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&J&aJ wmufEiS ;f qDEiS hf jynfopfwnforl sm;
('kwd,ajrmuf aqmif;yg;rsm; pkpnf;r+)
(1)
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(yeyintaung@gmail.com)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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(5)
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jzpfawmhonf?
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(6)
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(7)
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(8)
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urBmhtaumif;qHk; +idrf;csrf;r_ wnfaqmufa&; tiftm;pk}uD;yJ?
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pmzwfcGihf&wJh avmu}uD;ukd aus;Zl;wifw,f? tusKd;ðywJh/ b0qefwJh pmayzHG@òzd;a&;twGuf
wwyfwtm; óu;d yrf;ygr,f? ?
Ekdifatmif
(vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;xJu wOD;)
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(9)
7J7ifah tmifukd rdwq

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ol@trnfu aZmfaX;? aemufemrnfwcku jrom?
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pdwo
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usaemfw@kd u r%dy&l / olu rDZ&kd rf? pcef;rwl?
1989-90 umvusrS ole‹J usaemf vlcsi;f awG@z;l wm?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm olu rDZdk&rfjynfe,f tdkufaZmpcef;&JŒ twGif;a&;rSL;/ usaemfu

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tajccs aexdkifolawGuvnf; trsm;om;? &ufuef;&ufol/ aps;a&mif;ol/ EdkifiHa&;cdkv_Hol/
awmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@ pdkif;jyif;aeol/ om;aysmuforD;aysmuf&Smol jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGav?
we,fw&yfrSm bmjzpfjzpf tylonfcsif;awmh twlwlyJvdk@ qdk&rvdkygyJ? idkwcg òyH;wvSJ@
tjyefjyeftvSefvSef az;rvufwGJcJh=u&wm?
(10)
'gu 1990-91-92?
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ta=umif;t&muvnf; Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ zG@H òz;d a&;awGygovdk 'kuo

Q nf/ em*pf/ o}ueF /f
oHcsy/f acwfay:*Dw pojzifh uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆKwdk pmpHak &;olwa,muf?
tckpmtky[
f m ol‹&ŒJ 'kw,
d t}urd f óu;d yrf;r_?
ESpf 20 xJu ol‹ t&if;tES;D awG/ ol@b0&JŒ jzwfoef;r_ yH&k yd af wG?
'ga=umifh 'gawGukd zwf=unf&h if &J&ifah tmifukd jrifEikd rf ,f?
[kwwf ,f/ ESpf 20? 'D ESpf 20 xJrmS ajymif;vJra_ wGuvnf; trsm;}u;D ?
'gayrJh ol[m usaemfw@kd rlvblw ,H=k unfcsuu f kd rarh?
usaemfuvnf; &J&ifah tmifukd rarh?

(11)
trSm
rdq;l yGihf
trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEkdifiH)
pma&;wJh (ud)k &J&ifah tmife@J &if;ES;D wm ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =umyg+y?D ol@upkd +y;D &if;ES;D cJw
h mu
uAsmorm;wOD ; tjzpf &if ; ES D ; cJ h w myg? usru uAsmq&mawG u d k av;pm;&if ; pJ G & S d o l /
uAsmq&mrtjzpf b0rS m &S i f o ef z d k @ pd w f u l ; ,Of c J h z l ; ol wOD ; jzpf v d k @ uAsmq&mawG /
uAsm0goem&SifawGudk tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydkpdwf0ifpm;ygw,f? rZÆdreJ@ tm[m&rSmygwJh
ol@pum;ajyawGudk óud;=um;óud;=um; zwfjzpfcJhayr,fh tJ'DpmapmifawGxJu trsm;pkudk
jyefvnfpkpnf;xkwfa0wJh (udk) &J&ifhatmif&JŒ ‘,Hk=unfcsuf rdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aom
reufjzef’ qdw
k hJ uAsmeJ@ aqmif;yg;rsm;aygi;f csKyfpmtkyf xGu&f v dS mawmhrS ol[m jrifor#/ odor#/
awG;or#udk pmtjzpf csa&;zdk@ t&nftaoG;eJ@ vHk@v0D&d, tjynfht0&Sdol wOD;jzpfa=umif;
todtrSwf ðycJh&w,fvdk@ 0efcH&rSmyg?
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D aemufyikd ;f e,fpyfa'oudk &nf&,

G cf su/f cH,cl sut f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@
a&muf&v dS m=uolawGxrJ mS pmayorm;awG/ pmay0goem&Siaf wG/ pmayyd;k &Sw d o
hJ al wG trsm;}u;D
yg0ifcahJ yr,fh usrwd@k &ŒJ e,fpyfa'o jzwfoef;r_awGukd rSww f rf;wifEikd w
f hJ tajctaeuawmh
(pdwfraumif;p&m) odyfenf;aeygao;w,f? usrwdk@wawG[m jynfwGif;u &J&Jawmuf
wdkufyJG0ifolawGudk *k%fðy=uw,f? tzrf;cH&r,frSef;ododeJ@ pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;cJh=uwJh EdkifiHa&;
tusO;f om;awGukd *k%ðf y=uw,f/ 'gayrJh e,fpyfa'ou wdik ;f &if;om; awmfveS af &;orm;awGe@J
'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0ifolawG&JŒ jzwfoef;r_ yHk&dyfawG[mvnf; jrefrmjynf awmfvSefa&;ordkif;
pmrsufESm&JŒ uGufvyfawGudk jznfhzdk@&Sdaew,fqdkwJh tcsufudk wcgwav arhavsmhxm;ovdk
jzpfcJh=uygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm e,fpyfa'oqdkwm xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf/ w±kwf-jrefrme,fpyf/ tdENd,-

jrefrme,fpyf/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf-jrefrme,fpyf tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;
vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; {&d,mtoD;oD;udk a&muf&SdcJhwJh usrwdk@wawGrSm wdkif;&if;om;
awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifawG/ &JabmfawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; cHpm;odjrif&or# ajymjycsifwmawG/
ajymjyzd@k vdtk yfwmawG &Sad eovdk w±kw-f jrefrme,fpyf/ ausmif;om;wyfrawmfu &Jabmfav;
(12)
wOD;[m &efozl rf;qD;jcif; cHvu kd &f ayr,fh tnhrH cH/ t±_;H ray;bJ toufaowJt h xd wa,mufxJ
ckcwH ukd cf u
kd cf v
hJ @kd ppftpd;k &wyfu wyfrLS ;ud,k w f ikd u
f ‘ppfom;qdwk m 'Dvrkd sK;d jzpf&r,f’ qd+k y;D
ol@&aJ bmfawGukd toufr&Sad wmhwhJ ausmif;om;&Jabmfav;&JŒ tavmif;udk tav;ðycdik ;f cJw h ,f
qdwk hJ tjzpftysurf sK;d awG =um;&wJt h cg tdE,dN e,fpyf/ b*Fvm;a'h&efS ,fpyfa&muf vli,fawG&ŒJ
cH,lcsuftwGuf &J&J&ifh&ifh jzwfausmf&ifqdkifcJhwJh tawG@tóuHawGudk em;axmif&wJhtcg/
udk,fwdkifvnf; xdkif;e,fpyfrSm udk,fhb0&JŒ q,fpkESpfawGeJ@twl jzwfoef;cJh&olrdk@ udk,f
&if;ESD;cJhzl;wJh wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;awG/ wyfrSL;}uD;awG/ &Jabmf}uD;awG&JŒta=umif;/
udk,fh&JŒ &Jabmf&Jbuf }uD;i,fawG&JŒ av;pm;p&m/ &,fp&m/ 0rf;enf;p&m/ wcgwav
a'goxGufp&m tðytrl tjzpftysufawGudk óuHawG@&wJhtcg/ awG;rdowd&wJhtcg/ udk,f
'Dta=umif;awG pmra&;jzpfcJhygvm;/ pmra&;EdkifcJhygvm;vdk@ wm0efrausolwOD;tjzpf usr
t+rJcHpm;cJh&ygw,f?
(ud k ) &J & if h a tmif & J Œ tck x k w f w J h pmtk y f x J r S m ygwJ h ta=umif ; t&mav;awG u d k
zwf=unfhawmh usr ESpfoufwJh ta=umif;t&mawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; awG@&Sd&a=umif;
ajymcsifygw,f? ‘ESvHk;om;&yf0ef;’/ ‘tm±kHOD;’ pwJh uav;awGta=umif; a&;wJh pmpkawGudk
=unfh&if tem*wfudk ±_jrifcHpm;+yD; a&;om;xm;wm awG@&rSmjzpfovdk/ ‘nDnGwfa&;wrH
wd k u f y J G a c:oH ’ qd k & if v nf ; td E N d , a&muf 'D r d k u a&pD t if t m;pk r sm;&J Œ tm;xk w f r _ t jzpf
jynfwiG ;f jynfy todtrSwðf yr_ukd &&Sx d m;wJh ‘bke;f bke;f csrS vH;k vH;k &r,f’ qdw k hJ oHcsyaf cG oGi;f pOfu
cHpm;r_udk azmfjy&mrSm &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u vmolyDyD &Spfav;vHk; pdwf"mwfeJ@
rw&m;r_ukd emusicf pH m;ae&qJ/ ESv;kH aoG;awG yGuyf u G q
f q l vJ @kd xyfwcl pH m;rdygw,f?
vuf&dS Edik if aH &; tajctaeawGe@J vGwaf jrmufe,fajr v_y&f mS ;r_awGtay: tm;r&pdwef @J

wd@k xad 0zefra_ wGygwhJ ‘wausmjh yefwu kd yf ’GJ / ‘tav;ðyyg&ap’ pwJh pmpkawGrmS vnf; pma&;ol&ŒJ
apwemudk txif;om; jrifEikd w f mrd@k 'Dvakd 0zefa&;rsK;d udk óuq
d ckd siyf gw,f?
usr tóudufqHk;wyk'fudk ajym&&ifawmh ‘{nfhonf’ vdk@ ajymygap? &Spfav;vHk;

ta&;awmfy}kH u;D t+y;D ppfwyftm;ud;k eJ@ t=urf;zufòzcd iG ;f r_a=umifh rdrw d @kd Zmwd&yf&mG awGuae
xGufcGmvmcJh=u&+yD; e,fpdrf;y,fpdrf;udk a&mufcJh=uwJh usrwdk@vli,fawGudk aEG;aEG;axG;axG;
óudqdkaxG;ayG@cJh=uwJh aqGrsKd;xuf &if;ESD;wJh wpdrf;awG vlwdkif;rSm/ ae&mwdkif;rSm &SdcJh=urSmyg?
“'D r d k u a&pD & &if av,mOf y sH } uD ; eJ @ ac:oG m ;r,f q d k ” qd k + yD ; td k u f a Zmu tzd k ; td k u
E_ w f q uf p um;ajymawmh pma&;ol v d k y J usrvnf ; &if q d k @ oG m ;cJ h y gw,f ? usrrS m vnf ;
“'D r d k u a&pD & &if rif ; wd k @ tm;vH k ; ud k av,mOf e J @ ac:oG m ;r,f ” vd k @ ajymcJ h z l ; wJ h u&if e D
txufwef;ausmif;u ausmif;olausmif;om;av;awG &SdcJhw,fav? tckawmh olwdk@xJu
wcsK@d awmif wwd,Edik if aH wGrmS tajcusuek =f u+y?D wwd,Edik if rH mS ‘{nfo h nf’ oGm;rvkycf siw f hJ
(13)
usrwd@k [m 'kw,
d Edik if aH wGrmS b,ftcsed t
f xd {nfo
h nf vkyaf e&OD;rSmvJ?
tESpcf sKyftm;jzifh ajym&&ifawmh óuq H o

kH r#/ jrifor#/ awG;or#/ cHpm;or# pmtjzpfcsa&;zd@k
ZJv
G @kH v0D&,d &Sw
d hJ (ud)k &J&ifah tmifw@kd vkd vlawGukd todtrSwðf y wefz;kd xm;ygw,f? ordik ;f &JŒ
uGuv f yfawGukd jznfzh @kd óu;d pm;olv@kd wifpm;yg&ap?
av;pm;vsuf
rdql;yGifh
awmfvSefa&;pmay&JabmfwOD;
(trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf - jrefrmEdkifiH)
(14)
trSmpm
pma&;q&mr arNidr;f
wu,f w rf ; usawmh usr trS m pm wcgrS [k w f w d y wf w d ra&;cJ h z l ; ygbl ; ?

ud,
k u hf ,
kd u
f v kd nf; trSmpma&;ay;Edik w f o hJ v l ‹kd rxifygb;l ? b,fvakd &;&rvJv‹kd pOf;pm;&wmudu k
usrrSm tcsed t f awmf=um æ? 'gayrJh pmtkyw f tkyt f wGuf trSmpmqdw k m[m ud, k zf wfxm;wJh
tJ ' D p mtk y f a v;eJ ‹ ywf o uf + yD ; ud k , f h t jrif ud k , f h c H p m;r_ u d k ajymjy/ a&;jywmyJ a vvd k ‹
ESv;kH oGi;f wJt
h cgrmS awmh usr a&;zd‹k vrf;pjrifvm&ygw,f? trSet f wdik ;f ajym&&ifawmh t&ifu
wppD óu;d =um;óu;d =um;zwfz;l wJh &J&ifah tmif&ŒJ pmawGukd tcsed , f +l y;D wpkwnf;jyefzwf æ +y;D awmh
pdwfxJaygufatmif awG;,lae&wmu =umwmyg æ? 'DvdkeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk 3 acgufavmuf
zwft+y;D rSmawmh &J&ifah tmif[m 0wˆK[ef &opmpkawG a&;olv‹kd aocsmoGm;ygawmhw,f?
olu ta=umif;t&m tcsut f vufawGay:rSm cHpm;r_ukd xnf+h y;D a&;wmrd‹k / aocsmwJh

owif ; tcsuf t vuf y gwJ h aqmif ; yg;a&;wmawmif cH p m;csuf a v; pG u f + yD ; a&;wmygæ?
‘ESv;kH om;&yf0ef;’ æ vdk pmpke‹J em*pfe‹J ywfoufwhJ ‘trsuaf 'go’ æ vd/k ‘c&D;oGm; t&dyrf sm;’
vdk pmpkawGudk =unfhEdkifygw,f? aemuf cHpm;csufeJ‹ ol‹tjrift,ltqawGudk ajymjywJh
‘xyfwlxyfr#’/ ‘a&$b}uD;jyefEdkif+yD’/ ‘{nfhonf’ wdk‹uawmh 0wˆK[ef tawmfygw,fvdk‹
qd&k ygr,f? odomwmuawmh pmawGtukev f ;kH rSm pma&;ol&ŒJ Edik if aH &;pdwu
f v$r;f rd;k aewmyg?
‘ajy;vdk‹ vGwfrSmvm;’ æ ‘uHwltusKd;ay;’ vdk pmpkawGu odomygw,f? ‘nDnGwfa&;wrH
wdu k yf aJG c:oH’ vdk olw‹kd oHcsyt
f zG‹J av; ta=umif;uawmh rSww f rf;pmpkav;aygh æ? ‘&moDciG f
tusw d t f cJ’ uawmh wu,fh &opmwrf;av;ygyJ æ?
&J&ifah tmif æ u ol‹pmawGukd aocsm cHpm;+y;D a&;w,fqw kd muawmh ay:vGiv f yS gw,f?

ol‹pmawGukd zwfae&if; xifrw S rf xm;wJt
h csed rf mS ywf0ef;usijf rifuiG ;f zG‹J vv
S aS wG cHpm;csuzf ‹JG
xdxd&S&SawGudk vSpfceJvSpfceJ awG‹&wmu ol wu,fcHpm;+yD; pdwfESpfa&;xm;w,fqdkwmudk
jyaewmygyJ æ?
‘tarSmifxu k tm;,lp/ wawmvH;k wawmifv;kH wdwq f w

d pf ðyyg+y?D cyfvrS ;f vSr;f udk
=unfv
h u
kd &f if wdrv
f m;/ awmifvm;/ jrLcd;k vm; ruJjG ym;? rpd‹k ryd‹k va&mifatmufrmS jrLcd;k awGu
(15)
csKdifh0Srf;awG=um; warhwarm rv_yfr,Suf tdyfpufvdk‹? ae‹tul;rSm vGifhjy,fzdk‹ta&;
tm;arG ; [ef w l & J Œ ? wcsKd Œ wd r f w d k u f a wG u awmif } uD ; awG & J Œ xd y f z sm;ud k tmcH w G i f ; xJ
xnfih x kH m;w,f? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm r±d;k rtD aygi;f zufomG ;r,fh =uifoZl eD;armifEHS jrifuiG ;f rsm;om?
'DjrifuGif;awGu ausmif;wufcJhwJh &Srf;jynfeJ‹ jzwfoef;cJhwJh csif;jynfeJ‹a&m bmxl;vdk‹vJ?
vGr;f armzG,&f myif?’ ({nfo h nf)
‘tarSmifnrSm tjzLxnf yef;yGiahf wGu vif;vuf=u,fpif r&Scd u kd f tm;jznfah y;ovdrk sK;d /

'DtvGrf;awGuyJ udk,fh&JŒ tpðy&mt&yfqD wrf;wrf;ww jzpfapjyefwmukd;? a[mif;EGrf;
td y f r uf & S n f u d k 'D & moD c G i f x J r S m vnf ; qG w f y sH Œ =unf E l ; zG , f & m Ed k ; =um;xºuG j yef a pwm
'DtvGr;f ygy?J ’ (&moDciG f tusw d t f cJ)
ajrom;udk w±_dufrufruf
erf;aevsufu
EG,yf ifaxmifaomif;
tyftacsmif;acsmif;
igch E<mukd xd;k pdu
k n
f ufajc
&pfywfacG./
yifv,f'Dvd_if;
rkefwkdif;ar$./
igonf æ
&ifrmS emusi&f bd
ajrom;twd jzpfav.? (trsufa'go)
‘yif } uD ; yif i ,f a wG u va&mif u d k Ed k ‹ ouf c H p d k ‹ &if ; rd c if r suf E S m ud k armf = unf h v d k ‹ ?

opfcufopf&Gufav;awGu tarSmifudk ra=umufbJ rdcif yifr}uD;eJ‹twl ol‹zGm;atudk
xk;d xk;d axmifaxmif jyL=unfv h ‹kd ?’ (usKyft&yfe‹J usKyfZmwf)
tJ'v
D kd ta&;tom;awGu cHpm;csut
f ajccHrS a&;vd‹k &wmrsK;d yg æ?
&J&ifah tmif[m æ awmfveS af &;xJu pma&;q&mrd‹k ol‹pmawGu awmfveS af &;qefaewm

rqef ; ygbl ; ? tJ v d k y J ta=umif ; t&mtrsm;pk u vnf ; rvG w f v yf rat;csrf ; ao;wJ h
jref r mEd k i f i H t a&;eJ ‹ ,S O f w J h cH p m;csuf a wG tjzpf t ysuf a wG c snf ; aygh ? 'gayrJ h ol u ol
ajymcsiwf mawGukd pmzwfoal wG pdwyf g0ifpm; cHpm;atmif æ auseyfEpS òf cu d af tmif æ a&;ol æ
vd‹k awmh ajym&rSmyg?
(16)
wu,fv‹kd om ta=umif;t&mudyk g a&mifpykH w k ;D uH;k vdk ta&mifpkH tvSpakH &;r,fq&kd if
ol‹vufu &opmudk vSvSa&;Edkifr,fh vufyg æ? usruawmh &ooefolrdk‹ wcsKdŒ EdkifiHa&;
tjrift,ltq uJvGef;wJh pmawGudkawmh awmfawmf pdwfESpf,l+yD; zwf&ygw,f? tJvdkyJ
0wˆ K qef w mav;awG u sawmh v nf ; pd w f x J tvd k u f o if h pD ; 0if o G m ;wmygyJ ? tJ ' D t jyif
0goemt&if;cHeJ‹ ckavmuf pdwfygvufyg pmawG a&;cJhwmudkyJ aus;Zl;wif csD;usL;rdygw,f?
bmvkd‹qdk æ ol‹pmawG[m acwfwacwf&JŒ tjzpfoepfawGudk zwfcsifhpzG,fjzpfatmif
rSww
f rf;wifomG ;wma=umifyh g æ? tJ't
D cg &J&ifah tmif&ŒJ pmpkaygi;f csKyfav; owfowfrw S rf wS f
xGufvmr,fhta&;udk pdwfcsrf;omrdygw,f?
wu,fvdk‹ æ 'DpmpkawGxJrSm usr xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ESpfoufwJh tyk'fawG ajymyg

qd&k if æ &oEG,f æ 0wˆKqefwhJ tyk'af wGaygh æ? (tay:rSm usr xkwjf ycJw h hJ tyk'af wG æ)?
+yD;awmh tóudufqHk; wyk'fudk ajymygqdk&ifawmh usrwa,mufwnf;&JŒ cHpm;csuft& æ
‘{nfo h nf’ æ qdw
k hJ tyk'af v;rSm pma&;q&m&JŒ cHpm;csuu
f kd tawG‹&qH;k rd‹k tESpo f ufq;kH ygyv
J ‹kd
ajymyg&ap&Sif æ?
ar+id r f ;
16 =o*kwf 2009
xdrcd u
kd rf d +iw
d ,
G rf w
d hJ {nfo
h nf
(17)
pmrlrw
d q
f uf
jref r mjynf o l a wG e J ‹ wd k u f ± d k u f q uf p yf w J h ta&;ud p P a wG t ay: ud k , f c sif ; pmrd /
em;vnfrdwJhtwdkif; tm[m&pmapmifrSm a&;jzpfcJhwJh pmrlawG jzpfygw,f? pmzwfoltwGuf
aumif;Ed;k &m&m yg0ifw,fq&kd if auseyfyg+y?D 'gu xkwaf 0&wJh &nf&, G cf suyf g?
&nf&G,fcsuf txajrmufw,fqdk&if aqmif;yg;awGxJrSmygwJh cHpm;csuf/ pdwftm±HkeJ‹

=unfjh rif&m ±_axmifah wGukd rsK;d aphcs/ pdu
k yf sK;d ay;cJ=h uwJh rdbESpyf g;eJ‹ oifq&m/ jrifq&mawGuo
kd m
jrwfEdk;zG,f&m &Sdygw,f?
'gh t jyif pmzwf o l t zd k ‹ &o tawG ; tjrif e J ‹ v_ y f & S m ;ouf 0 if r _ u d k taxG t xl ;

jzpfay:apw,fqdk&if tzdESdyfcHjynfolawG&JŒ ±kef;uef&ifqkdif&wJh tjzpftysufawGudkom
tav;xm;zG,f&m &Sdygw,f?
ESpfvdkzG,fr&Sdjcif;/ ylavmifxd&Sjcif;/ tcsdefwcsKdŒ qHk;±_H;jcif;eJ‹ yk*~dKvfwcsKdŒtwGuf

'Dx
h ufq;kd wJh oufa&mufra_ wG jzpfapw,fq&kd ifawmh usaemfrh mS om wm0ef&ydS gw,f?
tem*wfyidk &f iS f jrefrmuav;oli,fawG zdEydS rf a_ b;tE W&m,frS tjrefqHk;

uif;vGwfEkdif=uygap?
cspfjcif;tm;jzifh
&J&ifah tmif
e,l;a'vD/ tdE,
dN
(pufwifbm/ 2009)
(18)
&J&aJ wmufEiS ;f qD
S pdr,
hf akd ygufuJG S av'%f a&qef avmu"H
t[kejf yif;oGuf vGiphf ifxuG /f }uH}h uHv
h nf;cH tm;rmefrav#mh/
teDa&mif tyGit hf cuf ar$;a-umhoef‹pif urBmwcGif
aoG; tpufpuf æ ol‹ jzpftif æ
a[mif;tdak qG;ajrŒ eH&rH sm; uk,

d w
f idk f avmifòrduf
ywf-um;uJtG uf òydumysu. f ? u|rf;avmifvu d+ pf m; ar$;ysŒH oGm;.?
olonf æ olonf æ
yg;pyf&mZ0if/ yHjk yif r[kwf ±kyaf o;±kyEf iS hf rD;pm r[kwf
aumvm[v/ '¾m&D r[kwf aysmaf wmfqufEiS hf eif;-urf; r[kwf
ESi;f qDyiG chf syf yGizhf wfwpif;. &*H&k eH‹ oif;zJŒG onfh
wdu
k yf 0GJ ifr+ rkew f idk ;f wck? yuwdjzpfpOf olŒ *k%t f if?
S rd;k _cdr;f oHwŒkd wajzmif;ajzmif;xGuf S jyif;jy ‘ae’ESihf tufppf ‘rdk;’ vnf;

v#yfyef;EG,w f ‹kd òyd;òyd;jyuf &J&eJ aD pG; olŒ taoG;ukd
±ke;f ºuGx;kd wuf/ rdŒk armufc|efxuf azsmah wmh ta&miftqif;
pl;oGm;wvuf æ wku d cf |wfEidk jf cif; tvsO;f r&S/d
rd;k wdrv
f m$ urf;yg;&HEiS hf tcsK;d tauGŒtvSnt
hf ajymif;
tmumjyifxuf xd;k cJw
G uf.? axmif;axmif;nufajc cHEidk af v.?
olonf æ olonf æ
om;aumifEiS hf axmifajcmuf r[kwf 'layemay arwWm&SiEf iS hf
wnf-uufEiS hf n$wu f idk ;f r[kwf opPmw&m; vufuikd x f m;onfh
ESi;f qDp;l oGm;. xl;jcm;onfh yDbd cEWyD g&rD&iS f
±d;k ±d;k &Si;f &Si;f tcif;tusi;f ? r[m tmZmenfyif?
(19)
S tka
d [mif;r+erf m$ ; umvrsm;pGm
used pf mtvm; vGiphf ifomG ;vnf;/
0wfr+eftarG
}uJa0jzef‹ -uuf rsK;d qufrsm;od‹k /
acwfopf&moD
tvDvaD usmef if; vGijhf y,fjcif;r&S/d _rJ_rH.?
olonf æ
ol&aJ umif;wdŒk acgif;aqmif
jrefrmhO;D ao#mif
rsK;d aumif; Zmenf bmrxD/
urBmwnfrnfh
&J&aJ wmuf ESi;f qD
a':atmifqef;pk-unf?
(jrefrmh'rD u
dk a&pD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf.
64 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae‹odk‹ *k%fðya&;zJG‹ygonf?)
(20)
vGwaf =rmufa7;oHpOf
(1)
*DwoHpOfawG v_difv_difaygwJh acwfxJrSmae&wm auseyfrdw,f? udk,fESpfouf&mrSm

pdr0hf ifp;D arsmEdik w
f mayg?h wcsKŒd u tpJt
G vrf;&Sw
d ,f? wcsKŒd u tvdu
k o
f if?h wcsKŒd u tem*wfukd
qufomG ;=uw,f? wcsKŒd usawmh tm;vH;k eJ‹ twlaew,f? jy\emr&Syd gb;l ? =unfE;l ESpo f ufw/hJ
Ed k ; =um;wuf º uG w J h pd w f t cH a umif ; awG e J ‹ trsm;twG u f tvk y f a umif ; awG u d k
o,faqmifomG ;apEkid w f hJ oHpOfawGjzpf&ifyJ awmfvyS g+y?D
oH p Of e J ‹ twl [ef y ef t rl t ,m/ 0wf p m;qif , if y H k a wG y g wJ G y gvmw,f ?

