CRIMES

 AGAINST  PERSONS  
Chapter  One:  DESTRUCTION  OF  LIFE  
Section  One  –  Parricide,  murder,  homicide.  
Art.  246.  Parricide  –  Any  person  who  shall  kill  his  father,  mother,  or  child,   Elements:  
whether  legitimate  or  illegitimate,  or  any  of  his  ascendants,  or   1. That  a  person  is  killed.  
descendants,  or  his  spouse,  shall  be  guilty  of  parricide  and  shall  be   2. That  the  deceased  is  killed  by  the  accused.  
punished  by  the  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua  to  death.   3. That  the  deceased  is  the  father,  mother,  or  child,  whether  
legitimate  or  illegitimate,  or  a  legitimate  other  ascendant  or  
other  descendant,  or  the  legitimate  spouse,  of  the  accused.  
Art.  247.  Death  or  physical  injuries  inflicted  under  exceptional   Requisites:  
circumstances  –  Any  legally  married  person  who,  having  surprised  his   1. That  a  legally  married  person  or  a  parent  surprises  his  spouse  or  
spouse  in  the  act  of  committing  sexual  intercourse  with  another  person,   his  daughter,  the  latter  under  18  years  of  age  and  living  with  
shall  kill  any  or  both  of  them  in  the  act  or  immediately  thereafter,  or  shall   him,  in  the  act  of  committing  sexual  intercourse  with  another  
inflict  upon  them  any  serious  physical  injury,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of   person.  
destierro.   2. That  he  or  she  kills  any  or  both,  of  them  or  inflicts  upon  any  or  
If  he  shall  inflict  upon  them  physical  injuries  of  any  other  kind,  he  shall  be   both  of  them  any  serious  physical  injury  in  the  act  or  
exempt  from  punishment.   immediately  thereafter.  
These  rules  shall  be  applicable,  under  the  same  circumstances,  to  parents,   3. That  he  has  not  promoted  or  facilitated  the  prostitution  of  his  
with  respect  to  their  daughters  under  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  their   wife  or  daughter,  or  that  he  or  she  has  not  consented  to  the  
seducer,  while  the  daughters  are  living  with  their  parents.   infidelity  of  the  other  spouse.  
Any  person  who  shall  promote  or  facilitate  the  prostitution  of  his  wife  or  
daughter,  or  shall  otherwise  have  consented  to  the  infidelity  of  the  other  
spouse  shall  not  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  article.  
Art.  248.  Murder  –  Any  person  who,  not  falling  within  the  provisions  of   Elements:  
Article  246,  shall  kill  another,  shall  be  guilty  of  murder  and  shall  be   1. That  a  person  was  killed.  
punished  by  reclusion  perpetua,  to  death,  if  committed  with  any  of  the   2. That  the  accused  killed  him.  
following  attendant  circumstances:   3. That  the  killing  was  attended  by  any  of  the  qualifying  
1. With  treachery,  taking  advantage  of  superior  strength,  with  the   circumstances  mentioned  in  Article  248.  
aid  of  armed  men,  or  employing  means  to  weaken  the  defense,   4. The  killing  is  not  parricide  or  infanticide.  
or  of  means  or  persons  to  insure  or  afford  impunity;  
2. In  consideration  of  a  price,  reward,  or  promise;  
3. By  means  of  inundation,  fire,  poison,  explosion,  shipwreck,  
stranding  of  a  vessel,  derailment  or  assault  upon  a  railroad,  fall  
of  an  airship,  by  means  of  motor  vehicles,  or  with  the  use  of  any  
other  means  involving  great  waste  and  ruin;  
4. On  occasion  of  any  of  the  calamities  enumerated  in  the  
preceding  paragraph,  or  of  an  earthquake,  eruption  of  a  volcano,  
destructive  cyclone,  epidemic,  or  any  other  public  calamity;  
5. With  evident  premeditation;  
6. With  cruelty,  by  deliberately  and  inhumanly  augmenting  the  
suffering  of  the  victim,  or  outraging  or  scoffing  at  his  person  or  
corpse.  
Art.  249.  Homicide  –  Any  person  who,  not  falling  within  the  provisions  of   Elements:  
Article  246,  shall  kill  another  without  the  attendance  of  any  of  the   1. That  a  person  was  killed;  
circumstances  enumerated  in  the  next  preceding  article,  shall  be  deemed   2. That  the  accused  killed  him  without  any  justifying  
guilty  of  homicide  and  be  punished  by  reclusion  temporal.   circumstance;  
3. That  the  accused  had  the  intention  to  kill,  which  is  presumed;  
4. That  the  killing  was  not  attended  by  any  of  the  qualifying  
circumstances  of  murder,  or  by  that  of  parricide  or  infanticide.  
Art.  250.  Penalty  for  frustrated  parricide,  murder,  or  homicide  –  The  courts,    
in  view  of  the  facts  of  the  case,  may  impose  upon  the  person  guilty  of  the  
frustrated  crime  of  parricide,  murder  or  homicide,  defined  and  penalized  
in  the  preceding  articles,  a  penalty  lower  by  one  degree  than  that  which  
should  be  imposed  under  the  provisions  of  Article  50.  
The  courts,  considering  the  facts  of  the  case,  may  likewise  reduce  by  one  
degree  the  penalty  which  under  Article  51  should  be  imposed  for  an  
attempt  to  commit  any  of  such  crimes.  
Art.  251.  Death  caused  in  a  tumultuous  affray  –  When,  while  several  persons,   Elements:  
not  composing  groups  organized  for  the  common  purpose  of  assaulting  and   1. That  there  be  several  persons.  
attacking  each  other  reciprocally,  quarrel  and  assault  each  other  in  a   2. That  they  did  not  compose  groups  organized  for  the  common  
confused  and  tumultuous  manner,  and  in  the  course  of  the  affray  someone  is   purpose  of  assaulting  and  attacking  each  other  reciprocally.  
killed,  and  it  cannot  be  ascertained  who  actually  killed  the  deceased,  but  the   3. That  these  several  persons  quarreled  and  assaulted  one  another  
person  or  persons  who  inflicted  serious  physical  injuries  can  be  identified,   in  a  confused  and  tumultuous  manner.  
such  person  or  persons  shall  be  punished  by  prision  mayor.   4. That  someone  was  killed  in  the  course  of  the  affray.  
If  it  cannot  be  determined  who  inflicted  the  serious  physical  injuries  on  the   5. That  it  cannot  be  ascertained  who  actually  killed  the  deceased.  
deceased,  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum   6. That  the  person  or  persons  who  inflicted  serious  physical  
periods  shall  be  imposed  upon  all  those  who  shall  have  used  violence  upon   injuries  or  who  used  violence  can  be  identified.  
the  person  of  the  victim.  
Art.  252.  Physical  injuries  inflicted  in  a  tumultuous  affray  –  When  in  a   Elements:  
tumultuous  affray  as  referred  to  in  the  preceding  article,  only  serious   1. That  there  is  a  tumultuous  affray  as  referred  to  in  the  preceding  
physical  injuries  are  inflicted  upon  the  participants  thereof  and  the  person   article.  
responsible  therefor  cannot  be  identified,  all  those  who  appear  to  have   2. That  a  participant  or  some  participants  thereof  suffered  serious  
used  violence  upon  the  person  of  the  offended  party  shall  suffer  the   physical  injuries  or  physical  injuries  of  a  less  serious  nature  only.  
penalty  next  lower  in  degree  than  that  provided  for  the  physical  injuries  so   3. That  the  person  responsible  therefor  cannot  be  identified.  
inflicted.   4. That  all  those  who  appear  to  have  used  violence  upon  the  
When  the  physical  injuries  inflicted  are  of  a  less  serious  nature  and  the   person  of  the  offended  party  are  known.  
person  responsible  therefor  cannot  be  identified,  all  those  who  appear  to  
have  used  any  violence  upon  the  person  of  the  offended  party  shall  be  
punished  by  arresto  mayor  from  five  to  fifteen  days.  
Art.  253.  Giving  assistance  to  suicide  –  Any  person  who  shall  assist  another   Acts  punishable  as  giving  assistance  to  suicide:  
to  commit  suicide  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  mayor,  if  such  person   1. By  assisting  another  to  commit  suicide,  whether  the  suicide  is  
lends  his  assistance  to  another  to  the  extent  of  doing  the  killing  himself,  he   consummated  or  not.  
shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal.  However,  if  the  suicide  is  not   2. By  lending  his  assistance  to  another  to  commit  suicide  to  the  
consummated,  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum   extent  of  doing  the  killing  himself.  
periods  shall  be  imposed.    
Art.  254.  Discharge  of  firearms  –  Any  person  who  shall  shoot  at  another   Elements:  
with  any  firearm  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   1. That  the  offender  discharges  a  firearm  against  or  at  another  
minimum  and  medium  periods,  unless  the  facts  of  the  case  are  such  that   person.  
the  act  can  be  held  to  constitute  frustrated  or  attempted  parricide,  murder,   2. That  the  offender  has  no  intention  to  kill  that  person.  
homicide,  or  any  other  crime  for  which  a  higher  penalty  is  prescribed  by  
any  of  the  articles  of  this  Code.  
Section  Two  –  Infanticide  and  abortion.  
Art.  255.  Infanticide  –  The  penalty  provided  for  parricide  in  Article  246   Elements:  
and  for  murder  in  Article  248  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall   1. That  a  child  was  killed.  
kill  any  child  less  than  three  days  of  age.   2. That  the  deceased  child  was  less  than  three  days  (72  hours)  of  
If  the  crime  penalized  in  this  article  be  committed  by  the  mother  of  the   age.  
child  for  the  purpose  of  concealing  her  dishonor,  she  shall  suffer  the   3. That  the  accused  killed  the  said  child.  
penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  and  if  said  
crime  be  committed  for  the  same  purpose  by  the  maternal  grandparents  
or  either  of  them,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  temporal.  
Art.  256.  Intentional  abortion  –  Any  person  who  shall  intentionally  cause   Elements:  
an  abortion  shall  suffer:   1. That  there  is  a  pregnant  woman;  
1. The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal,  if  he  shall  use  any  violence   2. That  violence  is  exerted,  or  drugs  or  beverages  administered,  or  
upon  the  person  of  the  pregnant  woman.   that  the  accused  otherwise  acts  upon  such  pregnant  woman;  
2. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor,  if,  without  using  violence,  he  shall   3. That  as  a  result  of  the  use  of  violence  or  drugs  or  beverages  
act  without  the  consent  of  the  woman.   upon  her,  or  any  other  act  of  the  accused,  the  foetus  dies,  either  
3. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum   in  the  womb  or  after  having  been  expelled  therefrom;  
periods,  if  the  woman  shall  have  consented.   4. That  the  abortion  is  intended.  
 
Ways  of  committing  intentional  abortion:  
1. By  using  any  violence  upon  the  person  of  the  pregnant  woman.  
2. By  acting,  but  without  using  violence,  without  the  consent  of  the  
woman.  
3. By  acting,  with  the  consent  of  the  pregnant  woman.  
Art.  257.  Unintentional  abortion  –  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Elements:  
minimum  and  medium  periods  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who   1. That  there  is  a  pregnant  woman.  
shall  cause  an  abortion  by  violence,  but  unintentionally.   2. That  violence  is  used  upon  such  pregnant  woman  without  
intending  an  abortion.  
3. That  the  violence  is  intentionally  exerted.  
4. That  as  a  result  of  the  violence  the  foetus  dies,  either  in  the  
womb  or  after  having  been  expelled  therefrom.  
Art.  258.  Abortion  practiced  by  the  woman  herself  or  by  her  parents  –  The   Elements:  
penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  shall   1. That  there  is  a  pregnant  woman  who  suffered  an  abortion.  
be  imposed  upon  a  woman  who  shall  practice  an  abortion  upon  herself  or   2. That  the  abortion  is  intended.  
shall  consent  that  any  other  person  should  do  so.   3. That  the  abortion  is  caused  by  —  
Any  woman  who  shall  commit  this  offense  to  conceal  her  dishonor  shall   a. The  pregnant  woman  herself;  
suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium   b. Any  other  person,  with  her  consent;  or  
periods.   c. Any  of  her  parents,  with  her  consent  for  the  purpose  
If  this  crime  be  committed  by  the  parents  of  the  pregnant  woman  or  either   of  concealing  her  dishonor.  
of  them,  and  they  act  with  the  consent  of  said  woman  for  the  purpose  of  
concealing  her  dishonor,  the  offenders  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  
correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods.  
Art.  259.  Abortion  practiced  by  a  physician  or  midwife  and  dispensing  of   Elements:  
abortives  –  The  penalties  provided  in  Article  256  shall  be  imposed  in  their   1. That  there  is  a  pregnant  woman  who  has  suffered  an  abortion.  
maximum  period,  respectively,  upon  any  physician  or  midwife  who,  taking   2. That  the  abortion  was  intended.  
advantage  of  their  scientific  knowledge  or  skill,  shall  cause  an  abortion  or   3. That  the  offender,  who  must  be  a  physician  or  midwife,  causes,  
assist  in  causing  the  same.   or  assists  in  causing,  the  abortion.  
Any  pharmacist  who,  without  the  proper  prescription  from  a  physician,   4. That  said  physician  or  midwife  takes  advantage  of  his  or  her  
shall  dispense  any  abortive  shall  suffer  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not   scientific  knowledge  or  skill.  
exceeding  1,000  pesos.    
As  to  the  pharmacists,  the  elements  are:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  pharmacist.  
2. That  there  is  no  proper  prescription  from  a  physician.  
3. That  the  offender  dispenses  any  abortive.  
Section  Three  –  Duel  
Art.  260.  Responsibility  of  participants  in  a  duel  –  The  penalty  of  reclusion   Acts  punished  in  duel:  
temporal  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  kill  his  adversary  in   1. By  killing  the  one’s  adversary  in  duel.  
a  duel.   2. By  killing  upon  such  adversary  physical  injuries.  
If  he  shall  inflict  upon  the  latter  physical  injuries  only,  he  shall  suffer  the   3. By  making  a  combat  although  no  physical  injuries  have  been  
penalty  provided  therefor,  according  to  their  nature.   inflicted.  
In  any  other  case,  the  combatants  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor,    
although  no  physical  injuries  have  been  inflicted.   Who  are  liable  in  duel:  
The  seconds  in  all  events  be  punished  as  accomplices.   1. The  person  who  killed  or  inflicted  physical  injuries  upon  his  
adversary,  or  both  combatants  in  any  other  case,  as  principals.  
2. The  seconds,  as  accomplices.  
Art.  261.  Challenging  to  a  duel  –  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Acts  punished  under  Article  261:  
minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  challenge   1. By  challenging  another  to  a  duel.  
another,  or  incite  another  to  give  or  accept  a  challenge  to  a  duel,  or  shall   2. By  inciting  another  to  give  or  accept  a  challenge  to  a  duel.  
scoff  at  or  decry  another  publicly  for  having  refused  to  accept  a  challenge   3. By  scoffing  at  or  decrying  another  publicly  for  having  refused  to  
to  fight  a  duel.   accept  a  challenge  to  fight  a  duel.  
 
Persons  responsible  under  Article  261  are:  
1. Challenger;  and  
2. Instigators.  

Chapter  Two:  PHYSICAL  INJURIES  

Art.  262.  Mutilation  –  The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal  to  reclusion   Two  kinds  of  mutilation:  
perpetua  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  intentionally   1. By  intentionally  mutilating  another  by  depriving  him,  either  
mutilate  another  by  depriving  him,  either  totally  or  partially,  of  some   totally  or  partially,  of  some  essential  organ    or  reproduction.  
essential  organ  of  reproduction.   2. By  intentionally  making  other  mutilation,  that  is,  by  lopping  or  
Any  other  intentional  mutilation  shall  be  punished  by  prision  mayor  in  its   clipping  off  of  any  part  of  the  body  of  the  offended  party,  other  
medium  and  maximum  periods.   than  the  essential  organ  for  reproduction,  to  deprive  him  of  the  
part  of  his  body.  
 
Elements  of  mutilation  of  the  first  kind:  
1. That  there  be  a  castration,  that  is,  mutilation  of  organs  
necessary  for  generation,  such  as  penis  or  ovarium.  
2. That  the  mutilation  is  caused  purposely  and  deliberately,  that  is,  
to  deprive  the  offended  party  of  some  essential  organ  for  
reproduction.  
ART.  263.  Serious  physical  injuries  –  Any  person  who  shall  wound,  beat,  or   What  are  serious  physical  injuries:  
assault  another,  shall  be  guilty  of  the  crime  of  serious  physical  injuries  and   1. When  the  injured  party  becomes  insane,  imbecile,  impotent,  or  
shall  suffer:   blind  in  consequence  of  the  physical  injuries  inflicted.  
1. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor,  if  in  consequence  of  the  physical   2. When  the  injured  person  (a)  loses  the  use  of  speech  or  the  power  
injuries  inflicted,  the  injured  person  shall  become  insane,   to  hear  or  to  smell,  or  loses  an  eye,  a  hand,  a  foot,  an  arm,  or  a  leg,  
imbecile,  impotent,  or  blind;   or  (b)  loses  the  use  of  any  such  member,  or  (c)  becomes  
2. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum   incapacitated  for  the  work  in  which  he  was  theretofore  
periods,  if  in  consequence  of  the  physical  injuries  inflicted,  the   habitually  engaged,  in  consequence  of  the  physical  injuries  
person  injured  shall  have  lost  the  use  of  speech  or  the  power  to   inflicted.  
hear  or  to  smell,  or  shall  have  lost  an  eye,  a  hand,  a  foot,  an  arm,   3. When  the  person  injured  (a)  becomes  deformed,  or  (b)  loses  any  
or  a  leg  or  shall  have  lost  the  use  of  any  such  member,  or  shall   other  member  of  his  body,  or  (c)  loses  the  use  thereof,  or  (d)  
have  become  incapacitated  for  the  work  in  which  he  was   becomes  ill  or  incapacitated  for  the  performance  of  the  work  in  
therefor  habitually  engaged;   which  he  was  habitually  engaged  for  more  than  90  days,  in  
3. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium   consequence  of  the  physical  injuries  inflicted.  
periods,  if  in  consequence  of  the  physical  injuries  inflicted,  the   4. When  the  injured  person  becomes  ill  or  incapacitated  for  labor  
person  injured  shall  have  become  deformed,  or  shall  have  lost   for  more  than  30  days  (but  must  not  be  more  than  90  days),  as  a  
any  part  of  his  body,  or  shall  have  lost  the  use  thereof,  or  shall   result  of  the  physical  injuries  inflicted.  
have  been  ill  or  incapacitated  for  the  performance  of  the  work    
in  which  he  was  habitually  engaged  for  a  period  of  more  than  
ninety  days;  
4. The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  if  the  physical  injuries  
inflicted  shall  have  caused  the  illness  or  incapacity  for  labor  of  
the  injured  person  for  more  than  thirty  days.  
If  the  offense  shall  have  been  committed  against  any  of  the  person  
enumerated  in  Article  246,  or  with  attendance  of  any  of  the  circumstances  
mentioned  in  Article  248,  the  case  covered  by  subdivision  number  1  of  this  
article  shall  be  punished  by  reclusion  temporal  in  its  medium  and  
maximum  periods;  the  case  covered  by  subdivision  number  2  by  prision  
correccional  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  mayor  in  its  minimum  
period;  the  case  covered  by  subdivision  number  3  by  prision  correccional  
in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods;  and  the  case  covered  by  subdivision  
number  4  by  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  periods  and  medium  
periods.  
The  provisions  of  the  preceding  paragraph  shall  not  be  applicable  to  a  
parent  who  shall  inflict  injuries  upon  his  child  by  excessive  chastisement.  
 
Art.  264.  Administering  injurious  substances  or  beverages  –  The  penalties   Elements:  
established  by  the  next  preceding  article  shall  be  applicable  in  the   1. That  the  offender  inflicted  upon  another  any  serious  physical  
respective  case  to  any  person  who,  without  intent  to  kill,  shall  inflict  upon   injury.  
another  any  serious  physical  injury,  by  knowingly  administering  to  him   2. That  it  was  done  by  knowingly  administering  to  him  any  
any  injurious  substances  or  beverages  or  by  taking  advantage  of  his   injurious  substances  or  beverages  or  by  taking  advantage  of  his  
weakness  of  mind  or  credulity   weakness  of  mind  or  credulity.  
  3. That  he  had  no  intent  to  kill.  
Art.  265.  Less  serious  physical  injuries  –  Any  person  who  shall  inflict  upon    
another  physical  injuries  not  described  in  the  preceding  articles,  but  which  
shall  incapacitate  the  offended  party  for  labor  for  ten  days  or  more,  or  
shall  require  medical  attendance  for  the  same  period,  shall  be  guilty  of  less  
serious  physical  injuries  and  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor.  
Whenever  less  serious  physical  injuries  shall  have  been  inflicted  with  the  
manifest  intent  to  insult  or  offend  the  injured  person,  or  under  
circumstances  adding  ignominy  to  the  offense,  in  addition  to  the  penalty  of  
arresto  mayor  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be  imposed.  
Any  less  serious  physical  injuries  inflicted  upon  the  offender’s  parents,  
ascendants,  guardians,  curators,  teachers,  or  persons  of  rank,  or  persons  in  
authority,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  
medium  periods,  provided  that,  in  the  case  of  persons  in  authority,  the  
deed  does  not  constitute  the  crime  of  assault  upon  such  persons.  
Art.  266.  Slight  physical  injuries  and  maltreatment  –  The  crime  of  slight   Three  kinds  of  slight  physical  injuries:  
physical  injuries  shall  be  punished:   1. Physical  injuries  which  incapacitated  the  offended  party  for  
1. By  arresto  menor  when  the  offender  has  inflicted  physical   labor  from  1  to  9  days,  or  required  medical  attendance  during  
injuries  which  shall  incapacitate  the  offended  party  for  labor   the  same  period.  
from  one  to  nine  days,  or  shall  require  medical  attendance   2. Physical  injuries  which  do  not  prevent  the  offended  party  from  
during  the  same  period;   engaging  in  his  habitual  work  or  which  did  not  require  medical  
2. By  arresto  menor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos  and  censure   attendance.  
when  the  offender  has  caused  physical  injuries  which  do  not   3. Ill-­‐treatment  of  another  by  deed  without  causing  any  injury.  
prevent  the  offended  party  from  engaging  in  his  habitual  work  
not  require  medical  attendance;  
3. By  arresto  menor  in  its  minimum  period  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  
50  pesos  when  the  offender  shall  ill-­‐treat  another  by  deed  
without  causing  any  injury.  

Chapter  Three:  RAPE  

Art.  266-­‐A.  Rape,  When  and  How  Committed  –  Rape  is  committed  –   Elements  of  rape  under  paragraph  1:  
a. By  a  man  who  shall  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  under   1. That  the  offender  is  a  man;  
any  of  the  following  circumstances:   2. That  the  offender  had  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman;  
a. Through  force,  threat  or  intimidation;   3. That  such  act  is  accomplished  under  any  of  the  following  
b. When  the  offended  party  is  deprived  of  reason  or  is   circumstances:  
otherwise  unconscious;   a. By  using  force  or  intimidation;  or  
c. By  means  of  fraudulent  machination  or  grave  abuse   b. When  the  woman  is  deprived  of  reason  or  otherwise  
of  authority;   unconscious;  or  
d. When  the  offended  party  is  under  twelve  (12)  years   c. By  means  of  fraudulent  machination  or  grave  abuse  
of  age  or  is  demented,  even  though  none  of  the   of  authority;  
circumstances  mentioned  above  be  present.   d. When  the  woman  is  under  12  years  of  age  or  
b. By  any  person  who,  under  any  of  the  circumstances  mentioned   demented.  
in  paragraph  1  hereof,  shall  commit  an  act  of  sexual  assault  by    
inserting  his  penis  into  another  person’s  mouth  or  anal  orifice,   Elements  of  rape  under  paragraph  2:  
or  any  instrument  or  object,  into  the  genital  or  anal  orifice  of   1. That  the  offender  commits  an  act  of  sexual  assault;  
another  person.   2. That  the  act  of  sexual  assault  is  committed  by  any  of  the  
  following  means:  
  a. By  inserting  his  penis  into  another  person’s  mouth  or  
  anal  orifice;  or  
  b. By  inserting  any  instrument  or  object  into  the  genital  
  or  anal  orifice  of  another  person;  
  3. That  the  act  of  sexual  assault  is  accomplished  under  any  of  the  
  following  circumstances:  
  a. By  using  force  or  intimidation;  or  
   b. When  the  woman  is  deprived  of  reason  or  otherwise  
  unconscious;  or  
  c. By  means  of  fraudulent  machination  or  grave  abuse  
  of  authority;  
d. When  the  woman  is  under  12  years  of  age  or  
demented.  
Art.  266-­‐B.  Penalties  –  Rape  under  paragraph  1  of  the  next  preceding    
article  shall  be  punished  by  reclusion  perpetua.  
Whenever  the  rape  is  committed  with  the  use  of  a  deadly  weapon  or  by  
two  or  more  persons,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  perpetua  to  death.  
When  by  reason  or  on  the  occasion  of  the  rape,  the  victim  has  become  
insane,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  perpetua  to  death.  
When  the  rape  is  attempted  and  a  homicide  is  committed  by  reason  or  on  
the  occasion  thereof,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  perpetua  to  death.  
When  by  reason  or  on  the  occasion  of  the  rape,  homicide  is  committed,  the  
penalty  shall  be  death.  
The  death  penalty  shall  also  be  imposed  if  the  crime  of  rape  is  committed  
with  any  of  the  following  aggravating/qualifying  circumstances:  
1. When  the  victim  is  under  eighteen  (18)  years  of  age  and  the  
offender  is  a  parent,  ascendant,  step-­‐parent,  guardian,  relative  
by  consanguinity  or  affinity  within  the  third  civil  degree,  or  the  
common  law  spouse  of  the  parent  of  the  victim.  
2. When  the  victim  is  under  the  custody  of  the  police  or  military  
authorities  or  any  law  enforcement  or  penal  institution.  
3. When  the  rape  is  committed  in  full  view  of  the  spouse,  parent,  
any  of  the  children  or  other  relatives  within  the  third  civil  
degree  of  consanguinity.  
4. When  the  victim  is  a  religious  engaged  in  legitimate  religious  
vocation  or  calling  and  is  personally  known  to  be  such  by  the  
offender  before  or  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  crime.  
5. When  the  victim  is  a  child  below  seven  (7)  years  old.  
6. When  the  offender  knows  that  he  is  afflicted  with  Human  
Immuno-­‐Deficiency  Virus  (HIV)/Acquired  Immune  Deficiency  
Syndrome  (AIDS)  or  any  other  sexually  transmissible  disease  
and  the  virus  or  disease  is  transmitted  to  the  victim.  
7. When  committed  by  any  member  of  the  Armed  Forces  of  the  
Philippines  or  para-­‐military  units  thereof  or  the  Philippine  
National  Police  or  any  law  enforcement  agency  or  penal  
institution,  when  the  offender  took  advantage  of  his  position  to  
facilitate  the  commission  of  the  crime.  
8. When  by  reason  or  on  the  occasion  of  the  rape,  the  victim  has  
suffered  permanent  physical  mutilation  or  disability.  
9. When  the  offender  knew  of  the  pregnancy  of  the  offended  party  
at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  crime.  
10. When  the  offender  knew  of  the  mental  disability,  emotional  
disorder  and/or  physical  handicap  of  the  offended  party  at  the  
time  of  the  commission  of  the  crime.  
Rape  under  paragraph  2  of  the  next  preceding  article  shall  be  punished  by  
prision  mayor.  
Whenever  the  rape  is  committed  with  the  use  of  a  deadly  weapon  or  by  
two  or  more  persons,  the  penalty  shall  be  prision  mayor  to  reclusion  
temporal.  
When  the  rape  is  attempted  and  a  homicide  is  committed  by  reason  or  on  
the  occasion  thereof,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  temporal  to  reclusion  
perpetua.  
When  by  reason  or  on  the  occasion  of  the  rape,  homicide  is  committed,  the  
penalty  shall  be  reclusion  perpetual.  
Reclusion  temporal  shall  also  be  imposed  if  the  rape  is  committed  by  any  of  
the  ten  aggravating/qualifying  circumstances  mentioned  in  the  article.  
Art.  266-­‐C.  Effect  of  pardon  –  The  subsequent  valid  marriage  between  the    
offender  and  the  offended  party  shall  extinguish  the  criminal  action  or  the  
penalty  imposed.  
In  case  it  is  the  legal  husband  who  is  the  offender,  the  subsequent  
forgiveness  by  the  wife  as  the  offended  party  shall  extinguish  the  criminal  
action  or  the  penalty:  Provided,  That  the  crime  shall  not  be  extinguished  or  
the  penalty  shall  not  be  abated  if  the  marriage  be  void  ab  initio.  
Art.  266-­‐D.  Presumptions  –  Any  physical  overt  act  manifesting  resistance    
against  the  act  of  rape  in  any  degree  from  the  offended  party,  or  where  the  
offended  party  is  so  situated  as  to  render  her/him  incapable  of  giving  valid  
consent,  may  be  accepted  as  evidence  in  the  prosecution  of  the  acts  
punished  under  Article  266-­‐A.  
 
