;trsdK;om;rsm;&J‹ yxrOD;qHk; aom vlr_a&;tzJG‹tpnf;jzpfwJh “csif;trsdK;
om;ynma&;jrSifhwifa&;tzGJ‹”ay:aygufwJhae‹ jzpfygw,f?
41
aumfr&Sifu e,ftoDoD;uvlvkudk,fpm;vS,f/ wdkuftkyf/ acsmif;tkyf/ ol=uD;rsm;&J‹ vlxkqENudk 1948ckESpf
azaz:0g&D(12)&ufuae(26)&uftxd ppfaq;cJhygw,f? tJ'pD pfaq;ae&if;rSmbJ csif;0daoowdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
nDvmcHudkvJ zvrf;ðrd‹rSm 1948 azaz: (19)uae(22)&uftxd wðydifxJusif;ycJhyg w,f?
aumfr&Sif&J‹ppfaq;csufuawmh (12/ 02/ 48) wD;wdefðrd‹rSm urfawm/pkwWJ/pD;,if;e,f/ (16/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹
rSm [m;cg;e,f/ (17/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹rSm&mawmuf/ abmfvuGm/ vGefbef/ ig;rGwf/uefyufvuf/[m;cg;e,f/
(18/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹rSm xkwfv_dif/ uGmZyfe,f ppfaq;ygw,f? (19/ 02/ 48) uae (22/ 02/ 48) txd
zvrf;ðrd‹rSm csif;0daoowdkif;vHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHusif;yjyD; vlxkqENkudk =um;emw,f? nDvmcHjyD;qHk;wJh aemuf
qHk;ae‹ (22/ 02/ 48) rSm zvrf;ðrd‹rSmyvuf0e,f/ (23/ 02/ 48) zvrf;rSm wD;wdefuv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
refwHk;ekef;/ 26/ 02/ 48 zvrf;ðrd‹rSm csif;0daoowdkif;twGif;&Sd e,ft&m&Sdrsm;qENudk ppfaq; ygw,f?
vlxkwifjywJh pepfa[mif;wdkufol=uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;csdK‹,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;uawmh
(1) tm%mESifhtcGihfta&;tvGJoHk;pm;ðyI vlxktay:nSOf;yrf;EdSyfpuf=ujcif;/
(2) jynfolvlxktusdK;o,fydk;&efpdwfqENenf;yg;=ujyD; qufqHa&;rajyjypf=ujcif;/
(3) wdk;wufaomacwfudk&ifabmifwef;vdkufEdkifaom vlr_qufqHa&;t=um;tjrif/ A[kokwr&Sd=ujcif;/
(4) 0efaxmufrsm;ay;aomtm%mudk t&rf;rJhoHk;pGJ=ujcif;/
(5) EdkifiHawmftpdk;&csrSwfaomrl0g'ESifh rnDnGwfrqDavsmf=ujcif;
aumfr&Sifu vlxkqENppfaq;csufudk tESpfcsKyfvdkufawmh
(1) wdkufol=uD;rsm;ðzwfcs&efqEN&Sda=umif; wnDwnGwfwnf;xGufqdk=ua=umif;/
(2) wdkufol=uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa[mif;tpm; vlxkqENeJ‹a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufwJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tkyf
csKyfwJh 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopf wDxGiftpm;xdk;tkyfcsKyf&ef wnDwnGwfwnf; xGufqdk=u
a=umif; awG‹&Sdyg w,f?
aumfr&Sifu &efukefðrd‹rSm (10/ 03/ 48) tpnf;ta0;usif;yjyD; wdkufol=ud;rsm;udk 4if;wdk‹ tr_xrf;oufwef;
tavsmuf xdkufoifhwJhyifpif/avsmfa=u;ay;bdk‹ aqG;aEG;ygw,f? aumfr&Sif&J‹ (18/ 09/ 48)ae‹ &efukefðrd‹
tpnf;ta0;rSm aumfr&SiftwGif;a&;rSL;&J‹ avsmfa=u;tao;pdwfwGufcsufr_ tpD&ifcHpmudk aqG;aEG;=u
ygw,f? aumfr&Sifu (22/ 09/ 48)tpnf;ta0;rSm tjyD;owfaqG;aEG;r_/ tacsmudkifr_awGðyvkyfjyD;
EdkifiHawmftpdk; &0ef=uD;rsm;tzGJ‹tpnf;ta0;udkwifjybdk‹ qHk;jzwfygw,f? jyD;awmh 0ef=uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;udk
(30/ 09/ 48 )rSm wifoGif;ygw,f? twdkcskyfajym&&if 0ef=uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;u oabmwlnDcsuf
&&SdoGm;jyD;wJhaemuf Oya'a&;qGJwJh[mudk wESpfvHk;vdkvdk vHk;yrf;=ujyefw,f? tJ'ga=umifh ‘1896 Chin Hills
Regulation Act’ ysufjy,fjyD; ‘1948 csif;0daoowdkif;tufOya'’eJ‹ ‘csif;0daoowdkif;tufOa' (Oya'rsm;
ESifhoufqdkifapjcif;)’ Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;edkifcJhygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ‹ a'oEW& tkyfcsKyfa&;udk
tOD;qHk; azmfaqmifEdkif cJhwm[m *k%f,lp&mjzpfygw,f?