u|J u l ; a&ygqd k o vd k 'D t &mawG a emuf u d k vd k u f = uoaygh ? tJ o vd k j zpf v m&if 'grS r [k w f
wckckxdk;azmufwDxGif&ifyJ ,Ofaus;r_ ysufw,f/ trsKd;om;a&; vuQ%m xdcdkufw,fvdk‹
(21)
a0zef v d k u f w ,f ? taemuf , Of a us;r_ / ta&S Œ ,Of a us;r_ q d k + yD ; cJ G a jymvm=uw,f ?
t&mcyfodrf;udkawmh udk,fh[mtaumif;/ ol‹[mtqdk;qdk+yD; rajym=uygbl;? udk,fusifhw&m;
ysuu
f ek +f yq
D w
kd hJ toHAvHr=um;&wm tawmfyJ pdwo f ufom&m &ygw,f?
tvG e f t u|H o rm;awG u d k a wmh ajym&ygvd r f h r ,f ? armif e J ‹ ES r / om;eJ ‹ trd twl

em;axmifv‹kd rS roifah wmf&if r[efvb S ;l ? uav;awGukd r[kww f bhJ uf qJaG c:aew,fqkd redyb f ;l ?
vrf;ray:wuf+yD; ‘igh[mig aq;±dk;vSrf;wm b,fol‹udk aomuf*±kpdkuf&rSmvJ’ vdk‹awmh
vkyv f ‹kd r&yg? ajymomajym&w,f/ 'Dvv kd al wGu cyf&mS ;&Sm;yg? 'gawGukd ol‹tEkynmyif&if;uae
wG e f ; yd k ‹ vd k u f w mvnf ; r[k w f y gbl ; ? wOD ; csif ; eJ ‹ qd k i f w J h p±d k u f a wG / rzG , f r &mawG u d k
oGm;tm;usvu kd wf m/ twkc;kd rdwm? 'guvnf; wOD;aumif; wa,mufaumif; xvkyw f o
hJ al wGyJ
&Syd gw,f? ±kyyf suq f if;ysujf zpf&if/ rawmfwmjzpf&if wm;=u&rSmygy?J ‘vmor#tm;vH;k igOh pPm’
qd k + yD ; vk y f v d k ‹ rS r&wmud k ; ? b,f v d k y J j zpf j zpf ud k , f h , Of a us;r_ u d k a wmh vl r sm;pk } uD ; u
ckcHpGrf;tm;tjynfheJ‹ cHkrifaewkef;/ 0ef;&Hxm;wkef;yg?
(2)
bHu
k xde/f tvSLyJ/G r*Fvmaqmif/ oDwif;u|wef ‹J bmoma&;yJv G rf;awGq&kd if teD;tem;rSm
td;k pnf';kd ywfoaH wG wodro hf rd whf ek w
f m i,fi,fwek ;f uwnf;u? ody&f if;ES;D cJw
h ,f? bm&rvJ/
tdrt f jyif xGu+f y;D t&Surf &Su d kd zifvrd uf iG ;f uwmayg?h ol‹toHukd tckxd tcsp}f u;D cspaf ewke;f ?
usefwmawGu t&G,feJ‹tr# tul;tajymif;awG jzpfvmayr,fh oleJ‹awG‹vdk‹uawmh ydk;u
w&G&Gxvmw,f? xdkif&wm tcufawG‹vmw,f? tedrfhqHk;tqifh ajcwESH‹ESH‹v_yf/ aygifudk
vufeJ‹ykwf&if; pnf;csufvdkufwmaygh? Áa¹ENysufw,fvdk‹ rxifrdbl;? uav;awGuvnf;
vdkufatmf=u/ vl}uD;awGvnf; v_yfv_yfudk &Gvdk‹? uJ æ b,fol‹udk bmajymp&mvdkOD;rvJ?
(tdEdN,rSmvnf; axmuf'kd;oH=um;&if tukefxGufuw,f? tdrfwGif;ykef;awG/ t&Suf}uD;wJh
rde;f rysKad wG/ cg;udik ;f aewJh tzGm;}u;D awGutp vl=um;xJrmS uovm; rar;eJ‹?)
‘rvky&f rJ udik &f J a=umufae&if æ pdwu f ;l rjyif xdyzf ;l 0ifvrd ’hf

‘awmfveS w f u kd yf GJ a&Smifae&if æ pdwu f ;l rjyif xdyzf ;l 0ifvrd ’hf
‘vufeufuikd zf ‹kd &GŒH ae&if æ pdwu f ;l rjyif xdyzf ;l 0ifvrd ’hf
ES p f w ES p f & J Œ azazmf 0 g&D v / rwf v a&muf & if e,l ; a'vD a &muf jref r mh ' D r d k u a&pD
tiftm;pkawGxJu vli,fydkif;awG ydkwufºuGvm=uw,f? rwdkifcifu &SdaewJh tkyfpkuJGawG/
bufawGu =uufaysmufiu S af ysmuf? tm;vH;k &JŒ qH&k yftjzpf 'd;k ywfo&H &dS m/ oHcsyw
f u
kd &f mqDudk
0rf;yef;wom vm=uwm? vlwidk ;f rSm&Sw d wfwhJ rmefrmeawG/ &yfwnfcsuaf wG/ jy\emawGukd
(22)
o,frvm=ubl;? 'Dtvkyfudk wm0efaus oabmavmuf vmvkyf=uwm r[kwfygbl;?
tlv_dufonf;v_duf/ pdwfvufrmefyg yg0if=uwmyg? 'Dpdwf"mwfawGudk Edk;x±kef;ºuGvmatmif
±dkufykwfE_d;qGay;wmuawmh bHk&efoludk twHk;vdkuf twpfvdkuf acsr_ef;r,fh v_H‹aqmfa&;
oH p Of a =umif h y gyJ ? 'gawmif r S pmom;awG r S m ,rf ; tm;aysmh a e&if od y f r vmcsif = ubl ; ?
wcsKŒd ESpaf wGrmS oydwaf rSmuf &yfem;olawGvnf; &Sw d wfygw,f?
‘±H;k ausmif;roGm;cif eHeufpm æ xrif;&nfqw kd m yHrk eS b

f &dwzf wfp’f
‘om;i,forD;i,f Adu k tf vGeq
f m æ ikww
f w
k x f idk u
f m }uw d rf w
dS cf &H ’
urBm}u;D qufvufwnf+raJ &;/ azmufjyefr_ tvH;k pkH odr;f usK;H z,f&mS ;a&;/ w&m;r#wr_
tuket f pif &&Sad &; æ pwmawGtxd r&nf&, G yf gb;l ? vdb
k rjynfw
h mcsi;f twlwl ud,
k x
hf uf
oufomacsmifcsad &; ta&;ay: vdak ewJh jynfoal wG/ uav;i,fawGtwGuaf vmuf/ bH&k efou l kd
0d k i f ; wd k u f ± H k o uf o uf a vmuf y gyJ ? aea&;a&m aoa&;yg tcuf a wG ‹ ae=uol tm;vH k ; &J Œ
yifr&efou l kd 0dik ;f wdu
k zf ‹kd wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdw
k m?
‘pm;yd;k eif+h y;D aowJrh om æ +ird yf ad cwfrmS r&So d avmuf&mS ;yg;’

‘t0vGeu f v J ‹kd aowJrh om æ +ird yf ad cwfrmS r&So
d avmuf&mS ;yg;’
‘"mwfvu kd +f y;D awmh aowJrh om æ +ird yf ad cwfrmS r&Sod avmuf&mS ;yg;’
'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfcGifh&SdwJh EkdifiHawGrSm jynfolvlxkudk tpdk;&u uavmfwkwfwm/

±dkufykwfwm r&Sdygbl;? tpdk;& vkyfwmudkifwm toHk;rus&ifom jynfolu vrf;ay:wuf+yD;
tm%mxdik cf akH y:u qJðG zwfcsr,ft h a=umif; óu;H 0g;aºu;G a=umfwmyJ &Syd gw,f? omreftajctaerSm
qd k & if tpd k ; &uk d wk d i f ; jynf & J Œ ae‹w"l 0 pD r H c ef ‹ cJ G a &;/ taumif t xnf a zmf a &;twG u f
tcGeaf wmfqufaewmygy?J etz ppftyk pf u k awmh ro'<ga&pmudk tirf;r& ,liifpm;aomuf&if;
plpumykÀm;vkd qlòzd;jynfharmufaewmaygh?
‘Adv
k cf sKyfvpm oH;k ode;f ausmf æ ol‹om;oH;k oaemf av;ig;&uftwGi;f ’
‘'Dvq kd akd wmh oem;rdwm æ usew f &hJ ufrmS bmrsm;pm;rvJ’
‘td;k uryl pavmif;uyl æ awmom;itl +ird +f ird af eprf;’
oHcsyfacGxkwfvkyfa&; v_yf&Sm;vmwm 10 ESpf &Sdyg+yD? tESpfom&u twlwlygyJ?

t"duxm; azmfxkwfwJh ta=umif;t&mawGuvnf; trsm;}uD; ajymif;vJroGm;bl;? 'gawGyJ
xyfaew,f? tao;pdwfwJh pum;vHk;awG (jzpf&yfawG) uawmh tajymif;tvJ &Sdw,f?
oH p Of t rsm;pk u rajymif ; ygbl ; ? 'gayrJ h vl a wG u ES p f o uf = uw,f ? vl a wG u qd k & mrS m
(23)
jrefrmvlrsK;d aygi;f pHk ygw,f? rvGwaf jrmufao;olawG? wku d yf 0GJ if oHcsyf (&efou l kd xd;k ESuw
f ,f)
qd&k ifyJ óuu
d af e=u+y?D b,fvrl sK;d &JŒ oHpOfq+kd y;D / vlrsK;d udk tpJðG y+y;D cJcG jGJ cm;jcm; r&S=d ubl;? twlwl
aevmwm=umawmhvnf; em;u pJaG ewmvnf; ygw,f?
aemuf r S a yguf v mwJ h oH p Of a wG u d k a &m usaemf w d k ‹ trsm;pk u cJ G j cm;xm;ovm;/

vuf c H y gh r vm;? tm%m&S i f p epf u d k òzd z suf z d k ‹ twG u f jref r mEd k i f i H o m; vl i ,f w csKd Œ u
‘tem*wfrsKd;quf jrefrmvli,frsm;tzJG‹’ (MFG –Myanmar Future Generation) qdk+yD;
[pfa[mhyfoHpOf (oHcsyfwrsKd;) udk azmfxkwfvmw,f? (jynfwGif;u *Dwynm&SifwOD;u
[pfa[mhyu f kd jrefrmhocH syef ‹J wlygw,fq+kd y;D teD;pyfq;kH Oyrmay;cJv
h ‹kd oHcsyw f rsK;d vd‹k a&;&jcif;yg)?
usaemfwdk‹awG óuduf=uwmygyJ?
“usaemfw‹kd vil ,fawG t&rf;ajymcsiaf ewJh pmom;awGukd [pfa[mhyo f pH Ofe‹J azmfjy&wm

c&D;ta&mufqHk; jzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dvdkvkyfcsvdkufwmyg” vdk‹ =um;cHrdwfaqGawGuwqifh
tD;ar;vfuae qufo, G cf iG &hf vd‹k ar;cGe;f awG vSrd ahf r;=unfw h t
hJ cg olw‹kd awGu ajymjycJzh ;l wmyg?
[pfa[mhyfoHpOfudk ,Ofyg;p rðycifrSm olwdk‹awG ay:vmw,f? 'gayrJh óudufvdkufwmyJ?
óuu d rf mS ayg/h ud,k w
f idk &f w
G qf ckd siw f hJ pmom;awG ygaewmud;k ? 'Dvekd ‹J yJ b,fuvmwJh oHpOfyjJ zpfjzpf
ud k , f h c H p m;csuf u d k xif [ yf + yD ; / ud k , f h w d k u f y J G u d k tm;ay;jr‡ i f h w if a wmh em;axmif & if ; u
vufcHrd&ufom; jzpfoGm;jyefa&m/ wdkufyJG0ifrsKd;qufoHpOftjzpf?
(3)
[pfa[mhyo f pH Of[m cyfv, G v

f ,
G ef ‹J pifjrifah y:ukd ae&m,lvm&wm r[kwyf gb;l ? zdEydS rf _
xkxnftaygif;udk }uHh}uHhcH&if; vl;umvdrfhum jzwfoef;+yD;rS rSwfausmufwif/ ae&m0ifqef‹
vm&wmyg? 1970 ckEpS af ESmif;ydik ;f tar&duefEikd if H e,l;a,mufòrŒd u vrf;óuv
d rf;=um;awGxrJ mS
[pfa[mhyo
f pH Ofvid_ ;f awG pwifp;D arsmvmcJw h ,f?
tpdr;f a&mifrsuv
f ;kH awG/ rGe;f usyn
f c&D;/ um&Hxm;wJh v#Kad jrmif}u;D awG/ ydwaf vSmifxm;wJh
vdkufumpawGudk nDnGwfa&;rkefwdkif;awGeJ‹ ±dkufcsKd;xdk;cJGypfzdk‹ v_H‹aqmfay;wJh/ EdkifiHa&;
oabmaqmifwJh ,Ofaus;r_ tEkvuf&mtjzpf olwdk‹qDrSm tckdiftrm oaE<wnfcJhwmyg?
zdESdyfcJGjcm;cH&/ w&m;r#wr_r&Sd/ qdwfokOf;aewJh ar#mfvifhcsuf/ vrf;ray:u uacsmfuc|wf
jrifuGif;awG[m tzdESdyfcHawG&JŒ &ifxJrSm tpdkiftcJjzpfvm+yD; rmausmwif;usyfae&muae
vGifhpifaygufuJGxGufwJh oHpOfjrpfwpif;yg?
±d;k &Si;f yGiv

hf if;w,f/ vGwaf jrmufcsiw
f ,f/ rw&m;r_ukd ab;z,fweG ;f xkw+f y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&;
(24)
c&D;ESifvdk=uwJh vlrnf;vli,fawG&JŒ vGwfajrmufa&; pdwf"mwfawGuae toGifqef;qef;
oHpOfv_dif;awGtjzpf arG;xkwfvdkufwmyg? EkdifiHa&;[pfa[mhyftaeeJ‹ 1988 ckESpfavmufusrS
ay:vmygw,f? ‘vlx&k efo’l qd+k y;D trnfay;xm;wJh vli,fawG&ŒJ “It takes a nation of millions
to hold us back.” pD'o D cD si;f acGuae pwifcw
hJ myg? aemufyikd ;f rSm vlrnf;awG&ŒJ ‘ò*[d uf rBmudk
a=umuf&ŒHG jcif;’ (Fear of Black Planet) 1990/ ‘ajcmufv;kH yl;vdw
k hJ awmfveS af &;’ (&DaAmfAmvl;&Si;f
- Revolverlution) 2002 oDcsi;f acGawG xGuv f mcJw
h ,f?
'Dae‹txdvnf; [pfa[mhyf[m ‘nDnGwfa&; æ wnfaqmuf=u’? ‘wef;wla&; æ

pdu
k x f =l u’? ‘rw&m; tjrwfxw k rf _ æ awmfveS yf pf’? ‘vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf æ wdu k yf 0GJ if=u’
qd k + yD ; aºuG ; a=umf y sH o ef ; aeqJ / wm0ef x rf ; aqmif q J y g? urB m w0ef ; u vl i ,f a wG q D u d k
ul;puf&Sifoefaeygw,f?
ol‹Zpfjrpfukd vdu k =f unfah wmh oaE<wnfwm rSew f ,f? vufco H ;kH pJo
G al wGu wdu k yf u
GJ kd
A[dkcsufrSmxm;+yD; wJGzufoHk;pJGvdkufawmh a&&SnfcHwJhoabm jzpfvmw,f? oHpOfawG[m
tzd E S d y f c H a wG & J Œ vG w f a jrmuf a &;ud k tm;ay;wk d u f w G e f ; w,f q d k & if rd w f z uf j zpf a pw,f /
,Ofyg;apw,fqw kd mygy?J tzdEydS cf jH ynfou
l kd ud,
k pf m;ðyolawG[m wnf+rw J ,fqw kd m ed,mryg/
azmfjrLvmyHkaoenf;yg? ±dk;&mywfr0dkif;}uD;uae [pfa[mhyftxd jzpfvmygap tm;vHk;[m
wdu
k yf q GJ D a&S;±_aew,fq&kd if ausmom;&ifom; rcJjG cm;bJ ESpo f ufvufcrH rd mS trSeyf gy?J
oHpOfeJ‹pmom; vdkufzufw,fqdk&ifawmh tm;udk;&wJhtqifhudk a&mufoGm;+yDaygh?

vufpoyfawmh usaemfw‹kd awG vGwaf jrmufa&;oHpOfukd =um;csi/f qdck siaf e=uwmud;k ?
bHk&efoludk vGwfajrmufa&;oHpOfeJ‹ wdkufyJG0if=uOD;pdk‹?
(2003 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvxkwf rZÆdr*sme,frSm a&;cJhwJh ‘tem*wfrSm ,Ofyg;jcif;’

&oaqmif;yg;rS pmykd'fwcsKdŒudk jyefvnfxkwfEkwf azmfjyygw,f? [pfa[mhyfordkif;a=umif;udk
udak tmifo+l ird ;f a&;cJw
h hJ aqmif;yg;wckuae avhvmaumufEw
k af zmfjyjcif; jzpfygw,f?)
trSwpf Of 75 (ar/ 2007)
(25)
xyfwx
l yfr#
rif;uGef;q&mawmf}uD; ºuGvmav+yD? òrdŒxJudk p0ifuwnf;u Ak'<bmom0ifawG
tH k c J z l ; ajrmf = uygw,f ? ºuG j ref ; &mvrf ; wav#muf qH y if a wG qef ‹ wef ; ajrc/ wbuf a wG
jzef‹cif;0yfqif;/ =unfnKd o'<gw&m;&So d al wG/ wwfEidk o
f al wGu aiGa=u;eJ‹ vuf0wfvufpm;awG
xnf0h ifay;urf; vSL'ge;f =uw,f? r*Fvmtaygi;f canmif;wJh tcgor,ygy?J bmomw&m;rSm
qnf;uyfylaZmf+yD; arwWm"mwfawG yGm;rsm;aewm[m vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;twGuf om,m
=unfEl;zG,f&m jrifuGif;awGyJ jzpfygw,f?
zl;ajrmf&cJvSwJh q&mawmf}uD;ukd a0gtxufrSm wifaqmifyifhcsD&if; vltkyf}uD;

=um;xJ u ae tcsd e f , l u m wa&G Œ a&G Œ xd k ; azmuf wd k ; av#muf v m=uw,f ? 'D v d k e J ‹ yJ
tdraf &SŒvrf;xdyuf kd a&mufvmyg+y?D tazu &ifarmifu h kd tdr0f if;a&SŒxGuv f mzd‹k vSr;f ac:ygw,f?
a&Smifvdk‹r&yg/ jiif;vdk‹rjzpfyg? rvGefqefEkdifwJhtqHk; tazhteD; aemufem;qDudk uysmu,m
tajy;av; oGm;xdik v f u
kd &f w,f? aemufbufrmS awmh taru tdrw f cH g;aygurf mS &yf+y;D &ifarmifu
h kd
vSr;f =unf&h if; use&f pfcwhJ myg? a&SŒwd;k r&/ aemufqwk rf &wJh tajctae?
&ifarmifw‹kd armifErS awGukd rdbawGu vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,,

f =kH unfciG hf ay;xm;ygw,f?
bmomwckcx k u
J kd twif;tusyf roGwo f iG ;f ygb;l ? 'gayrJh bmomuJG rdbawG&ŒJ xH;k pHtwkid ;f
olwdk‹ESpfouf,Hk=unfwJh bmombufudk qJGaqmif=uw,f/ wJGac:=uw,f? b,fqDudk
OD;wnfvu kd af v#muf&r,freS ;f rodao;wJh 15 ESp/f 16 ESpo f m;t&G,f &ifarmift h wGuf rdbawG
xuf o ef w J h b uf u d k tvd k u f t xd k u f vd k u f y g&csd e f y g? wzuf b uf u k d tjywf t owf
oGm;&yfr,fqdk&if tar 'grSr[kwf tazu zGifhrajymayr,fh pdwfaumif;rSm r[kwfbl;vdk‹
&ifarmifh&ifwGif;rSm vmjzpfaeygw,f? 'Dvdkawmhjzifh rjzpfapvdk/ rjzpfap&? rD;pifuawmhjzifh
(26)
=unfhu&awmhr,f?
a&SŒwnfhwnfhudk q&mawmf}uD; a&mufvmwJhtcg tazu &ifarmifhudk “uefawmh/

uefawmh” vdk‹ ajymvmygw,f? a&SŒudk cE<mukd,f udkif;n$wfvdkuf&if aemufuae=unfhaewJh
tar jrifygvrd rhf ,f? 'gu tcuf? ruefawmhyguvnf; taz tvdu k srmS r[kw?f 'guvnf;
tusyftwnf;? wckckudk tjrefa&G;cs,fzdk‹ tajctaeu wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf vkyfaeyg+yD?
tcsdefr&Sdawmh?
tazu aemuf v S n f h + yD ; &if a rmif h u d k =unf h w J h t cg zk e f c govd k vuf E S p f z uf u d k

yGwof yfjy&ygw,f? trSeu
f &ifarmif ruefawmhjzpfvu kd yf g? aemufuae =unfah ewJh tarvnf;
&ifarmif uefawmhw,fv‹kd xifp&m r&Syd gb;l ? ‘awmfygao;&JŒ’ qdw k hJ tawG;eJ‹ rd‹k armufaewJh
&ifbwfudk tomav#mhcsvdkuf&w,f? acgif;uvnf; quf+yD; idkufpdkufcsvdk‹aygh? wòydifxJrSmyJ
uyfygvmwmu udk,fhtjzpfudk b0ifrusr_ jzpfygw,f? &ifarmif rdbawGudk vdrfjyef+yD
r[kwfvm;? vdrfvdkufwmrS ESpfzufpvHk;udkyg?
tar[m c&pf,mefbmom0if jzpfayr,fh ae‹pOfae‹wikd ;f tazhb&k m;cef;udo k mG ;+y;D qGr;f eJ‹

qDr;D a&csr;f uyfay;avh&ydS gw,f? tazu txl;taxG bmrSxyfvyk pf &m rvdyk gb;l ? at;csr;f pGm
ykw;D pdw/f w&m;rSw±f ykH J &Syd gw,f? {nfch ef;twGi;f rSm c&pfawmfwyg;xJy/kH ocifa,±_e‹J wynfah wmf
(wrefawmf) 12 yg; aemufqHk; npmpm;yJGyHk yef;csD"mwfyHk}uD;udk csdwfqJGxm;ygw,f? tdrfrSm
bmomuJGESpfrsKd; 0wfðyyJGawGvnf; vkyfavh&Sdygw,f? =unfEl;r_u twkdif;xuftvGefygyJ?
jyefvnfatmufarhzG,f&m tjzpfawGyg? r_ef0g;vGifhjy,froGm;EdkifwJh jrifuGif;awGyg?
vG e f c J h w J h q,f p k E S p f ES p f c k e D ; yg; tareJ ‹ pd w f w k d i f ; us pum;ajymcG i f h r&ygbl ; ?

ajym&jyefawmhvnf; olw‹kd twGuf ta=umif;a=umif;udak xmuf+y;D tcsed w f w
kd t
kd wGi;f tjrefajym/
tjywfjzwf&ygw,f? b,favmufyJ tcsed &f & taru “bk&m;udk rarhe‹J ” vd‹k wzGzrG mS wke;f /
“reuf w k d i f ; / nwk d i f ; om;wd k ‹ twG u f qk a wmif ; ay;=uw,f ” qd k w mavmuf a wmh
ajymjzpfatmifajymwkef;? &ifeJ‹vG,fxm;&wJh wm0efwck/ ,Hk=unfcsufeJ‹vkyfwJh v_yf&Sm;r_?
om;twGuf tarhrmS arhv‹kd rjzpf? ol‹om;udk pdwcf sr;f omapvdw k hJ qEN tjynf&h adS ew,fqw kd m
ESprf sm;pGmu oufaocHcyhJ g+y?D w&m;a[mq&mr rjzpfcifuwnf;u tar[m 'Dpum;awGukd
ajymjzpfatmif ajymcJw h m r[kwyf gvm;?
tzGm;tdk taru vl}uD;jzpfvmwJh om;udk pdwfcsOD;rSm r[kwfygbl;? ol‹udk,fpm;

w&m;"rRukd rjywfrvyf &Sad eapcsio f vd/k wqlwnf;aom bk&m;udk &SmazGapvdwk m trSeyf gy?J
aovGe+f y;D aemuf aumif;uifbrkH mS jyefvnfqakH wG‹z‹kd awmifw
h rSmvnf; taotcsm? bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ
(27)
aumif ; csD ; r*F v mud k cH p m;apcsif r S m yg? om;orD ; twG u f tawmroyf E k d i f w J h rd c if w d k ‹ &J Œ
vdkvm;awmifhwr_yg?
rdbeJ‹twl w&m;"rRawGukd 'Duae‹txd arhaysmufEidk pf &m r&Syd gb;l ? b,favmuftxd
waoGrwdr;f vdu k af v#mufEikd rf ,fqw kd mawmh rajymwwf? 'gayrJh trdu k af rSmifz;Hk &avmufatmif
b0jzwfoef;r_[m rnHzh si;f / ywf0ef;usi[ f mvnf; edruhf sjcif;r&S?d 'gth jyif trsm;enf;wl tar
ay;vd k u f w J h pd w f " mwf [ m atmuf w ef ; rus/ od r f z sif ; r_ r &S d ? 'D t csuf [ m tarawG u
om;orD;wkid ;f udk ay;vdu k wf hJ ta&;}u;D qH;k / tjrifjh rwfq;kH b0vufaqmiftjzpf ,lq&ygw,f?
taru &ufa&mpGm ay;aecJw h hJ cspjf cif;arwWm[m t}u;D us,q f ;kH / taEG;axG;qH;k t&m?
vlwidk ;f eD;yg; 'Dvykd J jzpf[ef&ydS gw,f? om;orD;wdik ;f twGuf rdcifawG[m aus;Zl;}u;D ol/
wef z d k ; }uD ; ol a wG ? urB m rD ; avmif om;aumif c seif ; wm[m rjzpf w ef & m/ rd c if & J Œ em;ud k
tcsKyfcef;xJuae jyefuu kd w f hJ om;orD;awG &SmrS&mS ;?
rdcifwidk ;f [m æ
acwfynmwwf [kwcf sirf S [kwrf mS yg?