  
 

CRIMES  AGAINST  PERSONAL  LIBERTY  AND  SECURITY  

Chapter  One:  CRIMES  AGAINST  LIBERTY  
Section  One  –  Illegal  detention  
Art.  267.  Kidnapping  and  serious  illegal  detention  –  Any  private  individual   Elements:  
who  shall  kidnap  or  detain  another,  or  in  any  other  manner  deprive  him  of   1. That  the  offender  is  a  private  individual.  
his  liberty,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua  to  death:   2. That  he  kidnaps  or  detains  another,  or  in  any  other  manner  
1. If  the  kidnapping  or  detention  shall  have  lasted  more  than  three   deprives  the  latter  of  his  liberty.  
days.   3. That  the  act  of  detention  or  kidnapping  must  be  illegal.  
2. If  it  shall  have  been  committed  simulating  public  authority.   4. That  in  the  commission  of  the  offense,  any  of  the  following  
3. If  any  serious  physical  injuries  shall  have  been  inflicted  upon   circumstances  is  present:  
the  person  kidnapped  or  detained,  or  if  threats  to  kill  him  shall   a. That  the  kidnapping  or  detention  lasts  for  more  than  
have  been  made.   3  days;  
4. If  the  person  kidnapped  or  detained  shall  be  a  minor,  except   b. That  it  is  committed  simulating  public  authority;  
when  the  accused  is  any  of  the  parents,  female,  or  a  public   c. That  any  serious  physical  injuries  are  inflicted  upon  
officer.   the  person  kidnapped  or  detained  or  threats  to  kill  
The  penalty  shall  be  death  where  the  kidnapping  or  detention  was   him  are  made;  or  
committed  for  the  purpose  of  extorting  ransom  from  the  victim  or  any   d. That  the  person  kidnapped  or  detained  is  a  minor,  
other  person,  even  if  none  of  the  circumstances  above-­‐mentioned  were   female,  or  a  public  officer  
present  in  the  commission  of  the  offense.  
When  the  victim  is  killed  or  dies  as  a  consequence  of  the  detention  or  is  
raped,  or  is  subjected  to  torture  or  dehumanizing  acts,  the  maximum  
penalty  shall  be  imposed.  
Art.  268.  Slight  illegal  detention  –  The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal  shall   Elements:  
be  imposed  upon  any  private  individual  who  shall  commit  the  crimes   1. That  the  offender  is  a  private  individual.  
described  in  the  next  preceding  article  without  the  attendance  of  any  of   2. That  he  kidnaps  or  detains  another,  or  in  any  other  manner  
the  circumstances  enumerated  therein.   deprives  him  of  his  liberty.  
The  same  penalty  shall  be  incurred  by  anyone  who  shall  furnish  the  place   3. That  the  act  of  kidnapping  or  detention  is  illegal.  
for  the  perpetration  of  the  crime.   4. That  the  crime  is  committed  without  the  attendance  of  any  of  
If  the  offender  shall  voluntarily  release  the  person  so  kidnapped  or   the  circumstances  enumerated  in  Article  267.  
detained  within  three  days  from  the  commencement  of  the  detention,    
without  having  attained  the  purpose  intended,  and  before  the  institution   Privileged  mitigating  circumstance  (all  must  concur):  
of  criminal  proceedings  against  him,  the  penalty  shall  be  prision  mayor  in   • Voluntarily  releases  the  person  so  kidnapped  or  detained  within  
its  minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  seven  hundred   three  days  from  the  commencement  of  the  detention  
pesos.   • Without  having  attained  the  purpose  intended  
• Before  the  institution  of  criminal  proceedings  against  him  
 
Art.  269.  Unlawful  arrest  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not   Elements:  
exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,  in  any  case   1. That  the  offender  arrests  or  detains  another  person.  
other  than  those  authorized  by  law,  or  without  reasonable  ground   2. That  the  purpose  of  the  offender  is  to  deliver  him  to  the  proper  
therefor,  shall  arrest  or  detain  another  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  him  to   authorities.  
the  proper  authorities.   3. That  the  arrest  or  detention  is  not  authorized  by  law  or  there  is  
no  reasonable  ground  therefor.  
Section  Two  –  Kidnapping  of  minors  
Art.  270.  Kidnapping  and  failure  to  return  a  minor  –  The  penalty  of   Elements:  
reclusion  perpetua  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,  being  entrusted   1. That  the  offender  is  entrusted  with  the  custody  of  a  minor  
with  the  custody  of  a  minor  person,  shall  deliberately  fail  to  restore  the   person  (whether  over  or  under  7  years  but  less  than  21  years  of  
latter  to  his  parents  or  guardians.   age).  
2. That  he  deliberately  fails  to  restore  the  said  minor  to  his  parents  
or  guardians.  
Art.  271.  Inducing  a  minor  to  abandon  his  home  –  The  penalty  of  prision   Elements:  
correccional  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  seven  hundred  pesos  shall  be   1. That  the  minor  is  living  in  the  home  of  his  parents  or  guardians  
imposed  upon  anyone  who  shall  induce  a  minor  to  abandon  the  home  of   or  the  person  entrusted  with  his  custody.  
his  parents  or  guardians  or  the  persons  entrusted  with  his  custody.   2. That  the  offender  induces  said  minor  to  abandon  such  home.  
If  the  person  committing  any  of  the  crimes  covered  by  the  two  preceding  
articles  shall  be  the  father  or  the  mother  of  the  minor,  the  penalty  shall  be  
arresto  mayor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  three  hundred  pesos,  or  both.  
Section  Three  –  Slavery  and  Servitude  
Art.  272.  Slavery  –  The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  and  a  fine  of  not   Elements:  
exceeding  10,000  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  anyone  who  shall   1. That  the  offender  purchases,  sells,  kidnaps  or  detains  a  human  
purchase,  sell,  kidnap,  or  detain  a  human  being  for  the  purpose  of   being.  
enslaving  him.   2. That  the  purpose  of  the  offender  is  to  enslave  such  human  being.  
If  the  crime  be  committed  for  the  purpose  of  assigning  the  offended  party  
to  some  immoral  traffic,  the  penalty  imposed  shall  be  imposed  in  its  
maximum  period.  
Art.  273.  Exploitation  of  child  labor  –  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in   Elements:  
its  minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos  shall   1. That  the  offender  retains  a  minor  in  his  service.  
be  imposed  upon  anyone  who,  under  the  pretext  of  reimbursing  himself  of   2. That  it  is  against  the  will  of  the  minor.  
a  debt  incurred  by  an  ascendant,  guardian,  or  person  entrusted  with  the   3. That  it  is  under  the  pretext  of  reimbursing  himself  of  a  debt  
custody  of  a  minor,  shall,  against  the  latter’s  will,  retain  him  in  his  service.   incurred  by  an  ascendant,  guardian  or  person  entrusted  with  
the  custody  of  such  minor.  
Art.  274.  Services  rendered  under  compulsion  in  payment  of  debt  –  The   Elements:  
penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in   1. That  the  offender  compels  a  debtor  to  work  for  him,  either  as  
its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,  in  order  to   household  servant  or  farm  laborer.  
require  or  enforce  the  payment  of  a  debt,  shall  compel  the  debtor  to  work   2. That  it  is  against  the  debtor’s  will.  
for  him,  against  his  will,  as  household  servant  or  farm  laborer.   3. That  the  purpose  is  to  require  or  enforce  the  payment  of  a  debt.  

Chapter  Two:  CRIMES  AGAINST  SECURITY  

Section  One  –  Abandonment  of  helpless  persons  and  Exploitation  of  minors  
Art.  275.  Abandonment  of  persons  in  danger  and  abandonment  of  one’s  own   Acts  punishable  under  Article  275:  
victim  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  shall  be  imposed  upon:   1. By  failing  to  render  assistance  to  any  person  whom  the  offender  
1. Anyone  who  shall  fail  to  render  assistance  to  any  person  whom   finds  in  an  uninhabited  place  wounded  or  in  danger  of  dying  
he  shall  find  in  an  uninhabited  place  wounded  or  in  danger  of   when  he  can  render  such  assistance  without  detriment  to  
dying,  when  he  can  render  such  assistance  without  detriment  to   himself,  unless  such  omission  shall  constitute  a  more  serious  
himself,  unless  such  omission  shall  constitute  a  more  serious   offense.  
offense;   2. By  failing  to  help  or  render  assistance  to  another  whom  the  
2. Anyone  who  shall  fail  to  help  or  render  assistance  to  another   offender  has  accidentally  wounded  or  injured.  
whom  he  has  accidentally  wounded  or  injured;   3. By  failing  to  deliver  a  child,  under  seven  years  of  age  whom  the  
3. Anyone  who,  having  found  an  abandoned  child  under  seven   offender  has  found  abandoned,  to  the  authorities  or  to  his  family,  
years  of  age,  shall  fail  to  deliver  said  child  to  the  authorities  or   or  by  failing  to  take  him  to  a  safe  place.  
to  his  family,  or  shall  fail  to  take  him  to  a  safe  place.    
Elements  of  par.  1:  
1. The  place  is  not  inhabited;  
2. The  accused  found  there  a  person  wounded  or  in  danger  of  
dying;  
3. The  accused  can  render  assistance  without  detriment  to  himself;  
4. The  accused  fails  to  render  assistance.  
Art.  276.  Abandoning  a  minor  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine   Elements:  
not  exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  anyone  who  shall  abandon   1. That  the  offender  has  the  custody  of  a  child.  
a  child  under  seven  years  of  age,  the  custody  of  which  is  incumbent  upon   2. That  the  child  is  under  seven  years  of  age.  
him.   3. That  he  abandons  such  child.  
When  the  death  of  the  minor  shall  result  from  such  abandonment,  the   4. That  he  has  no  intent  to  kill  the  child  when  the  latter  is  
culprit  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and   abandoned.  
maximum  periods;  but  if  the  life  of  the  minor  shall  have  been  in  danger    
only,  the  penalty  shall  be  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium   Circumstances  qualifying  the  offense:  
periods.   1. When  the  death  of  the  minor  resulted  from  such  abandonment;  
The  provisions  contained  in  the  two  preceding  paragraphs  shall  not   or  
prevent  the  imposition  of  the  penalty  provided  for  the  act  committed,   2. If  the  life  of  the  minor  was  in  danger  because  of  the  
when  the  same  shall  constitute  a  more  serious  offense.   abandonment.  
Art.  277.  Abandonment  of  minor  by  person  entrusted  with  his  custody;   Acts  punished  under  Article  277:  
indifference  of  parents  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not   1. By  delivering  a  minor  to  a  public  institution  or  other  persons  
exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  anyone  who,  having  charge  of   without  the  consent  of  the  one  who  entrusted  such  minor  to  the  
the  rearing  or  education  of  a  minor,  shall  deliver  said  minor  to  a  public   care  of  the  offender  or,  in  the  absence  of  that  one,  without  the  
institution  or  other  persons,  without  the  consent  of  the  one  who  entrusted   consent  of  the  proper  authorities.  
such  child  to  his  care  or,  in  the  absence  of  the  latter,  without  the  consent  of   2. By  neglecting  his  (offender’s)  children  by  not  giving  them  the  
the  proper  authorities.   education  which  their  station  in  life  requires  and  financial  
The  same  penalty  shall  be  imposed  upon  the  parents  who  shall  neglect   condition  permits.  
their  children  by  not  giving  them  the  education  which  their  station  in  life    
requires  and  financial  condition  permits.   Elements  of  abandonment  of  minor  by  one  charged  with  the  rearing  
or  education  of  said  minor:  
1. That  the  offender  has  charge  of  the  rearing  or  education  of  a  
minor.  
2. That  he  delivers  said  minor  to  a  public  institution  or  other  
persons.  
3. That  the  one  who  entrusted  such  child  to  the  offender  has  not  
consented  to  such  act;  or  if  the  one  who  entrusted  such  child  to  
the  offender  is  absent,  the  proper  authorities  have  not  
consented  to  it.  
 
Elements  of  indifference  of  parents:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  parent.  
2. That  he  neglects  his  children  by  not  giving  them  education.  
3. That  his  station  in  life  requires  such  education  and  his  financial  
condition  permits  it.  
 
Art.  278.  Exploitation  of  minors  –  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Acts  punished  under  this  article:  
minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be   1. By  causing  any  boy  or  girl  under  16  years  of  age  to  perform  any  
imposed  upon:   dangerous  feat  of  balancing,  physical  strength  or  contortion,  the  
1. Any  person  who  shall  cause  any  boy  or  girl  under  sixteen  years   offender  being  any  person.  
of  age  to  perform  any  dangerous  feat  of  balancing,  physical   2. By  employing  children  under  16  years  of  age  who  are  not  the  
strength,  or  contortion.   children  or  descendants  of  the  offender  in  exhibitions  of  acrobat,  
2. Any  person  who,  being  an  acrobat,  gymnast,  rope-­‐walker,  diver,   gymnast,  rope-­‐walker,  diver,  or  wild-­‐animal  tamer,  the  offender  
wild-­‐animal  tamer  or  circus  manager,  or  engaged  in  a  similar   being  an  acrobat,  etc.,  or  circus  manager  or  person  engaged  in  a  
calling,  shall  employ  in  exhibitions  of  these  kinds,  children   similar  calling.  
under  sixteen  years  of  age  who  are  not  his  children  or   3. BY  employing  any  descendant  under  12  years  of  age  in  
descendants.   dangerous  exhibitions  enumerated  in  the  next  preceding  
3. Any  person  engaged  in  any  of  the  callings  enumerated  in  the   paragraph,  the  offender  being  engaged  in  any  of  the  said  
next  preceding  paragraph  who  shall  employ  any  descendant  of   callings.  
his  under  twelve  years  of  age  in  such  dangerous  exhibitions.   4. By  delivering  a  child  under  16  years  of  age  gratuitously  to  any  
4. Any  ascendant,  guardian,  teacher,  or  person  entrusted  in  any   person  following  any  of  the  callings  enumerated  in  paragraph  2,  
capacity  with  the  care  of  a  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  who   or  to  any  habitual  vagrant  or  beggar,  the  offender  being  an  
shall  deliver  such  child  gratuitously  to  any  person  following  any   ascendant,  guardian,  teacher  or  person  entrusted  in  any  
of  the  callings  enumerated  in  paragraph  2  hereof,  or  to  any   capacity  with  the  care  of  such  child.  
habitual  vagrant  or  beggar.   5. By  inducing  any  child  under  16  years  of  age  to  abandon  the  
If  the  delivery  shall  have  been  made  in  consideration  of  any   home  of  its  ascendants,  guardians,  curators  or  teachers  to  follow  
price,  compensation,  or  promise,  the  penalty  shall  in  every  case   any  person  engaged  in  any  of  the  callings  mentioned  in  
be  imposed  in  its  maximum  period.   paragraph  2  or  to  accompany  any  habitual  vagrant  or  beggar,  
In  either  case,  the  guardian  or  curator  convicted  shall  also  be   the  offender  being  any  person.  
removed  from  office  as  guardian  or  curator;  and  in  the  case  of  
the  parents  of  the  child,  they  may  be  deprived,  temporarily  or  
perpetually,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  of  their  personal  
authority.  
5. Any  person  who  shall  induce  any  child  under  sixteen  years  of  
age  to  abandon  the  home  of  its  ascendants,  guardians,  curators,  
or  teachers  to  follow  any  person  engaged  in  any  of  the  callings  
mentioned  in  paragraph  2  hereof,  or  to  accompany  any  habitual  
vagrant  or  beggar.  
Art.  279.  Additional  penalties  for  other  offenses  –  The  imposition  of  the    
penalties  prescribed  in  the  preceding  articles,  shall  not  prevent  the  
imposition  upon  the  same  person  of  the  penalty  provided  for  any  other  
felonies  defined  and  punished  by  this  Code.  
Section  Two  –  Trespass  to  dwelling  
Art.  280.  Qualified  trespass  to  dwelling  –  Any  private  person  who  shall   Elements  of  trespass  to  dwelling:  
enter  the  dwelling  of  another  against  the  latter’s  will,  shall  be  punished  by   1. That  the  offender  is  a  private  person.  
arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos.   2. That  he  enters  the  dwelling  of  another.  
If  the  offense  be  committed  by  means  of  violence  or  intimidation,  the   3. That  such  entrance  is  against  the  latter’s  will.  
penalty  shall  be  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  
and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos.  
The  provisions  of  this  article  shall  not  be  applicable  to  any  person  who  
shall  enter  another’s  dwelling  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  some  serious  
harm  to  himself,  the  occupants  of  the  dwelling,  or  a  third  person,  nor  shall  
it  be  applicable  to  any  person  who  shall  enter  a  dwelling  for  the  purpose  of  
rendering  some  service  to  humanity  or  justice,  nor  to  anyone  who  shall  
enter  cafes,  taverns,  inns,  and  other  public  houses,  while  the  same  are  
open.  
Art.  281.  Other  forms  of  trespass  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  menor  or  a  fine   Elements:  
not  exceeding  200  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who   1. That  the  offender  enters  the  closed  premises  or  the  fenced  estate  
shall  enter  the  closed  premises  or  the  fenced  estate  of  another,  while   of  another.  
either  of  them  is  uninhabited,  if  the  prohibition  to  enter  be  manifest  and   2. That  the  entrance  is  made  while  either  of  them  is  uninhabited.  
the  trespasser  has  not  secured  the  permission  of  the  owner  or  the   3. That  the  prohibition  to  enter  be  manifest.  
caretaker  thereof.   4. That  the  trespasser  has  not  secured  the  permission  of  the  owner  
  or  the  caretaker  thereof.  
 
 
Section  Three  –  Threats  and  coercion  
Art.  282.  Grave  threats  –  Any  person  who  shall  threaten  another  with  the   Acts  punishable  as  grave  threats:  
infliction  upon  the  person,  honor,  or  property  of  the  latter  or  of  his  family   1. By  threatening  another  with  the  infliction  upon  his  person,  
of  any  wrong  amounting  to  a  crime,  shall  suffer:   honor  or  property  or  that  of  his  family  of  any  wrong  amounting  
1. The  penalty  next  lower  in  degree  than  that  prescribed  by  law   to  a  crime  and  demanding  money  or  imposing  any  other  
for  the  crime  he  threatened  to  commit,  if  the  offender  shall  have   condition,  even  though  not  unlawful,  and  the  offender  attained  
made  the  threat  demanding  money  or  imposing  any  other   his  purpose.  
condition,  even  though  not  unlawful,  and  said  offender  shall   2. By  making  such  threat  without  the  offender  attaining  his  
have  attained  his  purpose.  If  the  offender  shall  not  have   purpose.  
attained  his  purpose,  the  penalty  lower  by  two  degrees  shall  be   3. By  threatening  another  with  the  infliction  upon  his  person,  
imposed.   honor  or  property  or  that  of  his  family  of  any  wrong  amounting  
 If  the  threat  be  made  in  writing  or  through  a  middleman,  the   to  a  crime,  the  threat  not  being  subject  to  a  condition.  
penalty  shall  be  imposed  in  its  maximum  period.    
2. The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500   Elements  of  grave  threats  where  offender  attained  his  purpose:  
pesos,  if  the  threat  shall  not  have  been  made  subject  to  a   1. That  the  offender  threatens  another  person  with  the  infliction  
condition.   upon  the  latter’s  person,  honor  or  property,  or  upon  that  of  the  
latter’s  family,  of  any  wrong.  
2. That  such  wrong  amounts  to  a  crime.  
3. That  there  is  a  demand  for  money  or  that  any  other  condition  is  
imposed,  even  though  not  unlawful.  
4. That  the  offender  attains  his  purpose.  
 
Elements  of  grave  threats  not  subject  to  a  condition:  
1. That  the  offender  threatens  another  person  with  the  infliction  
upon  the  latter’s  person,  honor,  or  property,  or  upon  that  of  the  
latter’s  family,  of  any  wrong.  
2. That  such  wrong  amounts  to  a  crime.  
3. That  the  threat  is  not  subject  to  a  condition.  
Art.  283.  Light  threats  –  A  threat  to  commit  a  wrong  not  constituting  a   Elements:  
crime,  made  in  the  manner  expressed  in  subdivision  1  of  the  next   1. That  the  offender  makes  a  threat  to  commit  a  wrong.  
preceding  article,  shall  be  punished  by  arresto  mayor.   2. That  the  wrong  does  not  constitute  a  crime.  
3. That  there  is  a  demand  for  money  or  that  other  condition  is  
imposed,  even  though  not  unlawful.  
4. That  the  offender  has  attained  his  purpose  or,  that  he  has  not  
attained  his  purpose.  
Art.  284.  Bond  for  good  behavior  –  In  all  cases  falling  within  the  two  next    
preceding  articles,  the  person  making  the  threats  may  also  be  required  to  
give  bail  not  to  molest  the  person  threatened,  or  if  he  shall  fail  to  give  such  
bail,  he  shall  be  sentenced  to  destierro.  
Art,  285.  Other  light  threats  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  menor  in  its  minimum   Acts  punished  as  other  light  threats:  
period  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon:   1. By  threatening  another  with  a  weapon,  or  by  drawing  such  
1. Any  person  who,  without  being  included  in  the  provisions  of  the   weapon  in  a  quarrel,  unless  it  be  in  lawful  self-­‐defense.  
next  preceding  article,  shall  threaten  another  with  a  weapon,  or   2. By  orally  threatening  another,  in  the  heat  of  anger,  with  some  
draw  such  weapon  in  a  quarrel,  unless  it  be  in  lawful  self-­‐ harm  (not)  constituting  a  crime,  without  persisting  in  the  idea  
defense;   involved  in  his  threat.  
2. Any  person  who,  in  the  heat  of  anger,  shall  orally  threaten   Note:  The  word  “not”  in  this  paragraph  is  enclosed  in  
another  with  some  harm  not  constituting  a  crime,  and  who  by   parenthesis,  because  the  inclusion  of  that  word  in  paragraph  2  
subsequent  acts  shows  that  he  did  not  persist  in  the  idea   of  Article  285  is  a  mistake.  
involved  in  his  threat,  provided  that  the  circumstances  of  the   3. By  orally  threatening  to  another  any  harm  not  constituting  a  
offense  shall  not  bring  it  within  the  provisions  of  Article  282  of   felony.  
this  Code;  
3. Any  person  who  shall  orally  threaten  to  do  another  any  harm  
not  constituting  a  felony.  
Art.  286.  Grave  coercions  –  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  and  a  fine   Two  ways  of  committing  grave  coercions:  
not  exceeding  six  thousand  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,   1. By  preventing  another,  by  means  of  violence,  threats  or  
without  authority  of  law,  shall,  by  means  of  violence,  threats  or   intimidation,  form  doing  something  not  prohibited  by  law.  
intimidation,  prevent  another  from  doing  something  not  prohibited  by   2. By  compelling  another,  by  means  of  violence,  threats  or  
law,  or  compel  him  to  do  something  against  his  will,  whether  it  be  right  or   intimidation,  to  do  something  against  his  will,  whether  it  be  
wrong.   right  or  wrong.  
If  the  coercion  be  committed  in  violation  of  the  exercise  of  the  right  of    
suffrage,  or  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  another  to  perform  any  religious   Elements  of  grave  coercions:  
act  or  to  prevent  him  from  exercising  such  right  or  from  so  doing  such  act,   1. That  a  person  prevented  another  from  doing  something  not  
the  penalty  next  higher  in  degree  shall  be  imposed.   prohibited  by  law,  or  that  he  compelled  him  to  do  something  
against  his  will,  be  it  right  or  wrong;  
2. That  the  prevention  or  compulsion  be  effected  by  violence,  
threats  or  intimidation;  and  
3. That  the  person  that  restrained  the  will  and  liberty  of  another  
had  not  the  authority  of  law  or  the  right  to  do  so,  or,  in  other  
words,  that  the  restraint  shall  not  be  made  under  authority  of  law  
or  in  the  exercise  of  any  lawful  right.  
Art.  287.  Light  coercions  –  Any  person  who,  by  means  of  violence,  shall   Elements:  
seize  anything  belonging  to  his  debtor  for  the  purpose  of  applying  the   1. That  the  offender  must  be  a  creditor.  
same  to  the  payment  of  the  debt,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor   2. That  he  seizes  anything  belonging  to  his  debtor.  
in  its  minimum  period  and  a  fine  equivalent  to  the  value  of  the  thing,  but   3. That  the  seizure  of  the  thing  be  accomplished  by  means  of  
in  no  case  less  than  75  pesos.   violence  or  a  display  of  material  force  producing  intimidation.  
Any  other  coercion  or  unjust  vexation  shall  be  punished  by  arresto  menor   4. That  the  purpose  of  the  offender  is  to  apply  the  same  to  the  
or  a  fine  ranging  from  5  to  200  pesos,  or  both.   payment  of  the  debt.  
Art.  288.  Other  similar  coercions  –  (Compulsory  purchase  of  merchandise   Acts  punished  as  other  similar  coercions:  
and  payment  of  wages  by  means  of  tokens)  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor   1. By  forcing  or  compelling,  directly  or  indirectly,  or  knowingly  
or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  500  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon   permitting  the  forcing  or  compelling  of  the  laborer  or  employee  
any  person,  agent,  or  officer  of  any  association  or  corporation  who  shall   of  the  offender  to  purchase  merchandise  or  commodities  of  any  
force  or  compel,  directly  or  indirectly,  or  shall  knowingly  permit  any   kind  from  him.  
laborer  or  employee  employed  by  him  or  by  such  firm  or  corporation  to  be   2. By  paying  the  wages  due  his  laborer  or  employee  by  means  of  
forced  or  compelled,  to  purchase  merchandise  or  commodities  of  any  kind.   tokens  or  objects  other  than  the  legal  tender  currency  of  the  
The  same  penalties  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  pay  the   Philippines,  unless  expressly  requested  by  such  laborer  or  
wages  due  a  laborer  or  employee  employed  by  him,  by  means  of  tokens  or   employee.  
objects  other  than  the  legal  tender  currency  of  the  Philippine  Islands,    
unless  expressly  requested  by  the  laborer  or  employee.   Elements  of  No.  1:  
1. That  the  offender  is  any  person,  agent  or  officer  of  any  
association  or  corporation.  
2. That  he  or  such  firm  or  corporation  has  employed  laborers  or  
employees.  
3. That  he  forces  or  compels,  directly  or  indirectly,  or  knowingly  
permits  to  be  forced  or  compelled,  any  of  his  or  its  laborers  or  
employees  to  purchase  merchandise  or  commodities  of  any  kind  
from  him  or  from  said  firm  or  corporation.  
 