42
atmifyGJobif tcrf;tem;ESifh csif;0daoowdkif;vHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif’qdkjyD; wGJbufusif;ywmudk
awG@&ygw,fqdkwJh ta=umif; ajymjy&if;eJ‹bJed*Hk;csKyftyfygw,f?
xl;jcm;csufrsm;uawmh -
- yxrrSwfwdkif 1918 azaz: (20)&uf csif;trsdK;om;ynma&;jrSifhwifa&;tzGJ‹zGJ‹pnf;onfhae‹
- 'kwd,rSwfwdkif 1928 azaz: (20)&uf csif;awmifnDnGwfa&;tzGGJ‹ zGJ‹pnf;onfhae‹
- wwd,rSwfwdkif 1938 azaz: (20)&uf uefyufvufwGif t*FvdyfudkoydwfarSmuf armif;xkwf
onfhae‹
- pwkwWrSwfwdkif 1939 aaz: (20)&uf csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tjzpf pwif
zrf;qD;onfhae‹
- yOPrrSwfwdkif 1948 azaz: (20)&uf zvrf;nDvmcHwGif 'Drdkua&pDtkwfjrpfcstqdkwifoGif;
axmufcHonfhae‹wdk‹ jzpfygw,f?
43
pnf;ygw,f? 'DtzGJ‹&J‹ 1933ckESpf rwfv(24-25)&uf/ roHkEl;&Gm(rif;wyfe,f) nDvmcHu ae “csif;trsdK;om;
nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹”vdk‹ trnfjyifqifcJhygw,f? jyifqif&wJhta=umif;uawmh csif;awmifwef;/ vla&Sawmifwef;
/ em*awmifwef; pojzifh t*FvdyfuuGJjym;pGmac:a0:aewJhtwGuf awmif ay:ajrjyeff‹ csif;trsdK;om;tm;vHk;
aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udkOD;wnfjyD; jyefvnfjyifqifa=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f? tJ'D csif;trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@
(crnz)&J‹ 1934ckESpfpufwifbmv (29)&uf/ 0&J&Gm (rif;wyfe,f)nDvmcHuae t*Fvdyf tpdk;&udk &mZoH
(9)csufay;xm; ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
44
jzpfygw,f? axmifZudkif;(wD;wdef)u wifoGif;jyD; qGefref;(zvrf;)eJ‹ xef;armif;(uefyufvuf)wdk‹u
axmufcH=uygw,f? rJcGJqHk;jzwf&mrSm axmufcHrJ ig;axmifausmfeJ‹ uef‹uGufrJ(17)rJ &Sdygw,f?
aumfr&Sifu (12/ 02/ 48) wD;wdefðrd‹rSm urfawm/ pkwWJ/ pD;,if;e,f/ (16/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹rSm [m;cg;e,f/
(17/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹rSm&mawmuf/ abmfvuGm/ vGefbef/ ig;rGwf/ uefyufvuf/ [m;cg;e,f/ (18/ 02/ 48)
zvrf;ðrd‹rSm xkwfv_dif/ uGmZyfe,f ppfaq;ygw,f? (19/ 02/ 48) uae (22/ 02/ 48) txd zvrf;ðrd‹rSm
csif;0daoowdkif;vHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHusif;yjyD; vlxkqENkudk =um;emw,f? nDvmcHjyD;qHk;wJh aemufqHk;ae‹ (22/
02/ 48) rSm zvrf;ðrd‹rSm yvuf0e,f/ (23/ 02/ 48) zvrf;rSm wD;wdefuv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f refwHk;ekef;/
26/ 02/ 48 zvrf;ðrd‹rSm csif;0daoowdkif;twGif;&Sd e,ft&m&Sdrsm;qENudk qufvufppfaq; ygw,f?
vlxkwifjywJh pepfa[mif;wdkufol=uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;csdK‹,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;uawmh
(6) tm%mESifhtcGihfta&;tvGJoHk;pm;ðyI vlxktay:nSOf;yrf;EdSyfpuf=ujcif;/
(7) jynfolvlxktusdK;o,fydk;&efpdwfqENenf;yg;=ujyD; qufqHa&;rajyjypf=ujcif;/
(8) wdk;wufaomacwfudk &ifabmifwef;vdkufEdkifaom vlr_qufqHa&;t=um;tjrif/ A[kokw r&Sd=u
jcif;/
(9) 0efaxmufrsm;ay;aomtm%mudk t&rf;rJhoHk;pGJ=ujcif;/
(10) EdkifiHawmftpdk;&csrSwfaomrl0g'ESifh rnDnGwfrqDavsmf=ujcif;
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avsmfa=u;ay;bdk‹ aqG;aEG;ygw,f? aumfr&Sif&J‹ (18/ 09/ 48) ae‹ &efukefðrd‹ tpnf;ta0;rSm aumfr&Sif
twGif;a&;rSL;&J‹ avsmfa=u;tao;pdwfwGufcsufr_ tpD&ifcHpmudk aqG;aEG;=uw,f? aumfr&Sifu (22/ 09/ 48)
tpnf;ta0;rSm tjyD;owfaqG;aEG;r_/ tacsmudkifr_awGðyvkyfjyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&0ef=uD;rsm;tzGJ‹ tpnf;ta0;
udkwifjybdk‹ qHk;jzwfygw,f? jyD;awmh 0ef=uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;udk (30/ 09/ 48 )rSmwifoGif;ygw,f?