'gayrJh tusiq hf ;kd &Sw
d hJ om;orD;awGtwGuf acwfumvwkid ;f toH;k 0ifr,fh El;nHo
h rd af rG‹whJ
ukxHk;udk,fpD&Sdovdk/ =oZmoufa&mufr_vnf; trsm;tm;jzifh &Sdygw,f?
om;orD ; awG t ay: [d w f [ ef r &S d / onf ; cH c G i f h v $ w f j cif ; yg&rD o m &S d y gw,f ?

&ifaoG;awGtwGuq f &kd if yifyef;qif;&Jjcif; tvsO;f r&S/d tm;aysmEh ;kH acGjcif; uif;rJo h al wGom?
om;orD;awG&ŒJ aomua0'emudk avsmyh g;aysmufuif;ap±Ho k mru pdwcf sr;f omr_uykd g

ay;ygw,f? om;orD;awGtay: usa&mufvmwJh ab;tEœ&m,fudk a&SŒuae rwkefrv_yf
&ifqidk o
f vd/k vHòk crH e_ ‹J }uchH ikd rf u
_ kd zefw;D wwfygw,f?
taea0;wJ h om;orD ; awG touf t &G , f } uD ; vm+yD ; / b,f b 0rsKd ; a&muf y gap
arwWm"mwfawG yd‹k vw
$ Ef ikd w
f hJ ESv;kH om;ydik &f iS af wGom jzpfygw,f?
rd c if a wG u d k , f Y u om;orD ; awG t wG u f t&mcyf o d r f ; pif ; vH k ; acsmjzpf a tmif

xkqpfay;Edik rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? t&m&mtwGuf a&cHajrcHaumif;awGuakd wmh jyifqifay;olawGyg?
'gt
h jyif rarhravsmh qkawmif;ay;olawGvnf; jzpf=uygw,f?
Biological rdcifeJ‹ Ideological rdcif&Sdw,fvdk‹ cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmolawGu qdkygw,f?

(28)
'DrdcifESpfrsKd;&JŒ aygif;pyfr_[m om;orD;awGtwGuf b0cGeftm;eJ‹ tawG;tjrifrsm;pGmudk
&&Sad pygowJ?h tusio hf v
D aumif;eJ‹ em;vnfcpH m;Ekid pf rG ;f udk tm;ay;jri‡ w
hf ifEidk w
f hJ ESv;kH om;rsK;d
xkqpfay;Ekdifw,fvdk‹ qdk=uygw,f? pOf;pm;p&myif?
'Duae‹txd tJ'rD cd ifEpS rf sK;d pvH;k [m tcsKyftaESmiftwGi;f uae rvGwaf jrmufao;ygb;l ?

twkwftaESmif cH&qJyg? &efoleJ‹ &ifqkdifae&wJh om;orD;awGtwGufvnf; &wufrat;
jzpf & wk e f ; ? 'gayrJ h ta0;uae qk a wmif ; ay;±H k y J wwf E d k i f = uw,f ? om;orD ; awG u d k
&ifciG xf rJ mS xm;+y;D pdwcf sr;f omr_ukd &SmazGcsiaf yr,fh tajctaeu ray;ygb;l ? 'DtcGit hf a&;awG
qHk;±_H;ae&ygw,f?
jref r mjynf w G i f ; rS m id k a ºuG ; ae&wJ h rd c if a wG / tvG r f ; o,f a e&wJ h rd c if a wG

trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh &SifvsufeJ‹ auGuGif;ae&wJh om;orD;awG
jyeftvmudk apmifq h idk ;f ae=uygw,f? ESv;kH om;rSm wjrnfjh rnfh u|r;f avmifw'hJ %fukd ESp&f n S v f rsm;
}udwfrSdwfcHpm;vmcJh=u&wmyg?
aqGpOfrsKd;quf okdufodkuf0ef;0ef; aecsif&Smayr,fh ydwfqdk‹cHxm;&qJyg? rdcifawGyg

ydwfavSmifcHae&qJyg?
'Drcd ifawG vGwaf jrmufa&;qkw

d m trdjrefrmjynfo}l u;D vGwaf jrmufa&;eJ‹ xyfwx
l yfr#
qdw
k mudak wmh tm;vH;k odae=urSmygy?J
rdcifawG vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf tm;wif;+y;D av#muf=uygt;kH pd‹k ?
xyfwlxyfr# vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyJGygyJ?
(rd c if r sm;ES i f h vl x k a cgif ; aqmif a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf 62 ES p f a jrmuf a rG ; ae‹od k ‹

&nfn$ef;ygonf?)
trSwpf Of 76 (ZGe/f 2007)
(29)
a7$b}uD; =yefEikd +f yD
(1)
“a&$b æ acwW±;H_ aeonf? r=umcif æ jyefEikd rf nf”?
aus;&G m tk y f p k x J u vmwJ h &G m om;awG & J Œ tv,f a cgif r S m yd w f u m;tjzL}uD ;

axmifxm;w,f? rif;om;}u;D a&$b ygwhJ ±ky&f iS u f m;udk ikww f w
k x
f ikd of u
l xkid /f zdeyfcx
k idk o
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xdik /f rd;k wd;k rwfwwf &yfou l &yf? vSn;f ay:uae vufzufoyk ef ‹J a&aEG;=urf; pm;aomuf&if;
Zdr&f &dS dS =unfo h u
l =unfeh ‹J tawmf [efusvw S ,f? t&G,u f vnf; pHw k ,f? vlwifru wcsKŒd u
tdrfarG; wd&p>mefav;awGawmif tazmfac:vmw,f? waeukef yifyef;or# &Gmom;tm;vHk;
tem;,l=u+yaD yg?h olw‹kd awG wpdww f nf; w0rf;wnf; =unfah e=uwm? 'DvZkd mwfum;rsK;d qd&k if
&So
d r# 0wfaumif;pm;vSawGe‹J vm=unf&h rS?
a&$ b [m ol w d k ‹ &J Œ rif ; om;}uD ; / Zmwf v rf ; xJ r S m ol & J a umif ; ? aus;vuf a e

jynf o l a wG t zd k ‹ r±d k ; Ek d i f / rtD E k d i f w J h uk d , f u m,}uD ; }uD ; / ±k y f & nf u &$ H Œ awmEG H a wmrS m
}u;D vmolvykd if? r[kwrf cHorm;? qif;&Jom;awGbufu tjywftowf &yfo?l olvv kd }l u;D u
‘ºuu G o
f m; zkxpf/ uspv f spo f efrm/ yDjyifpmG v#i/f ±ky0f gcef‹nm; vlnKd xGm;onf rmeftm;tjynfh
(30)
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k hJ uAsmxJu vl}u;D / tm;vH;k &JŒ tcspaf wmf}u;D ?
Zmwfvrf;xJrSm ol tEkdif&rS jzpfr,f? 'gayrJh trSefw&m;buf/ epfemolawGbufu

&yfwnfayr,fh tcsdefjynfh tEkdifr&? ol ±_H;aecsdefrSm tm;vyfcsdef ay;vdkufvdk‹uawmh
em+yo D mrSw?f ajrpmcJ/ vSn;f axmuf/ ypfvw
$ vf ‹kd aumif;wmrSeo
f r# avxJukd ys0H v
J mvdrrhf ,f?
yd w f u m;}uD ; awmh tzm&m/ tpk w f & m jzpf u a&myJ ? 'ga=umif h v nf ; Zmwf & S d e f w uf + yD ; /
usKyfwdk‹Zmwfvdkuf}uD; ±_H;aevdk‹ rcHcsdrcHom jzpfaecsdefrSm tm;vyfcsdef ay;vdkufayr,fh
puform;awGu tawmfowdxm;&w,f? “tck±;H_ wmu c%wðzwfyg/ r=umcif usKyfw‹kd v}l u;D
Ekdif&rSmaygh” vdk‹ yg;pyfu ajym&if;/ pmwef;av; xdk;&if; wpcef;&yf&w,f? r[kwfvdk‹uawmh
bmajymaumif;rvJ? [if;?
tysut f ysuef ‹J ESmacgi;f aoG;xGuw f mvnf; &Scd w hJ maygah emf? pdwrf xde;f Ekid v
f ‹kd ydwu f m;&JŒ
[dkbuf'Dbuf óuH&mvufeufeJ‹ ypf=u/ xk=uvdk‹ [dkrSef'DrSef jzpfygava&m? tqHk;rawmh
ESpzf uf&mG om;awG xd;k =uESu=f u jzpf=u&w,f? 'D=um;xJ bHyk pfrw S uf puform;awGjzpfawmh
pufvnf; txktajccH&/ vlawGvnf; txktaxmif;cH&/ rvG,af &;cs rvG,?f ydwu f m;}u;D vnf;
ajray:udk yHu
k sv‹kd ? zaemifeh ‹J ayguof l aygu/f vSn;f eJ‹ wuf}uw d o
f l }uwd /f uav;awGu &SL&SLyef;?
"m;rOD;cs olw‹kd ajray:rSm rw&m;r_ukd t±_;H ray;csio f al wGr‹kd vm;? wd‹k a&$b}u;D Ekid u f kd Ekid &f r,f?
aus;vufae vlxk}uD;udk tvdkrusjzpfatmif rvkyfaveJ‹? vl±dk;vlajzmifh}uD;awGu

jyefvSef+yDqdk&ifawmh tm;vHk;udk odrf;usLH;vSefypfrSm? olwdk‹u ajr}uD;eJ‹ wom;xJ/ wxyfxJ
orm;awG? ajr}uD;[m olwdk‹&JŒ tm;xm;&m/ olwdk‹&JŒ taoG;tom;/ ESvHk;om;? 'DvlawGu
t±dk;cHpdwf"mwf &Sdoavmufudk tiftm;}uD;wm? olwdk‹u tajcaumif;wJh/ xkxnf}uD;wJh/
urBm}uD;eJ‹ wqufxJjzpfwJh ajrxk}uD;udk cspfwJholawG? olwdk‹&ifcGifu tus,f}uD;? tJvdk
ESv;kH om;}u;D olawG rcHEidk af wmhv‹kd uawmh bmrS r_rmS r[kw?f
tJovdk ajrom;qefol}uD;awG òrdŒjyudk wufoGm;=uwm enf;rS renf;awmhbJudk;?

olwdk‹awGrSm '%f&mudk,fpDeJ‹wJh? tJ'D'%f&mawGudk ukocGifh&&if b,favmufaumif;rvJ?
tif;ygav æ awG‹ae=u+yyD ?J aumif;rGewf hJ pepfwckatmufrmS / twlw?l
(2)
ol u awmh tawmf y if cef ‹ nm;ae+yD ? ud k i f ; }uD ; ud k i f ; i,f a wG / t&G u f a wG e J ‹

pnfyiftkH‹qdkif;aevdkufyHkrsm; usufoa& tawmf&Sdygh? i,fi,fwkef;u 'Dvdkr[kwfaygif?
ola&mudk,fa&m i,f&G,folawGom? 'gayrJh olu cHEkdif&nf&Sdw,f? ol‹&JŒ ao;oG,fwJh
(31)
ajcwHvufwHav;awGudk cdkqJG+yD; wudkif;uae wudkif;udk vdkufwrf;ajy;wrf; upm;=uwJh
uav;wodkufudk =unfjzLpGm cGifhðyw,f/ tEGHwmcHw,f? aqmhupm;aewJh uav;awGudk
tusK;d tyJh tjzpfrcHb/J tEœ&m,fuif;apzd‹k awmifch aH y;&Smw,f?
tckawmh ola&mud, k yf g touf}u;D vm+y?D pdr;f um;r_awmh ol‹rmS enf;enf;rS &S[ d efrwl?
udik ;f zsm;av; wcsKŒd rSm t&Guaf v;awG uif;rJ+h y;D / olw‹kd awGu pdr;f vsuef ‹J awmif aºuuG saew,f?
ud, k rf &Sw
d ahJ emufyidk ;f &Gmu uav;awG vmaqmh[efwyl gw,f? ol‹oufwrf;eJ‹tr# w&GmvH;k udk
ay;p&m&Sdwm ay;r,f/ au|;p&m&Sdwm au|;r,f/ uav;i,fawG ylyifa=umifh=uuif;rJhpGm
ajy;v$m;aqmhupm;Ekid af pzd‹k e‹J oefrmxGm;óuid ;f vmapzd‹k tjyif;pm;cGet f m;awG qifu h mqufum
ay;vmcJrh ,f? ud, k u f ol‹ukd tJ'v D rkd sK;d ,H+k y;D om;?
'gawGa=umifh ol‹rmS touf}u;D ayr,fh rysupf ;D ao;bJ/ pdwyf sKvd ‹kd ud,
k Ef ak e[efww
l ,f?
yifpnf}uD;uvnf; wkwfwkwfcdkifckdif/ }uD;rS }uD;? &GmOD;xdyfrSm wcef‹wnm;}uD; rif;rlaevdk‹/
apmifha&Smufvdk‹? aus;Zl;ygyJ refusnf;yif}uD;a&? c&D;qufzdk‹ &Sdao;vdk‹ E_wfqufvdkufygw,f?
Ed‹k r‹kd qkd uav;awGe‹J waeukef pum;ajym&if;/ ucke&f if; oifo h rkid ;f a=umif;udk ajymjzpft;kH r,f?
r=umcif ta&mufvmcJyh grh ,f?
(3)
'D a e&mav;uvnf ; tawmf p d w f 0 if p m;p&m aumif ; w,f ? ol ‹ rS m vnf ;

ol‹orkdif;a=umif;eJ‹ol?
t&ifuqd&k if wGi;f }u;D [m oGyrf ;kd atmufrmS aecJw

h mayg?h av;zufav;wefrmS wkid v f ;kH }u;D
4 cku oGyrf ;kd udk xrf;yd;k ay;xm;w,f? wGi;f a&udk pufo;D 5 vH;k wyfEidk af tmif xkyw f ef;vnf;
ypf x m;w,f ? um;wm,myH k ; / ppf a p;ok w f y H k ; / 'ef y H k ; / oH y H k ; rsKd ; pH k o H k ; =uw,f ? 'D a &u
aomufa&tjzpfvnf; oHk;Ekdifw,f? aumif;ovm; rar;eJ‹? a&uvnf; tefxGufrwwfbJ?
wGi;f E_wcf rf;txuf v#w H ufvmrvm; atmufarh&w,f? a&xGuEf e_ ;f u ajymp&mr&S?d [d&k mG 'D&mG
vmoHk;=u?
wGif;ywfvnfrSm 0kdif;zJG‹+yD; atmifoD;atmifESHta=umif;/ &Gmbk&m;yJGtwGuf òrdŒwuf

yJGiSm;r,fhta&;/ &Gmawmu udkomajAm}uD; aysmufcsif;rvS aysmufoGm;yHk/ om"keJ‹ jrwfqkwdk‹
Zmwfvrf;/ tkd æ trsK;d pHak yr,fh &,farmòy;H ±$i&f if; ajym&wJh ta=umif;t&mawGu trsm;qH;k ?
v#KdŒ0Sufp&mrvdkaygif? wa,mufeJ‹ wa,muf/ w&GmeJ‹w&Gm em;vnfr_&/ tay;t,lr#vdk‹?
wGi;f xJu a&awGvykd J tm;vH;k udk r#a0Edik w
f hJ arwWmw&m;awGe‹J tjyeftvSef &uf&ufa&ma&m
(32)
pD;qif;vdk‹? at;vnf; at;jrygayh?
aemufyikd ;f us trde‹f tm%meJ‹ a&cyfcsed u

f kd tcsed cf /GJ cJw
G rf;cs+y;D wyfe‹J &GmawG r#o;kH &w,f?
wGi;f xJua&udk pufe‹J twif;pkyx f w
k wf ,f? &Gm0ef;usirf mS rqifrjcif wm±d;k awGcs/ acsmif;awGukd
ydwcf sio
f vdk ydw/f qnfawG azmuf/ wGi;f awG ajrmif;awG wl;vd‹k wl;? &Gmom;awGvnf; tvum;
rae&bl;? tckdif;cH&awmhwmyJ? a&Ekwfajrmif;eJ‹ a&pD;a=umif;awG ajymif;ukefwJhtcg a&u
ravmufri jzpfuek yf gava&m? vkcyf&r,ft h ayguf jzpfuek w f ,f? t&ifvv kd nf; pum;ajymp&m
t0ef;t0dkif;av;u r&Sdawmhbl;?
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(4)
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(33)
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ausmuf±kyfrsufESm jzpfaeayr,fh olwdk‹vdk tem;owfrxm;wJh ESvHk;om;rsKd;eJ‹aygh?
(5)
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(34)
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(35)
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(2)
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(36)
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(3)
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(37)
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(4)
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(38)
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(43)
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(45)
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rif;wd‹k u,kd w
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hJ hJ Oxford
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pmawmfw,fw?hJ +y;D cJw h v hJ aemufq;kH paeae‹rmS ausmif;udk oGm;jzpfw,f? ti,fav; 3 a,muf
twlwufaewJh oli,fwef;}u;D tcef;xJukd a&mufw,f? twef;ydik q f &mru 'Dvykd J ajymw,f?
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rif;wd‹k rmS wlaewJt h csuu f olyek pf w
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(46)
Spiderman tyd k i f ; 2 eJ ‹ 3 ud k rif ; wd k ‹ eJ ‹ PVR ±k y f & S i f ± H k } uD ; rS m oG m ;=unf h w m
t&omt&Sdom;? vdkufxdef;&wmudku aysmfp&m? Sound effect aumif;awmh ‘w*sdrf;*sdrf;’/
‘w*sKdif;*sKdif;’ toH}uD;awGu rif;wkd‹ &ifbwfav;awGudk twif;0ifaqmifhrSmayghaemf?
Zmwfvrf;vnf;+y;D a&m wGwpf x D ;kd oHawG =um;&awmhwmyJ? pdw0f ifwpm;jzpfwhJ Zmwfuu G af wGukd
wa,mufwayguf tm;yg;w& jyefajym=uw,f? pum;awGu [dak &muf'aD &muf? trDvu kd +f y;D
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twlae+yD; odxm;&rS qufqHa&;u tqifajywm? Edk‹rkd‹qdk udk,fhudk ta0;rSm xm;csifw,f
r[kwfvm;? wdk‹vdk rodwJh/ rcHpm;wwfwJh vl}uD;vdk‹ txif&Sd=uwmudk;? 'ga=umifh rif;wdk‹&JŒ
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[dwk ek ;f u Superman / James Bond / Star War wdk‹qdkwm wdk‹twGuf trdkufpm;yJ?

tawmf [ k w f v S + yD u G ? 'D a vmuf u awmh rif ; wd k ‹ twG u f ysif ; awmif y sif ; ao;w,f ?
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rif;wd‹k rmS vnf; Tinkle / Tom and Jerry / Johny Bravo / Popaye / Scoody Doo /
Incredible / Dragon Ballz / Ramayan / Maha Bharat æ wyHw k acgi;f ?
wdk‹i,fwkef;u om;a&uGif;ypf/ 'dk;ypf/ xkyfqD;wkd;/ *sifayguf/ zefckef/ tmvl;aumuf/

rkef‹pm;òydif/ *HkeDtdwfpGyfajy; trsKd;pHkudk upm;w,f? (rif;wdk‹rdbawGudk ar;=unfh=uayghuGm?
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wloifhoavmuf wlw,f? tEkdif&zkd‹ aphpyfaocsmatmif avhvm&wm/ avhusifh&wmu
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jrefw,f? ,SOfòydifbufawGuvnf; wtm;jrefvmw,f? tJ'gu upm;yJGawGrSmayghaemf?
(47)
tjyifavmurSmvnf; pdw&f n S zf ‹kd vdw
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Tank Fight wyJa
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owdxm;uG/ *dr;f awGqu D ae &efvw kd /hJ a'goxGuw
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tJ'D tm±HkawG=um;rSm arG‹avsmf&if; arG;vmcJh=uwmyg? 'ga=umifhvnf; rif;wdk‹twGufawmh
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(48)
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(49)
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(50)
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&ifqidk &f ef wH‹k qidk ;f aeaomfvnf;/ tm;vH;k udk pdpn d ufnufajcum rD;avmifwu dk o f iG ;f ypfcsio f nf?
pd w f w d k ‹ onf xd k r S T od k ‹ a,muf , uf c wf u k e f . ? wud k , f v H k ; wod r f h o d r f h w k e f a eonf ?
tawG;wd‹k onf tr#irf jywf/ ta=umif;t&mwckxw J iG f &yfwef‹rae?
trSefqdk&v#if ppfbDvl;wdk‹ onfavmuf pkwfjywfowfonfudk =um;zl;cJhygonf?

rsuf j rif u d k , f a wG ‹ r[k w f ? ol ‹ touf w acsmif ; ud k owf r S &S i f o ef & onf r d k ‹ / rjzpf r ae
rdkufZmwfcif;&onfh wd&p>mefwdk‹. awm±dkif;0g'udk òrdŒjyxufwGif usifhoHk;aejcif; jzpfonf?
aus;vufawm&GmESifh e,fpGefe,fzsm; a'orsm;qDu tom;usaecJhaom rD;ukef,rf;ukef
rdkuf±dkif;yHkrsm;twGuf idkcsifvmonf? =uyfajy; aejynfawmf}uD;udk usdefpmppfvufeufrsKd;pHkESifh
t}urd }f urd f ypfciG ;f onf? ud,k w f idk v
f nf; vlpifppfrS aoG;pkyzf w
k af umifjzpf&/ ru|wrf vGwEf idk of nfh
i&Jom;jzpf&? jzpfcsi&f momjzpf b0qufwidk ;f tEdik yf ikd ;f &ygap[kom?
Tonf w d k ‹ rS m td y f r uf a vvm;/ tawG ; vm;/ b0wyg;vm;/ ryd k i f ; jcm;Ek d i f ?