Elements  of  No.  2:  
1. That  the  offender  pays  the  wages  due  a  laborer  or  employee  
employed  by  him  by  means  of  tokens  or  objects.  
2. That  those  tokens  or  objects  are  other  than  the  legal  tender  
currency  of  the  Philippines.  
3. That  such  employee  or  laborer  does  not  expressly  request  that  
he  be  paid  by  means  of  tokens  or  objects.  
Art.  289.  Formation,  maintenance,  and  prohibition  of  combination  of   Elements:  
capital  or  labor  through  violence  or  threats  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor   1. That  the  offender  employs  violence  or  threats,  in  such  a  degree  
and  a  fine  not  exceeding  300  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  persons   as  to  compel  or  force  the  laborers  or  employers  in  the  free  and  
who,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing,  maintaining,  or  preventing  coalitions   legal  exercise  of  their  industry  or  work.  
of  capital  or  labor,  strike  of  laborers,  or  lockout  of  employers,  shall  employ   2. That  the  purpose  is  to  organize,  maintain  or  prevent  coalitions  of  
violence  or  threats  in  such  a  degree  as  to  compel  or  force  the  laborers  or   capital  or  labor,  strike  of  laborers  or  lockout  of  employers.  
employers  in  the  free  and  legal  exercise  of  their  industry  or  work,  if  the  act  
shall  not  constitute  a  more  serious  offense  in  accordance  with  the  
provisions  of  this  Code.  
Chapter  Three:  DISCOVERY  AND  REVELATION  OF  SECRETS  
Art.  290.  Discovering  secrets  through  serizure  of  correspondence  –  The   Elements:  
penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a   1. That  the  offender  is  a  private  individual  or  even  a  public  officer  
fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  private  individual   not  in  the  exercise  of  his  official  function.  
who,  in  order  to  discover  secrets  of  another,  shall  seize  his  papers  or   2. That  the  seizes  the  papers  or  letters  of  another.  
letters  and  reveal  the  contents  thereof.   3. That  the  purpose  is  to  discover  the  secrets  of  such  other  person.  
If  the  offender  shall  not  reveal  such  secrets,  the  penalty  shall  be  arresto   4. That  the  offender  is  informed  of  the  contents  of  the  papers  or  
mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos.   letters  seized.  
This  provision  shall  not  be  applicable  to  parents,  guardians,  or  persons  
entrusted  with  the  custody  of  minors  with  respect  to  the  papers  or  letters  
of  the  children  or  minors  placed  under  their  care  or  custody,  nor  to  
spouses  with  respect  to  the  papers  or  letters  of  either  of  them.  
Art.  291.  Revealing  secrets  with  abuse  of  office  –  The  penalty  of  arresto   Elements:  
mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any   1. That  the  offender  is  a  manager,  employee  or  servant.  
manager,  employee,  or  servant  who,  in  such  capacity,  shall  learn  the   2. That  he  learns  the  secrets  of  his  principal  or  master  in  such  
secrets  of  his  principal  or  master  and  shall  reveal  such  secrets.   capacity.  
3. That  he  reveals  such  secrets.  
Art.  292.  Revelation  of  industrial  secrets  –  The  penalty  of  prision   Elements:  
correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding   1. That  the  offender  is  a  person  in  charge,  employee  or  workman  of  
500  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  the  person  in  charge,  employee,  or   a  manufacturing  or  industrial  establishment.  
workman  of  any  manufacturing  or  industrial  establishment  who,  to  the   2. That  the  manufacturing  or  industrial  establishment  has  a  secret  
prejudice  of  the  owner  thereof,  shall  reveal  the  secrets  of  the  industry  of   of  the  industry  which  the  offender  has  learned.  
the  latter.   3. That  the  offender  reveals  such  secrets.  
4. That  prejudice  is  caused  to  the  owner.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 

CRIMES  AGAINST  PROPERTY  

Chapter  One:  ROBBERY  IN  GENERAL  
Art.  293.  Who  are  guilty  of  robbery  –  Any  person  who,  with  intent  to  gain,   Elements:  
shall  take  any  personal  property  belonging  to  another,  by  means  of   a. That  there  be  (1)  personal  property,  (2)  belonging  to  another;  
violence  against  or  intimidation  of  any  person,  or  using  force  upon   b. That  there  is  (3)  unlawful  taking  of  that  property;  
anything,  shall  be  guilty  of  robbery.   c. That  the  taking  must  be  (4)  with  intent  to  gain;  and  
d. That  there  is  (5)  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  any  person,  or  
force  upon  anything  
 
Unlawful  taking,  when  complete:  
1. As  to  robbery  with  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  persons:  
from  the  moment  the  offender  gains  possession  of  the  thing,  even  
if  the  culprit  has  had  no  opportunity  to  dispose  of  the  same,  the  
unlawful  taking  is  complete.  
2. As  to  robbery  with  force  upon  things:  the  thing  must  be  taken  out  
of  the  building  to  consummate  the  crime  
Section  One  –  Robbery  with  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  persons  
Art.  294.  Robbery  with  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  persons  –   Acts  punished:  
Penalties  –  Any  person  guilty  of  robbery  with  the  use  of  violence  against   1. When  by  reason  or  on  occasion  of  the  robbery,  the  crime  of  
or  intimidation  of  any  person  shall  suffer:   homicide  is  committed;  
1. The  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua  to  death,  when  by  reason  or   2. When  the  robbery  is  accompanied  by  rape  or  intentional  
on  occasion  of  the  robbery,  the  crime  of  homicide  shall  have   mutilation  or  arson;  
been  committed;  or  when  the  robbery  shall  have  been   3. When  by  reason  or  on  occasion  of  such  robbery,  any  of  the  
accompanied  by  rape  or  intentional  mutilation  or  arson.   physical  injuries  resulting  in  insanity,  imbecility,  impotency  or  
2. The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal  in  its  medium  period  to   blindness  is  inflicted;  
reclusion  perpetua,  when  or  if  by  reason  or  on  occasion  of  such   4. When  by  reason  or  on  occasion  of  robbery,  any  of  the  physical  
robbery,  any  of  the  physical  injuries  penalized  in  subdivision  1   injuries  resulting  in  the  loss  of  the  use  of  speech  or  the  power  to  
of  Article  263  shall  have  been  inflicted.   hear  or  to  smell,  or  the  loss  of  an  eye,  a  hand,  a  foot,  an  arm,  or  a  
3. The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal,  when  by  reason  or  on   leg  or  the  loss  of  the  use  of  any  such  member  or  incapacity  for  
occasion  of  the  robbery,  any  of  the  physical  injuries  penalized   the  work  in  which  the  injured  person  is  theretofore  habitually  
in  subdivision  2  of  the  article  mentioned  in  the  next  preceding   engaged  is  inflicted;  
paragraph,  shall  have  been  inflicted.   5. If  the  violence  or  intimidation  employed  in  the  commission  of  the  
4. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to   robbery  is  carried  to  a  degree  clearly  unnecessary  for  the  
reclusion  temporal  in  its  medium  period,  if  the  violence  or   commission  of  the  crime;  
intimidation  employed  in  the  commission  of  the  robbery  shall   6. When  in  the  course  of  its  execution,  the  offender  shall  have  
have  been  carried  to  a  degree  clearly  unnecessary  for  the   inflicted  upon  any  person  not  responsible  for  the  commission  of  
commission  of  the  crime,  or  when  in  the  course  of  its   the  robbery  any  of  the  physical  injuries  in  consequence  of  which  
execution,  the  offender  shall  have  inflicted  upon  any  person   the  person  injured  becomes  deformed  or  loses  any  other  member  
not  responsible  for  its  commission  any  of  the  physical  injuries   of  his  body  or  loses  the  use  thereof  or  becomes  ill  or  
covered  by  subdivisions  3  and  4  of  said  Article  263.   incapacitated  for  the  performance  of  the  work  in  which  he  is  
5. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  maximum  period  to   habitually  engaged  for  more  than  90  days  or  the  person  injured  
prision  mayor  in  its  medium  period  in  other  cases.   becomes  ill  or  incapacitated  for  labor  for  more  than  30  days;  
7. If  the  violence  employed  by  the  offender  does  not  cause  any  of  the  
serious  physical  injuries  defined  in  Article  263,  or  if  the  offender  
employs  intimidation  only.  
 
Requisites  of  robbery  under  second  case  of  par.  4,  Art.  294:  
1. That  any  of  the  physical  injuries  defined  in  paragraphs  3  and  4  of  
Article  263  was  inflicted  in  the  course  of  the  robbery;  and  
2. That  any  of  them  was  inflicted  upon  any  person  not  responsible  
for  the  commission  of  the  robbery.  
 
Robbery  with  violence  or  intimidation  “in  other  cases”:  
1. Snatching  money  from  the  hands  of  the  victim  and  pushing  her  to  
prevent  her  from  recovering  the  seized  property.  
2. Grabbing  pawn  ticket  from  the  hands  of  another  and  intimidating  
him.  
Art.  295.  Robbery  with  physical  injuries,  committed  in  an  uninhabited    
place  and  by  a  band,  or  with  the  use  of  firearm  on  a  street,  road  or  alley  –  If  
the  offenses  mentioned  in  subdivisions  three,  four,  and  five  of  the  next  
preceding  article  shall  have  been  committed  in  an  uninhabited  place  or  
by  a  band  or  by  attacking  a  moving  train,  street  car,  motor  vehicle  or  
airship,  or  by  entering  the  passengers’  compartments  in  a  train  or,  in  any  
manner,  taking  the  passengers  thereof  by  surprise  in  the  respective  
conveyances,  or  on  a  street,  road,  highway,  or  alley,  and  the  intimidation  
is  made  with  the  use  of  a  firearm,  the  offender  shall  be  punished  by  the  
maximum  period  of  the  proper  penalties.  
In  the  same  cases,  the  penalty  next  higher  in  degree  shall  be  imposed  
upon  the  leader  of  the  band.  
Art.  296.  Definition  of  a  band  and  penalty  incurred  by  the  members  thereof   Requisites  for  liability  for  the  acts  of  the  other  members  of  the  band:  
–  When  more  than  three  armed  malefactors  take  part  in  the  commission   Any  member  of  the  band  is  liable  for  any  of  the  assaults  committed  by  the  
of  robbery,  it  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  committed  by  a  band.  When   other  members  thereof,  when  the  following  requisites  concur:  
any  of  the  arms  used  in  the  commission  of  the  offense  be  an  unlicensed   1. That  he  was  a  member  of  the  band.  
firearm,  the  penalty  to  be  imposed  upon  all  the  malefactors  shall  be  the   2. That  he  was  present  at  the  commission  of  a  robbery  by  that  band.  
maximum  of  the  corresponding  penalty  provided  by  law,  without   3. That  the  other  members  of  the  band  committed  an  assault.  
prejudice  to  the  criminal  liability  for  illegal  possession  of  such  unlicensed   4. That  he  did  not  attempt  to  prevent  the  assault.  
firearm.    
Any  member  of  a  band  who  is  present  at  the  commission  of  a  robbery  by  
the  band,  shall  be  punished  as  principal  of  any  of  the  assaults  committed  
by  the  band,  unless  it  be  shown  that  he  attempted  to  prevent  the  same.  
Art.  297.  Attempted  and  frustrated  robbery  committed  under  certain    
circumstances  –  When  by  reason  or  on  occasion  of  an  attempted  or  
frustrated  robbery  a  homicide  is  committed,  the  person  guilty  of  such  
offenses  shall  be  punished  by  reclusion  temporal  in  its  maximum  period  
to  reclusion  perpetua,  unless  the  homicide  committed  shall  deserve  a  
higher  penalty  under  the  provisions  of  this  Code.  
Art.  298.  Execution  of  deeds  by  means  of  violence  or  intimidation  –  Any   Elements:  
person  who,  with  intent  to  defraud  another,  by  means  of  violence  or   1. That  the  offender  has  intent  to  defraud  another.  
intimidation,  shall  compel  him  to  sign,  execute,  or  deliver  any  public   2. That  the  offender  compels  him  to  sign,  execute,  or  deliver  any  
instrument  or  document,  shall  be  held  guilty  of  robbery  and  punished  by   public  instrument  or  document.  
the  penalties  respectively  prescribed  in  this  Chapter.   3. That  the  compulsion  is  by  means  of  violence  or  intimidation.  
Section  Two  –  Robbery  by  the  use  of  force  upon  things  
Art.  299.  Robbery  in  an  inhabited  house  or  public  building  or  edifice   Elements  Subdivision  (a):  
devoted  to  worship  –  Any  armed  person  who  shall  commit  robbery  in  an   1. That  the  offender  entered  (a)  an  inhabited  place,  or  (b)  public  
inhabited  house  or  public  building  or  edifice  devoted  to  religious   building,  or  (c)  edifice  devoted  to  religious  worship.  
worship,  shall  be  punished  by  reclusion  temporal,  if  the  value  of  the   2. That  the  entrance  was  effected  by  any  of  the  following  means:  
property  taken  shall  exceed  250  pesos,  and  if  –   a. Through  an  opening  not  intended  for  entrance  or  
(a) The  malefactors  shall  enter  the  house  or  building  in  which  the   egress;  
robbery  is  committed,  by  any  of  the  following  means:   b. By  breaking  any  wall,  roof,  or  floor  or  breaking  any  
1. Through  an  opening  not  intended  for  entrance  or   door  or  window;  
egress;   c. By  using  false  keys,  picklocks  or  similar  tools;  or  
2. By  breaking  any  wall,  roof,  or  floor  or  breaking  any   d. By  using  any  fictitious  name  or  pretending  the  
door  or  window;   exercise  of  public  authority.  
3. By  using  false  keys,  picklocks,  or  similar  tools;   3. That  once  inside  the  building,  the  offender  took  personal  
4. By  using  any  fictitious  name  or  pretending  the   property  belonging  to  another  with  intent  to  gain.  
exercise  of  public  authority.    
Or  if  –   Elements  Subdivision  (b):  
(b) The  robbery  be  committed  under  any  of  the  following   1. That  the  offender  is  inside  a  dwelling  house,  public  building,  or  
circumstances:   edifice  devoted  to  religious  worship,  regardless  of  the  
1. By  breaking  of  doors,  wardrobes,  chests,  or  any   circumstances  under  which  he  entered  it;  
other  kind  of  locked  or  sealed  furniture  or   2. That  the  offender  takes  personal  property  belonging  to  another,  
receptacle;   with  intent  to  gain,  under  any  of  the  following  circumstances:  
2. By  taking  such  furniture  or  objects  away  to  be   a. By  the  breaking  of  doors,  wardrobes,  chests,  or  any  
broken  or  forced  open  outside  the  place  of  the   other  kind  of  locked  or  sealed  furniture  or  receptacle;  
robbery.   or  
When  the  offenders  do  not  carry  arms,  and  the  value  of  the  property   b. By  taking  such  furniture  or  objects  away  to  be  broken  
taken  exceeds  250  pesos,  the  penalty  next  lower  in  degree  shall  be   or  forced  open  outside  the  place  of  the  robbery.  
imposed.  
The  same  rule  shall  be  applied  when  the  offenders  are  armed,  but  the  
value  of  the  property  taken  does  not  exceed  250  pesos.  
When  said  offenders  do  not  carry  arms  and  the  value  of  the  property  
taken  does  not  exceed  250  pesos,  they  shall  suffer  the  penalty  prescribed  
in  the  two  next  preceding  paragraphs,  in  its  minimum  period.  
If  the  robbery  be  committed  in  one  of  the  dependencies  of  an  inhabited  
house,  public  building,  or  building  dedicated  to  religious  worship,  the  
penalties  next  lower  in  degree  than  those  prescribed  in  this  article  shall  
be  imposed.  
Art.  300.  Robbery  in  an  uninhabited  place  and  by  a  band  –  The  robbery    
mentioned  in  the  next  preceding  article,  if  committed  in  an  uninhabited  
place  and  by  a  band,  shall  be  punished  by  the  maximum  period  of  the  
penalty  provided  therefor.  
Art.  301.  What  is  an  inhabited  house,  public  building,  or  building  dedicated   Three  requisites  to  be  a  dependency:  
to  religious  worship  and  their  dependencies  –  Inhabited  house  means  any   1. Must  be  contiguous  to  the  building;  
shelter,  ship,  or  vessel  constituting  the  dwelling  of  one  or  more  persons,   2. Must  have  an  interior  entrance  connected  therewith;  
even  though  the  inhabitants  thereof  shall  temporarily  be  absent   3. Must  form  part  of  the  whole.  
therefrom  when  the  robbery  is  committed.  
All  interior  courts,  corrals,  warehouses,  granaries,  barns,  coach-­‐houses,  
stables,  or  other  departments,  or  inclosed  places  contiguous  to  the  
building  or  edifice,  having  an  interior  entrance  connected  therewith  and  
which  form  part  of  the  whole,  shall  be  deemed  dependencies  of  an  
inhabited  house,  public  building,  or  building  dedicated  to  religious  
worship.  
Orchards  and  other  lands  used  for  cultivation  or  production  are  not  
included  in  the  terms  of  the  next  preceding  paragraph,  even  if  closed,  
contiguous  to  the  building,  and  having  direct  connection  therewith.  
The  term  “public  building”  includes  every  building  owned  by  the  
Government  or  belonging  to  a  private  person  but  used  or  rented  by  the  
Government,  although  temporarily  unoccupied  by  the  same.  
Art.  302.  Robbery  in  an  uninhabited  place  or  in  a  private  building  –  Any   Elements:  
robbery  committed  in  an  uninhabited  place  or  in  a  building  other  than   1. That  the  offender  entered  an  uninhabited  place  or  a  building  
those  mentioned  in  the  first  paragraph  of  Article  299,  if  the  value  of  the   which  was  not  a  dwelling  house,  not  a  public  building,  or  not  an  
property  taken  exceeds  250  pesos  shall  be  punished  by  prision   edifice  devoted  to  religious  worship.  
correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  provided  that  any  of   2. That  any  of  the  following  circumstances  was  present:  
the  following  circumstances  is  present:   a. The  entrance  was  effected  through  an  opening  not  
1. If  the  entrance  has  been  effected  through  any  opening  not   intended  for  entrance  or  egress;  
intended  for  entrance  or  egress;   b. A  wall,  roof,  floor,  or  outside  door  or  window  was  
2. If  any  wall,  roof,  floor,  or  outside  door  or  window  has  been   broken;  
broken;   c. The  entrance  was  effected  through  the  use  of  false  
3. If  the  entrance  has  been  effected  through  the  use  of  false  keys,   keys,  picklocks  or  other  similar  tools;  
picklocks,  or  other  similar  tools;   d. A  door,  wardrobe,  chest,  or  any  sealed  or  closed  
4. If  any  door,  wardrobe,  chest,  or  any  sealed  or  closed  furniture   furniture  or  receptacle  was  broken;  or  
or  receptacle  has  been  broken;   e. A  closed  or  sealed  receptacle  was  removed,  even  if  the  
5. If  any  closed  or  sealed  receptacle,  as  mentioned  in  the   same  be  broken  open  elsewhere.  
preceding  paragraph,  has  been  removed,  even  if  the  same  be   3. That  with  intent  to  gain,  the  offender  took  therefrom  personal  
broken  open  elsewhere.   property  belonging  to  another.  
When  the  value  of  the  property  taken  does  not  exceed  250  pesos,  the  
penalty  next  lower  in  degree  shall  be  imposed.  
In  the  cases  specified  in  Articles  294,  295,  297,  299,  300,  and  302  of  this  
Code,  when  the  property  taken  is  mail  matter  or  large  cattle,  the  offender  
shall  suffer  the  penalties  next  higher  in  degree  than  those  provided  in  
said  articles.  
Art.  303.  Robbery  of  cereals,  fruits,  or  firewood  in  an  uninhabited  place  or    
private  building  –  In  the  cases  enumerated  in  Articles  299  and  302,  when  
the  robbery  consists  in  the  taking  of  cereals,  fruits,  or  firewood,  the  
culprit  shall  suffer  the  penalty  next  lower  in  degree  than  that  prescribed  
in  said  articles.  
Art.  304.  Possession  of  picklocks  or  similar  tools  –  Any  person  who  shall,   Elements  of  illegal  possession  of  picklocks  or  similar  tools:  
without  lawful  cause,  have  in  his  possession  picklocks  or  similar  tools   1. That  the  offender  has  in  his  possession  picklocks  or  similar  tools.  
specially  adopted  to  the  commission  of  the  crime  of  robbery,  shall  be   2. That  such  picklocks  or  similar  tools  are  specially  adopted  to  the  
punished  by  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional   commission  of  the  robbery.  
in  its  minimum  period.   3. That  the  offender  does  not  have  lawful  cause  for  such  possession.  
The  same  penalty  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  make  such  
tools.  If  the  offender  be  a  locksmith  he  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  
correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods.  
Art.  305.  False  keys  –  The  term  “false  keys”  shall  be  deemed  to  include:    
1. The  tools  mentioned  in  the  next  preceding  article;  
2. Genuine  keys  stolen  from  the  owner;  
3. Any  keys  other  than  those  intended  by  the  owner  for  use  in  the  
lock  forcibly  opened  by  the  offender.  

Chapter  Two:  BRIGANDAGE  

Art.  306.  Who  are  brigands  –  Penalty  –  When  more  than  three  armed   There  is  brigandage  when:  
persons  form  a  band  of  robbers  for  the  purpose  of  committing  robbery  in   1. There  be  at  least  four  armed  persons.  
the  highway,  or  kidnapping  persons  for  the  purpose  of  extortion  or  to   2. They  formed  a  band  of  robbers.  
obtain  ransom  or  for  any  other  purpose  to  be  attained  by  means  of  force   3. The  purpose  is  any  of  the  following:  
and  violence,  they  shall  be  deemed  highway  robbers  or  brigands.   a. To  commit  robbery  in  the  highway;  or  
Persons  found  guilty  of  this  offense  shall  be  punished  by  prision  mayor  in   b. To  kidnap  persons  for  the  purpose  of  extortion  or  to  obtain  
its  medium  period  to  reclusion  temporal  in  its  minimum  period,  if  the  act   ransom;  or  
or  acts  committed  by  them  are  not  punishable  by  higher  penalties,  in   c. To  attain  by  means  of  force  and  violence  any  other  purpose.  
which  case,  they  shall  suffer  such  high  penalties.    
If  any  of  the  arms  carried  by  any  of  said  persons  be  an  unlicensed  
firearm,  it  shall  be  presumed  that  said  persons  are  highway  robbers  or  
brigands,  and  in  case  of  conviction,  the  penalty  shall  be  imposed  in  the  
maximum  period.  
Art.  307.  Aiding  and  abetting  a  band  of  brigands  –  Any  person  knowingly   Elements:  
and  in  any  manner  aiding,  abetting,  or  protecting  a  band  of  brigands  as   1. That  there  is  a  band  of  brigands.  
described  in  the  next  preceding  article,  or  giving  them  information  of  the   2. That  the  offender  knows  the  band  to  be  of  brigands.  
movements  of  the  police  or  other  peace  officers  of  the  Government  or  of   3. That  the  offender  does  any  of  the  following  acts:  
the  forces  of  the  United  States  Army,  when  the  latter  are  acting  in  aid  of   a. He  in  any  manner  aids,  abets  or  protects  such  band  of  
the  Government,  or  acquiring  or  receiving  the  property  taken  by  such   brigands;  or  
brigands,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  period   b. He  gives  them  information  of  the  movements  of  the  
to  prision  mayor  in  its  minimum  period.   police  or  other  peace  officers  of  the  Government;  or  
It  shall  be  presumed  that  the  person  performing  any  of  the  acts  provided   c. He  acquires  or  receives  the  property  taken  by  such  
in  this  article  has  performed  them  knowingly,  unless  the  contrary  is   brigands.  
proven.  
 
 
 
 
 

Chapter  Three:  THEFT  

Art.  308.  Who  are  liable  for  theft  –  Theft  is  committed  by  any  person  who,   Elements:  
with  intent  to  gain  but  without  violence,  against,  or  intimidation  of   1. That  there  be  taking  of  personal  property.  
persons  nor  force  upon  things,  shall  take  personal  property  of  another   2. That  said  property  belongs  to  another.  
without  the  latter’s  consent.   3. That  the  taking  be  done  with  intent  to  gain.  
Theft  is  likewise  committed  by:   4. That  the  taking  be  done  without  the  consent  of  the  owner.  
1. Any  person  who,  having  found  lost  property,  shall  fail  to   5. That  the  taking  be  accomplished  without  the  use  of  violence  
deliver  the  same  to  the  local  authorities  or  to  its  owner;   against  or  intimidation  of  persons  or  force  upon  things.  
2. Any  person  who,  after  having  maliciously  damaged  the    
property  of  another,  shall  remove  or  make  use  of  the  fruits  or   Elements  of  Paragraph  3  –  Hunting,  fishing  or  gathering  fruits,  etc.,  in  
objects  of  the  damage  caused  by  him;  and   an  enclosed  estate:  
3. Any  person  who  shall  enter  an  enclosed  estate  or  a  field  where   1. That  there  is  an  enclosed  estate  or  a  field  where  trespass  is  
trespass  is  forbidden  or  which  belongs  to  another  and  without   forbidden  or  which  belongs  to  another;  
the  consent  of  the  owner,  shall  hunt  or  fish  upon  the  same  or   2. That  the  offender  enters  the  same;  
shall  gather  fruits,  cereals,  or  other  forest  or  farm  products.   3. That  the  offender  hunts  or  fishes  upon  the  same  or  gathers  fruits,  
cereals  or  other  forest  or  farm  products  in  the  estate  or  field;  
4. That  the  hunting  or  fishing  or  gathering  of  products  in  the  estate  
or  field;  and  
5. That  the  hunting  or  fishing  or  gathering  of  products  is  without  
the  consent  of  the  owner  
Art.  309.  Penalties  –  Any  person  guilty  of  theft  shall  be  punished  by:    
1. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  minimum  and  medium  
periods,  if  the  value  of  the  thing  stolen  is  more  than  12,000  
pesos  but  does  not  exceed  22,000  pesos;  but  if  the  value  of  the  
thing  stolen  exceeds  the  latter  amount,  the  penalty  shall  be  the  
maximum  period  of  the  one  prescribed  in  this  paragraph,  and  
one  year  for  each  additional  ten  thousand  pesos,  but  the  total  
of  the  penalty  which  may  be  imposed  shall  not  exceed  twenty  
years.  In  such  cases,  and  in  connection  with  the  accessory  
penalties  which  may  be  imposed  and  for  the  purpose  of  the  
other  provisions  of  this  Code,  the  penalty  shall  be  termed  
prision  mayor  or  reclusion  temporal,  as  the  case  may  be.  
2. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  
maximum  periods,  if  the  value  of  the  thing  stolen  is  more  than  
6,000  pesos  but  does  not  exceed  12,000  pesos.  
3. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  
periods,  if  the  value  of  the  property  stolen  is  more  than  200  
pesos  but  does  not  exceed  6,000  pesos.  
4. Arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  
its  minimum  period,  if  the  value  of  the  property  stolen  is  over  
50  pesos  but  does  not  exceed  200  pesos.  
5. Arresto  mayor  to  its  full  extent,  if  such  value  is  over  5  pesos  but  
does  not  exceed  50  pesos.  
6. Arresto  mayor  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods,  if  such  
value  does  not  exceed  5  pesos.  
7. Arresto  menor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos,  if  the  theft  is  
committed  under  the  circumstances  enumerated  in  paragraph  
3  of  the  next  preceding  article  and  the  value  of  the  thing  stolen  
does  not  exceed  5  pesos.  If  such  value  exceeds  said  amount,  the  
provision  of  any  of  the  five  preceding  subdivisions  shall  be  
made  applicable.  
8. Arresto  menor  in  its  minimum  period  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  
50  pesos,  when  the  value  of  the  thing  stolen  is  not  over  5  
pesos,  and  the  offender  shall  have  acted  under  the  impulse  of  
hunger,  poverty,  or  the  difficulty  of  earning  a  livelihood  for  the  
support  of  himself  or  his  family.  
Art.  310.  Qualified  theft  –  The  crime  of  theft  shall  be  punished  by  the   Theft  is  qualified:  
penalties  next  higher  by  two  degrees  than  those  respectively  specified  in   1. If  the  theft  is  committed  by  a  domestic  servant.  
the  next  preceding  articles,  if  committed  by  a  domestic  servant,  or  with   2. If  the  theft  is  committed  with  grave  abuse  of  confidence.  
grave  abuse  of  confidence,  or  if  the  property  stolen  is  motor  vehicle,  mail   3. If  the  property  stolen  is  a  (a)  motor  vehicle,  (b)  mail  matter,  or  (c)  
matter  or  large  cattle  or  consists  of  coconuts  taken  from  the  premises  of   large  cattle.  
the  plantation  or  fish  taken  from  a  fishpond  or  fishery,  or  if  the  property   4. If  the  property  stolen  consists  of  coconuts  taken  from  the  
is  taken  on  the  occasion  of  fire,  earthquake,  typhoon,  volcanic  eruption,   premises  of  a  plantation.  
or  any  other  calamity,  vehicular  accident  or  civil  disturbance.   5. If  the  property  stolen  is  fish  taken  from  a  fishpond  or  fishery.  
6. If  property  is  taken  on  the  occasion  of  fire,  earthquake,  typhoon,  
volcanic  eruption,  or  any  other  calamity,  vehicular  accident  or  civil  
disturbance.  
 