twdkcskyfajym&&if 0ef=uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;u oabmwlnDcsuf&&SdoGm;jyD;wJhaemuf Oya'a&;qGJwJh[mudk
wESpfvHk;vdkvdk vHk;yrf;=ujyefw,f? tJ'ga=umifh ‘1896 Chin Hills Regulation Act’ ysufjy,fjyD; ‘1948
csif;0daoowdkif;tufOya'’eJ‹ ‘csif;0daoowdkif;tufOa' (Oya'rsm;ESifhoufqdkifapjcif;)’ Oya'rsm; udk
jyXmef;edkifcJhygw,f? 'DOya't& csif;0daoowdkif;twGif; 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ‹ a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&; udk
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tOD;qHk; azmfaqmifEdkifcJhygw,f?
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(14/09/ 2005 rS 31/ 10/ 2005) e,l;a'vDwGif Chin Forum ðyvkyfaom
zGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;&moifwef;Y
qvdkif;uD;vJatmrf;. csif;trsdK;om;ae‹ESifh zGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya' ydk‹cscsuf
aumfr&Sifu (12/ 02/ 48) wD;wdefðrd‹rSm urfawm/ pkwWJ/ pD;,if;e,f/ (16/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹rSm [m;cg;e,f/
(17/ 02/ 48) zvrf;ðrd‹rSm&mawmuf/ abmfvuGm/ vGefbef/ ig;rGwf/ uefyufvuf/ [m;cg;e,f/ (18/ 02/ 48)
zvrf;ðrd‹rSm xkwfv_dif/ uGmZyfe,f ppfaq;ygw,f? (19/ 02/ 48) uae (22/ 02/ 48) txd zvrf;ðrd‹rSm
csif;0daoowdkif;vHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHusif;yjyD; vlxkqENkudk =um;emw,f? nDvmcHjyD;qHk;wJh aemufqHk;ae‹ (22/
02/ 48) rSm zvrf;ðrd‹rSm yvuf0e,f/ (23/ 02/ 48) zvrf;rSm wD;wdefuv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f refwHk;ekef;/
26/ 02/ 48 zvrf;ðrd‹rSm csif;0daoowdkif;twGif;&Sd e,ft&m&Sdrsm;qENudk qufvufppfaq; ygw,f?
vlxkwifjywJh pepfa[mif;wdkufol=uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;csdK‹,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;uawmh
(11) tm%mESifhtcGihfta&;tvGJoHk;pm;ðyI vlxktay:nSOf;yrf;EdSyfpuf=ujcif;/
(12) jynfolvlxktusdK;o,fydk;&efpdwfqENenf;yg;=ujyD; qufqHa&;rajyjypf=ujcif;/
(13) wdk;wufaomacwfudk &ifabmifwef;vdkufEdkifaom vlr_qufqHa&;t=um;tjrif/ A[kokw
r&Sd=u jcif;/
(14) 0efaxmufrsm;ay;aomtm%mudk t&rf;rJhoHk;pGJ=ujcif;/
(15) EdkifiHawmftpdk;&csrSwfaomrl0g'ESifh rnDnGwfrqDavsmf=ujcif;
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(6) wdkufol=uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa[mif;tpm; vlxkqENeJ‹a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufwJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tkyf
csKyfwJh 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopf wDxGiftpm;xdk;tkyfcsKyf&ef wnDwnGwfwnf; xGufqdk=u
a=umif; awG‹&Sdygw,f?
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pwkwˆrSwfwdkifuawmh 1939 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(20)&uf jzpfygw,f? t*Fvdyftpdk;&u crnztzGJ‹udk
rw&m;toif;a=ujimjyD; OD;0rRol;armif;tygt0if crnzacgif;aqmif(9)OD; pwifzrf;qD;wJhae‹jzpfw,f?
uefyufvufrSm t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk oydwfarSmufarmif;xkwfwJhudpPeJ‹ygwfoufjyD; t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&u ‘wESpf’tcsdef,ljyifqifjyD; zrf;qD;axmifcswmjzpfw,f? tokwf(5)okwf/ vlaygif;(79)OD; EdkifiHa&;t
usOf;om; tjzpf zrf;qD;axmifcscH&ygw,f?
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