tvif;xktm;aumif;rS t&yf&yfudk pl;prf;Edkifawmhonf? jrifuGif;xJY ouf&Sd[lI bmrSr&Sd?
atmif e uf / ouf j yif ; / uH a umif ; wd k ‹ vnf ; b,f a ysmuf u k e f + yD r od ? onf t csd e f q d k v #if
(51)
olwdk‹pm;cGufteD; acGacgufum war#mfxJ ar#mfaewwf=up+rJ? t±k%fqGrf;cHºuGcJhonfh
ud,
k af wmfrsm;/ tvSnuhf s ud,
k af wmfwyg;yg; a&aEG;td;k wnf/ csOaf ygi;f td;k aE$;yH/k ausmif;0if;tES‹H
wHjrufpnf;vSn;f oH/ arwWmyd‹k qak wmif;oHrsm;/ bmqdk bmwckrS r=um;& rjrif&?
onfavmufqdk vHkavmufayonf? ,refae‹nuwnf;u ausmif;wdkufxJwGif

t&mcyfodrf; vJGacsmfcJh+yD;av+yD? rdp>m0g'Dwdk‹onfum; bDvl;qkdif;ESifh ,pfrl;cJhavonf?
t,kwftnHhpdwfxm;rsm;jzifh tukodkvf uHudk usL;vGefcJh=uonf? pif=u,fr_taygif;udk
npfax;pGef;xif;apcJhav+yD? emusifpGm ,lóuH;r& jzpfrdonf? t&m&monf tdyfrufr[kwf/
trSet
f ppfjzpfonf? rdrad &m bmqufvyk rf nfenf;? onftwkid ;f aeIr&?
t&Gufrsm;/ udkif;rsm;udk ab;odk‹ nifompGm wGef;xdk;z,f&Sm;onf? qHprsm;wGif

uyfcdkaeaom tr_eftr$m;rsm;udk ykwfcgxkwfonf? a&SŒwGif iSufaysmyifwdk‹ tkyfrdk;uG,fum
xm;ojzifh rajymrqdk qwfceJ xcsonf? onfawmhrS tqpftjrpfrsm; udu k cf o
J nfh a0'emudk
od&onf? aemufausmwGif uyfaeonfh wHwidk ;f udk wcsuaf rmh=unfo h nf? onfvjkd zifh tm;,lI
usi;f ay:wufum vH;k ywf}u;D iSuaf ysmyifEiS hf tkwef &H u H kd ajcpku
H ef&if; ausmif;0if; [drk mS bufukd
rsuv f ;kH upm;onf? acgi;f &Guaf ps;onf trsK;d orD; ESpOf ;D ESihf opfacsmif;rsm;udk qku
d u f m;ay:wifum
wGe;f vm=uonfh a,mufsm;om; ESpOf ;D udk jrif&onf? tEœ&m,f uif;pifonfh taetxm;yif?
od‹k aomf ausmif;udk wcsuv f rS ;f =unf+h y;D vlukd jyefav#mcsvu

kd of nf? tyiftyk tf pGeo f ‹kd
oGm;um [d[ k o
kd nfonf a0h0u kd af vhvm&m pdwcf s&ojzifh tjyifukd xGuo f nf? usuo f a&wdu k /f
q&mawmf}u;D ESihf &[ef;ysKrd sm;. tdycf ef;rsm;/ ud&k ifav;rsm;ESihf uy`, d }u;D wd‹k taqmif/ "rRm±H/k
pwdck ef;? wa&GŒa&GŒ jzwfav#mufvmaomfvnf; rnforl S rawG‹&? ud&k ifav;rsm;. zdeyfrsm;ESihf
cg;yef;óud;tcsKdŒ ajrjyiftxuf jyef‹usJaeonf? pwdkxJ&Sd ypPnf;tcsKdŒ tcef;tjyifbuf
upOfhuvsm; jzpfaeonf? "rRm±HkwGif ajc&mvuf&mrysuf? &[ef;ysKdrsm; tdyfaqmifa&SŒwGif
aoG;paoG;ersm; usaeonf?
aqmufwnf&m r&awmh? &Sdaeonfhae&mwGif xkdifcsawmhonf? rwfrwfyif xdkifr&?

oufawmf 80 eD;yg; q&mawmf}uD;ESifhwuG ti,fqHk; udk&ifav; yÀdwtxd 0gpOftvdkuf
zl ; ajrmf & if ; rsuf & nf r sm; tquf r jywf pD ; usvmonf ? &if x J Y trsKd ; trnf r od w d k ‹ u
ysKdŒwufae+yD? touf&SLvdk‹r0? rsufESmjyifonf xltef;vm+yD? &SifawmfAk'<udk trSL;ðyum
vufq,fjzmrdk; &Sdcdk;vdkufonf?
todtjrifrSefap&ef jrwfAk'<. vdkvm;csufrsm;udk qifhyGm;vrf;n$efawmfrl=uonfh

oHCmawmfrsm;tay: 'if;wd‹k wawG apmfum;rdu
k rf mS ;=uav+y?D uy`,
d }u;D ausmo
f ef; ajymouJo
h ‹kd
(52)
uHuek I
f ^m%fxu kH ek =f u+y?D “'if;wd‹k twGuf tcsr;f omqH;k edAmŠ ef0if&ef rqdx
k m;ESihf b0ig;rsK;d xJu
i&Jb0udok m usygapom; t&Sib f &k m;/ usygapom;”? usuo f a&wk;H / arwWmwH;k rsm;udk ,ckvkd
qkawmif;arwWmyd‹k onf? qkawmif;csuu f kd pdwcf s,=kH unfonf? o'doyH guZH aewd/ wlaomtusK;d
ay;ayvdrfhrnf?
od k ‹ aomf pd w f w k d i f ; rusao;? &if x J u t&mwck o nf wm;r&/ qD ; r& ayguf u J G

xGufoGm;onf? vufz0g; ESpfzufudk urBmajray:odk‹ t&Sdefjyif;pGm ±dkufykwf&if; óuH;0g;
atmf[pfvdkufawmhonf?
“uHwtl usK;d ay;uG æ etz”

“uHwltusKd;ay;”
“rSwx
f m;uG/ rSwx f m;”
(tcsuf t vuf t csKd Œ ud k jyif q if a y;onf h yck u U L òrd Œ om;}uD ; ud k Z menf u d k

aus;Zl;wifygonf?)
trSwpf Of 83 (Zefe0g&/D 2008)
(53)
a=y;vdv
kh w
G rf mS vm;
olw‹kd vo
l u
kd f bk&m;ay:u tHv
k u
kd u
f si;f vdu
k f qif;vmyg+y?D jznf;vGe;f / aES;vGe;f vdu
k w
f mrS
vGefygava&m? avSum;xpf wxpfcsif;udk owdxm;&if; qif;csvmwm? [uf[ufyufyuf
ajymqdk&,farmjcif; r&Sd=u/ rsufESmtm;vHk;[m tòyH;&dyfwdk‹ uif;rJhvdk‹? tawG;udk,fpDyGm;&if;
vm=uw,f?
vl}u;D &JŒ vufarmif;udk t&yfom;0wfpekH ‹J vlEpS af ,mufu wzufwcsupf D udik q f &GJ if;
wJaG c:vmw,f? olw‹kd a&SŒu avScg;xpf ESpx f pfausmrf mS ppft&m&Sw d a,muf/ &Jabmfwa,muf?
tcsed rf a&G; vJòyud svmEdik w
f hJ vl}u;D twGuf olw‹kd u tqifoifah yg?h a&SŒudk wnfw h nf=h unf&h if;
qif;vmwmr[kw?f iH‹k =unf&h if; qif;vmwm? avScg;udk ab;apmif;taetxm;eJ‹ qif;vmwm?
cif;xm;wJh aumfaZmeDatmufrmS ajrjrK‡ yfridk ;f awG &Sad ervm;qdw k hJ t=unfrh sK;d r[kw?f olw‹kd v}l u;D
ajcacsmv f ufacsmf rjzpfz‹kd uokd m rsujf cnfjywf rcHwyhJ rkH sK;d ?
'Dv}l u;D u a&SŒuko d m =unfah ewm? bmrS tjriftm±Hx k J 0if[efrwl? bk&m;ay:wuf

0wfcscJhwmawmif odyf+yD; tvkyfjzpf[efrayguf? "rRtm±Hkvnf; &r,fhyHkray:? ab;uvlawG
wJGac:wmudkyJ tvdkufoifh ygvm&wJhyHk? ajcaxmufawGu ro,fcsifho,fcsif? ajcrckdifvS?
pdwfrSmvnf; r,fr,f&& a0cJGEkdif[efr&Sd? 'Dtwdkif;yJ jzpfwef&mw,f? 'Dhxufydk+yD; ol‹rSm
yd k p G r f ; p&mr&S d ? cE< m ud k , f } uD ; ud k rwwf o mwJ h t qH k ; rac:csif h a c:csif ac:vm&jcif ; om?
ol‹taoG;tom;[mvnf; tvdkrwlbJ oleJ‹ aygif;zufae&jcif;om? tJ'DtaoG;tom;xJrSm
tpdrf;ao0dnmOfawG tjynfhtESuf&Sdaew,f?
taotcsm =unfhvdkufprf;yg? aoG;oH&J&J oHCOD;acgif;awG/ OD;rn$wf 'l;raxmufwJh

ausmif;om;vli,fawG/ &ifxrk emjzpfaewJh rde;f rysKad wG/ vGiw
f ;D acgib
f 0xJrmS wpmpmatmfaewJh
uav;oli,fawGeJ‹ aemufqHwif;aewJh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkawGu twWabm}uD;&JŒ yg;v#yfv#yf
ta&cHG 0rf;AdkufxJrSm? ukef;±kef;wGef;uef=u/ ±kef;uefwGef;xdk;=ueJ‹ EkdifiHjcm;±kyf&Sifum;awGxJu
wap>ol&JZmwfvrf;rsKd;? wu,fh zkwfaumif}uD;yg?
tusn;f wef'%f&m Zmwfvrf;&Snaf wG/ tonf;uJG jzpf&yfq;kd awGe‹J tarSmifx}k u;D pd;k wJh
Zmwftrd ef mawGu wyHw
k acgi;f ? ol‹u,
kd x
f rJ mS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u tjrpfw,
G af ecJw
h m?
(54)
ap;xef;aewJh aoG;jrpfa& tpif;aygi;f rsm;pGmu ckeaf ygupf ;D qif;vd‹k aew,f? csK;d zsuw
f u
kd pf m;Ekid pf rG ;f
}uD;wJh rkefwkdif;awGvdk tifeJ‹tm;eJ‹udk axG;tefcs=u/ wdkufcwf=ueJ‹? wu,fhudk tqdyfoifh
cE<m}u;D / toufrhJ cE<m}u;D ? bk&m;uk ukv‹kd r&Ekid w
f hJ tm%m±l;}u;D rSL;}u;D oef;a&$yaJ yg?h
'if; ajcr$vdk‹ aºuGus&wJh tzl;tyGifhav;awG/ taervS taorvSwJh jzpftifawG/

t+crd ;f ajcmufcH t+iKd ;cH tusO;f pHawG/ tyif;oGwo
f iG ;f vd‹k rvGwu
f if;&wJh aojcif;qd;k awG/ tylr;D jzm
csLcsm=uwJh vlrrmawG/ vrf;pawGaysmuf vrf;rSm;ay:a&mufae&wJh vli,fawG/ b0uHrJG
wuJGwjym;pDjzpf&wJh rdom;pkawG ra&rwGufEdkifatmif &SdcJh+yD? rSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m wu,fhukd
tJ*wk KW &Sib
f &k if zma&mrif;vdk vlpm;yif?
zma&mrif; zrf;qD;xm;wJh Áoa&vvlrsK;d awG vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf bk&m;ocifu

arma&Se‹J tm±keu f kd apv$w+f y;D wefc;kd trsK;d rsK;d jyum v$waf y;cdik ;f ygw,f? vSw
H H a¹rjG zpf/ jrpfa&udk
vSHwHeJ‹±dkufawmh taoG;awGjzpf/ ig;awGao/ tJ*kwWKvlwdk‹ jrpfa&udk &GH&Sm/ oHk;r& aomufr&?
opfcGufawG/ ausmuftdk;awGxJutp a&awG[m aoG;awGjzpfukefw,f? 'gayrJh ESvHk;ckdifwJh
zma&mrif;u em;raxmif/ ESv;kH roGi;f bJ aew,f?
'D a wmh zm;awG e J ‹ '%f c wf c k d i f ; jyef w ,f ? td y f c ef ; / td y f , m/ rk e f ‹ e,f c G u f u tp

rD ; zd k a csmif x J t xd zm;awG ck e f w uf u k e f w ,f ? 'gh t jyif ajrr_ e f ‹ awG u ae jcif a umif a wG
jzpfapjyefw,f? ,if&JawGeJ‹ ay;wdkufcJhw,f/ 0dZ…mq&mawGvnf; bmrSrwwfEdkifbl;? 'gayrJh
zma&mrif;u ròzaH &;cs ròzaH yg?h
tJ*kwWKawG&JŒ jrif;/ jrnf;/ ukvm;tkyf/ odk;/ EGm;/ wd&p>mefawG a&m*g&apjyefw,f?

rD;zdkxJujymukd rdk;aumif;uifxJ ypfv$wfjyefawmh vlawG/ wd&p>mefawG[m cJtusdwfjynfhwJh
temqdk;awG pJGuyf/ umvemeJ‹ '%fcwf/ rD;eJ‹a&m+yD; rdk;oD;awG òydqif;us/ pHkvdk‹ygyJ? 'gayrJh
zma&mbk&ifuawmh xm0&bk&m;ocif&ŒJ E_wu f ywfawmfukd yrmrcef‹vyk w f mygy?J tjypfro
hJ al wG
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf w&m;csayr,fh r&ygbl;?
'D a wmh v nf ; ajrrsuf E S m jyif w ck v H k ; usKd i f ; aumif a wG zk H ; v$ r f ; apjyef w ,f ?

opf y if j ruf y if u tp pd r f ; wh J t &m rusef & pf ? aemuf w rsKd ; u 3 &uf v H k ; vH k ; xl x yf w J h
arS m if r k d u f r _ r sKd ; eJ ‹ vl a wG u d k xk d i f & muawmif rxEk d i f a tmif wk d u f , l y pf w m? 'D h x uf
ydk=urf;oGm;wmu tJ*kwWKrsKd;EG,f om;OD;awG/ wd&p>mefom;OD;awG aoukef=uw,f? tm;vHk;
,lusKH;r& jzpfw,f? t}uD;tus,f idkaºuG;=uw,f?
enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ‹ t}udrf}udrf zdtm;ay;cJhwmyg? vufrcHwmeJ‹tr# wa&GŒa&GŒeJ‹

(55)
tqdk;qHk;tajctaeukd qdkufa&mufvm&wmygyJ? 'Dtajctaea&mufrSyJ Áoa&vvlrsKd;
6 ode;f [m vGwaf jrmuf&wmyg?
=oZmvufapmif;xufw/hJ wvJq G yH ifaumif;wJh bk&if±;l wa,mufa=umifh rvdv k m;tyfwhJ

jy\emaygi;f aomif;ajcmufaxmif wufc&hJ w,f? tjypfrv hJ al wG txdem&w,f? ajymcJo h vdyk J
vGwaf jrmufa&; vrf;pu tqd;k qH;k tajctaeudk ausmv f eG +f y;D rS jrifc&hJ wmyg?
ukd,fhwdkif;jynfudk tqdk;qHk;xd rwufvSrf;&bJ taumif;qHk;udk ar#mfvifhcsifwmyg?

jzpf w ef a jcuawmh vuf & S d t ajctaet& tawmf y J enf ; yg;aeygw,f ? ES p f z uf t =um;
wif;rmr_tvH;k pHu k tqd;k qH;k qD tajy;ESiaf eovdyk gy?J jynfoal wGu 'if;wd‹k tay: csOcf sOw
f ;l wl;
jzpfae+y?D 'if;wd‹k uvnf; rD;uke, f rf;ukef rku
d *f %
k f jyaeqJ?
wa,mufaomolu xl;qef;wJh tdyfrufwckudk r=umao;cifu ajymjyygw,f?

wu,fhtdyfrufyg? olu tdyfruf&Snf}uD;udk tao;pdwfajymjywm? olrdk‹ tJ'Davmuf
rufwwfwm? udk,fjzifh rrufzl;aygif? ol‹tdyfrufa=umifh 'Daqmif;yg; a&;jzpfwmqdkawmh
jyefajymyghr,f? 'gayrJh twdkcsKH;aygh?
&Gmw&GmrSm {&mr}u;D rm;whJ oHtrd }f u;D wvH;k aqmufaew,f? wjcm;&GmawGe‹J ,SOw f t hJ cg

tompD ; &zd k ‹ &nf & G , f + yD ; aqmuf w m? oH t d r f } uD ; ud k vS y wif h w ,f a pzd k ‹ trsKd ; rsKd ;
rGrf;rHjc,fovmygw,f? aqmufvkyfcsdefu =umyg+yD? r+yD;Ekdifao;yg? [dkvdkaumif;rvm;/
'D v d k a umif ; rvm;qd k + yD ; wk d i f ; xG m wG u f c suf & if ; [d k [ mav;jyif / 'D [ mav;jyif e J ‹ aygh ?
(aumif;apcsiw f maerSm)? tvkyo f rm;awGus =unfv h u
kd tf ;kH ? ajcjywf vufjywfawG? +y;D awmh
olw‹kd awG[m acgi;f ygjywfaewm? ('gusawmh tdyrf ufu tawmfq;kd ygw,f? OD;aESmufro hJ al wGukd
ukd,fpm;ðycsif[efwlw,f? 'gayrJh b,fvdkrsm; tvkyfvkyf=uw,frod)? tdrf}uD;t&Sifuawmh
ol}uD;yg?
ol}u;D rSm om;qk;d orD;qd;k eJ‹ t}uaH y; raumif;vSayr,fh ol}u;D tay: wD;wd;k wdik yf ifazmf
=oZmanmif;wJh olawGuvnf; b,fnm0dik ;f vd‹k ? olw‹kd uvnf; ol}u;D tvdu k s tm;ay;=uw,f?
(=unfv h u
kd &f if wu,fuh kd tiftm;aumif;wJh ol}u;D wa,mufy?J ta¹ct G &Hu rsm;/ aiGa=u;u
jynfph /kH =oZmtm%mu }u;D rm;/ vkyu f u
G vf nf; om?)
ol[m oHtrd }f u;D udk =unf&h if;=unf&h if;uae oabmacG‹+y;D rmefawG wufwufvmw,f?
avmbawGvnf; vSrd w hf ufaew,f/ wjcm;&GmawGe‹J ,SOòf yid &f mrSm tdr}f u;D [m tiftm;jzpfw,f/
tEk d i f y d k i f ; r,f h t&mjzpf w ,f v d k ‹ ol u t±l ; trl ; jrif a eawmh w muk d ; ? 'ga=umif h v nf ;
(56)
tdraf wmf}u;D udk ol‹pw
d u
f ;l twkid ;f tus,cf sŒJ vmw,f? txyfawGvnf; wd;k aqmufaeawmhwm/
(bk&if±l;}uD; rSL;}uD;oef;a&$vdk aerSmaygh?)
tdrfawmf}uD;udk wdk;csifwkdif; wkd;/ csJŒcsifwkdif; csJŒaevdk‹ ab;ywf0ef;usifu tdrfawG/

v,f , majrawG u d k od r f ; csif w k d i f ; od r f ; &awmh w myJ ? ol ‹ trd e f ‹ twd k i f ; waoG r wd r f ;
vdu
k ef mr,fo
h al wGvnf; rEkid rf eif; arG;&wmayg?h ('gu ±d;k ygao;w,f? }uzhH w G af wG/ rD;owfawGvkd
aerSm)? tdrf}uD;udk xdef;odrf;ðyjyifzdk‹ &Gmom;awGudk tom;ukef v$wfcdkif;wmaygh? vlawGu
tvkyfysuf tudkifysufeJ‹ ol‹twGufyJ vkyfay;ae&wm?
'D=um;xJ ol arG;xm;wJh vlqdk;vlrdkufawGu ol}uD;óudufr,fxifor# vkyfrdvkyf&m

vkywf mayg?h olw‹kd awGu tcGix hf ;l cHw,f? tEkid t hf xuf vkyw f ,f? qdak wmh &Gmom;tcsi;f csi;f
vl&rf;um;eJ‹ vlvrd rf m/ tcGit hf m%m&So d el ‹J tcGit hf vrf; r&So
d /l pD;yGm;OpPm }u;D yGm;csr;f omole‹J
uk e f ; aumuf p &m r&S d o l q d k + yD ; uJ G x G u f o G m ;w,f ? w&G m xJ o m;csif ; tap;ruyf = ubl ; ?
&efapmifae=uw,f?
ol}u;D ud,
k w f idk u
f 'Da'owcGirf mS e,fe,f&& yk*K~ v d rf S r[kww f m? qd;k vdu k rf u
kd vf u kd yf u
kH
vGeaf &m? 'ga=umifh vufatmufi,fom;awG[m ol‹xufq;dk wJh wykid w f Edik f t±dik ;f tpdik ;f av;awG
jzpfvmwmayg?h ESyd pf ufcsi&f m ESyd pf uf/ =urf;csiw
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(57)
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trSwpf Of 85 (rwf/ 2008)
(58)
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(59)
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(60)
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(2)
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(61)
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(62)
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(64)
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tm;ðyxm;ygw,f? rjrifEdkifwJh/ av;zufav;wef zdn‡yfvdkufwJh eH&H}uD;vdkygyJ? tm;vHk;udk
ol‹pdwfwkdif;us pdpdnufnuf ajcygw,f?
a=umufcref;vdvd yifv,fatmfoH}uD;[m tn‡mtwm uif;ygw,f? vlrsKd;bmom

rcJGjcm; tm;vHk;udk 0g;rsKdzdk‹ 'Da'owcGifudk ywfcsmvnf0dkif;cJhwmyg? taoG;tom;xJu
ol‹qmavmifr_udk txif;om; udk,fxifjycJhw,f? ulolu,folrJh uHacolawGtwGufawmh
oef;acgix f ufeufwhJ 0±ke;f oke;f um; n/ tbufbufu 0kid ;f n‡yyf wd q
f ‹kd whJ i&Jr;D wr# nygy?J
avoHa&oH óuH;0g;oHawGu em;xJudk oH&nfylawGvdk pD;0ifcJhwmyg? oufrJhrkefwkdif;&JŒ

toHe‹J ouf&dS vlom;awG&ŒJ toH[m tm;rmefcsi;f tawmfumG ygw,f? bmrS ckcEH idk pf rG ;f r&Sb d J
vloaH wG[m c%eJ‹ aysmufu, G cf &hJ w,f? toHaysmufomG ;wJt h xd atmfnnf;ayr,fh rkew f idk ;f &JŒ
tzsupf rG ;f tm;uawmh wGe‹f qwk rf oGm;cJyh gb;l ? tJ'D vloal tmfoaH wGxuf yd+k y;D =um;a,mifrrd ,fh
toHawG &Sdr,frxifygbl;?
aorif;wrefu ouf&b dS 0awGukd ±kyo f rd ;f zd‹k / oufrahJ wGukd cGmðzwfyikd ;f xpfz‹kd vmcJw
h myg?
ud k , f h [ mud k , f bmrS ryd k i f p d k ; ygbl ; ? ol ‹ oabm/ ol p D r H w J h t wk d i f ; ucJ h & w,f ? tqd k ; qH k ;
Zmwford ;f ydik ;f rSm tedrq
hf ;kH ae&muae vnfpif;cHc=hJ uwmyg? qef;ppfEidk pf rG ;f r&S/d ar;cGe;f r&S/d tajz
r&Syd g? wnvH;k rsuv f ;kH jyL; rsuq f efjyL;eJ‹ a=umifawmifuef;aecJw h ,f?
vluom &Sifaewm/ touf&SL&yfae+yD? aoaewJh ighudk &SifaewJh igu ta0;uae

jrifae&wm? b,f igu tppfv/J b,figua&m ig [kwaf eao;vJ? tukev f ;kH vnf; igawGcsn;f
jzpfaew,f? =unfph rf;ygt;kH æ wifuse&f pfaewJh tavmif;awGu?kd tJ'gawG tukev f ;kH igcsn;f yJ?
igu, kd w
f idk f [dt
k avmif; 0ify;l vdu
k /f 'Dtavmif; 0ifuyfvu kd ef ‹J ? igvnf; olw‹kd xuJ kd pdr0hf ifarsmyg
aygi;f pyfomG ;w,f? igrh mS vnf; ºuiG ;f usewf hJ cE<meJ‹ aoqH;k oGm;wJh pdw?f
nDtudak rmifErS 4 a,mufe‹J olw‹kd ro d m;pkawG/ tÀ0g/ pHjy/ carmufarmf/ uHx;l / oJusi;f /
ausmufacsm/ csi;f Edik /f qD;jzLacsmif;/ qefx;kd / ausmufacsmif;/ oifuqdik f urf;±d;k wef;&GmawGa&m
(65)
b,fvvkd ?J awmifuek ;f r&Sw
d hJ tÀ0ge‹J uHx;l udk yifv,fu 0g;rsKo d mG ;+y?D ig&h mG av;vnf; tdraf jc
700 ausmf tpte aysmuf+y?D use&f mG awGvnf; igv h ykd J wpjyifoufouf? tedÏm±Hak wG &ifrmS
xifusef&pfyg+yDaum?
uefoif;abmifxuf æ &$ŒH EGw