Elements  of  Fencing  PD  1612:  
1. The  crime  of  robbery  or  theft  has  been  committed.  
2. The  accused,  who  is  not  a  principal  or  accomplice  in  the  
commission  of  the  crime  of  robbery  or  theft,  buys,  receives,  
possesses,  keeps,  acquires,  conceals,  sells  or  disposes,  or  buys  
and  sells,  or  in  any  manner  deals  in  any  article,  item,  object  or  
anything  of  value,  which  has  been  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  
the  said  crime.  
3. The  accused  knows  or  should  have  known  that  the  said  article,  
item,  object  or  anything  of  value  has  been  derived  from  the  
proceeds  of  the  crime  of  robbery  or  theft.  
4. There  is,  on  the  part  of  the  accused,  intent  to  gain  for  himself  or  
another.  
Art.  311.  Theft  of  the  property  of  the  National  Library  and  National    
Museum  –  If  the  property  stolen  be  any  property  of  the  National  Library  
or  of  the  National  Museum,  the  penalty  shall  be  arresto  mayor  or  a  fine  
ranging  from  200-­‐500  pesos  or  both,  unless  a  higher  penalty  should  be  
provided  under  other  provisions  of  this  Code,  in  which  case,  the  offender  
shall  be  punished  by  such  higher  penalty.  

Chapter  Four:  USURPATION  

Art.  312.  Occupation  of  real  property  or  usurpation  of  real  rights  in   Elements:    
property  –  Any  person  who,  by  means  of  violence  against  or  intimidation   1. That  the  offender  takes  possession  of  any  real  property  or  usurps  
of  person,  shall  take  possession  of  any  real  property  or  shall  usurp  any   any  real  rights  in  property.  
real  rights  in  property  belonging  to  another,  in  addition  to  the  penalty   2. That  the  real  property  or  real  rights  belong  to  another.  
incurred  for  the  acts  of  violence  executed  by  him,  shall  be  punished  by  a   3. That  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  persons  is  used  by  the  
fine  from  50  to  100  per  centum  for  the  gain  which  he  shall  have  obtained,   offender  in  occupying  real  property  or  usurping  real  rights  in  
but  not  less  than  75  pesos.   property.  
If  the  value  of  the  gain  cannot  be  ascertained  a  fine  from  200  to  500  pesos   4. That  there  is  intent  to  gain.  
shall  be  imposed.    
Acts  Punishable:  
1. By  taking  possession  of  any  real  property  belonging  to  another  
by  means  of  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  persons.  
2. By  usurping  any  real  rights  in  property  belonging  to  another  by  
means  of  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  persons.  
Art.  313.  Altering  boundaries  or  landmarks  –  Any  person  who  shall  alter   Elements:    
the  boundary  marks  or  monuments  of  towns,  provinces,  or  estates,  or  any   1. That  there  be  boundary  marks  or  monuments  of  towns,  
other  marks  intended  to  designate  the  boundaries  of  the  same,  shall  be   provinces,  or  estates,  or  any  other  marks  intended  to  designate  
punished  by  arresto  menor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  100  pesos,  or  both.   the  boundaries  of  the  same.  
2. That  the  offender  alters  said  boundary  marks.  
 

Chapter  Five:  INSOLVENCY  

Art.  314.  Fraudulent  insolvency  –  Any  person  who  shall  abscond  with  his   Elements:  
property  to  the  prejudice  of  his  creditors,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of   1. That  the  offender  is  a  debtor;  that  is,  he  has  obligations  due  and  
prision  mayor,  if  he  be  a  merchant,  and  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional   payable.  
in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  mayor  in  its  medium  period,  if  he  be  not   2. That  he  absconds  with  his  property.  
a  merchant.   3. That  there  be  prejudice  to  his  creditors.  

Chapter  Six:  SWINDLING  AND  OTHER  DECEITS  

Art.  315.  Swindling  (estafa)  –  Any  person  who  shall  defraud  another  by   Elements  of  estafa  in  general:  
any  of  the  means  mentioned  hereinbelow  shall  be  punished  by:   1. That  the  accused  defrauded  another  (a)  by  abuse  of  confidence,  or  
1. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision   (b)  by  means  of  deceit;  and  
mayor  in  its  minimum  period,  if  the  amount  of  the  fraud  is  over   2. That  damage  or  prejudice  capable  of  pecuniary  estimation  is  caused  
12,000  pesos  but  does  not  exceed  22,000  pesos;  and  if  such  amount   to  the  offended  party  or  third  person.  
exceeds  the  latter  sum,  the  penalty  provided  in  this  paragraph  shall    
be  imposed  in  its  maximum  period,  adding  one  year  for  each   Elements  of  estafa  with  unfaithfulness  No.  1(a):  
additional  10,000  pesos;  but  the  total  penalty  which  may  be  imposed   1. That  the  offender  has  an  onerous  obligation  to  deliver  something  of  
shall  not  exceed  twenty  years.  In  such  cases,  and  in  connection  with   value.  
the  accessory  penalties  which  may  be  imposed  and  for  the  purpose  of   2. That  he  alters  its  substance,  quantity,  or  quality.  
3. That  damage  or  prejudice  is  caused  to  another.  
 the  other  provisions  of  this  Code,  the  penalty  shall  be  termed  prision    
mayor  or  reclusion  temporal,  as  the  case  may  be;   3  ways  of  committing  estafa  with  abuse  of  confidence  under  No.  1(b):  
2. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium   1. By  misappropriating  the  thing  received.  
periods,  if  the  amount  of  the  fraud  is  over  6,000  pesos  but  does  not   2. By  converting  the  thing  received.  
exceed  12,000  pesos;   3. By  denying  that  the  thing  was  received.  
3. The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision    
correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  if  such  amount  is  over  200  pesos   Elements  of  estafa  with  abuse  of  confidence  under  No.  1(b):  
but  does  not  exceed  6,000  pesos;  and   1. That  money,  goods,  or  other  personal  property  be  received  by  the  
4. By  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  if  such   offender  in  trust,  or  on  commission,  or  for  administration,  or  under  
amount  does  not  exceed  200  pesos,  provided  that  in  the  four  cases   any  other  obligation  involving  the  duty  to  make  delivery  of,  or  to  
mentioned,  the  fraud  be  committed  by  any  of  the  following  means:   return,  the  same;  
1. With  unfaithfulness  or  abuse  of  confidence,  namely:   2. That  there  be  misappropriation  or  conversion  of  such  money  or  
a. By  altering  the  substance,  quantity,  or  quality  of  anything  of   property  by  the  offender,  or  denial  on  his  part  of  such  receipt;  
value  which  the  offender  shall  deliver  by  virtue  of  an  obligation   3. That  such  misappropriation  or  conversion  or  denial  is  to  the  
to  do  so,  even  though  such  obligation  be  based  on  an  immoral  or   prejudice  of  another;  and  
illegal  consideration;   4. That  there  is  a  demand  made  by  the  offended  party  to  the  offender.  
*  4th  element  not  essential  when  there  is  evidence  of  misappropriation  of  
b. By  misappropriating  or  converting,  to  the  prejudice  of  another,  
the  goods  by  the  offender  
money,  goods  or  any  other  personal  property  received  by  the  
 
offender  in  trust,  or  on  commission,  or  for  administration,  or  
Elements  of  estafa  by  taking  undue  advantage  of  the  signature  in  
under  any  other  obligation  involving  the  duty  to  make  delivery  
blank:  
of,  or  to  return  the  same,  even  though  such  obligation  be  totally  
1. That  the  paper  with  the  signature  of  the  offended  party  be  in  blank.  
or  partially  guaranteed  by  a  bond;  or  by  denying  having  
2. That  the  offended  party  should  have  delivered  it  to  the  offender.  
received  such  money,  goods,  or  other  property;  
3. That  above  the  signature  of  the  offended  party  a  document  is  
c. By  taking  undue  advantage  of  the  signature  of  the  offended   written  by  the  offender  without  authority  to  do  so.  
party  in  blank,  and  by  writing  any  document  above  such   4. That  the  document  so  written  creates  a  liability  of,  or  causes  
signature  in  blank,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  offended  party  or  any   damage  to,  the  offended  party  or  any  third  person.  
third  person.    
2. By  means  of  any  of  the  following  false  pretenses  or  fraudulent  acts   3  ways  of  committing  estafa  under  the  aforementioned  provisions:  
executed  prior  to  or  simultaneously  with  the  commission  of  the   1. By  using  a  fictitious  name  
fraud:   2. By  falsely  pretending  to  possess  (a)  power,  (b)  influence,  (c)  
a. By  using  a  fictitious  name,  or  falsely  pretending  to  possess   qualifications,  (d)  property,  (e)  credit,  (f)  agency,  (g)  business  or  
power,  influence,  qualifications,  property,  credit,  agency,   imaginary  transactions  
business  or  imaginary  transactions;  or  by  means  of  other   3. By  means  of  other  similar  deceits  
similar  deceits.    
b. By  altering  the  quality,  fineness,  or  weight  of  anything   Elements  of  estafa  by  means  of  deceit:  
pertaining  to  his  art  or  business.   1. That  there  must  be  a  false  pretense,  fraudulent  act  or  fraudulent  
c. By  pretending  to  have  bribed  any  Government  employee,   means.  
without  prejudice  to  the  action  for  calumny,  which  the  offended   2. That  such  false  pretense,  fraudulent  act  or  fraudulent  means  must  
party  may  deem  proper  to  bring  against  the  offender.  In  this   be  made  or  executed  prior  to  or  simultaneously  with  the  commission  
case,  the  offender  shall  be  punished  by  the  maximum  period  of   of  the  fraud.  
the  penalty.   3. That  the  offended  party  must  have  relied  on  the  false  pretense,  
d. By  postdating  a  check,  or  issuing  a  check  in  payment  of  an   fraudulent  act,  or  fraudulent  means,  that  is,  he  was  induced  to  part  
obligation  when  the  offender  had  no  funds  in  the  bank,  or  his   with  his  money  or  property  because  of  the  false  pretense,  
funds  deposited  therein  were  not  sufficient  to  cover  the  amount   fraudulent  act,  or  fraudulent  means.  
of  the  check.  The  failure  of  the  drawer  of  the  check  to  deposit   4. That  as  a  result  thereof,  the  offended  party  suffered  damage.  
the  amount  necessary  to  cover  his  check  within  three  (3)  days    
from  receipt  of  notice  from  the  bank  and/or  the  payee  or  holder   Elements  of  estafa  by  postdating  a  check  or  issuing  a  check  in  
that  said  check  has  been  dishonored  for  lack  or  insufficiency  of   payment  of  an  obligation:  
funds  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  deceit  constituting  false   1. That  the  offender  postdated  a  check,  or  issued  a  check  in  payment  of  
pretense  or  fraudulent  act.   an  obligation;  
e. By  obtaining  any  food,  refreshment  or  accommodation  at  a   2. That  such  postdating  or  issuing  a  check  was  done  when  the  offender  
hotel,  inn,  restaurant,  boarding  house,  lodging  house,  or   had  no  funds  in  the  bank,  or  his  funds  deposited  therein  were  not  
apartment  house  and  the  like  without  paying  therefor,  with   sufficient  to  cover  the  amount  of  the  check.  
intent  to  defraud  the  proprietor  or  manager  thereof,  or  by    
obtaining  credit  at  a  hotel,  inn,  restaurant,  boarding  house,   Elements  of  estafa  by  inducing  another  to  sign  any  document:  
lodging  house,  or  apartment  house  by  the  use  of  any  false   1. That  the  offender  induced  the  offended  party  to  sign  a  document.  
pretense,  or  by  abandoning  or  surreptitiously  removing  any   2. That  deceit  be  employed  to  make  him  sign  the  document.  
part  of  his  baggage  from  a  hotel,  inn,  restaurant,  boarding   3. That  the  offended  party  personally  signed  the  document.  
house,  lodging  house  or  apartment  house  after  obtaining  credit,   4. That  prejudice  be  caused.  
food,  refreshment  or  accommodation  therein  without  paying  for    
his  food,  refreshment  or  accommodation.   Elements  of  estafa  by  removing,  concealing  or  destroying  documents:  
3. Through  any  of  the  following  fraudulent  means:   1. That  there  be  court  record,  office  files,  documents  or    any  other  
a. By  inducing  another,  by  means  of  deceit,  to  sign  any  document;   papers.  
b. By  resorting  to  some  fraudulent  practice  to  insure  success  in  a   2. That  the  offender  removed,  concealed  or  destroyed  any  of  them.  
gambling  game;   3. That  the  offender  had  intent  to  defraud  another.  
c. By  removing,  concealing,  or  destroying,  in  whole  or  in  part,  any  
court  record,  office  files,  document,  or  any  other  papers.  
BP  22   Elements  of  the  offense  defined  in  the  first  paragraph  of  Section  1:  
1. That  a  person  makes  or  draws  and  issues  any  check.  
2. That  the  check  is  made  or  drawn  and  issued  to  apply  on  account  
or  for  value.  
 3. That  the  person  who  makes  or  draws  and  issues  the  check  
knows  at  the  time  of  issue  that  he  does  not  have  sufficient  funds  
in  or  credit  with  the  drawee  bank  for  the  payment  of  such  checks  
in  full  upon  its  presentment.    
4. That  the  check  is  subsequently  dishonored  by  the  drawee  bank  
for  insufficiency  of  funds  or  credit,  or  would  have  been  
dishonored  for  the  same  reason  had  not  the  drawer,  without  
any  valid  reason,  ordered  the  bank  to  stop  payment.  
 
Elements  of  the  offense  defined  in  the  second  paragraph  of  Section  1:  
1. That  a  person  has  sufficient  funds  in  or  credit  with  the  drawee  
bank  when  he  makes  or  draws  and  issues  a  check.  
2. That  he  fails  to  keep  sufficient  funds  or  to  maintain  a  credit  to  
cover  the  full  amount  of  the  check  if  presented  within  a  period  of  
90  days  from  the  date  appearing  thereon.  
3. That  the  check  is  dishonored  by  the  drawee  bank.  
Art.  316.  Other  forms  of  swindling  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its   Elements  of  Paragraph  1  –  By  conveying,  selling,  encumbering,  or  
minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  of  not  less  than  the  value  of  the   mortgaging  any  real  property,  pretending  to  be  the  owner  of  the  
damage  caused  and  not  more  than  three  times  such  value,  shall  be   same:  
imposed  upon:   1. That  the  thing  be  immovable,  such  as  a  parcel  of  land  or  a  
1. Any  person  who,  pretending  to  be  the  owner  of  any  real   building.  
property,  shall  convey,  sell,  encumber,  or  mortgage  the  same;   2. That  the  offender  who  is  not  the  owner  of  said  property  should  
2. Any  person  who,  knowing  that  real  property  is  encumbered,   represent  that  he  is  the  owner  thereof.  
shall  dispose  of  the  same,  although  such  encumbrance  be  not   3. That  the  offender  should  have  executed  an  act  of  ownership  
recorded;   (selling,  leasing,  encumbering  or  mortgaging  the  real  property).  
3. The  owner  of  any  personal  property  who  shall  wrongfully  take   4. That  the  act  be  made  to  the  prejudice  of  the  owner  or  a  third  
it  from  its  lawful  possessor,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  latter  or  any   person.  
third  person;    
4. Any  person  who,  to  the  prejudice  of  another,  shall  execute  any   Elements  of  Paragraph  2  –  By  disposing  of  real  property  as  free  from  
fictitious  contract;   encumbrance,  although  such  encumbrance  be  not  recorded:  
5. Any  person  who  shall  accept  any  compensation  given  him  under   1. That  the  thing  disposed  of  be  real  property.  
the  belief  that  it  was  in  payment  of  services  rendered  or  labor   2. That  the  offender  knew  that  the  real  property  was  encumbered,  
performed  by  him,  when  in  fact  he  did  not  actually  perform  such   whether  the  encumbrance  is  recorded  or  not.  
services  or  labor;   3. That  there  must  be  express  representation  by  the  offender  that  
6. Any  person  who,  while  being  a  surety  in  a  bond  given  in  a   the  real  property  is  free  from  encumbrance.  
criminal  or  civil  action,  without  express  authority  from  the   4. That  the  act  of  disposing  of  the  real  property  be  made  to  the  
court  or  before  the  cancellation  of  his  bond  or  before  being   damage  of  another.  
relieved  from  the  obligation  contracted  by  him,  shall  sell,    
mortgage,  or,  in  any  other  manner,  encumber  the  real  property   Elements  of  Paragraph  3  –  By  wrongfully  taking  by  the  owner  of  his  
or  properties  with  which  he  guaranteed  the  fulfillment  of  such   personal  property  from  its  lawful  possessor:  
obligation.   1. That  the  offender  is  the  owner  of  personal  property.  
2. That  said  personal  property  is  in  the  lawful  possession  of  
another.  
3. That  the  offender  wrongfully  takes  it  from  its  lawful  possessor.  
4. That  prejudice  is  thereby  caused  to  the  possessor  or  third  
person.  
 
Elements  of  Paragraph  6  –  By  selling,  mortgaging  or  encumbering  
real  property  properties  with  which  the  offender  guaranteed  the  
fulfillment  of  his  obligation  as  surety  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  surety  in  a  bind  given  in  a  criminal  or  civil  
action.  
2. That  he  guaranteed  the  fulfillment  of  such  obligation  with  his  
real  property  or  properties.  
3. That  he  sells,  mortgages,  or,  in  any  other  manner  encumbers  said  
real  property.  
4. That  such  sale,  mortgage  or  encumbrance  is  (a)  without  express  
authority  from  the  court,  or  (b)  made  before  the  cancellation  of  
his  bond,  or  (c)  before  being  relieved  from  the  obligation  
contracted  by  him.  
Art.  317.  Swindling  a  minor  –  Any  person  who,  taking  advantage  of  the   Elements:  
inexperience  or  emotions  or  feelings  of  a  minor  to  his  detriment,  shall   1. That  the  offender  takes  advantage  of  the  inexperience  or  
induce  him  to  assume  any  obligation  or  to  give  any  release  or  execute  a   emotions  or  feelings  of  a  minor.  
transfer  of  any  property  right  in  consideration  of  some  loan  of  money,   2. That  he  induces  such  minor  (1)  to  assume  an  obligation,  or  (2)  to  
credit,  or  other  personal  property,  whether  the  loan  clearly  appears  in  the   give  release,  or  (3)  to  execute  a  transfer  of  any  property  right.  
document  or  is  shown  in  any  other  form,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto   3. That  the  consideration  is  (1)  some  loan  of  money,  (2)  credit,  or  
mayor  and  a  fine  of  a  sum  ranging  from  10  to  50  per  cent  of  the  value  of   (3)  other  personal  property.  
the  obligation  contracted  by  the  minor.   4. That  the  transaction  is  to  the  detriment  of  such  minor.  
Art.  318.  Other  deceits  –  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  of  not  less   Other  deceits  are:  
than  the  amount  of  the  damage  caused  and  not  more  than  twice  such   1. By  defrauding  or  damaging  another  by  any  other  deceit  not  
amount  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  defraud  or  damage   mentioned  in  the  preceding  articles.  
another  by  any  other  deceit  not  mentioned  in  the  preceding  articles  of  this   2. By  interpreting  dreams,  by  making  forecasts,  by  telling  fortunes,  
chapter.   or  by  taking  advantage  of  the  credulity  of  the  public  in  any  other  
Any  person  who,  for  profit  or  gain,  shall  interpret  dreams,  make  forecasts,   similar  manner,  for  profit  or  gain.  
tell  fortunes,  or  take  advantage  of  the  credulity  of  the  public  in  any  other  
similar  manner,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  menor  or  a  fine  not  
exceeding  200  pesos.  
Art.  319.  Removal,  sale  or  pledge  of  mortgaged  property  –  The  penalty  of   Acts  punishable:  
arresto  mayor  or  a  fine  amounting  to  twice  the  value  of  the  property  shall   1. By  knowingly  removing  any  personal  property  mortgaged  
be  imposed  upon:   under  the  Chattel  Mortgage  Law  to  any  province  or  city  other  
1. Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  remove  any  personal  property   than  the  one  in  which  it  was  located  at  the  time  of  execution  of  
mortgaged  under  the  Chattel  Mortgage  Law  to  any  province  or   the  mortgage,  without  the  written  consent  of  the  mortgagee  or  
city  other  than  the  one  in  which  it  was  located  at  the  time  of  the   his  executors,  administrators  or  assigns.  
execution  of  the  mortgage,  without  the  written  consent  of  the   2. By  selling  or  pledging  personal  property  already  pledged,  or  any  
mortgagee  or  his  executors,  administrators  or  assigns.   part  thereof,  under  the  terms  of  the  Chattel  Mortgage  Law,  
2. Any  mortgagor  who  shall  sell  or  pledge  personal  property   without  the  consent  of  the  mortgagee  written  on  the  back  of  the  
already  pledged,  or  any  part  thereof,  under  the  terms  of  the   mortgage  and  noted  on  the  record  thereof  in  the  office  of  the  
Chattel  Mortgage  Law,  without  the  consent  of  the  mortgagee   register  of  deeds  of  the  province  where  such  property  is  
written  on  the  back  of  the  mortgage  and  noted  on  the  record   located.  
hereof  in  the  office  of  the  Register  of  Deeds  of  the  province    
where  such  property  is  located.   Elements  of  knowingly  removing  mortgaged  personal  property:  
1. That  personal  property  is  mortgaged  under  the  Chattel  
Mortgage  Law.  
2. That  the  offender  knows  that  such  property  is  so  mortgaged.  
3. That  he  removes  such  mortgaged  personal  property  to  any  
province  or  city  other  than  the  one  in  which  it  was  located  at  the  
time  of  the  execution  of  the  mortgage.  
4. That  the  removal  is  permanent.  
5. That  there  is  no  written  consent  of  the  mortgagee  or  his  
executors,  administrators  or  assigns  to  such  removal.  
 
Elements  of  selling  or  pledging  personal  property  already  pledged:  
1. That  personal  property  is  already  pledged  under  the  terms  of  
the  Chattel  Mortgage  Law.  
2. That  the  offender,  who  is  the  mortgagor  of  such  property,  sells  
or  pledges  the  same  or  any  part  thereof.  
3. That  there  is  no  consent  of  the  mortgagee  written  on  the  back  of  
the  mortgage  and  noted  on  the  record  thereof  in  the  office  of  the  
register  of  deeds.  
Art.  320.  Destructive  arson  –  The  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua  to  death    
shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  shall  burn:  
1. One  (1)  or  more  buildings  or  edifices,  consequent  to  one  single  
act  of  burning,  or  as  a  result  of  simultaneous  burnings,  or  
committed  on  several  or  different  occasions.  
2. Any  building  of  public  or  private  ownership,  devoted  to  the  
public  in  general  or  where  people  usually  gather  or  congregate  
for  a  definite  purpose  such  as,  but  not  limited  to  official  
governmental  function  or  business,  private  transaction,  
commerce,  trade  workshop,  meetings  and  conferences,  or  
merely  incidental  to  a  definite  purpose  such  as  but  not  limited  
to  hotels,  motels,  transient  dwellings,  public  conveyance  or  
stops  or  terminals,  regardless  of  whether  the  offender  had  
knowledge  that  there  are  persons  in  said  building  or  edifice  at  
the  time  it  is  set  on  fire  and  regardless  also  of  whether  the  
building  is  actually  inhabited  or  not.  
3. Any  train  or  locomotive,  ship,  or  vessel,  airship  or  airplane,  
devoted  to  transportation  or  conveyance,  or  for  public  use,  
entertainment  or  leisure.  
4. Any  building,  factory,  warehouse  installation  and  any  
appurtenance  thereto,  which  are  devoted  to  the  service  of  
public  utilities.  
5. Any  building,  the  burning  of  which  is  for  the  purpose  of  
concealing  or  destroying  evidence  of  another  violation  of  law,  or  
for  the  purpose  of  concealing  bankruptcy  or  defrauding  
creditors  or  to  collect  from  insurance.  
Irrespective  of  the  application  of  the  above  enumerated  qualifying  
circumstances,  the  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua  to  death  shall  likewise  be  
imposed  when  the  arson  is  perpetrated  or  committed  by  two  (2)  or  more  
persons  or  by  a  group  of  persons,  regardless  of  whether  their  purpose  is  
merely  to  burn  or  destroy  the  building  of  the  burning  merely  constitutes  
an  overt  act  in  the  commission  of  another  violation  of  law.  
The  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua  to  death  shall  also  be  imposed  upon  any  
person  who  shall  burn:  
1. Any  arsenal,  shipyard,  storehouse,  or  military  powder  or  
 fireworks  factory,  ordinance,  storehouse,  archives  or  general  
museum  of  the  Government.  
2. In  an  inhabited  place,  any  storehouse  or  factory  of  inflammable  
or  explosive  materials.  
If  as  a  consequence  of  the  commission  of  any  of  the  acts  penalized  under  
this  Article,  death  results,  the  mandatory  penalty  of  death  shall  be  
imposed.  
Art.  321.  Other  forms  of  arson  –  when  the  arson  consists  in  the  burning  of    
other  property  and  under  the  circumstance  given  hereunder,  the  offender  
shall  be  punishable:  
1. By  reclusion  temporal  or  reclusion  perpetua:  
(a) If  the  offender  shall  set  fire  to  any  building,  
farmhouse,  warehouse,  hut,  shelter,  or  vessel  in  port,  
knowing  it  to  be  occupied  at  the  time  by  one  or  more  
persons;  
(b) If  the  building  burned  is  a  public  building  and  value  
of  the  damage  caused  exceeds  6,000  pesos;  
(c) If  the  building  burned  is  a  public  building  and  the  
purpose  is  to  destroy  evidence  kept  therein  to  be  
used  in  instituting  prosecution  for  the  punishment  of  
violators  of  the  law,  irrespective  of  the  amount  of  the  
damage;  
(d) If  the  building  burned  is  a  public  building  and  the  
purpose  is  to  destroy  evidence  kept  therein  to  be  
used  in  any  legislative,  judicial  or  administrative  
proceedings,  irrespective  of  the  amount  of  the  
damage:  Provided,  however,  That  if  the  evidence  
destroyed  is  to  be  used  against  the  defendant  for  the  
prosecution  of  any  crime  punishable  under  existing  
laws,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  perpetua;  
(e) If  the  arson  shall  have  been  committed  with  the  
intention  of  collecting  under  an  insurance  policy  
against  or  loss  or  damages  by  fire.  
2. By  reclusion  temporal:  
(a) If  an  inhabited  house  or  any  other  building  in  which  
people  are  accustomed  to  meet  is  set  on  fire,  and  the  
culprit  did  not  know  that  such  house  or  building  was  
occupied  at  the  time,  or  if  he  shall  set  fire  to  a  moving  
freight  train  or  motor  vehicle,  and  the  value  of  the  
damage  caused  exceeds  6,000  pesos;  
(b) If  the  value  of  the  damage  caused  in  paragraph  (b)  of  
the  preceding  subdivision  does  not  exceed  6,000  
pesos;  
(c) If  a  farm,  sugar  mill,  cane  mill,  mill  central,  bamboo  
groves  or  any  similar  plantation  is  set  on  fire  and  the  
damage  caused  exceeds  6,000  pesos;  and  
(d) If  grain  fields,  pasture  lands,  or  forests,  or  plantings  
are  set  on  fire,  and  the  damage  caused  exceeds  6,000  
pesos.  
3. By  prision  mayor:  
(a) If  the  value  of  the  damage  caused  in  the  cases  
mentioned  in  paragraphs  (a),  (c)  and  (d)  in  the  next  
preceding  subdivision  does  not  exceed  6,000  pesos;  
(b) If  a  building  not  used  as  a  dwelling  or  place  of  
assembly,  located  in  a  populated  place,  is  set  on  fire,  
and  the  damage  caused  exceeds  6,000  pesos.  
4. By  prision  correccional  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  mayor  
in  its  medium  period:  
(a) If  a  building  used  as  a  dwelling  located  in  an  
uninhabited  place  is  set  on  fire  and  the  damage  
caused  exceeds  1,000  pesos;  
(b) If  the  value  of  the  damage  caused  in  the  case  
mentioned  in  paragraphs  (c)  and  (d)  of  subdivision  2  
of  this  article  does  not  exceed  200  pesos.  
5. By  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  mayor  in  
its  minimum  period,  when  the  damage  caused  is  over  200  pesos  
butt  does  not  exceed  1,000  pesos,  and  the  property  referred  to  
in  paragraph  (a)  of  the  next  preceding  subdivision  is  set  on  fire  
but  when  the  value  of  such  property  does  not  exceed  200  pesos,  
the  penalty  not  lower  in  degree  than  that  prescribed  in  this  
subdivision  shall  be  imposed.  
6. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  
periods,  if  the  damage  caused  in  the  case  mentioned  in  
 paragraph  (b)  of  subdivision  3  of  this  Article  does  not  exceed  
6,000  pesos  but  is  over  200  pesos.  
7. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  
periods,  if  the  damage  caused  in  the  case  mentioned  in  
paragraph  (b)  of  subdivision  3  of  this  article  does  not  exceed  
200  pesos.  
8. The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  ranging  from  fifty  to  one  
hundred  per  centum  of  the  damage  caused  shall  be  imposed,  
when  the  property  burned  consist  of  grain  fields,  pasture  lands,  
forests,  or  plantations  when  the  value  of  such  property  does  not  
exceed  200  pesos.  
Art.  322.  Cases  of  arson  not  included  in  the  preceding  articles  –  Cases  of    
arson  not  included  in  the  next  preceding  articles  shall  be  punished:  
1. By  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  when  
the  damage  caused  does  not  exceed  50  pesos;  
2. By  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  
in  its  minimum  period,  when  the  damage  caused  is  over  50  
pesos  but  does  not  exceed  200;  
3. By  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods,  if  
the  damage  caused  is  over  200  pesos  but  does  not  exceed  1,000;  
and  
4. By  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  if  it  
is  over  1,000  pesos.  
Art.  323.  Arson  of  property  of  small  value  –  The  arson  of  any  uninhabited    
hut,  storehouse,  barn,  shed  or  any  other  property  the  value  of  which  does  
not  exceed  25  pesos,  committed  at  a  time  or  under  circumstances  which  
clearly  exclude  all  danger  of  the  fire  spreading,  shall  not  be  punished  by  
the  penalties  respectively  prescribed  in  this  chapter,  but  in  accordance  
with  the  damage  caused  and  under  provisions  of  the  following  chapter.  
Art.  324.  Crimes  involving  destruction  –  Any  person  who  shall  cause   Elements  of  crimes  involving  destruction:  
destruction  by  means  of  explosion,  discharge  of  electric  current,   1. The  offender  causes  destruction.  
inundation,  sinking  or  stranding  of  a  vessel,  intentional  damaging  of  the   2. Destruction  is  caused  by  any  of  the  following  means:  
engine  of  said  vessel,  taking  up  the  rails  from  a  railway  track,  maliciously   a. Explosion  
changing  railway  signals  for  the  safety  of  moving  trains,  destroying   b. Discharge  of  electric  current  
telegraph  wires  and  telegraph  posts,  or  those  of  any  other  system,  and,  in   c. Inundation,  sinking  or  stranding  of  a  vessel,  or  
general  by  using  any  other  agency  or  means  of  destruction  as  effective  as   intentional  damaging  of  the  engine  of  said  vessel  
those  above-­‐enumerated,  shall  be  punished  by  reclusion  temporal  if  the   d. Taking  up  the  rails  from  a  railway  track  
commission  has  endangered  the  safety  of  any  person;  otherwise,  the   e. Maliciously  changing  railway  signals  for  the  safety  of  
penalty  of  prision  mayor  shall  be  imposed.   moving  trains  
f. Destroying  telegraph  wires  and  telegraph  posts,  or  
those  of  any  other  system  
g. Using  any  other  agency  or  means  of  destruction  as  
effective  as  those  above  enumerated  
Art.  325.  Burning  one’s  own  property  as  means  to  commit  arson  -­‐-­‐  Any    
person  guilty  of  arson  or  causing  great  destruction  of  property  belonging  
to  another  shall  suffer  the  penalties  prescribed  in  this  chapter,  even  
though  he  shall  have  set  fire  to  or  destroyed  his  own  property  for  the  
purpose  of  committing  the  crime.  
Art.  326.  Setting  fire  to  property  exclusively  owned  by  the  offender  –  If  the    
property  burned  shall  be  the  exclusive  property  of  the  offender,  he  shall  be  
punished  by  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in  
its  minimum  period,  if  the  arson  shall  have  been  committed  for  the  
purpose  of  defrauding  or  causing  damage  to  another,  or  prejudice  shall  
actually  have  been  caused,  or  if  the  thing  burned  shall  have  been  a  building  
in  an  inhabited  place.  
Art.  326-­‐A.  In  cases  where  death  resulted  as  a  consequence  of  arson  –  If    
death  resulted  as  a  consequence  of  arson  committed  on  any  of  the  
properties  and  under  any  of  the  circumstances  mentioned  in  the  preceding  
articles,  the  court  shall  impose  the  death  penalty.  
Art.  326-­‐B.  Prima  facie  evidence  of  arson  –  Any  of  the  following    
circumstances  shall  constitute  prima  facie  evidence  of  arson:  
1. If  after  the  fire,  are  found  materials  or  substances  soaked  in  
gasoline,  kerosene,  petroleum,  or  other  inflammables,  or  any  
mechanical,  electrical,  chemical,  or  electronic  contrivance  
designed  to  start  a  fire,  or  ashes  or  traces  of  any  of  the  
foregoing;  
2. That  substantial  amount  of  inflammable  substance  or  materials  
were  stored  within  the  building  not  necessary  in  the  course  of  
the  defendant’s  business;  and  
 3. That  the  fire  started  simultaneously  in  more  than  one  part  of  the  
building  or  locale  under  circumstances  that  cannot  normally  be  
due  to  accidental  or  unintentional  causes:  Provided,  however,  
That  at  least  one  of  the  following  is  present  in  any  of  the  three  
above-­‐mentioned  circumstances:  
(a) That  the  total  insurance  carried  on  the  building  
and/or  goods  is  more  than  80  per  cent  of  the  value  of  
such  building  and/or  goods  at  the  time  of  the  fire;  
(b) That  the  defendant  after  the  fire  has  presented  a  
fraudulent  claim  for  loss.  
The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  shall  be  imposed  on  one  who  plants  the  
articles  above-­‐mentioned,  in  order  to  secure  a  conviction,  or  as  a  means  of  
extortion  or  coercion.  

Chapter  Nine:  MALICIOUS  MISCHIEF  

Art.  327.  Who  are  liable  for  malicious  mischief  –  Any  person  who  shall   Elements:  
deliberately  cause  to  the  property  of  another  any  damage  not  falling   1. That  the  offender  deliberately  caused  damage  to  the  property  of  
within  the  terms  of  the  next  preceding  chapter,  shall  be  guilty  of   another.  
malicious  mischief.   2. That  such  act  does  not  constitute  arson  or  other  crimes  involving  
destruction.  
3. That  the  act  of  damaging  another’s  property  be  committed  
merely  for  the  sake  of  damaging  it.  
Note:  This  third  element  presupposes  that  the  offender  acted  due  to  hate,  
revenge  or  other  evil  motive.  
Art.  328.  Special  cases  of  malicious  mischief  –  Any  person  who  shall  cause    
damage  to  obstruct  the  performance  of  public  functions,  or  using  any  
poisonous  or  corrosive  substance;  or  spreading  any  infection  or  
contagion  among  cattle;  or  who  causes  damage  to  the  property  of  the  
National  Museum  or  National  Library,  or  to  any  archive  or  registry,  
waterworks,  road,  promenade,  or  any  other  thing  used  in  common  by  the  
public  shall  be  punished:  
1. By  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods,  if  
the  value  of  the  damage  caused  exceeds  1,000  pesos.  
2. By  arresto  mayor,  if  such  value  does  not  exceed  the  above-­‐
mentioned  amount  but  is  over  200  pesos.  
3. By  arresto  menor,  if  such  value  does  not  exceed  200  pesos.  
Art.  329.  Other  mischiefs  –  The  mischiefs  not  included  in  the  next    
preceding  article  shall  be  punished:  
1. By  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  if  the  
value  of  the  damage  caused  exceeds  1,000  pesos.  
2. By  arresto  mayor  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods,  if  such  
value  is  over  200  pesos  but  does  not  exceed  1,000  pesos;  and  
3. By  arresto  menor  or  fine  of  not  less  than  the  value  of  the  
damage  caused  and  not  more  than  200  pesos,  if  the  amount  
involved  does  not  exceed  200  pesos  or  cannot  be  estimated.  
Art.  330.  Damage  and  obstruction  to  means  of  communication  –  The    
penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  shall  
be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  damage  any  railway,  telegraph  or  
telephone  lines.  
If  the  damage  shall  result  in  any  derailment  of  cars,  collision,  or  other  
accident,  the  penalty  of  prision  mayor  shall  be  imposed,  without  prejudice  
to  the  criminal  liability  of  the  offender  for  the  other  consequences  of  his  
criminal  act.  
For  the  purpose  of  the  provisions  of  the  article,  the  electric  wires,  traction  
cables,  signal  system,  and  other  things  pertaining  to  railways,  shall  be  
deemed  to  constitute  an  integral  part  of  a  railway  system.  
Art.  331.  Destroying  or  damaging  statues,  public  monuments,  or  paintings    
–  Any  person  who  shall  destroy  or  damage  statues  or  any  other  useful  or  
ornamental  public  monument,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  
its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period.  
Any  person  who  shall  destroy  or  damage  any  useful  or  ornamental  
painting  of  a  public  nature  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  menor  or  a  
fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos,  or  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  
discretion  of  the  court.  

Chapter  Ten:  EXEMPTION  FROM  CRIMINAL  LIABILITY  IN  CRIMES  AGAINST  PROPERTY  
Art.  332.  Persons  exempt  from  criminal  liability  –  No  criminal,  but  only   To  be  exempt,  it  is  required  that:  
civil  liability  shall  result  from  the  commission  of  the  crime  of  theft,   1. The  property  belongs  to  the  deceased  spouse;  and  
swindling,  or  malicious  mischief  committed  or  caused  mutually  by  the   2. It  has  not  passed  into  the  possession  of  a  third  person.  
following  persons:    
 1. Spouses,  ascendants  and  descendants,  or  relatives  by  affinity   Persons  exempted:  
in  the  same  line;   1. Spouses,  ascendants  and  descendants,  or  relatives  by  affinity  in  
2. The  widowed  spouse  with  respect  to  the  property  which   the  same  line.  
belonged  to  the  deceased  spouse  before  the  same  shall  have   2. The  widowed  spouse  with  respect  to  the  property  which  
passed  into  the  possession  of  another;  and   belonged  to  the  deceased  spouse  before  the  same  passed  into  the  
3. Brothers  and  sisters  and  brothers-­‐in-­‐law  and  sisters-­‐in-­‐law,  if   possession  of  another.  
living  together.   3. Brothers  and  sisters  and  brothers-­‐in-­‐law  and  sisters-­‐in-­‐law,  if  
The  exemption  established  by  this  article  shall  not  be  applicable  to   living  together.  
strangers  participating  in  the  commission  of  the  crime.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 CRIMES  AGAINST  CHASTITY  
Chapter  One:  ADULTERY  AND  CONCUBINAGE  
Art.  333.  Who  are  guilty  of  adultery.  –  Adultery  is  committed  by  any   Elements:  
married  woman  who  shall  have  sexual  intercourse  with  a  man  not  her   1. That  the  woman  is  married;  
husband  and  by  the  man  who  has  carnal  knowledge  of  her  knowing  her  to   2. That  she  has  sexual  intercourse  with  a  man  not  her  husband;  
be  married,  even  if  the  marriage  be  subsequently  declared  void.     3. That  as  regards  the  man  with  whom  she  has  sexual  intercourse,  
Adultery  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and   he  must  know  her  to  be  married    
maximum  periods.    
If  the  person  guilty  of  adultery  committed  this  offense  while  being  
abandoned  without  justification  by  the  offended  spouse,  the  penalty  next  
lower  in  degree  than  that  provided  in  the  next  preceding  paragraph  shall  
be  imposed.    
 
Art.  334.  Concubinage  –  Any  husband  who  shall  keep  a  mistress  in  the   Elements:  
conjugal  dwelling,  or  shall  have  sexual  intercourse,  under  scandalous   1. That  the  man  must  be  married  
circumstances,  with  a  woman  who  is  not  his  wife,  or  shall  cohabit  with  her   2. That  the  committed  any  of  the  following  acts:  
in  any  other  place,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its   a. Keeping  a  mistress  in  the  conjugal  dwelling,  
minimum  and  medium  periods.     b. Having  sexual  intercourse  under  scandalous  
The  concubine  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  destierro.     circumstances  with  a  woman  who  is  not  his  wife;  
  c. Cohabiting  with  her  in  any  other  place  
1. That  as  regards  the  woman,  she  must  know  him  to  be  married.  

Chapter  Two:  RAPE  AND  ACTS  OF  LASCIVIOUSNESS  

Art.  335.  Rape  –  see  Art.  266-­‐A  to  266-­‐D    
Art.  336.  Acts  of  lasciviousness  –  Any  person  who  shall  commit  any  act  of   Elements:  
lasciviousness  upon  other  persons  of  either  sex,  under  any  of  the   1. That   the   offender   commits   any   act   of   lasciviousness   of  
circumstances  mentioned  in  the  preceding  article,  shall  be  punished  by   lewdness;  
prision  correccional.     2. That  the  act  of  lasciviousness  is  committed  against  a  person  of  
either  sex;  
3. That  it  is  done  under  any  of  the  following  circumstances:  
a. By  using  force  or  intimidation;  or  
b. When   the   offended   party   is   deprived   of   reason   or  
otherwise  unconscious;  
c. By   means   of   fraudulent   machination   or   grave   abuse  
of  authority;  
4. When  the  offended  party  is  under  12  years  of  age  or  is  
demented.  

Chapter  Three:  SEDUCTION,  CORRUPTION  OF  MINORS  AND  WHITE  SLAVE  TRADE  
Art.  337.  Qualified  seduction–  The  seduction  of  a  virgin  over  twelve  years   Two  classes  of  qualified  seduction:  
and  under  eighteen  years  of  age,  committed  by  any  person  in  public   1. Seduction  of  a  virgin  over  12  years  and  under  18  years  of  age  by  
authority,  priest,  home-­‐servant,  domestic,  guardian,  teacher,  or  any  person   certain  persons,  such  as,  a  person  in  authority,  priest,  teacher,  
who,  in  any  capacity,  shall  be  entrusted  with  the  education  or  custody  of   etc.;  and  
the  woman  seduced,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its   2. Seduction  of  a  sister  by  her  brother,  or  descendant  by  her  
minimum  and  medium  periods.     ascendant,  regardless  of  her  age  or  reputation.  
The  penalty  next  higher  in  degree  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who    
shall  seduce  his  sister  or  descendant,  whether  or  not  she  be  a  virgin  or   Elements  of  qualified  seduction  of  a  virgin:  
over  eighteen  years  of  age.     1. That  the  offended  party  is  a  virgin,  which  is  presumed  if  she  is  
Under  the  provisions  of  this  Chapter,  seduction  is  committed  when  the   unmarried  and  of  good  reputation.  
offender  has  carnal  knowledge  of  any  of  the  persons  and  under  the   2. That  she  must  be  over  12  and  under  18  years  of  age.  
circumstances  described  herein.     3. That  the  offender  has  sexual  intercourse  with  her.  
4. That  there  is  abuse  of  authority,  confidence    
Art.  338.  Simple  seduction–  The  seduction  of  a  woman  who  is  single  or  a   Elements:  
widow  of  good  reputation,  over  twelve  but  under  eighteen  years  of  age,   1. That  the  offended  party  is  over  12  and  under  18  years  of  age.  
committed  by  means  of  deceit,  shall  be  punished  by  arresto  mayor.     2. That  she  must  be  of  good  reputation,  single  or  widow.  
  3. That  the  offender  has  sexual  intercourse  with  her.  
4. That  it  is  committed  by  means  of  deceit  
Art.  339.  Acts  of  lasciviousness  with  the  consent  of  the  offended  party.  -­‐  The   Elements:  
penalty  of  arresto  mayor  shall  be  imposed  to  punish  any  other  acts  of   1. That  the  offender  commits  acts  of  lasciviousness  or  lewdness.  
lasciviousness  committed  by  the  same  persons  and  the  same   2. That  the  acts  are  committed  upon  a  woman  who  is  virgin  or  
circumstances  as  those  provided  in  Articles  337  and  338.     single  or  widow  of  good  reputation,  under  18  years  of  age  but  
over  12  years,  or  a  sister  or  descendant  regardless  of  her  
reputation  of  age.  
3. That  the  offender  accomplishes  the  acts  by  abuse  of  authority,  
confidence,  relationship,  or  deceit.  
Art.  340.  Corruption  of  minors.  -­‐  Any  person  who  shall  promote  or   3.    
facilitate  the  prostitution  or  corruption  of  persons  underage  to  satisfy  the  
lust  of  another,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  mayor,  and  if  the  culprit  is  a  
pubic  officer  or  employee,  including  those  in  government-­‐owned  or  
controlled  corporations,  he  shall  also  suffer  the  penalty  of  temporary  
absolute  disqualification.  (As  amended  by  Batas  Pambansa  Blg.  92).    
Art.  341.  White  slave  trade.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  medium   Acts  penalized  as  white  slave  trade:  
and  maximum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,  in  any   1. Engaging  in  the  business  of  prostitution.  
manner,  or  under  any  pretext,  shall  engage  in  the  business  or  shall  profit   2. Profiting  by  prostitution.  
by  prostitution  or  shall  enlist  the  services  of  any  other  for  the  purpose  of   3. Enlisting  the  services  of  woman  for  the  purposes  of  prostitution.  
prostitution  (As  amended  by  Batas  Pambansa  Blg.  186.)    

Chapter  Four:  ABDUCTION  

Art.  342.  Forcible  abduction.  -­‐  The  abduction  of  any  woman  against  her   Elements:  
will  and  with  lewd  designs  shall  be  punished  by  reclusion  temporal.     1. That  the  person  abducted  is  any  woman,  regardless  of  her  age,  
The  same  penalty  shall  be  imposed  in  every  case,  if  the  female  abducted  be   civil  status,  or  reputation.  
under  twelve  years  of  age.     2. That  the  abduction  is  against  her  will.  
3. That  the  abduction  is  with  lewd  designs.  
Art.  343.  Consented  abduction.  -­‐  The  abduction  of  a  virgin  over  twelve   Elements:  
years  and  under  eighteen  years  of  age,  carried  out  with  her  consent  and   1. That  the  offended  party  must  be  a  virgin.  
with  lewd  designs,  shall  be  punished  by  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional   2. That  she  must  be  over  12  and  under  18  years  of  age.  
in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods.     3. That  the  taking  away  of  the  offended  party  must  be  with  her  
consent,  after  solicitation  or  cajolery  from  the  offender.  
4. That  the  taking  away  of  the  offended  party  must  be  with  lewd  
designs.  

Chapter  Five:  PROVISIONS  RELATIVE  TO  THE  PRECEDING  CHAPTERS  

Art.  344.  Prosecution  of  the  crimes  of  adultery,  concubinage,  seduction,   Prosecution  of  adultery,  concubinage,  seduction,  abduction,  rape  and  
abduction,  rape  and  acts  of  lasciviousness.  -­‐  The  crimes  of  adultery  and   acts  of  lasciviousness:  
concubinage  shall  not  be  prosecuted  except  upon  a  complaint  filed  by  the   1. Adultery  and  concubinage  must  be  prosecuted  upon  complaint  
offended  spouse.     signed  by  the  offended  spouse.  
The  offended  party  cannot  institute  criminal  prosecution  without   2. Seduction,  abduction,  rape  or  acts  of  lasciviousness  must  be  
including  both  the  guilty  parties,  if  they  are  both  alive,  nor,  in  any  case,  if   prosecuted  upon  complaint  signed  by—  
he  shall  have  consented  or  pardoned  the  offenders.     a. Offended  party  
The  offenses  of  seduction,  abduction,  rape  or  acts  of  lasciviousness,  shall   b. Her  parents  
not  be  prosecuted  except  upon  a  complaint  filed  by  the  offended  party  or   c. Grandparents  
her  parents,  grandparents,  or  guardian,  nor,  in  any  case,  if  the  offender  has   d. Guardians,  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  named  
been  expressly  pardoned  by  the  above  named  persons,  as  the  case  may  be.     above  
In  cases  of  seduction,  abduction,  acts  of  lasciviousness  and  rape,  the  
marriage  of  the  offender  with  the  offended  party  shall  extinguish  the  
criminal  action  or  remit  the  penalty  already  imposed  upon  him.  The  
provisions  of  this  paragraph  shall  also  be  applicable  to  the  co-­‐principals,  
accomplices  and  accessories  after  the  fact  of  the  above-­‐mentioned  crimes.    
Art.  345.  Civil  liability  of  persons  guilty  of  crimes  against  chastity.  -­‐  Person    
guilty  of  rape,  seduction  or  abduction,  shall  also  be  sentenced:    
1. To  indemnify  the  offended  woman.    
2. To  acknowledge  the  offspring,  unless  the  law  should  prevent  
him  from  so  doing.    
3. In  every  case  to  support  the  offspring.    
The  adulterer  and  the  concubine  in  the  case  provided  for  in  Articles  333  
and  334  may  also  be  sentenced,  in  the  same  proceeding  or  in  a  separate  
civil  proceeding,  to  indemnify  for  damages  caused  to  the  offended  spouse.    
Art.  346.  Liability  of  ascendants,  guardians,  teachers,  or  other  persons    
entrusted  with  the  custody  of  the  offended  party.  -­‐  The  ascendants,  
guardians,  curators,  teachers  and  any  person  who,  by  abuse  of  authority  or  
confidential  relationships,  shall  cooperate  as  accomplices  in  the  
perpetration  of  the  crimes  embraced  in  chapters,  second,  third  and  fourth,  
of  this  title,  shall  be  punished  as  principals.    
Teachers  or  other  persons  in  any  other  capacity  entrusted  with  the  
education  and  guidance  of  youth,  shall  also  suffer  the  penalty  of  temporary  
special  disqualification  in  its  maximum  period  to  perpetual  special  
disqualification.    
Any  person  falling  within  the  terms  of  this  article,  and  any  other  person  
guilty  of  corruption  of  minors  for  the  benefit  of  another,  shall  be  punished  
by  special  disqualification  from  filling  the  office  of  guardian.    
 
 
   
 CRIMES  COMMITTED  BY  PUBLIC  OFFICERS  
Chapter  One:  PRELIMINARY  PROVISIONS  
Article  203.  Who  are  public  officers.  –  For  the  purpose  of  applying  the   Requisites:  
provisions  of  this  and  the  preceding  titles  of  this  book,  any  person  who,   To  be  a  public  officer,  one  must  be  —  
by  direct  provision  of  the  law,  popular  election  or  appointment  by   1. Taking   part   in   the   performance   of   public   functions   in   the  
competent  authority,  shall  take  part  in  the  performance  of  public   Government,  or  
functions  in  the  Government  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  of  shall  perform  in   Performing   in   said   Government   or   in   any   of   its   branches   public  
said  Government  or  in  any  of  its  branches  public  duties  as  an  employee,   duties   as   an   employee,   agent   or   subordinate  official,   of   any   rank   or  
agent  or  subordinate  official,  of  any  rank  or  class,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  a   class;  and  
public  officer.     2. That   his   authority   to   take   part   in   the   performance   of   public  
  functions  or  to  perform  public  duties  must  be  –  
a. By  direct  provision  of  the  law,  or  
b. By  popular  election,  or  
c. By  appointment  by  competent  authority  

Chapter  Two:  MALFEASANCE  AND  MISFEANCE  IN  OFFICE  

Section  One  –  Dereliction  of  duty  
Article  204.  Knowingly  rendering  unjust  judgment.  -­‐  Any  judge  who  shall   Elements:  
knowingly  render  an  unjust  judgment  in  any  case  submitted  to  him  for   1. That  the  offender  is  a  judge;  
decision,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  mayor  and  perpetual  absolute   2. That   he   renders   a   judgment   in   a   case   submitted   to   him   for  
disqualification.     decision;  
3. That  the  judgment  is  unjust;  
4. That  the  judge  knows  that  his  judgment  is  unjust.  
Article  205.  Judgment  rendered  through  negligence.  -­‐  Any  judge  who,  by   Elements:  
reason  of  inexcusable  negligence  or  ignorance  shall  render  a  manifestly   1. That  the  offender  is  a  judge.  
unjust  judgment  in  any  case  submitted  to  him  for  decision  shall  be   2. That   he   renders   a   judgment   in   a   case   submitted   to   him   for  
punished  by  arresto  mayor  and  temporary  special  disqualification.     decision.  
  3. That  the  judgment  is  manifestly  unjust.  
4. That  it  is  due  to  his  inexcusable  negligence  or  ignorance.  
Article  206.  Unjust  interlocutory  order.  -­‐  Any  judge  who  shall  knowingly   Elements:  
render  an  unjust  interlocutory  order  or  decree  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of   1. That  the  offender  is  a  judge;  
arresto  mayor  in  its  minimum  period  and  suspension;  but  if  he  shall  have   2. That  he  performs  any  of  the  following  acts:  
acted  by  reason  of  inexcusable  negligence  or  ignorance  and  the   a. Knowingly   renders   unjust   interlocutory   order   or  
interlocutory  order  or  decree  be  manifestly  unjust,  the  penalty  shall  be   decree;  or  
suspension.     3. Renders   a   manifestly   unjust   interlocutory   order   or   decree  
through  inexcusable  negligence  or  ignorance.  
Article  207.  Malicious  delay  in  the  administration  of  justice.  -­‐  The  penalty   Elements:  
of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any   1. That  the  offender  is  a  judge;  
judge  guilty  of  malicious  delay  in  the  administration  of  justice.     2. That  there  is  a  proceeding  in  his  court;  
3. That  he  delays  the  administration  of  justice;  
4. That   the   delay   is   malicious,   that   is,   the   delay   is   caused   by   the  
judge   with   deliberate   intent   to   inflict   damage   on   either   party   in  
the  case.  
Article  208.  Prosecution  of  offenses;  negligence  and  tolerance.  -­‐  The   Acts  Punishable:  
penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  and  suspension   1. By  maliciously  refraining  from  instituting  prosecution  against  
shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer,  or  officer  of  the  law,  who,  in   violators  of  the  law.  
dereliction  of  the  duties  of  his  office,  shall  maliciously  refrain  from   2. By  maliciously  tolerating  the  commission  of  offenses.  
instituting  prosecution  for  the  punishment  of  violators  of  the  law,  or    
shall  tolerate  the  commission  of  offenses.     Elements  of  dereliction  of  duty  in  the  prosecution  of  offenses:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  officer  of  the  law  who  has  a  
duty  to  cause  the  prosecution  of,  or  to  prosecute,  offenses.  
2. That  there  is  dereliction  of  the  duties  of  his  office;  that  is,  knowing  
the  commission  of  the  crime,  he  does  not  cause  the  prosecution  of  
the  criminal  or  knowing  that  a  crime  is  about  to  be  committed,  he  
tolerates  its  commission.  
3. That  the  offender  acts  with  malice  and  deliberate  intent  to  favor  
the  violator  of  the  law.  
 