H ufw,f? uef/ ajrmif;eJ‹ acsmif; æ tavmif;awG xyfw,f?
pyg;usaD wG/ qif;wkawmfawG æ aºuu G s ajrc&w,f? toufwr#csp&f wJh ig&h mG av;eJ‹ ajr,mawG/
igh&Gmom;awG æ we,fwaus; ajymif;a&$Œajy;ava&mhovm;? 'DyHk&dyfawGxJ ESpf&Snfvrsm;
t}udrf}udrf ao&zdk‹ ig æ usef&pfcJhwmaerSm? av#mufomav#mufwm b,fa&mufvdk‹
b,faygurf eS ;f rod? ta&SŒtaemuf/ awmifajrmuf æ igrh mS r&S?d
tdrf,majrysufawGtay: oJawG zkH;/ wcsKdŒ wdkifikwfwdk/ pmoifausmif;awG ysufpD;/

vuf,ufwGif;awGxJ a&iefawG 0if/ uav;awG 0rf;ysuf0rf;av#m/ aetdrf rkefwkdif;xdvdk‹
q&m0efu ae&yfjyef/ aysmaf ysmaf e aocJ a':a&$0g}u;D vnf; tdrjf yifz‹kd aiGav;eJ‹ aqGrsK;d wodu k f
a&xJygomG ;vd‹k pum; rajymEkid af wmhb;l ? uav; 3 a,muf&w dS hJ tud}k u;D vnf; olyikd f yJah xmifawG/
ypPnf;awG a&ðryfqHk;±_H;ukefvdk‹ yHkrSefr[kwfawmhbl;? ol‹tdrfae&mem;u opfikwfwdkem; xdkif+yD;
aq;vdyfav; aomuf&if; [dk=unfh'D=unfheJ‹ aeawmhw,f? twdwf0J*,ufxJ arsmygaevdk‹
bmwckrS ysupf ;D qH;k ±H;_ [ef r&Sad yr,fh olu,
dk w
f idk [
f m ole‹J twlr&Sad wmhygb;l ?
"m;rOD;csajray:rSm ±d;k om;óu;d pm;&if; wkid ;f jynftwGuf pyg;usaD v;wck aqmufcw

hJ myg?
tckawmh bmrS rwwfEikd ?f 0rf;rD;twGuf vrf;ay:wuf awmif;&rf;&/ tpm;av; wvkyt f wGuf
wdk;a0SŒvk,uf&eJ‹? b0awG[m oef;acgifxuf nOfheufoGm;yg+yD? wu,fhudk oef;acgifxuf
nOfeh ufwhJ b0awGyg?
(3)
tm%m±l; ppftpd;k &u jynfoal wGtay: apwem wjym;wcsyrf S r&Syd gb;l ? wu,fu h kd
acs;an‡mt f xyfxyf wufaewJh trsm;oH;k tdro f mxJu 'efzvm;wvH;k ygy?J xd&wd‹k &zd‹k tifrwef
pkwfjywfowfvGef;ygw,f? r=um;0Hhremom zefw&mawjzpf&yfawGxJrSm oHCmawGudk
ypfowfwJh udpPu vydkif;yJ &Sdygao;w,f? tckvnf; tqdk;qHk; jzpf&yfawGeJ‹ raumif;qHk;
vky&f yfawGukd qufvyk af eyg+y?D tm%m&Sd &So d avmufe‹J aqmf/ vkyu f uG o f m omoavmufe‹J
ES u f r ,f h aoewf u d k i f vl & rf ; um;awG y g? rif ; qd k ; rif ; npf x uf ,k w f n H h y gao;w,f ?
tm%mtwG u f q d k & if b,f o l ‹ ud k r S ouf n ‡ m rS m r[k w f y gbl ; ? igwd k ‹ xuf ta&;}uD ; wJ h /
OD ; pm;ay;&r,f h o l a wG &S d a o;w,f q d k w m rod a wmh y gbl ; ? vk y f & yf a wG u yuf p uf v G e f ; /
&ufpufvGef;ygw,f?
(66)
“olw‹kd ukd csKyfcs,x
f m;rS ud,
k t
hf wGuf pdwaf t;&r,fv‹kd awG;wm[m wud,
k af umif;
odyq
f efwhJ pdwxf m;jzpfygw,f” (q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu - r[mòrid af wm&)
oH C m/ vl o wf y J G } uD ; a=umif h tm%m±l ; }uD ; &J Œ pd w f [ m uajymif ; ujyef j zpf /

'%f&mtemw&jzpf/ rolawmf *dk%f;0ifawGxJu owdoHa0*&olawG 0dkif;0ef;uGyfn‡yfvdk‹
tawmftwef oufn‡mrvm;vdk‹ xifrSwfp&mygyJ? roxm tm%mudk twif;tusyf
qkyu
f ikd x
f m;wJh tm%m±l;}u;D pdwaf y:rSm trsm;}u;D rlwnfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'if;u tzwfq,fv‹kd
r&awmhygb;l ? ±l;aumif;aumif;eJ‹ quf±;l aeyg+y?D
“ud k , f u d k , f w k d i f u wu,f pd w f c srf ; omaerS o m ol w yg;&J Œ pd w f c srf ; omr_ u d k

wu,fvdkvm;wJhpdwf tjynfht0 jzpfw,f”
rkefwkdif;'%f t}uD;tus,f vSdrfhcH&wm[m twGuftcsufeJ‹ pDrHcef‹cJGr_ nhHvGef;/

tajrmftjrif enf;vGe;f vd‹k q+kd y;D 'if;wd‹k ukd tjypfrwifbJ csevf yS xf m;&ifawmif pdwyf ikd ;f qkid &f m
txl;ojzifh jynfoal wGtay: xm;&Sw d hJ pdwaf pwemydik ;f u &Gww f vG eG ;f wke;f yg?
±dk;om;qif;&J&SmwJh aus;Zl;&SifawGtwGuf wjynfvHk;u ylaqG;aomu jzpf&wmyg?

oem;u±k % mouf w J h urB m w0ef ; &J Œ pd k ; &d r f y l y ef r _ [ mvnf ; tcsd e f e J ‹ tr# w[k e f x d k ;
jrifw
h ufaewmyg? ta&;ay: u,fq,fa&;/ tultnDay;a&;twGuf pdik ;f jyif;=uygw,f? 'gukd
tpk w f t jywf / t,k w f w rmawG u vd k u f a vsmnD a xG rvd k u f y gcJ h y gbl ; ? usL;vG e f c J h w J h
raumif;r_awGtwGuf wefjyefoufa&mufvmr,fh tjypfaºuG;udkawG;+yD; ta=umuf}uD;
a=umufae&if; rdkufwGif;eufaeqJyg?
tm%myJ=unf+h y;D qENc, H yl GJ rjzpfraevky/f cd;k om;ig;&meJ‹ t&Surf &Sd enf;rsK;d pHk rJvrd /f
EdkifiHwum tultnD wm;qD;ydwfqdk‹/ tysuftpD; a'oawG vspfvsL±_? 'kuQonfawGudk
tiwf x m;/ vS L 'gef ; ol a wG u d k yd w f y if / jynf y tul t nD a wG xk w f a &mif ; / iwf } uD ; us
olaumif;om;awGu cdk;pm;? a=umufu a=umuf/ pdwfykyfpdwf,kwfu arG;/ jynfoltay:
trkef;}uD;rkef;wJh &efoltqifhxuf ydkwufrvmygbl;? tqifhuawmh edrfh+yD;&if; edrfh&if;ygyJ?
vky&f yfawG[m atmhEv S ;kH emp&myg? woufrmS wcgrS r&zl;wJh pdw±f ikd ;f awG jzpfvmapygw,f?
“ud, k rhf mS av;eufwhJ tod^m%fe‹J pdw"f mwf jzpfay:vmatmif rvkyb

f eJ ‹J olwyg;rSm
av;eufwhJ jrifjh rwfwhJ tod^m%fe‹J pdw"f mwf jzpfay:vmatmif taxmuftul ray;Edik b f ;l ”
bmawG y J uk v m;zef x d k ; xd k ; / [ef a &;yJ j yjy Zmwf v rf ; u topf j zpf v mrS m

(67)
r[kwfawmhygbl;? EkdifiHom; tm;vHk;&JŒ &ifxJrSm pdkuf0ifpl;epfaewmawGom txyfxyf
yGm;rsm;aerSmyg? 'gawGu 'if;wd‹k awG&ŒJ vufcsu/f trsuaf 'goawGom jzpfygw,f?
&ef i gpnf ; wif ; wif ; jywf a pwJ h 'D t rsuf a 'goawG e J ‹ twl vG w f v yf r _ t wG u f
&efot
l m%m±l;awGukd wduk yf 0GJ if=urSmyg? aus;Zl;&Siaf wGukd vGwv
f w
G v f yfvyf aus;Zl;qyfciG &hf r,fh
pepfwckqD OD;wnf&if;ayg?h
(2008 arvxkwf rZÆrd *sme,fwiG f azmfjycJo

h nfh uAsmudk jyefo;kH ygonf? udjk rifah rmif.
jynfwiG ;f owif;tcsKŒd udk aumufEwk cf pH m;a&;om;ygonf?)
(68)
c7D;oGm; t7dyrf sm;

(1)
x,f o pf t rsKd ; rsKd ; / a'pD - nd K arS m if EG m ;w&S O f ; &J Œ rsKd ; quf a wG e J ‹ qD q H k } uD ; vd k

&moDpuf0ef;[m wtdtd a&GŒvsm;aeayr,fh rajymif;vJwhJ t&mawGvnf; &Syd gw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS rS
qkd;wlaumif;buf aygif;zufcJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;awGudk arhr& woo pJGvef;usef&pfcJh&wJh
tjzpfvnf; yg0ifygw,f?
usaemfw‹kd a'orSm c&pf,mefe‹J Ak'b < mom0ifawG (u&if/ ArmvlrsK;d awG) ae=uygw,f?
ESpf&Snfvrsm; teD;uyfaevm=uvdk‹ taoG;wl tom;wl nDaemif&if;awGvkd &SdcJhwmyg?
bmoma&;yJv G rf;awGq&dk if ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf a&maESmaysm0f ifc=hJ uwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
c&pfawmfarG;zGm;&m v&moDq&kd if t&Sn}f u;D apmpd;k =unfe‹J apmxl;av; OD;aqmifwhJ

ESp&f mG aygi;f u vli,fwoduk [
f m reufapmapm x/ vlp=k ueJ‹ [krd mS 'Dbuf &GmawGqD vSnv
hf nf+y;D
c&pfawmf arG;zGm;a=umif; owif;aumif; vdu k yf g;=uygw,f? usaemfw‹kd &mG u vli,fawGvnf;
raeomygbl;? Ak'<bmom ae‹xl;ae‹jrwfawGa&muf&ifvnf; olwdk‹udk c&D;OD;óudðy&wm aysmfrS
aysmfygyJ?
tckvnf; olwdk‹udk tdyfrufxJrSm xnfhrufaewkef;yg? b,fawmhrS aysmufuG,f

roGm;Ekid w
f hJ twdwx
f u
J t&dyaf wGyg? tJ'tD &dyaf wG[m xuf=uyfruGm vdu
k af eOD;rSmyg?
(2)
“Sweet December” ? “Sweet December”
vlu tdyf,mxJ auG;aeayr,fh pl;&SvSwJh olwdk‹toHawGudk rsufvHk;pHkrSdwf&if;

vdkufrSwfaewmyg? pdwfu olwdk‹eJ‹twl vdkufajy;ygw,f? taemufwa=umu t&D;ausmh/
OD;ombef;/ a':zGm;ar/ udak tmif&if/ rdacG;/ atmifbk wjznf;jznf;eJ‹ tdrb f ufukd uyfvmyg+y?D
'Dtcsed q
f kd aqmif;0wfre_ f ESi;f Ek&nfw‹kd vnf; vGijhf y,fz‹kd wmplaea&mayg?h 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae‹
(69)
a&mufjyef+yD?
toHawG taemufvrf;=um;ta&muf tdyf,mxzdk‹ jyifvdkufygw,f? olwdk‹eJ‹twl

ta&SŒbuf&mG txd vku d of mG ;r,f? +y;D &if bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;&Sw
d hJ olw‹kd &mG udk vdu
k rf ,f? tJ'rD mS
0wfðyyJG/ aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;yJG+yD;&if qefðywfaomuf=ur,f? a=omf æ aysmfvkdufwJhjzpfjcif;?
'gu ES p f p Of ðyaeus tvk y f w ck ? awG ; =unf h & if ; vl r S m tl j rL;vmygw,f ? toH a wG u
yku
d s,v
f mav/ 0rf;omvH;k qd‹k av jzpfaewm?
0kef;ceJ txrSmawmh tdyfrufeJ‹ vuf&Sdtajctae tyHk}uD;uGmaerSef; bGm;ceJ

awG‹&ygw,f? yJah xmifawGe‹J vmwJh ay;urf;vSL'ge;f ol apwem&Siaf wG a&mufvmvd‹k &GmxJu
uav;awG aAGaqmfO;D atmf[pf+y;D ajy;v$m;aeoHawGyJ jzpfygw,f?
av;vHaewJh acgif;ukd tomt,m rxl&if; xvdkufygw,f? trSefu apmpdk;=unfeJ‹

apmxl;av;wd‹k r&Sad wmhygb;l ? olw‹kd vnf; rkew
f idk ;f av/ 'Dvid_ ;f a&eJ‹twl arsmygaoqH;k cJ=h uyg+y?D
tckuav;awGu usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;&JŒ rsKd;qufawGygyJ?
aoqH k ; aysmuf & S o l vl O D ; a& 2 '\r 4 oef ; rS m uav;aygif ; woef ; avmuf

yg0ifw,fvdk‹ ukvor*~ uav;oli,frsm; ta&;ay: &efyHkaiGtzJG‹ (UNICEF) u qkdygw,f?
uav;awGe‹J trsK;d orD;awG aoqH;k wm rsm;ygw,f? t&ifu 'D&mG rSm 300 avmuf &Scd w hJ myg?
tckawmh 100 avmufyJ useyf gw,f? uav;awGuawmh 15 a,mufavmufyJ &Sad wmhw,f?
ckct
H m;enf;wJh [db k uf&mG qd&k if vl 1000 avmufrmS 200 avmufyJ useyf gw,f? uav;uawmh
30 avmufyg? &GmawGrSm usef&pfolawG odyfudk enf;oGm;vdk‹ ESpf&Gmhw&Gm aygif;aewm/
aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awG pkaewm/ rdbrJu h av;awGukd eD;pyfoal wGu apmifah &Smufaewm jzpfygw,f?
rkefwkdif;t+yD; ESpfvavmuft=umrSm uav;awG[m ZvHkcGufa,mufawGudkif+yD;

pm;aomuf z G , f a wG u d k pnf ; urf ; wus wef ; pD & if ; awmif ; &rf ; wwf v myg+yD ? 'D x J r S m
usaemfo
h m;av; zd;k omatmif rygawmhygb;l ? olvnf; trsm;pkenf;wl a&v_id ;f xJ ygomG ;cJyh g+y?D
aq;0g;/ qef / yJ / aomuf a &oef ‹ yd k u f / jcif a xmif / apmif e J ‹ uav;awG t wG u f

t±kyfav;awG a0ay;ygw,f? wu,fawmh ZGefv tapmydkif;uwnf;u tvSL&SifawG[m
'Dbuf&mG awGqD a&mufrvmjzpfcyhJ gb;l ?
Merlin, HRDB vmygw,f? ADRA vdk c&pf,mef tef*st D t

kd zJ‹G awGvnf; vmzl;ygw,f?
Merlin uawmh a&uefawGxu J qm;&nfawGudk pkyxf w
k af y;aeygw,f? bk&m;ausmif;av;awG
(70)
jyefaqmufay;zdk‹ ulnDvSL'gef;r_awG &Sdaeayr,fh/ Ak'<bmom bkef;}uD;ausmif;u jyefaqmufzdk‹
vrf;rjrifao;ygbl;? vlaetdrfajcawGuawmh "edawGckwf+yD; jzpfovdk wJxdk;ae&ygao;w,f?
a&vkyif ef;eJ‹ v,fvyk if ef;udk wlnrD #wvkyu f ikd af ewJh ae&mav;awGyg? v,f{u 700
avmufxu J xuf0ufavmufukd pdu k yf sK;d zd‹k jyifqifae=uygw,f? wcsKŒd rsK;d pyg;&ovd/k vufweG ;f
v,fxGefpufu 3-4 vHk;yJ &ygao;w,f? rsKd;pyg;/ vkyftm;/ ajr=oZm/ u|JEGm;wd&p>mefeJ‹
tulypPnf;/ a&/ &moDOwk r#waumif;rGefrS tppt&m&m ar#mfvifhvdk‹ &wmyg? 'gayrJh
tckuawmh rpcifuwnf;u tcuftcJu óu&d adS eyg+y?D
xkdif;/ w±kwfeJ‹ wjcm;EkdifiHawGu vufwGef;xGefpuf 5000 avmuf ay;vSLcJhayr,fh

avmifpmqD*gvH woef;avmuf vdt k yfaew,fv‹kd befaumuftajcpdu
k f ukv (tm&Sypdzw
d )f
pD;yGm;a&;eJ‹ vlra_ &; aumfr&Sif UNESCAP t}uD;tuJ Noeleen Heyzer u +y;D cJw
h hJ vv,frmS
ajymcJhygw,f?
jrefrmEkdifiH ig;vkyfief;tzJG‹csKyf OuUÏ OD;aX;jrifhu a&vkyfief; jyefvnfxlaxmifzdk‹

{&m0wDwidk ;f xJu avab;'%foifch w hJ hJ òrŒd e,fawGukd pufavStpD;a& 9000 eJ‹ ig;zrf;yduk rf sK;d pHk
4 aomif ; eD ; yg; ay;yk d ‹ oG m ;r,f v d k ‹ ZG e f v 7 &uf a e‹u ajymqd k c J h a yr,f h awmf a wmf e J ‹
a&mufrvmEkdifao;ygbl;?
(3)
uav;awG t wG u f ynma&;u a0vma0;ygao;w,f ? ausmif ; pmtk y f t wG u f

vyGwWmrSm oGm;awmif;aeygw,f? ukvor*~ vlom;csif;pmemr_qkdif&m yl;aygif;nd‡E_dif;a&;±Hk;
(UNOCHA) uawmh jrefrmjynf&ŒJ rkew f ikd ;f '%fc&H wJh a'oawGrmS rlvwef;ausmif; 2400 ausmf
ysupf ;D cJ+h yv
D ‹kd ajymygw,f? ausmif;awG ysupf ;D cJw h thJ wGuf uav;aygi;f 3 ode;f 6 aomif;ausmf
ynma&;xdcu kd rf ,fv‹kd tJ'XD me&JŒ tpD&ifcpH mu qdyk gw,f?
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(71)
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(72)
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(4)
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(73)
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(74)
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(75)
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(76)
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(77)
jynfwGif;xdk;azmufa&;awG vSdrfhatmfypfaeayr,fh txJrSm bmtoHrS xGufrvm
ygbl;cifAsm;? (yd&dvGef;Ivm;awmh rodyg)? 'gayrJh wcsKdŒawmh ajymifajymifa&mifa&mifeJ‹
acwfrDzHG‹òzd;wdk;wufaeygw,f?
bmyJ j zpf j zpf tpk t pnf ; av;rysuf 'D u ae‹txd o,f a qmif v m=uwmu
bmawGa=umifv
h aJ wmh rodyg? xl;qef;vSygw,f? 'gayrJh tm;r&rdwmawmh trSeyf gycJ ifAsm;?
trSwpf Of 90 (=o*kw/f 2008)
(78)
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wdk;a0SŒoGm;v#if tzdwftpif r&Sdap&ef ausmif;vG,ftdwfóud;udk xdyfydkif;wGif pkcsnfum
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odcsiaf Zma=umifh okwaf jcwifae.?
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vlacsmvlajzmifyh if? [dw k acwfu ausm=f um;cJo h nfh ±ky&f iS rf if;om;}u;D ausmaf qGEiS hf nGe‹f 0if;vdk
*dkufqkdufrsKd;? uG,fvGefoGm;onfh q&m}uD; rif;odcF. Zmwfvdkufausmf paearmifarmifESifh
(79)
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twdck sKyfajym&v#if jrif;vSn;f ESihf qkid u

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ydkif;jywf vlowfr_vdk pdwf0ifpm;p&m/ ^m%f&$ifp&m tr_rsm;tjyif emrnf}uD; oufwrf;&Snf
w&m;rr_}u;D rsm;ESihf tm%mydik rf sm; ywfoufco hJ nfh t±_yaf wmfykH r_cif;aygi;f wyHw k acgi;f &So
d nf?
tr_oGm;tr_vmudk qifjcifum/ Oya'a=umif;vrf;wGif csdefcGifv#m wzufapmif;eif;

(80)
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d yf g&rnfukd owd}u;D pGm
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tm;aumif;aecsdefjzpf.?
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d af &; tusK;d pD;yGm; tm;òyid &f m jzpfae.? taumif;tqk;d udk
tusK;d oif/h ta=umif;oifh enf;vrf;jzifh rSeu f efr#wpGm azmfxw k &f ef tcGirhf om? rw&m;onfh
trdef‹tm%mrsm; }uD;pdk;ae.? tqdkyg rw&m; tm%mrsm;udk tm;prf;onfh/ zDqefonfh
vky&f yfreS o f r#ukd ppftpd;k &u vuf&ZJ uf&J ESyd u f yG af eonf? w&m;Oya' pk;d rd;k r_ vH;k 0 r&Sad y?
xko
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twG u f ol ‹ q&mrsm;u w&m;"rR j zif h umuG , f a y;.? t"rR u d k wk d u f x k w f a rmif ; ES i f . ?
rw&m;onfh pepf}u;D wckv;kH ajymif;jyefveS &f ef tkwef &H u H kd acgi;f jzifh wku
d cf .
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rsuaf rSmufðya&;twGuf ydwq f ‹kd wpfcaH eonfh eH&}H u;D tm; òzcd aGJ ejcif;jzpfonf? Tonfum; rd;k udk
'l;jzifh trSefwu,fyif wufwdkufaeouJhodk‹ &Sd.? olwdk‹udk,fwkdifyif ol&Jaumif;rsm;[k
qdk&ayawmhrnf?
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vuf0g;uyfwidk rf sm; tcsed rf a&G; ðzwfcsccH &hJ .? ausmif;om;rsm;u vG,t
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(81)
cG y f a 'gif ; tvH E S i f h ezl ; pnf ; teD r sm; xnf h u m qEN j ya&;twG u f acsmif ; ajrmif ; aecJ h . ?
tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh ta=umif;oifh/ roifhay: rlwnfum ±kwfjcnf;yif pD;yGm;wufwwfovdk/
tvG,fwulyif pD;yGm;ysufoGm;rnf?
xdk‹tjyif vlrsKd;ukd udk,fpm;ðyEdkifolrsm;onf axmifxJ0if&zefrsm;ojzifh cHEdkif&nf0

aecJo h nf? tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;wd‹k rnfonf qif;&JcahJ yrnf? pma&;q&mwd‹k . pdw"f mwfEiS hf
ynmonf aiGrifow k cf &H / qkw+f zcJ cH &hJ .? uav;rsm;. tem*wfonf tarSmiftwd jzpfc&hJ ovd/k
ypP K y` e f b 0uvnf ; npf a x;aecJ h o nf ? vl i ,f r sm;vnf ; ud k , f h a jcaxmuf E S i f h u d k , f
&J&rJ av#mufEidk cf yhJ g? (wkid ;f jynfwiG f vlrsm;pk xdtk wdik ;f yif? tenf;i,fom aumif;Ed;k &m&m &Scd .
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Tonfudk olwdk‹u tusKd;aqmif&ef enf;vrf;&Sm.? Oya'ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfojzifh

Oya'abmiftwGif;u av#mufvSrf;vm.? w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD umuG,fapmifha&Smufonf?
Ekid if aH wmfukd zsuq
f ;D olrsm;tjzpf pGypf cGJ aH e&olrsm;. ud,
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ppf t m%monf o m Oya'txuf vuf a pmif ; xuf a ecJ h o nf ? tk y f c sKyf o l r sm;tm;
xkt
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tusOf;usaechJonf? xdk‹a=umifh tm%mzDqefolrsm;tm; a&SŒaea&SŒ&yfrsm;u Oya'jzifh
umuG,fay;onfh tvkyfum; rvG,fulvSyg? tm%mpufu "rRpuf. i,fxdyfay:wGif
rif ; rl a ecJ h o jzif h Oya't& tusKd ; aqmif = uonf h ol ‹ q&mrsm;yif tcsKyf t aES m if E S i f h
ruif;vGwfEkdifcJhay?
odk‹aomf w&m;Oya'udk/ trSefw&m;udkjzifh trsm;jynfol ydkrdkod&Sd&efESifh wkdif;jynf.

tajctaerS e f u d k urB m w0ef ; jrif o m&ef ol ‹ q&mrsm;u tm;xk w f v k y f u d k i f c J h o nf ?
tcsKyftaESmifukd ra=umufvef‹/ ESp&f n S af xmif'%fukd tHw/k wdu k yf w
GJ ck qufðyjcif;jzpfonf?
rw&m;r_udk w&m;r_jzifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;yif? rw&m; tm%mpufudk "rRpuf tc|eftwufjzifh
xd;k ESujf cif; jzpfonf? rw&m;onfh trde‹f tm%m zDqeforl sm;ESihf olw‹kd tm; Oya'a=umif;t&
umuG,af y;onfh a&SŒaersm;onf rd@k armufc|ex f ufaom pdw"f mwfrsm;jzifh w&m;r#wa&;wku d yf GJ
(82)
0ifc=hJ uonf? xd‹k aemuf vlxw
k &yfv;kH yg0ifqifEa$J om wku
d yf }GJ u;D jzpfxeG ;f vmum wkid ;f jynfonf
tm%m&Sipf epfatmufu vGwaf jrmufco hJ nfrmS r=umvSao;ay?
od k ‹ aomf Oya'pd k ; rd k ; ap&ef óud ; yrf ; tm;xk w f a eqJ jzpf o nf ? w&m;Oya'.