Note:  Malice  is  an  important  element  of  this  article.  
Article  209.  Betrayal  of  trust  by  an  attorney  or  solicitor.  -­‐  Revelation  of   Acts  Punishable:  
secrets.  -­‐  In  addition  to  the  proper  administrative  action,  the  penalty  of   1. By   causing   damage   to   his   client,   either   (1)   by   any   malicious  
prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to   breach   of   professional   duty,   (2)   by   inexcusable   negligence   or  
1,000  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  attorney-­‐at-­‐law  or   ignorance.  
solicitor  (procurador  judicial)  who,  by  any  malicious  breach  of   Note:  There  must  be  damage  to  his  client  
professional  duty  or  of  inexcusable  negligence  or  ignorance,  shall   2. By   revealing   any   of   the   secrets   of   his   client   learned  by  him   in   his  
prejudice  his  client,  or  reveal  any  of  the  secrets  of  the  latter  learned  by   professional  capacity.  
him  in  his  professional  capacity.     Note:  Damage  is  not  necessary  
The  same  penalty  shall  be  imposed  upon  an  attorney-­‐at-­‐law  or  solicitor   3. By  undertaking  the  defense  of  the  opposing  party  in  the  same  case,  
(procurador  judicial)  who,  having  undertaken  the  defense  of  a  client  or   without  the  consent  of  his  first  client,  after  having  undertaken  the  
having  received  confidential  information  from  said  client  in  a  case,  shall   defense  of  said  first  client  
undertake  the  defense  of  the  opposing  party  in  the  same  case,  without   Note:  If  the  client  consents,  there  is  no  crime  
the  consent  of  his  first  client.    
Section  Two  –  Bribery  
Article  210.  Direct  bribery.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who  shall  agree  to   Acts  Punishable:  
perform  an  act  constituting  a  crime,  in  connection  with  the  performance   A  public  officer  commits  direct  bribery  –  
of  this  official  duties,  in  consideration  of  any  offer,  promise,  gift  or   1. By   agreeing  to   perform,   or   by   performing,   in   consideration   of   any  
present  received  by  such  officer,  personally  or  through  the  mediation  of   offer,   promise,   gift   or   present   –   an   act   constituting   a   crime,   in  
another,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  medium  and   connection  with  the  performance  of  his  official  duties.  
maximum  periods  and  a  fine  of  not  less  than  the  value  of  the  gift  and]  not   2. By   accepting   a   gift   in   consideration   of   the   execution   of   an   act  
less  than  three  times  the  value  of  the  gift  in  addition  to  the  penalty   which   does   not   constitute   a   crime,   in   connection   with   the  
corresponding  to  the  crime  agreed  upon,  if  the  same  shall  have  been   performance  of  his  official  duty.  
committed.     3. By   agreeing   to   refrain,   or   by   refraining,   from   doing   something  
If  the  gift  was  accepted  by  the  officer  in  consideration  of  the  execution  of   which   it   is   his   official   duty   to   do,   in   consideration   of   gift   or  
an  act  which  does  not  constitute  a  crime,  and  the  officer  executed  said   promise.  
act,  he  shall  suffer  the  same  penalty  provided  in  the  preceding    
paragraph;  and  if  said  act  shall  not  have  been  accomplished,  the  officer   Elements:  
shall  suffer  the  penalties  of  prision  correccional,  in  its  medium  period  and   1. That   the   offender   be   a   public   officer   within   the   scope   of   Article  
a  fine  of  not  less  than  twice  the  value  of  such  gift.   203.  
If  the  object  for  which  the  gift  was  received  or  promised  was  to  make  the   2. That  the  offender  accepts  an  offer  or  a  promise  or  receives  a  gift  or  
public  officer  refrain  from  doing  something  which  it  was  his  official  duty   present  by  himself  or  through  another.  
to  do,  he  shall  suffer  the  penalties  of  prision  correccional  in  its  maximum   3. That   such   offer   or   promise   be   accepted,   or   gift   or   present  
period  and  a  fine  of  not  less  than  the  value  of  the  gift  and  not  less  than   received  by  the  public  officer  –  
three  times  the  value  of  such  gift.     a. With  a  view  to  committing  some  crime;  or  
In  addition  to  the  penalties  provided  in  the  preceding  paragraphs,  the   b. In   consideration   of   the   execution   of   an   act   which  does  
culprit  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  special  temporary  disqualification.   not  constitute  a  crime,  but  the  act  must  be  unjust;  or  
The  provisions  contained  in  the  preceding  paragraphs  shall  be  made   c. To  refrain  from  doing  something  which  it  is  his  official  
applicable  to  assessors,  arbitrators,  appraisal  and  claim  commissioners,   duty  to  do.  
experts  or  any  other  persons  performing  public  duties.  (As  amended  by   4. That   the   act   which   the   offender   agrees   to   perform   or   which   he  
Batas  Pambansa  Blg.  871,  approved  May  29,  1985).     executes  be  connected  with  the  performance  of  his  official  duties.  
Article  211.  Indirect  bribery.  -­‐  The  penalties  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Elements:  
medium  and  maximum  periods,  and  public  censure  shall  be  imposed   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
upon  any  public  officer  who  shall  accept  gifts  offered  to  him  by  reason  of   2. That  he  accepts  gifts.  
his  office.  (As  amended  by  Batas  Pambansa  Blg.  871,  approved  May  29,   3. That  the  said  gifts  are  offered  to  him  by  reason  of  his  office.  
1985).    
Article  211-­‐A.  Qualified  bribery.  -­‐  If  any  public  officer  is  entrusted  with   Elements:  
law  enforcement  and  he  refrains  from  arresting  or  prosecuting  an   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  entrusted  with  law  
offender  who  has  committed  a  crime  punishable  by  reclusion  perpetua   enforcement;  
and/or  death  in  consideration  of  any  offer,  promise,  gift  or  present,  he   2. That  the  offender  refrains  from  arresting  or  prosecuting  an  
shall  suffer  the  penalty  for  the  offense  which  was  not  prosecuted.     offender  who  has  committed  a  crime  punishable  by  reclusion  
If  it  is  the  public  officer  who  asks  or  demands  such  gift  or  present,  he   perpetua  and/or  death;  
shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  death.  (As  added  by  Sec.  4,  RA  No.  7659).     3. That  the  offender  refrains  from  arresting  or  prosecuting  the  
offender  in  consideration  of  any  promise,  gift  or  present.  
Article  212.  Corruption  of  public  officials.  -­‐  The  same  penalties  imposed   Elements:  
upon  the  officer  corrupted,  except  those  of  disqualification  and   1. That   the   offender   makes   offers   or   promises   or   gives   gifts   or  
suspension,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  have  made  the   presents  to  a  public  officer.  
offers  or  promises  or  given  the  gifts  or  presents  as  described  in  the   2. That   the   offers   or   promises   are   made   or   the   gifts   or   presents  
preceding  articles.     given   to   a   public  officer,   under   circumstances   that   will   make   the  
public  officer  liable  for  direct  bribery  or  indirect  bribery.  

Chapter  Three:  FRAUDS  AND  ILLEGAL  EXACTIONS  AND  TRANSACTIONS  

Article  213.  Frauds  against  the  public  treasury  and  similar  offenses.  -­‐  The   Acts   Punishable   as   Frauds   Against   Public   Treasury   and   Illegal  
penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  mayor  in   Exactions:  
its  minimum  period,  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  10,000  pesos,  or  both,   1. By   entering   into   an   agreement   with   any   interested   party   or  
shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  who:     speculator   or   making   use   of   any   other   scheme,   to   defraud   the  
1. In  his  official  capacity,  in  dealing  with  any  person  with  regard   Government,  in  dealing  with  any  person  with  regard  to  furnishing  
to  furnishing  supplies,  the  making  of  contracts,  or  the   supplies,  the  making  of  contracts,  or  the  adjustment  or  settlement  
adjustment  or  settlement  of  accounts  relating  to  public   of  accounts  relating  to  public  property  or  funds.  
property  or  funds,  shall  enter  into  an  agreement  with  any   2. By   demanding,   directly   or   indirectly,   the   payment   of   sums  
interested  party  or  speculator  or  make  use  of  any  other   different   from   or   larger   than   those   authorized   by   law,   in   the  
scheme,  to  defraud  the  Government;     collection  of  taxes,  licenses,  fees,  and  other  imposts.  
2. Being  entrusted  with  the  collection  of  taxes,  licenses,  fees  and   3. By   failing   voluntarily   to   issue   a   receipt,   as   provided   by   law,   for  
other  imposts,  shall  be  guilty  or  any  of  the  following  acts  or   any  sum  of  money  collected  by  him   officially,  in  the  collection  of  
omissions:     taxes,  licenses,  fees,  and  other  imposts.  
a) Demanding,  directly,  or  indirectly,  the  payment  of  sums   4. By   collecting   or   receiving,   directly   or   indirectly,   by   way   of  
different  from  or  larger  than  those  authorized  by  law.     payment   or   otherwise,   things   or   objects   of   a   nature   different   from  
b) Failing  voluntarily  to  issue  a  receipt,  as  provided  by  law,   that  provided  by  law,  in  the  collection  of  taxes,  licenses,  fees,  and  
for  any  sum  of  money  collected  by  him  officially.     other  imposts.  
 c) Collecting  or  receiving,  directly  or  indirectly,  by  way  of    
payment  or  otherwise  things  or  objects  of  a  nature   Elements  of  Frauds  Against  Public  Treasury  (par.  1):  
different  from  that  provided  by  law.     1. That  the  offender  be  a  public  officer.  
When  the  culprit  is  an  officer  or  employee  of  the  Bureau  of  Internal   2. That   he   should   have   taken   advantage   of   his   office,   that   is,   he  
Revenue  or  the  Bureau  of  Customs,  the  provisions  of  the  Administrative   intervened  in  the  transaction  in  his  official  capacity.  
Code  shall  be  applied     3. That   he   entered   into   an   agreement   with   any   interested   party   or  
speculator   or   made   use   of   any   other   scheme   with   regard   to   (1)  
furnishing   supplies,   (2)   the   making   of   contracts,   or   (3)   the  
adjustment  or   settlement  of  accounts  relating  to  public  property  or  
funds.  
4. That  the  accused  had  intent  to  defraud  the  Government.  
 
Elements  of  Illegal  Exactions:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  entrusted  with  the  collection  
of  taxes,  licenses,  fees  and  other  imposts.  
2. He  is  guilty  of  any  of  the  following  acts  or  omissions:  
a. Demanding,  directly  or  indirectly,  the  payment  of  sums  
different   from   or   larger   than   those   authorized   by   law;  
or  
b. Failing   voluntarily   to   issue   a   receipt,   as   provided   by  
law,   for   any   sum   of   money   collected   by   him   officially;  
or  
c. Collecting  or   receiving,  directly  or  indirectly,   by   way   of  
payment   or   otherwise,   things   or   objects   of   a   nature  
different  from  that  provided  by  law.  
Article  214.  Other  frauds.  -­‐  In  addition  to  the  penalties  prescribed  in  the   Elements:  
provisions  of  Chapter  Six,  Title  Ten,  Book  Two,  of  this  Code,  the  penalty   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
of  temporary  special  disqualification  in  its  maximum  period  to  perpetual   2. That  he  takes  advantage  of  his  official  position.  
special  disqualification  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  who,   3. That  he  commits  any  of  the  frauds  or  deceits  enumerated  in  
taking  advantage  of  his  official  position,  shall  commit  any  of  the  frauds  or   Articles  315  to  318.  
deceits  enumerated  in  said  provisions.    
Article  215.  Prohibited  transactions.  –  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional   Elements:  
in  its  maximum  period  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  1,000  pesos,  or   1. That  the  offender  is  an  appointive  public  officer.  
both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  appointive  public  officer  who,  during   2. That   he   becomes   interested,   directly   or   indirectly,   in   any  
his  incumbency,  shall  directly  or  indirectly  become  interested  in  any   transaction  of  exchange  or  speculation.  
transaction  of  exchange  or  speculation  within  the  territory  subject  to  his   3. That  the  transaction  takes  place  within  the  territory  subject  to  his  
jurisdiction.     jurisdiction.  
4. That   he   becomes   interested   in   the   transaction   during   his  
incumbency.  
Article  216.  Possession  of  prohibited  interest  by  a  public  officer.  –  The    
penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  
its  minimum  period,  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  1,000  pesos,  or  both,  
shall  be  imposed  upon  a  public  officer  who  directly  or  indirectly,  shall  
become  interested  in  any  contract  or  business  in  which  it  is  his  official  
duty  to  intervene.    
This  provisions  is  applicable  to  experts,  arbitrators  and  private  
accountants  who,  in  like  manner,  shall  take  part  in  any  contract  or  
transaction  connected  with  the  estate  or  property  in  appraisal,  
distribution  or  adjudication  of  which  they  shall  have  acted,  and  to  the  
guardians  and  executors  with  respect  to  the  property  belonging  to  their  
wards  or  estate.    

Chapter  Four:  MALVERSATION  OF  PUBLIC  FUNDS  OR  PROPERTY  

Article  217.  Malversation  of  public  funds  or  property;  Presumption  of   Acts  Punishable:  
malversation.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who,  by  reason  of  the  duties  of  his   1. By  appropriating  public  funds  or  property.  
office,  is  accountable  for  public  funds  or  property,  shall  appropriate  the   2. By  taking  or  misappropriating  the  same.  
same  or  shall  take  or  misappropriate  or  shall  consent,  through   3. By  consenting,  or  through  abandonment  or  negligence,   permitting  
abandonment  or  negligence,  shall  permit  any  other  person  to  take  such   any  other  person  to  take  such  public  funds  or  property.  
public  funds,  or  property,  wholly  or  partially,  or  shall  otherwise  be  guilty   4. By  being  otherwise  guilty  of  the  misappropriation  or  malversation  
of  the  misappropriation  or  malversation  of  such  funds  or  property,  shall   of  such  funds  or  property.  
suffer:      
1. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and   Elements  Common  to  All  Acts  of  Malversation:  
maximum  periods,  if  the  amount  involved  in  the   1. That  the  offender  be  a  public  officer.  
misappropriation  or  malversation  does  not  exceed  two   2. That  he  had  the  custody  or  control  of  funds  or  property  by   reason  
hundred  pesos.     of  the  duties  of  his  office.  
2. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  minimum  and  medium   3. That   those   funds   or   property   were   public   funds   or   property   for  
periods,  if  the  amount  involved  is  more  than  two  hundred   which  he  was  accountable.  
pesos  but  does  not  exceed  six  thousand  pesos.     5. That  he  appropriated,  took,  misappropriated  or  consented  or,  
3. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to   through  abandonment  or  negligence,  permitted  another  person  
reclusion  temporal  in  its  minimum  period,  if  the  amount   to  take  them.  
involved  is  more  than  six  thousand  pesos  but  is  less  than  
 twelve  thousand  pesos.    
4. The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal,  in  its  medium  and  
maximum  periods,  if  the  amount  involved  is  more  than  twelve  
thousand  pesos  but  is  less  than  twenty-­‐two  thousand  pesos.  If  
the  amount  exceeds  the  latter,  the  penalty  shall  be  reclusion  
temporal  in  its  maximum  period  to  reclusion  perpetua.    
In  all  cases,  persons  guilty  of  malversation  shall  also  suffer  the  penalty  of  
perpetual  special  disqualification  and  a  fine  equal  to  the  amount  of  the  
funds  malversed  or  equal  to  the  total  value  of  the  property  embezzled.    
The  failure  of  a  public  officer  to  have  duly  forthcoming  any  public  funds  
or  property  with  which  he  is  chargeable,  upon  demand  by  any  duly  
authorized  officer,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  that  he  has  put  such  
missing  funds  or  property  to  personal  use.  (As  amended  by  RA  1060).    
Article  218.  Failure  of  accountable  officer  to  render  accounts.  -­‐  Any   Elements:  
public  officer,  whether  in  the  service  or  separated  therefrom  by   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer,  whether  in  the  service  or  
resignation  or  any  other  cause,  who  is  required  by  law  or  regulation  to   separated  therefrom.  
render  account  to  the  Insular  Auditor,  or  to  a  provincial  auditor  and  who   2. That  he  must  be  an  accountable  officer  for  public  funds  or  
fails  to  do  so  for  a  period  of  two  months  after  such  accounts  should  be   property.  
rendered,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum   3. That  he  is  required  by  law  or  regulation  to  render  accounts  to  the  
period,  or  by  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  6,000  pesos,  or  both.     Commission  on  Audit,  or  to  a  provincial  auditor.  
4. That  he  fails  to  do  so  for  a  period  of  two  months  after  such  
accounts  should  be  rendered.  
Article  219.  Failure  of  a  responsible  public  officer  to  render  accounts   Elements:  
before  leaving  the  country.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who  unlawfully  leaves  or   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
attempts  to  leave  the  Philippine  Islands  without  securing  a  certificate   2. That  he  must  be  an  accountable  officer  for  public  funds  or  
from  the  Insular  Auditor  showing  that  his  accounts  have  been  finally   property.  
settled,  shall  be  punished  by  arresto  mayor,  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to   3. That  he  must  have  unlawfully  left  (or  be  on  the  point  of  leaving)  
1,000  pesos  or  both.     the  Philippines  without  securing  from  the  Commission  on  Audit  a  
  certificate  showing  that  his  accounts  have  been  finally  settled.  
Article  220.  Illegal  use  of  public  funds  or  property.  -­‐  Any  public  officer   Elements:  
who  shall  apply  any  public  fund  or  property  under  his  administration  to   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
any  public  use  other  than  for  which  such  fund  or  property  were   2. That  there  is  public  fund  or  property  under  his  administration.  
appropriated  by  law  or  ordinance  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision   3. That  such  public  fund  or  property  has  been  appropriated  by  law  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period  or  a  fine  ranging  from  one-­‐half  to  the   or  ordinance.  
total  of  the  sum  misapplied,  if  by  reason  of  such  misapplication,  any   4. That  he  applies  the  same  to  a  public  use  other  than  that  for  which  
damages  or  embarrassment  shall  have  resulted  to  the  public  service.  In   such  fund  or  property  has  been  appropriated  by  law  or  
either  case,  the  offender  shall  also  suffer  the  penalty  of  temporary   ordinance.  
special  disqualification.    
Article  221.  Failure  to  make  delivery  of  public  funds  or  property.  —  Any   Acts  Punishable:  
public  officer  under  obligation  to  make  payment  from  Government  funds   1. By  failing  to  make  payment  by  a  public  officer  who  is  under  
in  his  possession,  who  shall  fail  to  make  such  payment,  shall  be  punished   obligation  to  make  such  payment  from  Government  funds  in  his  
by  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  from  5  to  25  per  cent  of  the  sum  which  he   possession.  
failed  to  pay.     2. By  refusing  to  make  delivery  by  a  public  officer  who  has  been  
  ordered  by  competent  authority  to  deliver  any  property  in  his  
This  provision  shall  apply  to  any  public  officer  who,  being  ordered  by   custody  or  under  his  administration.  
competent  authority  to  deliver  any  property  in  his  custody  or  under  his    
administration,  shall  refuse  to  make  such  delivery.     Elements  of  Failure  to  Make  Payment:  
  1. That  the  public  officer  has  Government  funds  in  his  possession.  
The  fine  shall  be  graduated  in  such  case  by  the  value  of  the  thing,   2. That  he  is  under  obligation  to  make  payment  from  such  funds.  
provided  that  it  shall  not  less  than  50  pesos.   3. That  he  fails  to  make  the  payment  maliciously.  
Article  222.  Officers  included  in  the  preceding  provisions.  —  The    
provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  apply  to  private  individuals  who  in  any  
capacity  whatever,  have  charge  of  any  insular,  provincial  or  municipal  
funds,  revenues,  or  property  and  to  any  administrator  or  depository  of  
funds  or  property  attached,  seized  or  deposited  by  public  authority,  even  
if  such  property  belongs  to  a  private  individual.  

Chapter  Five:  INFIDELITY  OF  PUBLIC  OFFICERS  

Section  One  –  Infidelity  in  the  custody  of  prisoners  
Article  223.  Conniving  with  or  consenting  to  evasion.  -­‐  Any  public  officer   Elements:  
who  shall  consent  to  the  escape  of  a  prisoner  in  his  custody  or  charge,   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
shall  be  punished:     2. That  he  had  in  his  custody  or  charge,  a  prisoner,  either  detention  
1. By  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods   prisoner  or  prisoner  by  final  judgment.  
and  temporary  special  disqualification  in  its  maximum  period   3. That  such  prisoner  escaped  from  his  custody.  
to  perpetual  special  disqualification,  if  the  fugitive  shall  have   4. That  he  was  in  connivance  with  the  prisoner  in  the  latter’s  escape.  
been  sentenced  by  final  judgment  to  any  penalty.      
2. By  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  and  temporary   Acts  constituting  the  crime:  Any  person  who  shall  consent  to  the  escape  of  
special  disqualification,  in  case  the  fugitive  shall  not  have  been   a  prisoner  in  his  custody  or  charge.  Connivance  with  the  prisoner  
finally  convicted  but  only  held  as  a  detention  prisoner  for  any   (agreement  between  the  prisoner  and  the  public  officer)  in  his  escape  is  an  
 crime  or  violation  of  law  or  municipal  ordinance.     indispensable  element  of  the  offense.  
 
Classes  of  prisoners  involved:  
1. If   the   fugitive   has   been   sentenced   by   final   judgment   to   any  
penalty.  
2. If   the   fugitive   is   held   only   as   detention  prisoner   for   any   crime   or  
violation  of  law  or  municipal  ordinance.  
Article  224.  Evasion  through  negligence.  -­‐  If  the  evasion  of  the  prisoner   Elements:  
shall  have  taken  place  through  the  negligence  of  the  officer  charged  with   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
the  conveyance  or  custody  of  the  escaping  prisoner,  said  officer  shall   2. That  he  is  charged  with  the  conveyance  or  custody  of  a  prisoner,  
suffer  the  penalties  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision   either  detention  prisoner  or  prisoner  by  final  judgment.  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period  and  temporary  special   3. That  such  prisoner  escapes  through  his  negligence.  
disqualification.      
  4. Note:  “Prisoner”  includes  both  a  convict  be  final  judgment  (Art.  
157)  and  a  detention  prisoner  (Art.  224)  
Article  225.  Escape  of  prisoner  under  the  custody  of  a  person  not  a  public   Elements:  
officer.  -­‐  Any  private  person  to  whom  the  conveyance  or  custody  or  a   1. That  the  offender  is  a  private  person.  
prisoner  or  person  under  arrest  shall  have  been  confided,  who  shall   2. That  the  conveyance  or  custody  of  a  prisoner  or  person  under  
commit  any  of  the  offenses  mentioned  in  the  two  preceding  articles,  shall   arrest  is  confided  to  him.  
suffer  the  penalty  next  lower  in  degree  than  that  prescribed  for  the   3. That  the  prisoner  or  person  under  arrest  escapes.  
public  officer.     4. That  the  offender  consents  to  the  escape  of  the  prisoner  or  person  
under  arrest,  or  that  the  escape  takes  place  through  his  
negligence.  
Section  Two.  –  Infidelity  in  the  custody  of  document  
Article  226.  Removal,  concealment  or  destruction  of  documents.  -­‐  Any   Elements:  
public  officer  who  shall  remove,  destroy  or  conceal  documents  or  papers   1. That  the  offender  be  a  public  officer.  
officially  entrusted  to  him,  shall  suffer:     2. That  he  abstracts,  destroys  or  conceals  documents  or  papers.  
1. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000   3. That  the  said  documents  or  papers  should  have  been  entrusted  to  
pesos,  whenever  serious  damage  shall  have  been  caused   such  public  officer  by  reason  of  his  office.  
thereby  to  a  third  party  or  to  the  public  interest.     4. That  damage,  whether  serious  or  not,  to  a  third  party  or  to  the  
2. 2.  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and   public  interest  should  have  been  caused.  
medium  period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos,    
whenever  the  damage  to  a  third  party  or  to  the  public  interest   Acts  punishable  in  infidelity  of  documents:  
shall  not  have  been  serious.     1. By  removing,  or  
In  either  case,  the  additional  penalty  of  temporary  special   2. By  destroying,  or  
disqualification  in  its  maximum  period  to  perpetual  disqualification  shall   3. By  concealing,  documents  or  papers  officially  entrusted  to  the  
be  imposed.     offending  public  officer.    
Article  227.  Officer  breaking  seal.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  charged  with  the   Elements:  
custody  of  papers  or  property  sealed  by  proper  authority,  who  shall   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
break  the  seals  or  permit  them  to  be  broken,  shall  suffer  the  penalties  of   2. That  he  is  charged  with  the  custody  of  papers  or  property.  
prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and  medium  periods,  temporary   3. That  these  papers  or  property  are  sealed  by  proper  authority.  
special  disqualification  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  2,000  pesos.     4. That  he  breaks  the  seals  or  permits  them  to  be  broken.  
Article  228.  Opening  of  closed  documents.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  not   Elements:  
included  in  the  provisions  of  the  next  preceding  article  who,  without   4. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
proper  authority,  shall  open  or  shall  permit  to  be  opened  any  closed   1. That  any  closed  papers,  documents,  or  objects  are  entrusted  to  his  
papers,  documents  or  objects  entrusted  to  his  custody,  shall  suffer  the   custody.  
penalties  or  arresto  mayor,  temporary  special  disqualification  and  a  fine   2. That  he  opens  or  permits  to  be  opened  said  closed  papers,  
of  not  exceeding  2,000  pesos.     documents  or  objects.  
3. That  he  does  not  have  proper  authority.  
Section  Three.  –  Revelation  of  secrets  
Article  229.  Revelation  of  secrets  by  an  officer.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who   Acts  Punishable:  
shall  reveal  any  secret  known  to  him  by  reason  of  his  official  capacity,  or   1. By  revealing  any  secrets  known  to  the  offending  public  officer  by  
shall  wrongfully  deliver  papers  or  copies  of  papers  of  which  he  may  have   reason  of  his  official  capacity.  
charge  and  which  should  not  be  published,  shall  suffer  the  penalties  of   2. By  delivering  wrongfully  papers  or  copies  of  papers  of  which  he  
prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods,  perpetual   may  have  charge  and  which  should  not  be  published.  
special  disqualification  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  2,000  pesos  if  the    
revelation  of  such  secrets  or  the  delivery  of  such  papers  shall  have   Elements  of  No.  1:  
caused  serious  damage  to  the  public  interest;  otherwise,  the  penalties  of   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  temporary  special   2. That  he  knows  of  a  secret  by  reason  of  his  official  capacity.  
disqualification  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  50  pesos  shall  be  imposed.     3. That  he  reveals  such  secret  without  authority  or  justifiable  
  reasons.  
4. That  damage,  great  or  small,  be  caused  to  the  public  interest.  
 
Elements  of  No.  2:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
2. That  he  charge  of  papers.  
3. That  those  papers  should  not  be  published.  
4. That  he  delivers  those  papers  or  copies  thereof  to  a  third  person.  
 5. That  the  delivery  is  wrongful.  
6. That  damage  be  caused  to  public  interest.  
Article  230.  Public  officer  revealing  secrets  of  private  individual.  -­‐  Any   Elements:  
public  officer  to  whom  the  secrets  of  any  private  individual  shall  become   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
known  by  reason  of  his  office  who  shall  reveal  such  secrets,  shall  suffer   2. That  he  knows  of  the  secrets  of  a  private  individual  by  reason  of  his  
the  penalties  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos.     office.  
  3. That  he  reveals  such  secrets  without  authority  or  justifiable  
  reason.  
 

Chapter  Six:  OTHER  OFFENSES  OR  IRREGULARITIES  BY  PUBLIC  OFFICERS  

Section  One  –  Disobedience,  refusal  of  assistance,  and  maltreatment  of  prisoners  
Article  231.  Open  disobedience.  -­‐  Any  judicial  or  executive  officer  who   Elements:  
shall  openly  refuse  to  execute  the  judgment,  decision  or  order  of  any   1. That  the  offender  is  a  judicial  or  executive  officer.  
superior  authority  made  within  the  scope  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  latter   2. That  there  is  a  judgment,  decision  or  order  of  a  superior  
and  issued  with  all  the  legal  formalities,  shall  suffer  the  penalties  of   authority.  
arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its   3. That  such  judgment,  decision  or  order  was  made  within  the  scope  
minimum  period,  temporary  special  disqualification  in  its  maximum   of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  superior  authority  and  issued  with  all  the  
period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos.     legal  formalities.  
  4. That  the  offender  without  any  legal  justification  openly  refuses  to  
execute  the  said  judgment,  decision  or  order,  which  he  is  duty  
bound  to  obey.  
 