tapmift h a&Smufukd jynfow l &yfv;kH nDwrl #wl cHpm;&cGihf &ap&ef a[majymyJrG sm;/ oifwef;rsm;/
pnf;±H;k v_‹H aqmfrr_ sm; tifwu dk t f m;wku d f ðyvkyaf eqJjzpfonf? ol‹q&mrsm;ujzifh r&S=d uawmh?
uG,fvGefcJh=uav+yD jzpfonf?
olonf ol‹q&morm;rsm; vufxufwiG f r&&Scd ahJ om ppftm%m&Sipf epf uif;pifaom

wdik ;f jynfopfY vdt k yfv#if vdt
k yfovdk tcsed Ef iS hf ae&ma'ora&G; w&m;cGirf sm;/ w&m;±H;k rsm;
jzpfwnfap&ef qufvuf tm;xkwaf yOD;rnf? Tonfyifv#if ol‹q&morm;rsm; qmavmif
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(tem*wfo‹kd ar#m&f nfum ,cifEiS hf ,ck jzpf&yfreS rf sm;tm; aygi;f pyfcpH m; a&;zJ‹G ygonf?)
trSwpf Of 91 (pufwifbm/ 2008)
(83)
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h ,f? a'vDrmS aewke;f rDZ&kd rfxu
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&Sm;yg;pmawGukd e,fpyfuae vmolawG ay;&if tvGr;f ajy csupf m;&wmu rarmyef;Ekid ?f 'gayrJh
ol‹t&yfrmS ol‹,Ofaus;r_u yk+d y;D cHwiG ;f awG‹w,f?
xrif;qkdifrSm c&D;onfawGu 4 a,mufw0dkif; xkdifpm;&wmvnf; rdom;pkqefw,f?

vuf&nfwjyifwnf;ygy?J use;f rma&;±_axmift
h & rvSycsiaf e/ 'gayrJh rdom;pkukd trSw&f apawmh
(84)
tzd k ; wef v S w ,f ? wrif w um arG ; r,l & bJ obm0t& a&muf v mwJ h &if c k e f o H u d k
wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf =um;vdkufrdw,f? [if;&nfwcGufxJudk twlE_dufaomuf=uw,f? b,fol
bmtom;pm;rvJ/ jy\emr&S?d bmoma&;tjrift& tqifajycsirf aS jyr,f? 'gayrJh wpdww f nf;
w0rf;wnf;yif?
a'vDuae rdik af ygi;f 1200 ausmf (1898 uDvrkd wD m) a0;wJh tmoHjynfe,fòrŒd awmf
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k m;oD;udv k m&if; &xm;ay:u jzpfyu kH kd jyefowd&w,f? usaemfw‹kd waGJ y:u 8 a,mufcef;rSm
td E N d , ta&S Œ ajrmuf jynf e ,f o m; ES p f a ,muf / td E N d , om; 5 a,muf e J ‹ usaemf ?
tdENd,om;tm;vHk;u (wdkufwkdufqkdifqkdif) tom;rpm;vdk‹ usaemfwdk‹ usef 3 a,mufu
tm;emwmeJ‹ tdwpf ifawGay: wufwufpm;&w,f? olw‹kd EpS af ,mufu r%dyel ‹J r*~av&mu?
±kycf si;f wlw,f/ tom;pm;=uw,fqykd gp‹kd ? ta&SŒajrmufa'o 7 jynfe,frmS rDZ&kd rfvnf; ygw,f?
vGecf whJ hJ ESpf 20 / &Spaf v;vH;k ausmif;om;awG rDZ&kd rfa&mufpwke;f u rDZakd wG&ŒJ qefðywf
(a'otac: aqmf=um)/ vufzuf&nf (xif;yGD)/ [if; (ausmhruf) awGudk rpm;Edkifbl;?
aemufawmhvnf; tqifajyoGm;wmyJ? teH‹qdk;&mrSm emrnf}uD;wJh yGD;eHt&Guf (jrefrmtac:
rod)/ 0ufqDudk Al;oD;ajcmufxJxnfh usyfwif+yD; tykyfcHxm;wJh ptHk/ aZmif;wvkd‹ac:wJh
arsmufio kd ;D taph/ 'gawGukd óuu d v
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pd w f x J u ae ouf & S d o uf r J h tm;vH k ; ud k auseyf p G m E_ w f q uf a erd / =unf E l ; rd w ,f ?
±kyf&nfa=umifhvm;/ pdwftcHeJ‹ rsufESmay;a=umifhvm; rod/ c&D;onfcsif;a&m/ jzwfoGm;
jzwfvmawGuyg v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ &Sd=uw,f?
òrd Œ awmf t k d u f a Zm&J Œ tjyif t qif r S m ajymif ; vJ a e+yD ? wuU p D / qd k i f u ,f e J ‹

aps;qkid cf ef;}u;D awG rsm;vmw,f? jynfr}u;D eJ‹ a&$vrf;aiGvrf; aygu+f y;D / xJx0J if0if 0ifqef‹ae+y?D
wuUpDarmif;oleJ‹ [if;oD;[if;&Guf aps;onfutp vufudkifzkef;awGeJ‹/ tdENd,aw;oGm;awG
em;qif w wf a e+yD ? òrd ‹ v,f a cgif u ±k y f & S i f ± H k E S p f ± H k r&S d a wmh y g? ±k y f j rif o H = um;eJ ‹ AD p D ' D a wG
acwfaumif;aewmud;k ? acwfrt D aqmufttHak wG/ aps;qdik }f u;D awG &Sv d mw,f? rde;f uav;awGu
vS o xuf v S a tmif jyif q if w wf a e+yD ? td E N d , wl a '; owif ; pm&J Œ ppf w rf ; w&yf u
ti,fq;kH jynfe,f 10 ckxrJ mS zH‹G òz;d wk;d wufr_ t&Sq d ;kH vd‹k rDZ&kd rfukd qdxk m;ygw,f?
'Dvdk=um;awmh 0rf;omrdw,f? pdwfopfvlopf/ rdwfaqGopfawGeJ‹ pwiftajccscJhwJh

a'oav;rd‹k yg? pdw"f mwf/ tawG;tac:/ ajcvSr;f eJ‹ yef;wkid u
f tp topfawG? jyif;tm;aumif;wJh
(85)
vli,fhtm;rmefwcsKdŒeJ‹ awmfvSefyHk&dyfawG[m 'DajrrSm ajc&mxyfcJhw,f? twdwf&yf0ef;udk
vnf j yef = unf h & mrS m ouf a ocH p &mu trsm;om;? aqG ; wjrnf h j rnf h e J ‹ &if c k e f p &m
aumif;vSawmhw,f?
88 ausmif;om;awGaecJw
h hJ òrŒd v,facgiu f ±ly;D 600 wef caemfceJ‹ oGyt f rd af v;[m
[kdw,f}uD;eJ‹ pm;aomufqkdifawG ywfvnft0dkif;cHae&+yD jzpfayr,fh t&mr,Gif;ao;?
'Dtdrfav;udk =unfhae&if;uae jrefrm&ufuef;orm;awG&JŒ uav;i,fawG pmtHoH/ 88
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHoH/ oDcsif;qkdoHawGukd =um;a,mifvmw,f? &J tzrf;tqD;/
Edik if jH cm;om;tr_e‹J 26 &uf axmifuscw hJ hJ yH&k yd af wG ay:vmw,f? pm;zdrk LS ;eJ‹ pm;yJx
G ;dk vkycf =hJ uwJh
rvSr;f urf;u Hong Kong pm;aomufqidk ef ‹J a&xrf;a&mif;cJw h hJ Israel Point twuftqif;vrf;?
'gawGu trSww f & "mwfykH jyef±u
kd ±f xkH uf ydrk &Sad wmhygb;l ?
'Da'orSm twlaecJo h l 88 ausmif;om; trsm;pk[m +y;D cJw

h hJ 2 ESpt
f wGi;f e,l;a'vDuae
wwd,Edik if aH wGqD tv#Kt d v#Kd xGuu f ek =f uyg+y?D uav;awG tem*wftwGuf tmrcHcsuef ‹J
vHòk caH csmarG‹&mqD tajccsz‹kd ta&; xGuo f mG ;=uayr,fh tm;vH;k uawmh {nfo h nfawGtjzpfygy?J
{nfhonftjzpfeJ‹ aecJhovdk {nfhonftjzpfeJ‹yJ c&D;qufoGm;=uwmyg?
ajrwl;/ vrf;azmufcw hJ hJ aZmif;oG&D yfuu

G rf mS &ufuef;tdraf wG rsm;aeyg+y?D oGyaf wGe‹J
3 xyfavmufaqmufxm;wJh tdrw f ef;&Snaf wG[m wu,fu h kd a0zmtdraf v;awGvkd jrif&w,f?
tajcrckid w
f hJ v_yv
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D y_ v
f hJ tdraf v;awG=unf+h y;D pdwrf at;p&m? vlO;D a&u 300 xufrenf;
'D&yfuGufxJ &ufuef;cwfaewmwJh?
&yfuuG rf ZD akd usmif;om;tzJ‹G u &ufuef;wpifukd wESppf m ±ly;D 100 E_e;f eJ‹ tvSLaiGukd
rjzpfrae xnfhckdif;aeowJh? aiGrrsm;ayr,fh 'Dvdkv_yf&Sm;r_awG us,fjyef‹vmrSm/ wjcm;tzJG‹
awGvnf; vduk vf yk v f mrSmudk pd;k &draf ewJh toHawG =um;cJ&h w,f? jrefrm&ufuef;orm;awGe‹J
88 ausmif;om;awG[m &yfwnfyHkcsif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_csif; uJGjym;ayr,fh wEkdifiHxJu vmcJh=uwJh
{nfhonfawGcsnf;ygyJ?
&ufuef;pif/ rD;zdek ‹J tdy,

f m=um; ae&musO;f usO;f av;xJ jrefrmuav; 13 a,mufukd
q&mru jrefrmpm/ ocFsm/ t*Fvdyfpmudk tcrJh oifay;aew,f? vufa&;vSvSav;awGudk
tm±Hpk ukd +f y;D a&;aewmyg? &or# oif±;kd n$e;f wrf;eJ‹ oifayr,fh tpd;k &todtrSwðf y twef;vnf;
r&Sdyg? ta=umif;rvSvdk‹ ae&yf&if; jyefydk‹&if/ rdbawG tajymif;ta&$Œvkyf&if oifvufp
&yfomG ;Edik wf ,f? atmifvufrw S rf &S/d bJ‹G r&S/d qH;k cef;wkid zf ,
G rf &Sw
d hJ olw‹kd av;awGukd wwfEidk o
f r#
tultnDay;zdk‹ vdktyfaewm awG‹cJh&w,f? 'Dvdk jrefrmEkdifiH wkdif;&if;om; uav;awG[m
(86)
wòrdŒvHk;tESH‹ renf;vS?
òrdŒtpGef Zifrabmuf&yfuGufxJa&mufawmh &ifrSm wpfqdk‹vmw,f? vlaetdrfajcudk

jzwf+y;D awmifajcbuf tqif;/ &yfuu G t
f pGet
f zsm;u ocõsKif;&S&d mudk oGm;w,f? tJ'aD e&muae
atmufbuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;&Sd v#yfppfwkdif}uD;wckudk Zoom eJ‹ qJG+yD; "mwfyHk±dkuf,lw,f?
tJ'aD e&m[m 88 ausmif;om;awG ajrwl;zd‹k tajccscw hJ hJ ae&mav;yg?
0g;=urf;cif;/ &GufzsifwJxdk;/ qefðywfaomuf+yD; t&G,faumif; ta,muf 20 ausmf

aecJhzl;w,f? jyefvnfwl;qGEdkifpGrf;&SdwJh &ifbwfeJ‹ rSwf^m%fu vludk wvSnfhpDeJ‹ wae&mqD
tajy;tv$m; wGef;ydk‹w,f? vGefcJhwJh 19 ESpfavmufwkef;u 'Dae&mrSm &SdcJhzl;wJh oGm;vm
v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd bGm;ceJ bGm;ceJ jrifvm&w,f? ckid rf mwJh ,H=k unfcsuef ‹J tm;rmefawG/ rcdrk uyf
rnnf;rnL ckdif+rJwJhvufawGeJ‹ raoGzDwJh OD;wnfcsuftwGuf OD;n$wftav;ðyzG,f&m
taumif;qHk; ae&mav;aygh?
±lyD; 50 wef 0g;uyftdrfav;awmh r=umao;cifu zsufqD;vdkuf+yDvdk‹ od&w,f?

tJ't D rd af b; uGuv f yfav;rSm ud, k cf yH nm upm;w,f/ owif; em;axmifw,f/ tjrifzvS,f
aqG;aEG;=uw,f? tckawmh jrufcsn;f om awmxaeyg+y?D tdraf v;&JŒatmufbuf ESpx f yftrd rf mS
Edik if aH &;tcrf;tem; vkycf zhJ ;l w,f? 'Dae&mawGukd rvGwwf rf; rSww
f rf;wifw,f?
&yf u G u f x J jyef t vS n f h aygif ; oif a ewJ h trsKd ; orD ; wa,muf u d k rS w f r d v m;vd k ‹

E_wfqufawmh 0rf;omtm;&eJ‹ tdrftvnfac:w,f? aemufxyf tJ'DrSm (a': ) OD;Zm;&D;eJ‹
awG ‹ jyef a wmh ol ‹ td r f b uf quf a c:oG m ;w,f ? ol ‹ om;t}uD ; [m ajcroef v d k ‹ 88
ausmif;om;awGu 0g;wef;vkyf+yD; vrf;av#mufusifhckdif;cJh=uwm? tckawmh tvnfvGefaevdk‹
rawG‹&ygbl;? xrif;pm;+yD; jyef=uzdk‹ ZGwftwif; ajymaeayr,fh tcsdefu tawmfvifhae+yD?
c&D;quf&OD;r,f? rd;k uvnf; tawmf&mG ae+y?D 'ga=umifv h nf; rjzpfrae awG‹&r,fh olwa,mufqD
tcsdefvk+yD; ta&mufoGm;ygw,f?
vufuu kd ikd +f y;D rSwrf v

d m;vd‹k E_wq
f uf=uawmh wHpuf+rw d rf mS tuôsc|wef ‹J tzd;k tdu
k
0rf;omtm;& us,af vmifpmG eJ‹ tckvkd qdv k mygw,f? “cifAsm;wd‹k u 'Dru
dk a&pD&&if usKyfukd
av,mOfeJ‹ jrefrmjynfudk ac:oGm;=ur,fwJh? usKyfu 84 ESpf&Sd+yD? raoao;bJ cifAsm;wdk‹udk
apmifhaewm” wJh? rsufESmjyifwckvHk; a&SŒudk wGef;uefxGuftefusrwwf jzpfoGm;&w,f?
rsuf&nfpawGu òydusvkrwwf?
[d k w csd e f tzG m ;&S d p Of w k e f ; u usaemf w d k ‹ &J Œ arG ; pm;rd b awG t jzpf 'D t d r f x J u d k
(87)
0ifxGufpm;aomuf/ tcrf;tem;vkyf/ xif;cJG/ a&cyf/ oef‹&Sif;a&; vkyfcJhw,f? tzGm;uawmh
qH k ; yg;cJ h y g+yD ? a&muf p wk e f ; u cyf p d r f ; pd r f ; jzpf a ewk e f ; &yf x J & G m xJ v S n f h + yD ; taru “igh
om;orD;awGukd xd&x J =d unf”h qd+k y;D a=unmarmif;cwfcw hJ myg?
arG;&yfajr jrefrmjynfu xGufvmawmh rDZdk&rfav;udk t&ifa&mufcJhwm? tckawmh

usaemfw‹kd awGu we,fwaus;pD wuJw G jym;? 'gayrJh b,fae&ma&mufa&muf rdom;pkvkd aecJw
h hJ
Zifrabmuf&mG (&yfuu G )f udak wmh vH;k 0 rarhEidk ?f
&ifxJrSmawmh “[kwfuJhyg æ tzdk;? usaemfwdk‹awG óud;pm;aeqJyg? ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;udk

a&$Œajymif;oGm;=uayr,fh tckxd {nfhonfawGyJ jzpfaewkef;yg? usaemfwdk‹awG tcsdefwef&if
tdrjf yef&rSmyg? tJ't
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(&Jabmf&Jbuf/ oli,fcsif;awGtwGuf trSwfw&yg? vdkufvHtusKd;aqmifay;cJhwJh

tkdufaZmòrdŒu vlr_a&;toif;0ifawGudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f?)
trSwpf Of 92 (atmufwb
kd m/ 2008)
(88)
[m;wku f ykdh if 7,fvu

d v dk cf sif
ol&Jaumif;rsm;
“[dkaumifawG aemufuvdkufaevdk‹ rsufjcnfjzwfaewm? bwfpfum;ay:uqif;+yD;

tdraf wG=um;u ajy;vmwmav? tck &xm;vrf;udk ausmaf e+y”D ? ajy;&if;v$m;&if; ajymaeayr,fh
pdwrf oufrom jzpfyrkH jy? &,f&,farmarm avoHe‹J zke;f vdik ;f uwqifh ajymygw,f?
“vdkufvmwm ta&;r}uD;bl;aemf? &xm;eJ‹vnf; wdkufrdaetHk;r,fAs” vdk‹ udk,fu

ajymvdu
k af wmh/ olu pdwv
f v
kd uf& ‘w[m;[m;’ &,fw,f?
(ukd) ukdudk}uD;u udkrif;udkEkdiftdrfeJ‹ rvSrf;rurf;rSm aewmyg? olwdk‹udk }uHhzGwfeJ‹

axmufvrS ;f a&;u tvGwrf ay;ygb;l ? tdraf &SŒrSmyJ ay:wifapmif=h unfo
h vd/k bwfpu
f m;pD;vnf;
aemufuae qkdifu,feJ‹ r[m;w&m; vkdufw,f? oGm;av&maemuf waumufaumuf/
xuf=uyfruGm ygvmwwfw,f?
odumQ r&Sd qufrvdu k zf ‹kd / Áa¹ErN rJzh ‹kd r=umc% qif;ajymw,f? cyfaysmah ysmh rajymbJ/
vlvrd rf menf;eJ‹ rmrmxifxif ajymwmyg? wcgwavawmhvnf; olaumif;om; (zGw/f axmuf)
awGu tomw=unf vSnjhf yefwwfw,f? 'DEpS t f yk pf u
k txufq&kd mudk ol‹xufig tvkt,uf
tpD&ifc&H wm? 'gah =umifv h nf; trsm;tm;jzifh rsupf ad emufavmufatmif/ pdwt f aESmift
h ,Suf
jzpfatmif tòyid t f qdik f vdu
k af vh&w dS ,f? 'Dwcgawmh em;vku d yf gO;D ?
88 rsK;d quf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd axmif'%f 65 ESppf D csvu kd +f y?D b,ftcsed rf S

jyefvwG rf mS vnf; rajymwwf? t&ifu ESprf sm;pGm axmifeef;pHcahJ o;w,f? 'gayrJh olw‹kd &ŒJ &J&ifw h hJ
pdw"f mwf/ vlxek ‹J wom;xJuswhJ v_y&f mS ;r_/ OD;aqmifEidk pf rG ;f &Sw
d hJ tawG;tac:/ b0wckv;kH udk
vufawG‹usus pGef‹v$wftepfemcH jyor_awGu raysmufqHk;Edkif? &efolu b,favmufyJ
(89)
zdEydS x
f m;ygap/ olw‹kd awGu jynfoel ‹J ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ &ifxrJ mS ±ke;f ºuu
G ek ;f x &Sio
f efaerSmyg?
pHwifavmufwhJ ol&aJ umif;awG tjzpfe‹J yaJ yg?h
jynfoo
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a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;wke;f u rEœav;wkid ;f teft,f'u D ae a=unmcsuf xkww

f ,f?
v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ygwv
D nf; xdxrd rd d yg0ifO;D aqmifEikd af &;udk awmif;qdck w
hJ ,f?
“usaemfw‹kd óuq
d ykd gw,f? tav;xm;ygw,f? A[dt
k aeeJ‹ aqG;aEG;oGm;rSmyg”
A[dkoabmxm;udk ol ajz=um;wmu r,kwfrvGef? ajymEdkifwJh twdkif;twmxuf

ykdrajym? 'gayrJh wOD;xJ oabmt&qdk&if oHCmvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rSm 0ifygcsifwmujzifh ol‹&JŒ
}uw d rf Edik cf rJ & avoHu txift&Sm; jyaew,f? rGejf ynfe,f oabmxm;udk vSr;f ar;=unfzh ‹kd
ol u vrf ; n$ e f w ,f ? ol u k d , f w k d i f u rG e f j ynf e ,f NLD twG i f ; a&;rS L ;eJ ‹ A[d k r S m vnf ;
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ol ‹ uk d ar;=unf h & if tm;&auseyf z G , f & m &S d w ,f ? ol ‹ rS m ,H k = unf c suf & S d w ,f ?

Ed;k =um;wufºuo G avmuf ajym&Jq&kd &J o
dS /l qufqaH &;ajyjypfo/l ygw0D ifvil ,fawG&ŒJ cspcf ifEpS o f uf
tm;ud;k cH&ol? puFmylrmS ol qH;k yg;oGm;awmh trsm;u pdwrf aumif;?
(oleJ‹twl wòydifxJ ay:xGufvmolu a&SŒae}uD; OD;^m%f0if;? tarpk usef;rma&;eJ‹

ywfouf+y;D ol‹udk ar;=unfah wmh zke;f vdik ;f xJrmS ol‹bufu wjcm; toHAvHawGyJ =um;ae&w,f?
ol‹toHu xGurf vm? aemufrS ol‹qu D raxG;Ekid rf rsKEd ikd f ysKŒd wufaewJh 0rf;enf;a=uuJo G u H kd
jywfawmif;jywfawmif; =um;vm&w,f? olvnf;yJ cHpm;csuef ‹J / &ifbwfe‹J tvkyv f yk o
f yl g?)
wOD ; wa,muf qH k ; yg;oG m ;ayr,f h jynf o l ‹ ygwD tef t ,f ' D [ m jynf o l e J ‹ twl
v_y&f mS ;ouf0ifvrd rhf ,fv‹kd ,H=k unfaeqJ/ q&mOD;jrifo
h ed ;f vdk owWtd m;jzifh racolawG ygwx D rJ mS
renf;? olw‹kd [m uHprD &H mtwdik ;f cg;pnf;cH+y;D awGa0wk‹H qidk ;f rSm r[kw?f acsmv f aJ &mxdik pf &m
r&Sd? bma=umifhvJqdk&if olwdk‹udk,fwkdifu jynfolawGyJ r[kwfvm;? jynfolawGom
t&m&myJaygh?
tkwcf syEf iS hf oJyiG rhf sm;
“[kwfw,f? usaemfh udk jyefv$wfvdkufw,f? anmifwkef;udk bwfpfum;eJ‹ olwdk‹

(90)
(tm%mydik rf sm;) u wifvw $ w
f mAs? tckyJ bwfpuf m;ay:u qif;+y;D wuUpeD ‹J &efuek b
f ufudk
jyefvn
S v
hf mwm? &efuek af &mufrS wuUpcD &Smay;&rSm? [m; [m; [m;”
udkxGef;xGef; (anmifwkef;) u &efoludk wcsufuav; vSnfhvdkufEdkifwmukd tawmf

oabmusaew,f? ol‹udk tòid;taw;eJ‹ axmifxJ xnfhypfEdkifrSef; ol odygw,f? oleJ‹
a':aemftkef;vSwdk‹u a&$wd*Hkbk&m;ay:wuf+yD; vlxkacgif;aqmif vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
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tzsut f arSmufvyk /f xduyg;&duyg; ajymwJt
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k yf 0GJ ifaeqJyg? wpufav;rS tav#mah y;r,fo h al wGr[kw?f acsmI h vnf; raysm/h ajcmufIvnf;
ra=umufwwfoal wG? war#mw f ac: }u;D us,jf yef‹aewJh ajcmufv;kH vSe‹f v;kH awGukd tHwak cszsuf
wduk &f o J al wGom jzpfw,f? acwfwacwfrmS wefz;kd }u;D rm;wJh tkwcf syaf wGe‹J oJyiG ahf wGom? tJvkd
tkwcf syef ‹J oJyiG ahf wGu rsm;rSrsm;?
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cspf&wJh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkawG &Sdygao;w,f? wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;awG/ 0g&ifh/

trsKd;om;a&;/ ukefaps;E_ef; usqif;a&;/ vl‹tcGifhta&;/ Oya'tusKd;aqmif trnfcH+yD;
wdik ;f jynftwGuf &wufrat;vd‹k vlxt k a&; Ekid if aH &;rSm pdwaf &muk,
d yf g jrK‡ yfEx
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pdwfa&mudk,fyg yifyef;qif;&J}uD;pGm v_yf&Sm;aewmyg?
ar;jref;=unf&h if pum;u tawmfe‹J r&yfEikd ?f olw‹kd rmS ajymEdik wf m/ ajymcsi&f mawGu

wyHkwyif? 'Dvdkvl}uD;awG[m cg;rvS 0rf;r0olawGtwGuf olwdk‹wwfu|rf;wJh ynmawGeJ‹
tvkyfvkyfr,fqdk+yD; ±dk;om;pGm tdyfrufrufaewm? 'DvdkrufaeolawG jynfwGif;jynfyrSm
trsm;om;? 'gayrJh wkdif;jynfu tzwfq,fr&ao;? 'ga=umifh taerajzmifhovdk/ taorS
ajzmifyh grh vm;qd+k y;D awG;=unfrh &d if pdwrf aumif;? raocif jrifawG‹omG ;apcsipf rf;ygbd atmify&GJ ,f?
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vrf ; rxuf u wk d u f y J G a wG usJ y g;aecsd e f r S m w&m;cG i f x J u ae w&m;r#wa&;

(91)
wku
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pnf u m;&r,f h t pm; &ef o l b uf u A±k w f o k w f c eJ ‹ t,k w f t nH h w d k ‹ aygif ; pyf x l x yf
tawmroyfEikd af tmif vkyjf yw,f?
'gayrJh 'DwyJrG mS vnf; &efot

l zd‹k usm;a&SŒarSmufvsuv f aJ povd/k =uyfyx l ;kd av a&mifav
jzpf&w,f? trSeu f a&$0ga&mif oHCmawmfawGukd ypfcwfòzcd iG ;f / rtyfpyfwhJ zJ‹G pnf;yHk Oya'}u;D udk
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a=umufvef‹r_ aemufqufwJGyg? &efolrSm ol‹twwfeJ‹ol pl;jcif;/ qufvuf+yD; wGif;wl;
rku
d jf cif;yif? t&m&mudk a=umufae&jcif;om?
trsm;jynfol r=unfjzLwJht&mukd uvdrfuuspfenf;eJ‹ =urf;cJh&rf;cJh+yD;+yD qdkrSjzifh

usL;vGefolrSefor# pdwf"mwfa&;&m vHkòcHzG,f r&Sd? 'ga=umifh Oya'wGif; wkdufyJGawGudkyg
ESpf&Snfaxmif'%f usnfqHeJ‹ ypfcGif;&awmhw,f? vltrsm; a=umuf&GHŒaemufwGef‹oGm;atmif
±kyfysufqif;ysuf vkyf&awmhw,f?
'gayrJhvnf; jynfolawG&JŒ ckdifrmvSwJh a'gifa'gifjrnf pdwf"mwfawGu ydkvdk‹awmif

&J&JeDapG;aeqJ?
“65 ES p f [ m yg;yg;av;ygvd k ‹ ? tm;vH k ; usef ; rma&;ud k *±k p d k u f y g? ud k , f

'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf b,fvdk a&SŒuav#muf&rvJqdkwmudk pOf;pm;yg? avhusifhcef;awG
rSefrSefvkyfay;/ pm;p&m&Sdwmudk pm;yg? ttdyfrSefrSef/ tpm;rSefrSefeJ‹ aeay;yg? usef;rma&;
*±kpukd af y;=uyg? rdcifawGtm;vH;k udv k nf; rSmcsiw
f ,f? om;awGtwGuf *k%, f vl u dk yf gv‹kd aemf”
(Auo acgi;f aqmif ud'k +D ird ;f vif;&JŒ tzGm;jzpfol a':cifp;kd jrif)h
“'g pepf w ck u d k ajymif ; vJ z d k ‹ twG u f / 'D v l a wG t m;vH k ; [m wk d i f ; jynf t wG u f

ud k , f u sKd ; pG e f ‹ w,f / tepf e mcH w ,f ? tm;vH k ; [m axmif ' %f E S p f & S n f uscH & w,f ?
tJ'DtwGufa=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usefcJhwJh &JabmfawG tukefvHk;uvnf; olwdk‹twGuf *k%f,lw,f”
(HIV/AIDS a0'emonfrsm;udk ðypkapmifa h &Smufay;ol rjzLjzLoif;)
“Edik if aH &;eJ‹ywfouf&if 'Dvjkd yif;xefwhJ zdEydS rf a_ wGu óu&H rSmyJ? 'Dx

h uf jyif;xefwmvnf;
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f myJ? 'gayrJv h ‹kd 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;eJ‹ ywfouf+y;D awmh }u}hH uchH w H hJ usaemfw‹kd teft,f'v
D kd
tzJG‹rsKd;/ }uHh}uHhcHwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG &Sdaeor#awmh wcsdefrSm tajymif;tvJ/
tvSnfhtajymif;qdkwm awG‹&r,fvdk‹ usaemfwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f” (NLD ajymcGifh&yk*~Kdvf
OD;^m%f0if;)
(92)
“olwdk‹ axmifusoGm;wJhtwGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh 'D[meJ‹ywfouf+yD;
wk e f v _ y f a csmuf c sm;jcif ; r&S d b l ; ? um,uH & S i f a wG v nf ; wk e f v _ y f a csmuf c sm;jcif ; r&S d b l ; ?
um,uH&iS &f ŒJ rdom;pkawGuvnf; wkev f y_ af csmufcsm;jcif; r&Sbd ;l ? =um;&wJh jynfoal wGuvnf;
wkefv_yfacsmufcsm;jcif; r&Sdbl;? 'g[m tvGefaumif;wJh vuQ%myJ” “ra=umufw&m;udk
usaemfw‹kd u udik w f , G &f rSmyJAs? olw‹kd u ajcmufaewm? ajcmufaewJ[ h mudk usaemfw‹kd u bmrSukd
a=umufvnf; ra=umufb;l / wkev f nf; rwkev f y_ b
f ;l ? usaemfw‹kd ra=umufw&m;eJ‹yJ &ifqidk rf ,f”
(owif;pmq&m}u;D ESihf NLD OD;0if;wif)
Edk0ifbmv 11 &ufae‹u w&m;±Hk;rSm trdef‹cs+yD;wJhtcg 88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;

acgif;aqmif udkrif;aZ,su “wkdif;jynftwGuf 65 ESpfyJvm;uG” vdk‹ aºuG;a=umfcJhovdk/
rrD;rD;uvnf; “trSew f &m;twGuf b,fawmhrS ra=umufb;l ” vd‹k wkid w
f nfaºu;G a=umfcw
hJ ,f?
a=omf æ &efol‹crsm jzpfrSjzpf&avw,f? ra=umufwwfolawGudkrS ajcmufvSef‹

rd&ufom; jzpfomG ;wmud;k ? jynfo‹l acgi;f aqmifawGe‹J jynfoq
l w
kd m waoG;xJ wom;xJqw
kd m
rod&Smava&mhovm;?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf &efolu oludk,fwkdif a=umufvef‹vdk‹om ajcmufvSef‹aewmyg?

tckvnf; udk,fh&SL;ukd,fywf a=umuf+yD;&if; a=umuf&OD;awmhrSmyg? tJ'Dta=umufw&m;
atmufu zdESdyfr_awGudk jynfolawGu wGef;vSefzdk‹ta&;/ vmr,fhab; ajy;awG‹zdk‹ta&;
aES;r,fawmh rxifyg? [m;wdu k v
f ‹kd yif &,f=uygO;D r,f?
[m;wdu
k v
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kd cf sif æ?
(tifwmAsL; pmom;rsm;udk jynfytajcpdkuf jrefrmowif;Xmersm;rS ul;,lazmfjyjcif;

jzpfygonf?)
trSwpf Of 94 ('DZifbm/ 2008)
(93)
2009 a0'emaumufajumif;
aq;aygif;cwJh ESpf
2009 ckEpS f a&mufyg+yD? jynfolvlxktwGuf "mwfouftm;aumif; aq;aygif;cr,fh/

yef;aygi;f a0qm om,mr,fh ESpv f m;/ 'grrS [kwf aemifta&; pdwrf at;&wJh ESprf sm;vm;qkw d m
rajymEkid yf gb;l ? 'gayrJh wzuf A[dck surf &ifneG ‹f qu D kd ypfciG ;f zd‹k ta&; qef‹usib
f uftiftm;pkawG
rsuf j cnf r jywf apmif h q k d i f ; aewJ h ta&;ay: tcgor,ygyJ ? rd w f b uf / &ef b uf a wG e J ‹
cGxidk o
f al wGtwGuyf g "m;oGm;eJ‹ pm;yJ0G ikd ;f rSm xdyw f u kd w
f ;kd Edik wf hJ umvyg?
2009 uawmh ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfolawGeJ‹ udk,fusKd;&SmolawGudk vuf,yfac:aeyg+yD?

ajcwvSr;f rSm;wmeJ‹ oufa&mufra_ umif;rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? ±d;k om;olawGtwGuf acsmufcsm;p&meJ‹
vGwfajrmufzG,f&m? udk,fusKd;&SmolawGtwGuf pD;yGm;wufp&meJ‹ tusOf;tusyf jzpfzG,f&m?
bma=umifhvJqdk&if 2010 tqHk;tjzwfudk 2009 rSmyJ jyÏmef;zG,f&Sdvdk‹yg? ESpfrsKd;pvHk;uawmh
tvkt,uf wk;d a0SŒaya&mh/ ,SOaf ya&mh? avavmufe‹J r&/ vufawG‹tm;jzifh cHcsicf /H pHcsipf yH g?
2010 a&G;aumufyJGtwGuf olckd;udk "m;±kd;urf;r,fh qENrJawGyJ oaE<wnfrSmvm;/

awmfvSeftHkºuGr_awG xlxyfaerSmvm;? r,fr,f&& zrf;qkyfEkdifpGrf; r&SdbJ 0±kef;okef;um;
tm%mvGefqJGyJG jzpfrSmvm;? wu,fhudk óudwif wpfay;r,fh/ edrdwfzwf usdefpmwdkufr,fh
taetxm;yg? tckdiftrm pkpnf;EkdifwJhbufu tqHk;tjzwfay;rSmyg? olwdk‹twGufawmh
(94)
aq;aygif;cwJhESpfyJaygh?
aeomoy avnmu
&efoul 2010 wdu k yf u

GJ kd jyifaeyg+y?D 'gayrJh jynfo‹l pw d Ef v
S ;kH ukd xk;d azmufEidk pf rG ;f r&Sv
d ‹kd
tajccHusus rjyifqifEdkifygbl;? udk,fhbufrSmawmh 'Djy\em r&Sdygbl;? jynfol‹&ifxJrSm
wvH;k w0xJ &SEd iS ahf e+y;D om;yg? 'gayrJh jynfov l x
l t
k aeeJ‹ ydik ;f jzwfcsurf eS rf eS ef ‹J Ek;d =um;wufºu+G y;D
ðyjyifajymif;vJvw kd hJ tmomqENawG jyif;xefvmatmif aexkid v f yk u f idk zf ‹kd vdt
k yfrmS ygy?J
pdwf"mwfa&;&m tygt0if tbufbufu tnHhvuQ%maqmifaewJh &efoltwGuf

ppfwyf[m wckwnf;aom tm;ud;k &myg? wyf&o dS a&GŒ b,ft&mrS *±krpdu
k o
f vd/k bmyJvyk &f vky&f
0efrav;yg? ppfwyf}u;D [m twdu k tf cHawGbufu rqJEG idk o
f a&GŒ ol‹crsmvnf; ppfu|eb f 0u
u|wfvGwfzG,f rjrifyg? jynfol‹r[mtiftm;eJ‹twl wpkwpnf;xJ pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;Ekdif&if
aumif;vSacs&JŒ? bHkvkyfief;pOfr&SdbJ wdkufyJG0if&ifawmh &efolu aeomoy avnmuygyJ?
ppfwyf}u;D uvnf; owd/ oufom/ ae+ryJ gy?J
bmtoH ay;rvJ
'DumvrSmuwnf;u ±_;H +yv D ‹kd ajymolawG &Sad ew,f? tJ't D xJrmS av;pm;tm;xm;&
olawG ygaevd‹k wu,fpw d rf aumif;yg? tef*st
D akd wGuvnf; a&G;aumufy0GJ ifa&; ab;wD;ay;wm
&Syd gw,f? olw‹kd u 2010 tvGet f wGuf 0ifayguu f kd acsmif;ESiahf ewmrsm;vm;? 'gayrJh usaemfw‹kd
acgif ; aqmif a wG u toH a y; aumif ; aewk e f ; rd k ‹ tm;wuf & ygw,f ? wpd w f w 0rf ; xJ
woHxJay;Ekdif&if tawmfaumif;rSmyg? bmtoHrsKd; ay;oifhw,fqdkwmawmh jynfolqDrSm
tajz&Sd+yD;om;rdk‹ rajymvdkyg?
jynf o l v l x k bmajymw,f q k d w m a&'D , d k a wG u ae =um;ae&ygw,f ? toH a wG

qdwo f Ok ;f roGm;ao;ygb;l ? em;axmif=unfyh g? vrf;n$eaf ewmu jynfoal wGyg? b0jy\emawG
xlxyf+y;D / qif;&JcsKŒd wJw h hJ jynfoal wG vGwaf jrmufz‹kd rmS tJ'jD ynfoal wGuyJ acgi;f aqmifawGudk
arG;xkwfaewmyg? olwdk‹toHawGudk,l+yD; oif=um;xm;wJh ynmawGtwdkif; pepfwus
pk p nf ; oH k ; oyf = unf h y g? 2010 ±_ H ; +yD q d k w m jynf o l & J Œ Ek d ; =um;wuf º uG a ewJ h a&csd e f u d k
qJGcs&ma&mufygw,f? ausmif;ocFef;pmawGavmufeJ‹ acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf rSwf,laewmrsKd;/
a&SŒa&;udk t=um;tjrif&wmrsK;d ud, k [ hf mud, k f rxifjrifoifyh gb;l ?
tajccHu jynfo‹l toHyg? qufvufwnfaqmuf&mrSm ynm&yfawG&ŒJ tcef;u¾awG

(95)
&Syd gw,f? toH;k csEidk yf gw,f? 'gt
h jyif rukecf rf;Edik w
f hJ ynmawGukd qufvufoif=um;ay;OD;rSmu
jynfolawG&JŒ b0awGuyJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ydkrdkxufjruf+yD; wkdif;usKd;jynfusKd;
ðyEkdifzdk‹twGuf usaemfwdk‹&JŒ ynm&SifawG[m jynfol‹toHAvHawGudk vrf;n$efcsuftjzpf
cH,o l ifyh gw,f? 3-4 ESpf oifwef;awGukd tav;xm;ayr,f/h jynfo‹l ta=umif; tukeo f +d yv
D ‹kd
rxifrSwfoifhygbl;?
“usKyf w d k ‹ wyf z J G ‹ xJ u aysmh n H h n H h tawG ; tac:rS e f o r#ud k z,f & S i f ; ypf & r,f ?
&efol‹tiftm;udk ydkwGuf+yD; jynfol‹tiftm;udk av#mhwGufwJhtjrifawG tukefvHk;rSm;w,f”
(rsuaf rSmuftajctaeESihf u|Eyfk w f ‹kd . wm0ef/ 1947-12-25/ twJG 4)
“w&m;ao0g'/ tawG ‹ tóuH 0 g'/ trd e f ‹ ay;0g'/ aemuf + rD ; qJ G 0 g'/ *d k % f ; *%0g'/

AsL±dkua&pD0g'/ tvkyfvkyf&mrSm rmeaxmifv$m;+yD; udk,fhudk,fudk txif}uD;wJh oabmxm;
pwJh c|w,f iG ;f csuaf wG[m wu,fu
h kd raumif;&wJh ta=umif;uawmh/ wu,fu h kd rvdv
k m;tyf
&wJh ta=umif;uawmh/ b,foyl jJ zpfjzpf 'Dc|w,f iG ;f csuaf wG&&dS if rkcsðyjyif&r,fh ta=umif;uawmh
'gawG[m vlxek ‹J uif;uGmapvd‹k y”J (nGe‹f aygi;f tpd;k &/ 1945-4-24/ twJG 3)
teft,f'D/ wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pk/ rD'D,m/ e,fpyfxkdif jynfwGif;xdk;azmufa&;

v_yf& Sm;olawG [m 2010 ta&;rSm t"d u wm0ef & S d y gw,f ? rD ' D , muae jynf w G if ;ud k
us,favmifpGm toHay;EkdifwJh b,folrqdkvnf; wm0ef&Sdygw,f? vlxkvdktyfcsuftwdkif;
ud k u f n D a tmif rae&if vl x k e J ‹ uif ; uG m +yD ; ab;xG u f & &if raumif ; ygbl ; ? jynf o l u
Ek;d =um;wufºupG mG awmif;qkad ewJt h wkid ;f wom;xJ vdu k yf gtoHðyzd‹k vkyd gw,f?
jynfwiG ;f u usyw
f nf;aeayr,fh jynfyrSm acsmifvnfygw,f? woHxjJ zpfavmufatmif
tpdk;&/ aumifpD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfeJ‹ wkdif;&if;om; tiftm;pkawG/ wyfaygif;pk ti,fav;awG
&Sdygw,f? vufawG‹rus&ifawmh t}uD;ti,fra&G; usqHk;rSmygyJ?
olUtvkyf ol vkyw
f ,f
&efou l jynfo&l ŒJ xifjrifcsuaf wG a00g;axGjym;/ pdwaf wG acsmufcsm;arSmufrmS ;&atmif

awmufav#muf vkyfcJhwmyg? tckvnf; azmufjyefolawGuwqifh vJGrSm;wJh t,ltqawG
oGwo f iG ;f aeygw,f? ppfacgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd ,leaD zmif;c|w/f }uzhH w G ef ‹J typf&yfawG trnfajymif;
ygwD a xmif z d k ‹ vH k ; yef ; aeygw,f ? vrf ; jyajryH k t qif h 5 qD oG m ;aeyg+yD ? usef w zuf r S m
vlxak cgi;f aqmifawGu axmifus/ vGwv f yfpmG pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;cGihf r&/ trsm;jynfoal wG aomu
jzpfae&wmyg?
(96)
vlxek ‹J teD;uyfq;kH aewJo h al wG &Syd gao;w,f? jynfwiG ;f rSmomru/ jynfyuaevnf;
vl x k e J ‹ wxyf x J u swJ h t,l t qawG e J ‹ aewJ h o l a wG y g? jynf w G i f ; acgif ; aqmif a wG
vkyfuGufromwJhtcsdef jynfyu pkpnf;wufºuGwJh tiftm;pkawGu woHxJ azmfxkwf
jri‡ w
hf ifEidk w
f hJ enf;vrf;&SmazGEikd rf mS yg? wcsKŒd awGtzd‹k 2010 rEkid &f if jynfwiG ;f xJ 0if/ 'grrS [kwf
jynfyrSm aocsi&f ifvnf; ao&zd‹k awmif jzpfEidk yf gw,f? jiif;r&wJh temtqmawGu wzuf/
ta&;xJ t&mxJrSm acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; pnf;±Hk;EkdifpGrf;r&Sdvdk‹ tajcrvSwmu wzuf/ 'kuQeJ‹
t&Suf wJGzufxm;oifhygw,f?
“acgif ; aqmif t rsm;pk u om wuf º uG + yD ; / vl x k } uD ; &J Œ wuf º uG r _ e J ‹ raygif ; pyf & if

vltenf;pku tvum; tvkyrf sm;aewmom jzpfvrd rhf ,f? 'gayrJh vlx}k u;D uom wufºu+G y;D /
tiftm;awmifw h if;wJh acgi;f aqmiftqifu
h vlx&k ŒJ wufºurG u _ kd aumif;aumif; pnf;±H;k ray;&if
tJ'DwufºuGr_[m =um&SnfcHrSm r[kwfwJhtjyif rSefuefwJhbufudkvnf; a&S;±_oGm;atmif
vkyfay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fr[kwf/ jrifhrm;wJhtqifh a&mufatmifvnf; jr‡ifhwifay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fr[kwf”
(acgi;f aqmifenf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom jy\emwcsKŒd / 1943-6-1/ twJG 3)
'gu 2009 atmufcH aumufa=umif; wpdww

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rS m wrf ; tjzpf ,l q ygonf ? jynf o l v l x k t ay: xm;&S d t yf o nf h oabmxm;rsm;ud k
oabmusonfhtwGuf udk;um;wifjyjcif;om jzpfygonf? udkufnDonfh udk;um;csufrsm;
rjzpfygu jrefrmuGefjrLepf&Jabmfrsm;udk awmif;yefygonf?)
trSwpf Of 95 (Zefe0g&/D 2009)
(97)
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tcsOaf ygupf w d af wG ysKŒd tef xGuuf svmwmvm;? &mxl;+raJ &; a,mif 60 tawG;rSm tvkyrf wGi/f
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(98)
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jzpfEkdifw,f? tpyxr udk,fhbmom xifa=u;ay;=unfhwm? ae&mtrsm;rSm acwfpm;aewJh
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; vkyfaygufrsKd;awG[m v$wfawmftrwfawGxJ jzpfaeygvm;aygh?
rdk;xJa&xJ tajctaerSm ckdifrmuspfvspfwJh OD;aqmifr_eJ‹ òydifwl wGef;a&;a&$Œa&;

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'gwifru vlrsKd;wl+yD; a'ouJGOD;awmh tcsif;csif; tm;òydifawG/ tjyeftvSef oHo,awG
awmifyHk,myHk &Sdygw,f? wOD;wa,muf/ woif;wzJG‹eJ‹ vlrsKd;wrsKd;u wckckxvkyf&if 'g
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(2)
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(99)
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ajAmifa=unm/ e,fvn S phf nf;±H;k olawGtjyif/ jynfwiG ;f jynfyuae acsmif;ajrmif;aeolawG

&Syd gw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ oaE<q;kd / vky&f yfq;kd / OD;wnfcsuq f ;dk awG[m b,favmuf ,kwn f ahH =umif;
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todtrSwfrðywJhtjyif/ tifeJ‹tm;eJ‹udk wkdufzsufoGm;OD;rSmwJh?
xda&mufwhJ vky[ f efjzpfatmif jyifqifz‹kd qw kd m ta&;}u;D a=umif; acgi;f aqmif}u;D awG

od+y;D om;yg? acgi;f csi;f qkid f wdik yf if&r,ft
h csed yf g? tcsi;f csi;f wcgqufqH q,fcgvefwhJ taygurf sK;d /
tm%mvk / tk y f p k z J G ‹ / tjypf a &S m if & muae jy\emawG ryG m ;apvd k y gbl ; ? ud k , f h b mom
ydwfavSmiftarSmifcswJh orkdif;tusOf;om;rsKd; b,fol‹ukdrS rjzpfapvdkygbl;? tm;vHk; woHxJ
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vlrsK;d aygi;f pHu
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ra&mufapvdkygbl;?
(3)
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trnf;pufuif;atmif trwfawmfrif;awGa&m/ wjcm;acgif;aqmifawGa&m vkyfudkifEkdifav
aumif;avyg? vdrfwwf/ nmwwf/ tajymcsKd+yD; ta&Smiftwdrf; aumif;±HkavmufeJ‹awmh
tao;tzJaG wGyJ tEkid &f aumif; &ygr,f? &v'faumif;awGvnf; c%wðzwf jrif&Ekid yf gw,f?
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wkdufyJG[m +yD;jywfEkdifayr,fh 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHawmfrSm jy\emaygif;pHk qufrwufapvdkygbl;?
(100)
,H=k unfr_ wnfaqmufz‹kd tcufawG‹rmS pd;k ygw,f?
wrsKd;om;vHk;taeeJ‹ urBmhtv,frSm trsKd;,kwf/ t,kwfrsKd; rjzpfa&;twGuf

tpkwjf ywfq;kH ppftpd;k &ukd atmifEidk af &;wdu
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pGyfpJGrcHapvdkyg? usaemfwdk‹[m trsKd;,kwf t,kwfrsKd; r[kwf=uygbl;?
urBmay:rSm toH;k rusq;kH / wrsK;d om;vH;k t&Suu f aGJ p&wJh zufqpftpd;k & vufatmufrmS
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uif;&Sif;zdk‹ygyJ?
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hf }uq H ;kd awGukd ajymif;vJEikd af v aumif;avygy?J
usaemf w d k ‹ pd w f w k d i f ; usjzpf a pr,f h reuf j zef t wG u f 'D u ae‹u tpðyvd k ‹ jyif q if
ajymif;vJEkdifygw,f?
reufjzef[m 'Duae‹&JŒ vufxJrSmyJ &Sdvdk‹yg?
vufxJrSm reufjzef &Sdaeygw,f?
trSwpf Of 96 (azazmf0g&/D 2009)
(101)
avESif7m Slum dog rsm;

(1)
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udk,fhyHkpHudk=unfh+yD; olwdk‹u rsufESm&dyf/ rsufESmuJ jywwfw,f? rsufESmopfqdk&if ydkawmif
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tvkyfjzpfw,f?
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acsmfawmaigh+yDomrSwf? 4-5 {u t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;rSm tdrfav;awGu ¹yGwfodyfaewm?
td r f ó ud t d r f = um; vrf ; av;awG u vl E S p f u d k , f yG w f o D ; yG w f o yf a&S m if o mvS n f h o m±H k y J ?
'Dvdk=um;xJrSmyJ olwdk‹awG waysmfwyg;}uD; aeaewm? qloHatmfoHawG yGufavm±dkufvdk‹yJ?
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zGifhw,f? opfoD;azsmf&nf/ vufzuf&nf/ okd0Sufv#Kdum ,rumeJ‹ ta=umfqkdifawG &Sdw,f?
(102)
aEG&moDrmS a&cJjcpf/ a&cJacsmif;? toD;tESH [if;oD;[if;&Guf vufweG ;f vSn;f eJ‹ qdu
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tkwcf aJ wG qJx G m;wmu =uufo;D xp&m?
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wGe‹f vrd af umufauG; wa[;a[; w0g;0g;eJ‹? aysmpf &m aumif;rSaumif;?
owif ; pm zwf w m oabmusp&m? ud k , f o ef & m owif ; pmrsKd ; awG &S d w ,f ?