Act  constituting  the  crime:  Open  disobedience  is  committed  by  any  judicial  
or  executive  officer  who  shall  openly  refuse  to  execute  the  judgment,  decision,  
or  order  of  any  superior  authority.  
Article  232.  Disobedience  to  order  of  superior  officers,  when  said  order   Elements:  
was  suspended  by  inferior  officer.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who,  having  for  any   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
reason  suspended  the  execution  of  the  orders  of  his  superiors,  shall   2. That  an  order  is  issued  by  his  superior  for  execution.  
disobey  such  superiors  after  the  latter  have  disapproved  the  suspension,   3. That  he  has  for  any  reason  suspended  the  execution  of  such  order.  
shall  suffer  the  penalties  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and   4. That  his  superior  disapproves  the  suspension  of  the  execution  of  
medium  periods  and  perpetual  special  disqualification.     the  order.  
  5. That  the  offender  disobeys  his  superior  despite  the  disapproval  of  
the  suspension.  
Article  233.  Refusal  of  assistance.  -­‐  The  penalties  of  arresto  mayor  in  its   Elements:  
medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  perpetual   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
special  disqualification  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos,  shall  be   2. That  a  competent  authority  demands  from  the  offender  that  he  
imposed  upon  a  public  officer  who,  upon  demand  from  competent   lend  his  cooperation  towards  the  administration  of  justice  or  
authority,  shall  fail  to  lend  his  cooperation  towards  the  administration  of   other  public  service.  
justice  or  other  public  service,  if  such  failure  shall  result  in  serious   3. That  the  offender  fails  to  do  so  maliciously.  
damage  to  the  public  interest,  or  to  a  third  party;  otherwise,  arresto  
mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  
pesos  shall  be  imposed.    
Article  234.  Refusal  to  discharge  elective  office.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto   Elements:  
mayor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed   1. That  the  offender  is  elected  by  popular  election  to  a  public  office.  
upon  any  person  who,  having  been  elected  by  popular  election  to  a   2. That  he  refuses  to  be  sworn  in  or  to  discharge  the  duties  of  said  
public  office,  shall  refuse  without  legal  motive  to  be  sworn  in  or  to   office.  
discharge  the  duties  of  said  office.     3. That  there  is  no  legal  motive  for  such  refusal  to  be  sworn  in  or  to  
  discharge  the  duties  of  said  office.  
Article  235.  Maltreatment  of  prisoners.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in   El  Elements:  
its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  in   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
addition  to  his  liability  for  the  physical  injuries  or  damage  caused,  shall   2. That  he  has  under  his  charge  a  prisoner  or  detention  prisoner.  
be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  or  employee  who  shall  overdo   3. That  he  maltreats  such  prisoner  in  either  of  the  following  
himself  in  the  correction  or  handling  of  a  prisoner  or  detention  prisoner   manners:  
under  his  charge,  by  the  imposition  of  punishment  not  authorized  by  the   a. By  overdoing  himself  in  the  correction  or  handling  of  a  
regulations,  or  by  inflicting  such  punishment  in  a  cruel  and  humiliating   prisoner  or  detention  prisoner  under  his  charge  either    
manner.     i. By  the  imposition  of  punishments  not  
If  the  purpose  of  the  maltreatment  is  to  extort  a  confession,  or  to  obtain   authorized  by  the  regulations,  or  
some  information  from  the  prisoner,  the  offender  shall  be  punished  by   ii. By  inflicting  such  punishments  (those  
prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  temporary  special   authorized)  in  a  cruel  and  humiliating  
disqualification  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos,  in  addition  to  his   manner;  or  
liability  for  the  physical  injuries  or  damage  caused.     b. By  maltreating  such  prisoner  to  extort  a  confession  or  
to  obtain  some  information  from  the  prisoner.  
Section  Two  –  Anticipation,  prolongation  and  abandonment  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  public  office  
Article  236.  Anticipation  of  duties  of  a  public  office.  -­‐  Any  person  who   Elements:  
shall  assume  the  performance  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  any  public   1. That  the  offender  is  entitled  to  hold  a  public  office  or  
officer  or  employment  without  first  being  sworn  in  or  having  given  the   employment,  either  by  election  or  appointment.  
bond  required  by  law,  shall  be  suspended  from  such  office  or   2. That  the  law  requires  that  he  should  first  be  sworn  in  and/or  
employment  until  he  shall  have  complied  with  the  respective  formalities   should  first  give  a  bond.  
and  shall  be  fined  from  200  to  500  pesos.     3. That  he  assumes  the  performance  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  
  such  office.  
4. That  he  has  not  taken  his  oath  of  office  and/or  given  the  bond  
required  by  law.  
Article  237.  Prolonging  performance  of  duties  and  powers.  -­‐  Any  public   Elements:  
officer  shall  continue  to  exercise  the  duties  and  powers  of  his  office,   1. That  the  offender  is  holding  a  public  office.  
employment  or  commission,  beyond  the  period  provided  by  law,   2. That  the  period  provided  by  law,  regulations  or  special  provisions  
regulation  or  special  provisions  applicable  to  the  case,  shall  suffer  the   for  holding  such  office,  has  already  expired.  
penalties  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  special   3. That  he  continues  to  exercise  the  duties  and  powers  of  such  office.  
temporary  disqualification  in  its  minimum  period  and  a  fine  not  
exceeding  500  pesos.    
Article  238.  Abandonment  of  office  or  position.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who,   Elements:  
before  the  acceptance  of  his  resignation,  shall  abandon  his  office  to  the   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
detriment  of  the  public  service  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor.     2. That  he  formally  resigns  from  his  position.  
If  such  office  shall  have  been  abandoned  in  order  to  evade  the  discharge   3. That  his  resignation  has  not  yet  been  accepted.  
of  the  duties  of  preventing,  prosecuting  or  punishing  any  of  the  crime   4. That  he  abandons  his  office  to  the  detriment  of  the  public  service.  
falling  within  Title  One,  and  Chapter  One  of  Title  Three  of  Book  Two  of  
this  Code,  the  offender  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  
minimum  and  medium  periods,  and  by  arresto  mayorif  the  purpose  of  
such  abandonment  is  to  evade  the  duty  of  preventing,  prosecuting  or  
punishing  any  other  crime.    
 
Section  Three  –  Usurpation  of  powers  and  unlawful  appointments    
Article  239.  Usurpation  of  legislative  powers.  -­‐  The  penalties  of  prision   Elements:  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  temporary  special  disqualification   1. That  the  offender  is  an  executive  or  judicial  officer.  
and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public   2. That  he  (a)  makes  general  rules  or  regulations  beyond  the  scope  
officer  who  shall  encroach  upon  the  powers  of  the  legislative  branch  of   of  his  authority,  or  (b)  attempts  to  repeal  a  law  or  (c)  suspends  
the  Government,  either  by  making  general  rules  or  regulations  beyond   the  execution  thereof.  
the  scope  of  his  authority,  or  by  attempting  to  repeal  a  law  or  suspending  
the  execution  thereof.    
Article  240.  Usurpation  of  executive  functions.  -­‐  Any  judge  who  shall   Elements:  
assume  any  power  pertaining  to  the  executive  authorities,  or  shall   1. That  the  offender  is  a  judge.  
obstruct  the  latter  in  the  lawful  exercise  of  their  powers,  shall  suffer  the   2. That  he  (a)  assumes  a  power  pertaining  to  the  executive  
penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in   authorities,  or  (b)  obstructs  the  executive  authorities  in  the  
its  minimum  period.     lawful  exercise  of  their  powers.  
Article  241.  Usurpation  of  judicial  functions.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto   Elements:  
mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum   1. That  the  offender  is  an  officer  of  the  executive  branch  of  the  
period  and  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  officer  of  the  executive  branch  of   Government.  
the  Government  who  shall  assume  judicial  powers  or  shall  obstruct  the   2. That  he  (a)  assumes  judicial  powers,  or  (b)  obstructs  the  
execution  of  any  order  or  decision  rendered  by  any  judge  within  its   execution  of  any  order  or  decision  rendered  by  any  judge  within  
jurisdiction.     his  jurisdiction.  
Article  242.  Disobeying  request  for  disqualification.  -­‐  Any  public  officer   Elements:  
who,  before  the  question  of  jurisdiction  is  decided,  shall  continue  any   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
proceeding  after  having  been  lawfully  required  to  refrain  from  so  doing,   2. That  a  proceeding  is  pending  before  such  public  officer.  
shall  be  punished  by  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos.     3. That  there  is  a  question  brought  before  the  proper  authority  
regarding  his  jurisdiction,  which  is  not  yet  decided.  
4. That  he  has  been  lawfully  required  to  refrain  from  continuing  the  
proceeding.  
5. That  he  continues  the  proceeding.  
Article  243.  Orders  or  requests  by  executive  officers  to  any  judicial   Elements:  
authority.  -­‐  Any  executive  officer  who  shall  address  any  order  or   1. That  the  offender  is  an  executive  officer.  
suggestion  to  any  judicial  authority  with  respect  to  any  case  or  business   2. That  he  addresses  any  order  or  suggestion  to  any  judicial  
coming  within  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  of  justice  shall   authority.  
suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  500  pesos.     3. That  the  order  or  suggestion  relates  to  any  case  or  business  
coming  within  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  of  justice.  
Article  244.  Unlawful  appointments.  -­‐  Any  public  officer  who  shall   Elements:  
knowingly  nominate  or  appoint  to  any  public  office  any  person  lacking   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
the  legal  qualifications  therefor,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor   2. That  he  nominates  or  appoints  a  person  to  a  public  office.  
and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos.     3. That  such  person  lacks  the  legal  qualifications  therefor.  
  4. That  the  offender  knows  that  his  nominee  or  appointee  lacks  the  
qualifications  at  the  time  he  made  the  nomination  or  
appointment.  
Section  Four  –  Abuses  against  chastity  
Article  245.  Abuses  against  chastity;  Penalties.  -­‐  The  penalties  of  prision   Elements:  
correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  and  temporary  special   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer.  
disqualification  shall  be  imposed:     2. That  he  solicits  or  makes  immoral  or  indecent  advances  to  a  
1. Upon  any  public  officer  who  shall  solicit  or  make  immoral  or   woman.  
indecent  advances  to  a  woman  interested  in  matters  pending   3. That  such  woman  must  be  –  
before  such  officer  for  decision,  or  with  respect  to  which  he  is   a. Interested  in  matters  pending  before  the  offender  for  
required  to  submit  a  report  to  or  consult  with  a  superior   decision,  or  with  respect  to  which  he  is  required  to  
officer;     submit  a  report  to  or  consult  with  a  superior  officer;  or  
2. Any  warden  or  other  public  officer  directly  charged  with  the   b. Under  the  custody  of  the  offender  who  is  a  warden  or  
care  and  custody  of  prisoners  or  persons  under  arrest  who   other  public  officer  directly  charged  with  the  care  and  
shall  solicit  or  make  immoral  or  indecent  advances  to  a   custody  of  prisoners  or  persons  under  arrest;  or  
woman  under  his  custody.     c. The  wife,  daughter,  sister  or  relative  within  the  same  
If  the  person  solicited  be  the  wife,  daughter,  sister  of  relative  within  the   degree  by  affinity  of  the  person  in  the  custody  of  the  
same  degree  by  affinity  of  any  person  in  the  custody  of  such  warden  or   offender.  
officer,  the  penalties  shall  be  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and   Note:  The  mother  of  the  person  in  the  custody  of  the  offender  is  not  included.  
medium  periods  and  temporary  special  disqualification.    
 
 
   
  

CRIMES  AGAINST  PUBLIC  MORALS  

Chapter  One:  GAMBLING  AND  BETTING  
Art.  195.  What  acts  are  punishable  in  gambling.  —     If  inconsistent  with  PD  1602,  repealed  
(a)   The   penalty   of   arresto   mayor   or   a   fine   not   exceeding   two   hundred    
pesos,   and,   in   case   of   recidivism,   the   penalty   of   arresto   mayor   or   a   fine  
ranging  from  two  hundred  or  six  thousand  pesos,  shall  be  imposed  upon:    
1.  Any  person  other  than  those  referred  to  in  subsections  (b)  and  (c)  who,  
in  any  manner  shall  directly,  or  indirectly  take  part  in  any  game  of  monte,  
jueteng  or  any  other  form  of  lottery,  policy,  banking,  or  percentage  game,  
dog  races,  or  any  other  game  of  scheme  the  result  of  which  depends  wholly  
or  chiefly  upon  chance  or  hazard;  or  wherein  wagers  consisting  of  money,  
articles   of   value   or   representative   of   value   are   made;   or   in   the   exploitation  
or   use   of   any   other   mechanical   invention   or   contrivance   to   determine   by  
chance   the   loser   or   winner   of   money   or   any   object   or   representative   of  
value.    
2.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  permit  any  form  of  gambling  referred  
to   in   the   preceding   subdivision   to   be   carried   on   in   any   unhabited   or  
uninhabited  place  of  any  building,  vessel  or  other  means  of  transportation  
owned  or  controlled  by  him.  If  the  place  where  gambling  is  carried  on  has  
the   reputation   of   a   gambling   place   or   that   prohibited   gambling   is  
frequently  carried  on  therein,  the  culprit  shall  be  punished  by  the  penalty  
provided  for  in  this  article  in  its  maximum  period.  
(b)   The   penalty   of   prision   correccional   in   its   maximum   degree   shall   be  
imposed  upon  the  maintainer,  conductor,  or  banker  in  a  game  of  jueteng  or  
any  similar  game.    
(c)   The   penalty   of   prision   correccional   in   its   medium   degree   shall   be  
imposed   upon   any   person   who   shall,   knowingly   and   without   lawful  
purpose,   have   in   his   possession   and   lottery   list,   paper   or   other   matter  
containing  letters,  figures,  signs  or  symbols  which  pertain  to  or  are  in  any  
manner  used  in  the  game  of  jueteng  or  any  similar  game  which  has  taken  
place  or  about  to  take  place.  
Art.   196.   Importation,   sale   and   possession   of   lottery   tickets   or   If  inconsistent  with  PD  1602,  repealed  
advertisements.  —  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to    
prision   correccional   in   its   minimum   period   or   a   fine   ranging   from   200   to   Acts  Punished  (relative  to  lottery  tickets  or  advertisements):  
2,000  pesos,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  shall  be  imposed  upon   1. By  importing  into  the  Philippines  from  any  foreign  place  or  port  
any  person  who  shall  import  into  the  Philippine  Islands  from  any  foreign   any  lottery  ticket  or  advertisement.  
place  or  port  any  lottery  ticket  or  advertisement  or,  in  connivance  with  the   2. By   selling   or   distributing   the   name   in   connivance   with   the  
importer,  shall  sell  or  distribute  the  same.     importer.  
  3. By  possessing,  knowingly  and  with  intent  to  use,  lottery  tickets  
Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  and  with  intent  to  use  them,  have  in  his   or  advertisements.  
possession  lottery  tickets  or  advertisements,  or  shall  sell  or  distribute  the   4. By  selling  or  distributing  the  same  without  connivance  with  the  
same  without  connivance  with  the  importer  of  the  same,  shall  be  punished   importer.  
by   arresto   menor,   or   a   fine   not   exceeding   200   pesos,   or   both,   in   the  
discretion  of  the  court.    
 
The  possession  of  any  lottery  ticket  or  advertisement  shall  be  prima  facie  
evidence   of   an   intent   to   sell,   distribute   or   use   the   same   in   the   Philippine  
Islands.    
Art.   197.   Betting  in  sports  contests.   —   The   penalty   of   arresto   menor   or   a   Repealed  by  PD  483  
fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person    
who  shall  bet  money  or  any  object  or  article  of  value  or  representative  of   If  inconsistent  with  PD  1602,  repealed  
value  upon  the  result  of  any  boxing  or  other  sports  contests.    
Art.  198.  Illegal  betting  on  horse  race.   —   The   penalty   of   arresto   menor   or   a   If  inconsistent  with  PD  1602,  repealed  
fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person    
who  except  during  the  period  allowed  by  law,  shall  be  on  horse  races.  The   Acts  Punishable:  
penalty   of   arresto   mayor   or   a   fine   ranging   from   200   to   2,000   pesos,   or   1. By  betting  on  horse  races  during  the  periods  not  allowed  by  law.  
both,   shall   be   imposed   upon   any   person   who,   under   the   same   2. By   maintaining   or   employing   a   totalizer   or   other   device   or  
circumstances,   shall   maintain   or   employ   a   totalizer   or   other   device   or   scheme  for  betting  on  races  or  realizing  profit  therefrom,  during  
scheme  for  betting  on  horse  races  or  realizing  any  profit  therefrom.     the  periods  not  allowed  by  law.  
 
For  the  purposes  of  this  article,  any  race  held  in  the  same  day  at  the  same  
place   shall   be   held   punishable   as   a   separate   offense,   and   if   the   same   be  
committed   by   any   partnership,   corporation   or   association,   the   president  
and  the  directors  or  managers  thereof  shall  be  deemed  to  be  principals   in  
the   offense   if   they   have   consented   to   or   knowingly   tolerated   its  
commission.    
Art.  199.  Illegal  cockfighting.   —   The   penalty   of   arresto   menor   or   a   fine   not   If  inconsistent  with  PD  1602,  repealed  
exceeding   200   pesos,   or   both,   in   the   discretion   of   the   court,   shall   be    
imposed  upon:    
1. Any  person  who  directly  or  indirectly  participates  in  cockfights,  
by   betting   money   or   other   valuable   things,   or   who   organizes  
 cockfights   at   which   bets   are   made,   on   a   day   other   than   those  
permitted  by  law.    
2. Any  person  who  directly  or  indirectly  participates  in  cockfights,  
at  a  place  other  than  a  licensed  cockpit.  
Chapter  Two:  OFFENSES  AGAINST  DECENCY  AND  GOOD  CUSTOMS  
Art.  200.  Grave  scandal.  —  The  penalties  of  arresto  mayor  and  public   Elements:  
censure  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  offend  against   1. That  the  offender  performs  an  act  or  acts.  
decency  or  good  customs  by  any  highly  scandalous  conduct  not  expressly   2. That   such   act   or   acts   be   highly  scandalous   as   offending   against  
falling  within  any  other  article  of  this  Code.     decency  or  good  customs.  
3. That   the   highly   scandalous   conduct   is   not   expressly   falling  
within  any  other  article  of  this  Code.  
5. That  the  act  or  acts  complained  of  be  committed  in  a  public  
place  or  within  the  public  knowledge  or  view.  
Art.   201.   Immoral   doctrines,   obscene   publications   and   exhibitions   and    
indecent   shows.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  or  a  fine  ranging  from  six  
thousand  to  twelve  thousand  pesos,  or  both  such  imprisonment  and   fine,  
shall  be  imposed  upon:    
 
(1)   Those   who   shall   publicly   expound   or   proclaim   doctrines   openly  
contrary  to  public  morals;    
 
(2)   (a)   the   authors   of   obscene   literature,   published   with   their   knowledge  
in   any   form;   the   editors   publishing   such   literature;   and   the  
owners/operators  of  the  establishment  selling  the  same;    
(b)   Those   who,   in   theaters,   fairs,   cinematographs   or   any   other   place,  
exhibit,  indecent  or  immoral  plays,  scenes,  acts  or  shows,  whether  live  or  
in   film,   which   are   prescribed   by   virtue   hereof,   shall   include   those   which  
(1)  glorify  criminals  or  condone  crimes;  (2)  serve  no  other  purpose  but  to  
satisfy  the  market  for  violence,  lust  or  pornography;  (3)  offend  any  race  or  
religion;   (4)   tend   to   abet   traffic   in   and   use   of   prohibited   drugs;   and   (5)   are  
contrary   to   law,   public   order,   morals,   and   good   customs,   established  
policies,  lawful  orders,  decrees  and  edicts;    
 
(3)  Those  who  shall  sell,  give  away  or  exhibit  films,  prints,  engravings,  
sculpture  or  literature  which  are  offensive  to  morals.  (As  amended  by  PD  
Nos.  960  and  969).  
Art.  202.  Vagrants  and  prostitutes;  penalty.  —  The  following  are  vagrants:      
1. Any  person  having  no  apparent  means  of  subsistence,  who  has  
the  physical  ability  to  work  and  who  neglects  to  apply  himself  or  
herself  to  some  lawful  calling;    
2. Any   person   found   loitering   about   public   or   semi-­‐public  
buildings  or  places  or  trampling  or  wandering  about  the  country  
or  the  streets  without  visible  means  of  support;    
3. Any   idle   or   dissolute   person   who   ledges   in   houses   of   ill   fame;  
ruffians   or   pimps   and   those   who   habitually   associate   with  
prostitutes;    
4. Any   person   who,   not   being   included   in   the   provisions   of   other  
articles  of  this  Code,  shall  be  found  loitering  in  any  inhabited  or  
uninhabited   place   belonging   to   another   without   any   lawful   or  
justifiable  purpose;    
5. Prostitutes.  
 
For   the   purposes   of   this   article,   women   who,   for   money   or   profit,  
habitually  indulge  in  sexual  intercourse  or  lascivious  conduct,  are  deemed  
to  be  prostitutes.    
 
Any  person  found  guilty  of  any  of  the  offenses  covered  by  this  articles  shall  
be  punished  by  arresto  menor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos,  and  in  
case  of  recidivism,  by  arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  2,000  
pesos,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.    
 
 
 
   
  

CRIMES  AGAINST  HONOR  

Chapter  One:  LIBEL  
Section  One  –  Definition,  forms,  and  punishment  of  the  crime  
Article  353.  Definition  of  libel.  -­‐  A  libel  is  public  and  malicious  imputation   Elements  of  defamation:  
of  a  crime,  or  of  a  vice  or  defect,  real  or  imaginary,  or  any  act,  omission,   1. That   there   must   be   an   imputation   of   a   crime,   or   of   a   vice   or  
condition,  status,  or  circumstance  tending  to  cause  the  dishonor,  discredit,   defect,   real   or   imaginary,   or   any   act,   omission,   status   or  
or  contempt  of  a  natural  or  juridical  person,  or  to  blacken  the  memory  of   circumstance.  
one  who  is  dead.     2. That  the  imputation  must  be  made  publicly.  
3. That  it  must  be  malicious.  
4. That   the   imputations   must   be   directed   to   a   natural   or   juridical  
person,  or  one  who  is  dead.  
5. That   the   imputation   must   tend  to  cause   the   dishonor,   discredit  
or  contempt  of  the  person  defamed.  
Article  354.  Requirement  for  publicity.  -­‐  Every  defamatory  imputation  is   Requisites  of  privileged  communication  under  par.  1:  
presumed  to  be  malicious,  even  if  it  be  true,  if  no  good  intention  and   1. That   the   person   who   made   the   communication   had   a   legal,  
justifiable  motive  for  making  it  is  shown,  except  in  the  following  cases:     moral  or  social  duty  to  make  the  communication,  or,  at  least,  he  
1. A  private  communication  made  by  any  person  to  another  in  the   had  an  interest  to  be  upheld;  
performance  of  any  legal,  moral  or  social  duty;  and     2. That  the  communication  is  addressed  to  an  officer  or  a  board,  or  
2.  A  fair  and  true  report,  made  in  good  faith,  without  any   superior,  having  some  interest  or  duty  in  the  matter;  
comments  or  remarks,  of  any  judicial,  legislative  or  other  official   3. That   the   statements   in   the   communication   are   made   in   good  
proceedings  which  are  not  of  confidential  nature,  or  of  any   faith  without  malice  (in  fact).  
statement,  report  or  speech  delivered  in  said  proceedings,  or  of    
any  other  act  performed  by  public  officers  in  the  exercise  of   Requisites  of  fair  and  true  report  of  official  proceedings  under  par.  2:  
their  functions.     1. That  it  is  a  fair  and  true  report  of  a  judicial,  legislative,  or  other  
  official  proceedings  which  are  not   of  confidential  nature,  or  of  a  
statement,  report  or  speech  delivered  in  said  proceedings,  or  of  
any  other  act  performed  by  a  public  officer  in  the  exercise  of  his  
functions;  
2. That  it  is  made  in  good  faith;  and  
3. That  it  is  without  any  comments  or  remarks.  
Article  355.  Libel  means  by  writings  or  similar  means.  -­‐  A  libel  committed   Ways  of  committing  libel:  
by  means  of  writing,  printing,  lithography,  engraving,  radio,  phonograph,   1. Writing  
painting,  theatrical  exhibition,  cinematographic  exhibition,  or  any  similar   2. Printing  
means,  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  and   3. Lithography  
medium  periods  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to  6,000  pesos,  or  both,  in   4. Engraving  
addition  to  the  civil  action  which  may  be  brought  by  the  offended  party.     5. Radio  
  6. Phonograph  
7. Painting  
8. Theatrical  exhibition  
9. Cinematographic  exhibition  
10. Or  any  similar  means  
Article  356.  Threatening  to  publish  and  offer  to  present  such  publication  for   Acts  Punished:  
a  compensation.  -­‐  The  penalty  ofarresto  mayor  or  a  fine  from  200  to  2,000   1. By  threatening  another  to  publish  a  libel  concerning  him,  or  his  
pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  threatens  another   parents,  spouse,  child,  or  other  members  of  his  family.  
to  publish  a  libel  concerning  him  or  the  parents,  spouse,  child,  or  other   2. By   offering   to   prevent   the   publication   of   such   libel   for  
members  of  the  family  of  the  latter  or  upon  anyone  who  shall  offer  to   compensation,  or  money  consideration.  
prevent  the  publication  of  such  libel  for  a  compensation  or  money  
consideration.    
Article  357.  Prohibited  publication  of  acts  referred  to  in  the  course  of   Elements:  
official  proceedings.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  or  a  fine  of  from  20  to   1. That   the   offender   is   a   reporter,   editor   or   manager   of   a  
2,000  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  reporter,  editor  or   newspaper  daily  or  magazine.  
manager  or  a  newspaper,  daily  or  magazine,  who  shall  publish  facts   2. That   he   publishes   facts   connected   with   the   private   life   of  
connected  with  the  private  life  of  another  and  offensive  to  the  honor,   another.  
virtue  and  reputation  of  said  person,  even  though  said  publication  be  made   3. That  such  facts  are  offensive   to  the  honor,  virtue  and  reputation  
in  connection  with  or  under  the  pretext  that  it  is  necessary  in  the  narration   of  said  person.  
of  any  judicial  or  administrative  proceedings  wherein  such  facts  have  been  
mentioned.    
Article  358.  Slander.  -­‐  Oral  defamation  shall  be  punished  by  arresto  mayor   Two  kinds  of  oral  defamation:  
in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  if  it  is   1. Simple  slander;  and  
of  a  serious  and  insulting  nature;  otherwise  the  penalty  shall  be  arresto   2. Grave  slander,  when  it  is  of  a  serious  and  insulting  nature  
menor  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos.    
Article  359.  Slander  by  deed.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its   Elements:  
maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  or  a  fine   1. That   the   offender   performs   any   act   not   included   in   any   other  
ranging  from  200  to  1,000  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who   crime  against  honor.  
shall  perform  any  act  not  included  and  punished  in  this  title,  which  shall   2. That   such   act   is   performed   in   the   presence   of   other   person   or  
cast  dishonor,  discredit  or  contempt  upon  another  person.  If  said  act  is  not   persons.  
of  a  serious  nature,  the  penalty  shall  be  arresto  menor  or  a  fine  not   3. That   such   act   casts   dishonor,   discredit   or   contempt   upon   the  
exceeding  200  pesos.     offended  party.  
 
Two  kinds  of  slander  by  deed:  
1. Simple  slander  by  deed;  and  
2. Grave  slander  by  deed,  that  is,  which  is  of  a  serious  nature.  