twif;tzsif;awGutp ±kyf&Sifrif;om;rif;orD;/ c&pfuufrif;om;awGeJ‹ r_cif;awGtv,f
EkdifiHa&;eJ‹ bmoma&;tqHk; tukefyJ? zwf+yD;vdk‹uawmh taygpm;aq;vdyf bD'Dav;awGeJ‹
vufzuf&nfaomuf&if; yGm;=u/ tm=uwmayg?h tvkyv f yk v
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aEGr;kd aqmif;'%f aumif;aumif;cHc&hJ wJh olawGr‹kd cHEidk &f nf A&yG &S=d uyg?h olw‹kd [m òrŒd i,fawG
tpGeftzsm;eJ‹ aus;vufawGuae vmwm? ausmrJG olwdk‹eJ‹ òrdŒay:u EkdifiHa&;orm;awG&JŒ
ar#mv f ifch suf qHck suu
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(103)
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Ration Card (*sKH a ph / qef / o=um;/ a&eH q D tpd k ; &aps;eJ ‹ xk w f c G i f h & wJ h &m&S i f u 'f )
vufxJa&mufvmr,f?
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aemuf x yf v nf ; tv#Kd v #Kd 0if v mw,f ? tvk y f u ck e ajymovd k óuH & musyef ; ?
wa,mufwnf;orm;twGuf wae‹udk ±lyD; 25-30 avmuf &&ifudk vHkavmufwef&JŒ?
jrefrmaiGeJ‹qdk usyf 500-600?
pm;wmu 'Dvdkyg? ajr}uD;eJ‹ rHxm;wJh rD;zdkay: ',fjym; ypfwif/ EGm;acs;ajcmuf

opfudkif;ajcmufawGeJ‹ rD;ar$;/ wpfuDvdk*&rf (65 usyfom;cef‹) udk tjyifaygufaps; 15 ±lyD;eJ‹
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f ;D / cg=uufOteD/ o&ufo;D oHy&k moD;awGe‹J tcsOw f nfxm;wJh
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vmvkyaf y;wwfw,f? twm;tqD;r&Sd uav;arG;vd‹k owday;wm;jrpf&wmvnf; tarm? wDbD
tqkwaf &m*g aygrS ayg?
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tvkyaf v;awGrmS oifcidk ;f wmayg?h ul&if;/ qJq}kd urd ;f armif;cH&if; oif&wmrsK;d ? *sLuDu xGuv
f mwJh
uav;awGu odomw,f? ayaya&a&av;awG? wcsKŒd qdk zdeyfawmif rygb;l ? qHyifu qDryg
(104)
bkwo f u
kd /f ESyaf cs;wJaG vmif;/ ajcacsmif; vufacsmif;awGu acs;an‡mf txyfxyf/ zkerf e_ ‹f awGu
&pfywfvdk‹? awG‹&mjrif&m aumuf&Jw,f? vG,ftdwfeJ‹ tuôsawGuvnf; npfnpfywfywf/
pkwfpkwfjywf?
(2)
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taemufwidk ;f c&D;oGm;awGtwGuf tdE, Nd *dwOf ;D ? jrpfa=umif;aygi;f pHk pD;0if&m yifv,fjyif}u;D u
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tvkyftudkifawGu rsm;vdkufjcif;? 'ga=umifhvnf; tdEdN, te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlrsKd;pHku
rG e f b k d i f ; vd k òrd Œ }uD ; qD v nf ; a&=unf & mjruf E k & m OD ; wk d u f p &m jzpf v mw,f ? xif & S m ;wJ h
Edik if aH &;orm;}u;D u Slum dog awGukd qJaG qmifac:,lcahJ wmh tvku d o f ifah v; tajccsvmwmvd‹k
tqd&k w dS ,f? tm&Swu kd rf mS ,m,Dwt J rd af wGe‹J vma&muftajccswhJ Slum awG trsm;qHk;&Sdwm
rGeb f idk ;f ygy?J wae&mxJuu G uf uG f vlO;D a&u 10 ode;f txuf &Sw d ,f?
*sLuD avvGiu hf av;oli,frsm;vd‹k vSvaS v;ajymEkid wf hJ Slum dog awG[m rGeb f ikd ;f rSm
azmjcif;aomjcif;yJ? ±ky&f iS x
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tckdif;cHb0 a&mufaewJh rsufrjrif'kuQdwav;awG wu,f&Sdw,f? usyfwnf;usOf;ajrmif;wJh
b0OcGx H uJ xGuaf ygu&f mS &if; vrf;rSm;a&mufomG ;wmvnf; t&Syd g? rGeb f idk ;f rSm Shooter vd‹k
tac:rsm;wJh rmzD;,m;*dk%f;awGxJ olwdk‹awG usifvnf=uwmvnf; trSefygyJ? vlrsm;pkawmh
r[kwfbl;ayghaemf?
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olcdk;i,fav;awG aygaygrsm;rsm; awG‹&w,f? tJ'DbufrSm [dENLvdk usKd;&fbZm;/ jrefrmvdk
olcdk;aps;}uD; &Sdw,f? cdk;cJhor#eJ‹ ta[mif;tjrif;awG a&mif;w,f? pufypPnf;}uD;awGuvJG&if
vl‹toH;k taqmif trsm;tjym;udk vrf;ab;eJ‹ ajruGuv f yfawGrmS csa&mif;wm?
cd;k &mygypPn;f awGukd qkid af wGrmS vdu k o

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(105)
±ly;D 500 vd‹k ac:wJah ps;/ qpfjyefawmh 50 avmufe‹J &csi&f wm? yg;pyfuvnf; 'grsK;d 'grsK;d ?
(3)
*sLuD avvGiuhf av;i,f Slum dog awG[m ±ky&f iS &f ŒJ jyifyrSmvnf; &Sad ewm taotcsm?
jrefrmua&m bmrd‹k v?J pD;yGm;a&;ysu/f em*pfzsu/f ppftpd;k & wm0efr/hJ rdbrJah ewJh oli,fawG/
jynfyxGuf 'kuQonfeJ‹ a&$Œajymif;tajccs vkyfom;b0 oli,fawG/ enf;rS renf;vSwm?
awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf/ &&mtvkyv f yk /f tvpfow
k wf hJ uav;awGu òrŒd jyawGx/J aus;vufxJ
awmifa&mufajrmufa&muf?
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ylyifa=umif=h u/ ck;d qd;k rS pm;aomuf&r,f/h avESi&f mvGiahf ewJh Slum dog awG ynmoif=um;/
em;em;aeae b0av;awG ydik q f idk yf gap/ aysm&f i$ yf gap? jrifcsipf rf;ygb?d
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f sL±_ rcH&wJh Slum dog av;awG tjzpfayg?h
trSwpf Of 97 (rwf/ 2009)
(106)
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ar#mvk d u f v d k u f w mygyJ ? jrif u G i f ; awG u topf t opf [ef a wG e J ‹ ? yG i f h O D ; yef ; tvS a wG u
yif,HxufrSm zl;iHkyGifhwkHwvSnfh/ vScsif&uf pufpuf,kd? tpdk‹tan‡mufeJ‹ &GufopfawGu
xl;xl;uJuJ Ekzwfaevdu k wf m/ ,k,p&m aumif;yg&ŒJ ?
aumif;uifxJ vl;vdrahf ysm0f ifavh&w dS hJ wdraf &mifwrd af oG;awGawmh tem;,laeovm;/

a&SmifuGif;rsufuG,f ðyaeovm;yJ? olwdk‹r&Sdvdk‹ =unfvifwJh tjyma&mif 0wf±Hk}uD;uom
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yGichf syef ‹J 0wfre_ af wGu t&Sed ,
f pl / Ed;k xp? wu,fu h kd ºuºG u&G &G /G vSvyS y? av&JŒ aqmif=uOf;&mqD
a0hum0dkufum vdkufyg=ueJ‹?
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vrf;av#muf&ovdk/ rl;arhvJòydcsifovdk/ ysif;tm;}uD;ovdkvdk? tvnfwacguf aygufcsvmwJh
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ta[mif;qH;k / taumif;wumh taumif;qH;k ? z,fcmG xkwEf pS v f ‹kd r&?
tawG;tjrifopf/ pdwfopfvlopf &Sdwwfayr,fh vGrf;pdwfuawmh opfrvmbJ/

ajymif;rvmbJ &SdaeqJyJ? tarSmifnrSm tjzLxnf yef;yGifhawGu vif;vuf=u,fpif r&Sdcdkuf
tm;jznf h a y;ovd k r sKd ; ? 'D t vG r f ; awG u yJ ud k , f h & J Œ tpðy&mt&yf q D wrf ; wrf ; ww
jzpfapjyefwmukd;? a[mif;EGrf;tdyfruf&Snfudk 'D&moDcGifxJrSmvnf; qGwfysHŒ=unfEl;zG,f&m
(107)
Edk;=um;xºuGjyefapwm 'DtvGrf;ygyJ?
'D&moDxrJ mS yJ ESpof pfu;l wefc;l v/ yef;ydawmufawG a0qmwJh tcgor,/ tm;vH;k udk

vGrf;tm;}uD;apwJh umv/ a0;aeolwkdif;twGuf tjyeftvSef vGrf;qGwfwo owd&jyefwJh
wc%? qifu h mqufum vGr;f &jyefwmyg?h tvGr;f [m jyefajymif;atmufarh&if; om,m=unfE;l r_
ay;wwfovdk/ rSef;qwrf;w&if; tifjynfhtm;jynfh jzpfwwfw,f? pdwful;eJ‹ aemufa=umif;
jyefciG ahf y;vd‹k Eke,f&i$ v
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ur,fo h al wG tuwkud =f u/ qdrk ,fw

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txorm;awGu *spu f m;abmeufz;kH }uchH ikd af tmif cif;/ qDtvHt

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d m tvSL&Siaf wGu tau|;tarG;
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aumif;ayhq&kd if txJu tcsKcd [ J m t&nfaysmaf ewm?
r,dkrpdrfhatmif zJhrpm;eJ‹/ wvHk;vHk; yg;pyfxJ ypfxnfhpm;? wcsKdŒtvHk;awGxJrSm

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f &$iaf v;awG? 'gu
txuftnmbufu "avhwck? wae&meJ‹ wae&m xyfwx l yfr# rwlygb;l ?
ae‹vnf; ae‹rdk‹/ nvnf; nrdk‹? rjywfrvyf u=uckef=u aysmfjrL;=uwm? bk&m;&dyf

w&m;&dyf oGm;olu oGm;=u/ oDv,l=u/ vSLzG,f&mawG uyfvSL=u? vl}uD;rdbawGudk
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b,forl qdk twmo}ueF yf aGJ wmfrmS wae&m&muae yg&wmyJ?
òydifyJG0if tvSjyum;awGaemuf/ *Dw0dkif;awGaemuf ajcusifwrsKd;/ pufbD;wzHk? tcsdef

ukecf siu
f ek /f &ifcek &f if +y;D a&m? rarmryef; av#mufvrS ;f aya&mh? aAxdo=H um;&if &$iv
f ef;vmwm?
(108)
,dr;f tuawG=unf&h if uk, d [
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pdwuf ;l pdwof ef;awG/ cHpm;csuaf wG/ taoG;tom;awG yGiv hf ef;vmwm? aomufwwfoal wGvnf;
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uóu;d uuGuaf wG/ twD;tr_waf wGu òrid òf rid q f ikd q f ikd /f aw;oDcsi;f awGu tòyid t f qkid ?f
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a&mifpHkaw;oGm;awG/ tEktvS tuawG=um; epfarsm&jyefw,f? nbuf tdyfa&;ysufvdk‹
ae‹cif ; buf tem;,l r ,f r}uH e J ‹ ? wl ; yd k ‹ wl ; yd k ‹ wk H c srf ; csrf ; toH / [G e f ; oH / atmf [ pf
ajy;v$m;oHawG=um; arsmyg&jyefw,f? c%wðzwf vktdyf/ r&ru aysmfyg;? 3 &ufvm;/ 4
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yuf/ a&ylazmif;eJ‹ ayguf/ a&ydkufeJ‹ xdk;/ cGufeJ‹ avmif;/ ydawmufcuf oajycufeJ‹ jzef;?
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o}ueF f um;}u;D um;i,fe‹J òrŒd vH;k u|wf vSno hf al wG/ qduk u f m;-jrif;vSn;f eJ‹ oGm;olawG/
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wcsKŒd us pnfum;ygayhqw kd hJ òrŒd awGqD e,fuae vm+y;D awmh aysmw f m/ òrŒd av;awGu
wcsKd Œ us òrd Œ }uD ; awG q D wuf a ysmf = uwm? tvk y f ± H k a wG &yf e m;/ ausmif ; awG yd w f x m;/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; trsm;pk &yfxm;vd‹k tcg}u;D &uf}u;D [mjzifh pnfum;ygoavh pnfoavhy?J
“cGufpkwfav;eJ‹ yufwmavmufawmh/ &D (&,f) wmaygh &Dwmaygh”/ “a&ryufwJh

tysKad wG/ rkq;kd zdek ‹J nm;ygap”/ “olrsm;aysmv f ‹kd raysmEf idk /f &nf;pm;aysmufv‹kd r_id ”f / “&efuek òf rŒd }u;D
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rqdwo f Ok ;f Edik w
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f a=umif;ðy+y;D &nf;pm;awG
(109)
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bkef;}uD;ausmif;awGrSmawmh 'kv†b &[ef;cHolawG&Sdygh? oufqkdif&m bmom0ifawGtwGuf
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tusOf;om;awGvdkyJ udk,fhwkdif;EkdifiH&if;u o}uFef&JŒ t&dyftaiG‹awGudk rSef;qawG;a&mf&if;
ae&wmyg? tvGrf;awGeJ‹yJ ESpfodrfhae&wmygyJ?
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(110)
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aysmfEkdifrSmrdk‹vm;? [mvmvif;vif; &ifbwfawGeJ‹ a[m'D twmo}uFef}uD;udk olwpdrf;vdk
pdrf;pdrf;um;um; =unfhaervm;vdk‹ tawG;a&muf&jyefw,f? 'D&moDcGifrSm &ifbwfxJu
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trSwpf Of 98 ({+y/D 2009)
(111)
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roifah wmfv?S 'ga=umifh tay:vrf;wuf/ tJ'b D uf xGuo f mG ;vdu k wf ,f?
ae‹v,furS r*Fvmaqmifcw hJ hJ aumifav;u r*FvmOD;nrSm ol‹tazqD oGm;uefawmhcsif

wmwJh? ol‹tareJ‹ aqGrsKd;wodkufu wm;wmaygh? wa,mufwayguf atmf=u[pf=u
jzpfukefa&m? aumifav;u rsuf&nfeJ‹ rsufcGuf/ aumifrav;u ajcrudkifrd vufrudkifrd/
a,mifwad ,mifcsm rsuEf mS ysu&f mS wmayg?h aumifav;&JŒ tazeJ‹ taru uJaG ewm? olw‹kd awGe‹J
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jy\em rjzpfap&bl;aygh? 'DvdkeJ‹yJ xGufvmvdkuf=uw,f?
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(112)
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jzLazG;=unfvifaewmeJ‹tr# n[m qGwyf sŒH =unfE;l p&m aumif;ovm; rar;eJ‹? aemufusad ewJh
pd w f u d k arh a vsmh a tmif jzpf a pao;awmh w ,f ? 'gayrJ h vmvwW H ‹ tajctaetwG u f
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zdwpf mudpu
P jy\em? zcifemrnf xnfah &; rxnfah &;? aumifav;&JŒ tazu emrnfrxnfzh ‹kd
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xnf=h ur,fq+kd y;D zdajymcJw
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taESmifht,Suf ruif;wJh rsufESmeJ‹? yxr a'geJ‹armeJ‹/ pm;yJGxkvdkuf "m;udkifvkdufeJ‹?
tbufbufukd arwWm a&SŒxm;+y;D / jzpfoifjh zpfxu kd w
f m &Si;f jyw,f? txl;ojzifh tazudk csp&f mS wJh
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ylylaEG;aEG;av; &Sdao;wm?
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f mwm? jzpfumrS
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aumifav;udkawmh rdbarwWmta=umif; [dka&muf'Da&mufajym&if; tazaewJh tdrfqD
wdk;+rJtwkdif; wdk;vm=uw,f?
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rdepfavmuf xdik af pmifw h ,f? rvma&;cs rvm? 'ga=umifh oH;k a,mufpvH;k jyefxu G vf mw,f?
om;av;&JŒ rsuEf mS ay:rSm ylavmifaomu ta&;ta=umif;u va&mifatmufrmS &Si;f vif;vS?
&ifqidk v
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wouf r S m wcgyJ &avh & S d w J h r*F v myJ G n / r*F v mOD ; n? aumif a v;rS m }ud w f r Ek d i f c J r &
pum;vH;k awGu yg;pyfzsm;u qd‹k eifph mG eJ‹ ysKŒd tefxu
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(113)
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'Dtaetxm;eJ‹ av#mufvm&if; ±kww f &ufqokd vdk toHwoH ay:vmw,f? nmbuf

awmifay:wuf avScg;qDu? wkwrf ;D (vufEydS rf ;D ) a&mife‹J twl vlwa,muf wa&GŒa&GŒqif;cs
vmw,f? om;&JŒemrnfukd &Gwv f mw,f? ol‹tazrS ol‹taz? usaemfjzifh aysmv
f udk w f jhJ zpfjcif;/
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f vH;k 0 uif;aeav&JŒ? vmom vm/ om;tzESpaf ,muf a[m'DnrSmudk awG‹&zd‹k
vdw
k m? tm;vH;k 0rf;omvH;k qd‹k z‹kd u t"du/ aumifav;twGuf tjzLxnfe‹J tdyo f ifw
h n hJ / ±_yaf xG;
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uwW & mvrf ; ay: taz ajccsvk d u f p Of om;eJ ‹ ac|;ru òyd i f w l x k d i f u ef a wmh w ,f ?
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awmifhawmifh}uD; &yfae&if;/ [dk;ta0;udk ai;=unfhae&if; csay;vkdufwm? wqufxJrSmyJ
(twd t us qd k y gh r ,f ) tazu “om;jzpf o l u r*F v maqmif w J h a e‹rS m / tazjzpf o l u
ocFsKdif;ukef;ukd oGm;+yD;” vdk‹ wkef,ifv_dufarmwJhtoHeJ‹ ajym&if; &yfoGm;w,f? om;u
idkygava&m? usaemf &Sdaewmudk olwdk‹tm;vHk; arhoGm;+yD? usaemfu y&dowf/ 'DZmwfudk
uolawGu olw‹kd om? olw‹kd omv#if Zmwfvrf;wyk'v f ;kH rSm ZmwfaumifZmwfvu kd af wG?
=unfEl;auseyfr_t+yD; vrf;cJGcsdefrSm zcifu aus;Zl;pum; qkdvmw,f? usaemfu

0rf;oma=umif; ajymw,f? ESpfa,mufudk tdrfydk‹+yD; ±Hk;udkjyef/ tdyf,m0ifw,f? &ifxJrSm
&Sif;vif;ayghyg;aeoavmuf/ acgif;xJrSm aemufusdav;eufaew,f? zcifu bma=umifhrsm;
ocFsKdif;ukef;ukd oGm;ygvdrfh/ oGm;zdk‹vdkvdk‹vm;/ oGm;vdk‹&Sd&if oufa&mufr_awGu b,fvdk
&SdvmrSmrdk‹vJ? 'Dar;cGef;awGeJ‹ ESpfyg;oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
ukd,fhESvHk;tdrfudk ESdrfhcs±Hkomru csKd;ESdrfcsKd;zJhwJh tjzpfrsKd;awG r=umc% jrif&ygw,f?

±d k ; ±d k ; om;om; cH k r if w J h tavh t xvd k jzpf r S e f ; rod jzpf a ewmrsKd ; yg? wzuf o m;ud k
xdcu kd ef musiaf pvdw k hJ pdwrf sK;d awmh tvsO;f r&S=d u? t,lvw GJ hJ tod/ pdwt
f cHe‹J vky&f yfrsK;d vm;vd‹k
tawG;a&muf&w,f? twdtusawmh usaemf ra0cJEG ikd ?f
trS e f q d k 'D a e‹'D & uf r sKd ; rS m wa,muf x J }ud w f a qG ; r,f q d k / ±k y f y suf q if ; ysuf
vky&f yfrsK;d rygbJ aqG;Ekid rf mS yg? oGm;oifw h hJ ae&mawG/ &ifziG v hf ‹kd &olawG wyHw
k yif}u;D yg? 'gayrJh
om;&JŒ r*FvmyJaG e‹rmS rS ocFsKid ;f uke;f ukd oGm;ygw,f? wcsed rf mS om;tygt0if trsm;wumudk
'Dta=umif; &ifziG v hf u
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jzpfcsif[efrsKd;vm;? bma=umifhrsm; Zmwfukdematmif vkyf&ygvdrfh/ bma=umifhrsm; vGefuJpGm
(114)
a&;zJG‹wJh Zmwfvrf;rsKd; qif&ygvdrfh? tawG;pawGu tpmra=u? usifvnfcJhwJh a'oawGqD
tajy;ESifygawmhw,f? trsKd;orD;}uD; wa,mufta=umif;vnf; ygvmwmaygh?
om;u wjcm;òrd Œ rS m ausmif ; oG m ;wuf w m? om; qd k ; w,f = um;awmh ol u

vkdufapmifha&Smufw,f? aewmu cifyGef;onfbufu aqGrsKd;tdrfrSm? tm;vHk;u zl;zl;r_wf+yD;
ol‹ukd tr}u;D t&m xm;w,f? tdrrf mS tdraf zmf/ tvkyo f rm;awG &Sad yr,fh olu raewwf?
atmufajcodrf;utp 0iful/ rdk;xJavxJ t&ufxGuf0,fay;/ =uufajcaxmufyJ vSdrfhpm;?
ausmif;uae ud, k thf &yf jyefa&mufawmh om;twGuf b,favmuf 'kucQ cH ahJ =umif; rsu&f nfav;
prf;prf; prf;prf;eJ‹ qdyk gawmhw,f? om;udk odycf sp&f mS wJh taru om;u ol‹tay: tcspaf wGw;kd +y;D
ol‹pum;udk ajr0,frus em;axmifapcsiv f ‹kd aerSm? 'gayrJh tJ'v
D yk &f yftxd roGm;oifah yr,f/h
oludk,fwkdif 'kuQcH&r,fh Zmwfn$ef;ukd oludk,fwkdifyJ a&;cJhwm? tusKd;qufu raumif;vS?
om;jzpfolu ightarudk 'DvdkrsKd; ckdif;&/ au|;&aumif;vm;qdk+yD; wzufaqGrsKd;awGtay:
emygawmhw,f? aumif;=uygava&m?
'D v d k y H k a zmf c suf a wG r=umr=um awG ‹ &ygw,f ? txl - tyg;/ tenf ; -trsm;/
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vlrsKd;a&; e,fy,fawGrSmukd &Sdwm? udk,fwkdifu yJGóudufarmifjzpfvdk‹ 'DvdktjzpfawGjrifwkdif;
ZmwfyJG=unfh&ovkdvdk/ Zmwfematmif vSnfhywf±dkufwwfwJh abmvd0k'f±kyf&Sifum;awG
=unfh&ovdkvdk jzpf&ygw,f?
tdrrf mS twlaewJh OD;av;0rf;uJq G kd t+ird /hf Zmwf/ qdik ;f 0dik ;f / aus;vuftóuu

d f oDcsi;f eJ‹
Zmwf v rf ; acG a wG óud u f v d k u f w m vG e f a &m? òrd Œ eJ ‹ 10 rd k i f a vmuf a 0;wJ h &G m awG q D
ajcusiaf v#muf+y;D ukd yJ=G unfo h mG ;w,f? um;cawmif;&if rv$wrf mS pd;k vd‹k ? tjyefrmS tdyif u kd &f if;
vSnf;vrf;a=umif;u jyefvmw,fqdkyJ? ae‹buf ukvm;xkdifrSm xdkiftdyftdyfvdk‹ oGm;E_d;&if
a,mif , rf ; +yD ; yg;pyf q k d i f ; wD ; &if ; xuw,f ? nu Zmwf v rf ; awG u d k [ef e J ‹ yef e J ‹ /
tmaygiftm&if;oefoefeJ‹ ajymw,f? Adkvfatmif'if Zmwfvrf;wJGu ZmwfaumifawGtwkdif;
wax&mxJ vku d af jymw,f? av,lavodr;f tusteeJ‹ wHaG w;ode;f wef oDcsi;f qdEk ikd w f ,f?
ol‹txmeJ‹ vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfwJh usaemfhudk tawmfcspfygw,f? wjcm;olawGeJ‹qdk

aumufvm; aumuf&ŒJ / a'goyl ek x f vm; x&JŒ/ xrif;rpm; [if;rpm; aevm;ae&JŒ? ol‹[efyefu
jyZmwfrif;om;[ef/ yg;pyfu qkid ;f 0dik ;f / avoHu uufqufZmwfvrf; toH? &Gmom;}u;D ppfppfyg?
El;nho
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(115)
o±kyfouefaqmif&if; 0ifpm;aeovdkvdk? aus;vuft&yf trsm;tjym;u yJGvrf;obif
óudufvGef;vS&JŒ? &Gmvnf; &Gmrdk‹/ òrdŒvnf; òrdŒrdk‹/ ol‹enf;eJ‹ ol‹[ef? 'gayrJh &GmawGuawmh
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em*pf wESpjf ynfh owif;eJ‹ aqmif;yg;awG zwfjzpf&jyefw,f? pdwt f em&Gwaf wGta=umif;

zwfawmh pdwfrSm '%f&mawGu aqmifhaqmifh wufvm&w,f? ZmwfyJGawG ESpfoufcHkrifwJh
'D&Gmom; awmifol v,form;/ a&vkyfom;}uD;awGtzdk‹ vufawG‹óuHvkduf&wJh rkefwkdif;oifh
jzpf&yfq;dk }u;D udk rcJEG idk rf cGmEkid /f w0Jvnfvnfe‹J epfreG ;f ae&ygvm;vd‹k awG‹&wke;f yg? usKyft&yfrmS
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usKyfZmwfyJudk;?
trSwpf Of 99 (ar/ 2009)
(116)
w7m;apmifh acwf
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acG;waumif a=umifw+rD;rS rjrif? awG;awm}uHpnfor# tvkyfjzpfyghrvm;yJ? tcsdefawGu
aES;auG;av;vHvo S avmuf/ &ifcek o f uH qlnyH u
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ausmfvGef+yD? ar#mfolawGtzdk‹ armvS+yD?
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(119)
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