Section  Two  –  General  provisions    

Article  360.  Persons  responsible.  -­‐  Any  person  who  shall  publish,  exhibit,   Persons  responsible  for  libel  are:  
or  cause  the  publication  or     1. The   person   who   publishes,   exhibits   or   causes   the   publication   or  
exhibition  of  any  defamation  in  writing  or  by  similar  means,  shall  be   exhibition  of  any  defamation  in  writing  or  similar  means  
responsible  for  the  same.     2. The  author  or  editor  of  a  book  or  pamphlet  
The  author  or  editor  of  a  book  or  pamphlet,  or  the  editor  or  business   3. The  editor  or  business  manager  of  a  daily  newspaper  magazine  
manager  of  a  daily  newspaper,  magazine  or  serial  publication,  shall  be   or  serial  publication  
responsible  for  the  defamations  contained  therein  to  the  same  extent  as  if   4. The   owner   of   the   printing   plant   which   publishes   a   libelous  
he  were  the  author  thereof.     article   with   his   consent   and   all   other   persons   who   in   any   way  
The  criminal  and  civil  action  for  damages  in  cases  of  written  defamations   participate  in  or  have  connection  with  its  publication  
as  provided  for  in  this  chapter,  shall  be  filed  simultaneously  or  separately  
with  the  court  of  first  instance  of  the  province  or  city  where  the  libelous  
article  is  printed  and  first  published  or  where  any  of  the  offended  parties  
actually  resides  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  offense:  Provided,  
however,  That  where  one  of  the  offended  parties  is  a  public  officer  whose  
office  is  in  the  City  of  Manila  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  offense,  
the  action  shall  be  filed  in  the  Court  of  First  Instance  of  the  City  of  Manila,  
or  of  the  city  or  province  where  the  libelous  article  is  printed  and  first  
published,  and  in  case  such  public  officer  does  not  hold  office  in  the  City  of  
Manila,  the  action  shall  be  filed  in  the  Court  of  First  Instance  of  the  
province  or  city  where  he  held  office  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  
offense  or  where  the  libelous  article  is  printed  and  first  published  and  in  
case  one  of  the  offended  parties  is  a  private  individual,  the  action  shall  be  
filed  in  the  Court  of  First  Instance  of  the  province  or  city  where  he  actually  
resides  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  offense  or  where  the  libelous  
matter  is  printed  and  first  published:  Provided,  further,  That  the  civil  
action  shall  be  filed  in  the  same  court  where  the  criminal  action  is  filed  and  
vice  versa:  Provided,  furthermore,  That  the  court  where  the  criminal  
action  or  civil  action  for  damages  is  first  filed,  shall  acquire  jurisdiction  to  
the  exclusion  of  other  courts:  And,  provided,  finally,  That  this  amendment  
shall  not  apply  to  cases  of  written  defamations,  the  civil  and/or  criminal  
actions  which  have  been  filed  in  court  at  the  time  of  the  effectivity  of  this  
law.    
Preliminary  investigation  of  criminal  action  for  written  defamations  as  
provided  for  in  the  chapter  shall  be  conducted  by  the  provincial  or  city  
fiscal  of  the  province  or  city,  or  by  the  municipal  court  of  the  city  or  capital  
of  the  province  where  such  action  may  be  instituted  in  accordance  with  the  
provisions  of  this  article.    
No  criminal  action  for  defamation  which  consists  in  the  imputation  of  a  
crime  which  cannot  be  prosecuted  de  oficio  shall  be  brought  except  at  the  
instance  of  and  upon  complaint  expressly  filed  by  the  offended  party.  (As  
amended  by  R.A.  1289,  approved  June  15,  1955,  R.A.  4363,  approved  June  
19,  1965).    
Article  361.  Proof  of  the  truth.  -­‐  In  every  criminal  prosecution  for  libel,  the   Proof  of  truth  is  admissible  in  any  of  the  following:  
truth  may  be  given  in  evidence  to  the  court  and  if  it  appears  that  the   1. When   the   act   or   omission   imputed   constitutes   a   crime  
matter  charged  as  libelous  is  true,  and,  moreover,  that  it  was  published   regardless  of  whether  the  offended  party  is  a  private  individual  
with  good  motives  and  for  justifiable  ends,  the  defendants  shall  be   or   a   public   officer   (The   truth   of   an   imputation   of   an   act   which  
acquitted.     does   not   constitute   a   crime   to   a   private   individual   may   not   be  
Proof  of  the  truth  of  an  imputation  of  an  act  or  omission  not  constituting  a   proved)  
crime  shall  not  be  admitted,  unless  the  imputation  shall  have  been  made   2. When   the   offended   party   is   a   Government   employee,   even   if   the  
against  Government  employees  with  respect  to  facts  related  to  the   act  or  omission  imputed  does  not  constitute  a  crime,  provided,  
discharge  of  their  official  duties.     it  is  related  to  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties  (If  it  involves  
In  such  cases  if  the  defendant  proves  the  truth  of  the  imputation  made  by   his   private   life   which   is   not   related   to   the   discharge   of   his  
him,  he  shall  be  acquitted.     official  duties,  offender  cannot  prove  the  truth  thereof)  
 
Requisites  of  defense  in  defamation:  
1. “If  it  appears  that  the  matter  charged  as  libelous  is  true.”  
2. “It  was  published  with  good  motives.”  
3. “And  for  justifiable  ends.”  
Article  362.  Libelous  remarks.  -­‐  Libelous  remarks  or  comments  connected    
with  the  matter  privileged  under  the  provisions  of  Article  354,  if  made  
with  malice,  shall  not  exempt  the  author  thereof  nor  the  editor  or  
managing  editor  of  a  newspaper  from  criminal  liability.    

Chapter  Two:  INCRIMINATORY  MACHINATIONS  

Article  363.  Incriminating  innocent  person.  -­‐  Any  person  who,  by  any  act   Elements:  
not  constituting  perjury,  shall  directly  incriminate  or  impute  to  an   1. That  the  offender  performs  an  act.  
innocent  person  the  commission  of  a  crime,  shall  be  punished  by  arresto   2. That   by   such   act   he   directly   incriminates   or   imputes   to   an  
menor.     innocent  person  the  commission  of  a  crime.  
3. That  such  act  does  not  constitute  perjury.  
Article  364.  Intriguing  against  honor.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto  menor  or    
fine  not  exceeding  200  pesos  shall  be  imposed  for  any  intrigue  which  has  
for  its  principal  purpose  to  blemish  the  honor  or  reputation  of  a  person.    
 
 
   
 QUASI-­‐OFFENSES  
CRIMINAL  NEGLIGENCE  
Article  365.  Imprudence  and  negligence.  -­‐  Any  person  who,  by  reckless   Ways  of  committing  the  quasi-­‐offenses:  
imprudence,  shall  commit  any  act  which,  had  it  been  intentional,  would   1. By  committing  through  reckless  imprudence  any  act  which  had  it  
constitute  a  grave  felony,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its   been  intentional,  would  constitute  a  grave  or  less  grave  felony  or  
maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  period;  if  it  would   light  felony.  
have  constituted  a  less  grave  felony,  the  penalty  ofarresto  mayor  in  its   2. By  committing  through  simple  imprudence  or  negligence  an  act  
minimum  and  medium  periods  shall  be  imposed;  if  it  would  have   which  would  otherwise  constitute  a  grave  or  a  less  serious  
constituted  a  light  felony,  the  penalty  of  arresto  menor  in  its  maximum   felony.  
period  shall  be  imposed.     3. By  causing  damage  to  the  property  of  another  through  reckless  
Any  person  who,  by  simple  imprudence  or  negligence,  shall  commit  an  act   imprudence  or  simple  imprudence  or  negligence.  
which  would  otherwise  constitute  a  grave  felony,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of   4. By  causing  through  simple  imprudence  or  negligence  some  
arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods;  if  it  would  have   wrong  which,  if  done  maliciously,  would  have  constituted  a  light  
constituted  a  less  serious  felony,  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its   felony.  
minimum  period  shall  be  imposed.      
When  the  execution  of  the  act  covered  by  this  article  shall  have  only   Elements  of  reckless  imprudence:  
resulted  in  damage  to  the  property  of  another,  the  offender  shall  be   1. That  the  offender  does  or  fails  to  do  an  act.  
punished  by  a  fine  ranging  from  an  amount  equal  to  the  value  of  said   2. That  the  doing  of  or  the  failure  to  do  that  act  is  voluntary.  
damages  to  three  times  such  value,  but  which  shall  in  no  case  be  less  than   3. That  it  be  without  malice.  
twenty-­‐five  pesos.     4. That  material  damage  results.  
A  fine  not  exceeding  two  hundred  pesos  and  censure  shall  be  imposed   5. That  there  is  inexcusable  lack  of  precaution  on  the  part  of  the  
upon  any  person  who,  by  simple  imprudence  or  negligence,  shall  cause   offender,  taking  into  consideration  –  
some  wrong  which,  if  done  maliciously,  would  have  constituted  a  light   a. His  employment  or  occupation;  
felony.     b. Degree  of  intelligence,  physical  condition;  and  
In  the  imposition  of  these  penalties,  the  court  shall  exercise  their  sound   c. Other  circumstances  regarding  persons,  time  and  place.  
discretion,  without  regard  to  the  rules  prescribed  in  Article  sixty-­‐four.      
The  provisions  contained  in  this  article  shall  not  be  applicable:     Elements  of  simple  imprudence:  
1. When  the  penalty  provided  for  the  offense  is  equal  to  or  lower   1. That  there  is  lack  of  precaution  on  the  part  of  the  offender.  
than  those  provided  in  the  first  two  paragraphs  of  this  article,  in   2. That  the  damage  impending  to  be  caused  is  not  immediate  or  the  
which  case  the  court  shall  impose  the  penalty  next  lower  in   danger  is  not  clearly  manifest.  
degree  than  that  which  should  be  imposed  in  the  period  which  
they  may  deem  proper  to  apply.    
2. When,  by  imprudence  or  negligence  and  with  violation  of  the  
Automobile  Law,  to  death  of  a  person  shall  be  caused,  in  which  
case  the  defendant  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  
its  medium  and  maximum  periods.    
Reckless  imprudence  consists  in  voluntary,  but  without  malice,  doing  or  
falling  to  do  an  act  from  which  material  damage  results  by  reason  of  
inexcusable  lack  of  precaution  on  the  part  of  the  person  performing  of  
failing  to  perform  such  act,  taking  into  consideration  his  employment  or  
occupation,  degree  of  intelligence,  physical  condition  and  other  
circumstances  regarding  persons,  time  and  place.    
Simple  imprudence  consists  in  the  lack  of  precaution  displayed  in  those  
cases  in  which  the  damage  impending  to  be  caused  is  not  immediate  nor  
the  danger  clearly  manifest.    
The  penalty  next  higher  in  degree  to  those  provided  for  in  this  article  shall  
be  imposed  upon  the  offender  who  fails  to  lend  on  the  spot  to  the  injured  
parties  such  help  as  may  be  in  this  hand  to  give.  (As  amended  by  R.A.  1790,  
approved  June  21,  1957).    
 
 
 
   
 CRIMES  AGAINST  PUBLIC  ORDER  
Chapter  One:  REBELLION,  COUP  D’ÉTAT,  SEDITION,  AND  DISLOYALTY  
Article  134.  Rebellion  or  insurrection;  How  committed.  -­‐  The  crime  of   Elements:  
rebellion  or  insurrection  is  committed  by  rising  publicly  and  taking  arms   1. That  there  be  (a)  a  public  uprising,  and  (b)  taking  arms  against  
against  the  Government  for  the  purpose  of  removing  from  the  allegiance  to   the  Government.  
said  Government  or  its  laws,  the  territory  of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  any   2. That  the  purpose  of  the  uprising  or  movement  is  either  –  
part  thereof,  of  any  body  of  land,  naval  or  other  armed  forces,  depriving   a. To  remove  from  the  allegiance  to  said  Government  or  
the  Chief  Executive  or  the  Legislature,  wholly  or  partially,  of  any  of  their   its  laws:  
powers  or  prerogatives.  (As  amended  by  R.A.  6968).     i. The  territory  of  the  Philippines  or  any  part  
thereof;  or  
ii. Any  body  of  land,  naval  or  other  armed  forces;  
or  
b. To  deprive  the  Chief  Executive  or  Congress,  wholly  or  
partially,  of  any  of  their  powers  or  prerogatives.  
Article  134-­‐A.  Coup  d'etat;  How  committed.  -­‐  The  crime  of  coup  d'etat  is  a   Elements:  
swift  attack  accompanied  by  violence,  intimidation,  threat,  strategy  or   1. That  the  offender  is  a  person  or  persons  belonging  to  the  
stealth,  directed  against  duly  constituted  authorities  of  the  Republic  of  the   military  or  police  or  holding  any  public  office  or  employment;  
Philippines,  or  any  military  camp  or  installation,  communications  network,   2. That  it  is  committed  by  means  of  a  swift  attack  accompanied  by  
public  utilities  or  other  facilities  needed  for  the  exercise  and  continued   violence,  intimidation,  threat,  strategy  or  stealth;  
possession  of  power,  singly  or  simultaneously  carried  out  anywhere  in  the   3. That  the  attack  is  directed  against  duly  constituted  authorities  
Philippines  by  any  person  or  persons,  belonging  to  the  military  or  police  or   of  the  Republic  of  the  Philippines,  or  any  military  camp  or  
holding  any  public  office  of  employment  with  or  without  civilian  support   installation,  communication  networks,  public  utilities  or  other  
or  participation  for  the  purpose  of  seizing  or  diminishing  state  power.  (As   facilities  needed  for  the  exercise  and  continued  possession  of  
amended  by  R.A.  6968).     power;  
4. That  the  purpose  of  the  attack  is  to  seize  or  diminish  state  
power.  
Article  135.  Penalty  for  rebellion,  insurrection  or  coup  d'etat.  -­‐  Any  person    
who  promotes,  maintains,  or  heads  rebellion  or  insurrection  shall  suffer  
the  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua.    
Any  person  merely  participating  or  executing  the  commands  of  others  in  a  
rebellion  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal.    
Any  person  who  leads  or  in  any  manner  directs  or  commands  others  to  
undertake  a  coup  d'etat  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  reclusion  perpetua.    
Any  person  in  the  government  service  who  participates,  or  executes  
directions  or  commands  of  others  in  undertaking  a  coup  d'etat  shall  suffer  
the  penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  maximum  period.    
Any  person  not  in  the  government  service  who  participates,  or  in  any  
manner  supports,  finances,  abets  or  aids  in  undertaking  a  coup  d'etat  shall  
suffer  the  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal  in  its  maximum  period.    
When  the  rebellion,  insurrection,  or  coup  d'etat  shall  be  under  the  
command  of  unknown  leaders,  any  person  who  in  fact  directed  the  others,  
spoke  for  them,  signed  receipts  and  other  documents  issued  in  their  name,  
as  performed  similar  acts,  on  behalf  or  the  rebels  shall  be  deemed  a  leader  
of  such  a  rebellion,  insurrection,  or  coup  d'etat.  (As  amended  by  R.A.  6968,  
approved  on  October  24,  1990).    
Article  136.  Conspiracy  and  proposal  to  commit  coup  d'etat,  rebellion  or   Two  Kinds  of  Crimes:  
insurrection.  -­‐  The  conspiracy  and  proposal  to  commit  coup  d'etat  shall  be   1. Conspiracy  to  commit  rebellion,  and  
punished  by  prision  mayor  in  minimum  period  and  a  fine  which  shall  not   2. Proposal  to  commit  rebellion  
exceed  eight  thousand  pesos  (P8,000.00).    
The  conspiracy  and  proposal  to  commit  rebellion  or  insurrection  shall  be  
punished  respectively,  by  prision  correccional  in  its  maximum  period  and  
a  fine  which  shall  not  exceed  five  thousand  pesos  (P5,000.00)  and  by  
prision  correccional  in  its  medium  period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  two  
thousand  pesos  (P2,000.00).  (As  amended  by  R.A.  6968,  approved  October  
24,  1990).    
Article  137.  Disloyalty  of  public  officers  or  employees.  -­‐  The  penalty  of   Acts  Punished:  
prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  public   1. By  failing  to  resist  a  rebellion  by  all  the  means  in  their  power;  
officers  or  employees  who  have  failed  to  resist  a  rebellion  by  all  the  means   or  
in  their  power,  or  shall  continue  to  discharge  the  duties  of  their  offices   2. By  continuing  to  discharge  the  duties  of  their  offices  under  the  
under  the  control  of  the  rebels  or  shall  accept  appointment  to  office  under   control  of  the  rebels;  or  
them.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.  No.  187).     3. By  accepting  appointment  to  office  under  them.  
Article  138.  Inciting  a  rebellion  or  insurrection.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision   Elements:  
mayor  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,   1. That  the  offender  does  not  take  arms  or  is  not  in  open  hostility  
without  taking  arms  or  being  in  open  hostility  against  the  Government,   against  the  Government;  
shall  incite  others  to  the  execution  of  any  of  the  acts  specified  in  article  134   2. That  he  incites  others  to  the  execution  of  any  of  the  acts  of  
of  this  Code,  by  means  of  speeches,  proclamations,  writings,  emblems,   rebellion;  
banners  or  other  representations  tending  to  the  same  end.  (Reinstated  by   3. That  the  inciting  is  done  by  means  of  speeches,  proclamations,  
E.O.  No.  187).     writings,  emblems,  banners  or  other  representations  tending  to  
 the  same  end.  
Article  139.  Sedition;  How  committed.  -­‐  The  crime  of  sedition  is   Elements:  
committed  by  persons  who  rise  publicly  and  tumultuously  in  order  to   1. That  the  offenders  rise  (1)  publicly,  and  (2)  tumultuously;  
attain  by  force,  intimidation,  or  by  other  means  outside  of  legal  methods,   2. That  they  employ  force,  intimidation,  or  other  means  outside  of  
any  of  the  following  objects:     legal  methods;  
1. To  prevent  the  promulgation  or  execution  of  any  law  or  the   3. That  the  offenders  employ  any  of  those  means  to  attain  any  of  
holding  of  any  popular  election;     the  following  objects:  
2. To  prevent  the  National  Government,  or  any  provincial  or   a. To  prevent  the  promulgation  or  execution  of  any  law  or  
municipal  government  or  any  public  officer  thereof  from  freely   the  holding  of  any  popular  election;  
exercising  its  or  his  functions,  or  prevent  the  execution  of  any   b. To  prevent  the  National  Government,  or  any  provincial  or  
administrative  order;     municipal  government,  or  any  public  officer  thereof  from  
3. To  inflict  any  act  of  hate  or  revenge  upon  the  person  or  property   freely  exercising  its  or  his  functions,  or  prevent  the  
of  any  public  officer  or  employee;     execution  of  any  administrative  order;  
4. To  commit,  for  any  political  or  social  end,  any  act  of  hate  or   c. To  inflict  any  act  of  hate  or  revenge  upon  the  person  or  
revenge  against  private  persons  or  any  social  class;  and     property  of  any  public  officer  or  employee;  
5. To  despoil,  for  any  political  or  social  end,  any  person,   d. To  commit,  for  any  political  or  social  end,  any  act  of  hate  
municipality  or  province,  or  the  National  Government  (or  the   or  revenge  against  private  persons  or  any  social  class;  and  
Government  of  the  United  States),  of  all  its  property  or  any  part   4. To  despoil,  for  any  political  or  social  end,  any  person,  
thereof.     municipality  or  province,  or  the  National  Government  of  all  its  
property  or  any  part  thereof.  
Article  140.  Penalty  for  sedition.  -­‐  The  leader  of  a  sedition  shall  suffer  the    
penalty  of  prision  mayor  in  its  minimum  period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  
10,000  pesos.    
Other  persons  participating  therein  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  prision  
correccional  in  its  maximum  period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  5,000  pesos.  
(Reinstated  by  E.O.  No.  187).    
Article  141.  Conspiracy  to  commit  sedition.  -­‐  Persons  conspiring  to  commit    
the  crime  of  sedition  shall  be  punished  by  prision  correccional  in  its  
medium  period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  2,000  pesos.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.  
No.  187).    
Article  142.  Inciting  to  sedition.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Acts  Punished:  
maximum  period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  2,000  pesos  shall  be  imposed   1. Inciting  others  to  the  accomplishment  of  any  of  the  acts  which  
upon  any  person  who,  without  taking  any  direct  part  in  the  crime  of   constitute  sedition  by  means  of  speeches,  proclamations,  
sedition,  should  incite  others  to  the  accomplishment  of  any  of  the  acts   writings,  emblems,  etc.  
which  constitute  sedition,  by  means  of  speeches,  proclamations,  writings,   2. Uttering  seditious  words  or  speeches  which  tend  to  disturb  the  
emblems,  cartoons,  banners,  or  other  representations  tending  to  the  same   public  peace.  
end,  or  upon  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  utter  seditious  words  or   3. Writing,  publishing,  or  circulating  scurrilous  libels  against  the  
speeches,  write,  publish,  or  circulate  scurrilous  libels  against  the   Government  or  any  of  the  duly  constituted  authorities  thereof,  
(Government  of  the  United  States  or  the  Government  of  the   which  tend  to  disturb  the  public  peace.  
Commonwealth  of  the  Philippines)  or  any  of  the  duly  constituted    
authorities  thereof,  or  which  tend  to  disturb  or  obstruct  any  lawful  officer   Elements:  
in  executing  the  functions  of  his  office,  or  which  tend  to  instigate  others  to   1. That  the  offender  does  not  take  direct  part  in  the  crime  of  
cabal  and  meet  together  for  unlawful  purposes,  or  which  suggest  or  incite   sedition.  
rebellious  conspiracies  or  riots,  or  which  lead  or  tend  to  stir  up  the  people   2. That  he  incites  others  to  the  accomplishment  of  any  of  the  acts  
against  the  lawful  authorities  or  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  community,  the   which  constitute  sedition.  
safety  and  order  of  the  Government,  or  who  shall  knowingly  conceal  such   3. That  the  inciting  is  done  by  means  of  speeches,  proclamations,  
evil  practices.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.  No.  187).     writings,  emblems,  cartoons,  banners,  or  other  representations  
tending  to  the  same  end.  

Chapter  Two:  CRIMES  AGAINST  POPULAR  REPRESENTATION  

Section  One  –  Crimes  against  legislative  bodies  and  similar  bodies  
Article  143.  Act  tending  to  prevent  the  meeting  of  the  Assembly  and  similar   Elements:  
bodies.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  or  a  fine  ranging  from  200  to   1. That  there  be  a  projected  or  actual  meeting  of  the  National  
2,000  pesos,  or  both,  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,  by  force  or   Assembly  or  any  of  its  committees  or  subcommittees,  
fraud,  prevents  the  meeting  of  the  National  Assembly  (Congress  of  the   constitutional  committees  or  divisions  thereof,  or  of  any  
Philippines)  or  of  any  of  its  committees  or  subcommittees,  constitutional   provincial  board  or  city  or  municipal  council  or  board.  
commissions  or  committees  or  divisions  thereof,  or  of  any  provincial   2. That  the  offender  who  may  be  any  person  prevents  such  
board  or  city  or  municipal  council  or  board.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.  No.  187).     meeting  by  force  or  fraud.  
Article  144.  Disturbance  of  proceedings.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  or   Elements:  
a  fine  from  200  to  1,000  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who   1. That  there  be  a  meeting  of  the  National  Assembly  or  any  of  its  
disturbs  the  meetings  of  the  National  Assembly  (Congress  of  the   committees  or  subcommittees,  constitutional  commissions  or  
Philippines)  or  of  any  of  its  committees  or  subcommittees,  constitutional   committees  or  divisions  thereof,  or  of  any  provincial  board  or  
commissions  or  committees  or  divisions  thereof,  or  of  any  provincial   city  or  municipal  council  or  board.  
board  or  city  or  municipal  council  or  board,  or  in  the  presence  of  any  such   2. That  the  offender  does  any  of  the  following  acts:  
bodies  should  behave  in  such  manner  as  to  interrupt  its  proceedings  or  to   a. He  disturbs  any  of  such  meetings.  
impair  the  respect  due  it.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.  No.  187).     b. He  behaves  while  in  the  presence  of  any  such  bodies  
in  such  a  manner  as  to  interrupt  its  proceedings  or  to  
impair  the  respect  due  it.  
 Section  Two  –  Violation  of  parliamentary  immunity  
Article  145.  Violation  of  parliamentary  immunity.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision   Elements  of  par.  1:  
mayor  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  use  force,  intimidation,   1. That  the  offender  uses  force,  intimidation,  threats  or  fraud;  
threats,  or  fraud  to  prevent  any  member  of  the  National  Assembly   2. That  the  purpose  of  the  offender  is  to  prevent  any  member  of  
(Congress  of  the  Philippines)  from  attending  the  meetings  of  the  Assembly   the  National  Assembly  from—  
(Congress)  or  of  any  of  its  committees  or  subcommittees,  constitutional   a. Attending  the  meetings  of  the  Assembly  or  of  any  of  
commissions  or  committees  or  divisions  thereof,  from  expressing  his   its  committees  or  constitutional  commissions,  etc.;  or  
opinions  or  casting  his  vote;  and  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional  shall   b. Expressing  his  opinions;  or  
be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  or  employee  who  shall,  while  the   c. Casting  his  vote.  
Assembly  (Congress)  is  in  regular  or  special  session,  arrest  or  search  any   Note:  The  offender  is  any  person.  
member  thereof,  except  in  case  such  member  has  committed  a  crime    
punishable  under  this  Code  by  a  penalty  higher  than  prision  mayor.     Elements  of  par.  2:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee;  
2. That  he  arrests  or  searches  any  member  of  the  National  
Assembly;  
3. That  the  Assembly,  at  the  time  of  arrest  or  search,  is  in  regular  
or  special  session;  
4. That  the  member  arrested  or  searched  has  not  committed  a  
crime  punishable  under  the  Code  by  a  penalty  higher  than  
prision  mayor.  

Chapter  Three:  ILLEGAL  ASSEMBLIES  AND  ASSOCIATIONS  

Art.  146.  Illegal  assemblies.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Requisites:  
maximum  period  to  prision  mayor  in  its  medium  period  shall  be  imposed   1. Any  meeting  attended  by  armed  persons  for  the  purpose  of  
upon  the  organizers  or  leaders  of  any  meeting  attended  by  armed  persons   committing  any  of  the  crimes  punishable  under  the  Code.  
for  the  purpose  of  committing  any  of  the  crimes  punishable  under  this   a. That  there  is  a  meeting,  a  gathering  or  group  of  
Code,  or  of  any  meeting  in  which  the  audience  is  incited  to  the  commission   persons,  whether  in  a  fixed  place  or  moving;  
of  the  crime  of  treason,  rebellion  or  insurrection,  sedition  or  assault  upon  a   b. That  the  meeting  is  attended  by  armed  persons;  
person  in  authority  or  his  agents.  Persons  merely  present  at  such  meeting   c. That  the  purpose  of  the  meeting  is  to  commit  any  of  
shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor,  unless  they  are  armed,  in  which   the  crimes  punishable  under  the  Code.  
case  the  penalty  shall  be  prision  correccional.     2. Any  meeting  in  which  the  audience,  whether  armed  or  not,  is  
If  any  person  present  at  the  meeting  carries  an  unlicensed  firearm,  it  shall   incited  to  the  commission  of  the  crime  of  treason,  rebellion  or  
be  presumed  that  the  purpose  of  said  meeting,  insofar  as  he  is  concerned,   insurrection,  sedition,  assault  upon  a  person  in  authority  or  his  
is  to  commit  acts  punishable  under  this  Code,  and  he  shall  be  considered  a   agents.  
leader  or  organizer  of  the  meeting  within  the  purview  of  the  preceding   a. That  there  is  a  meeting,  a  gathering  or  group  of  
paragraph.     persons,  whether  in  a  fixed  place  or  moving;  
As  used  in  this  article,  the  word  "meeting"  shall  be  understood  to  include  a   b. That  the  audience,  whether  armed  or  not,  is  incited  to  
gathering  or  group,  whether  in  a  fixed  place  or  moving.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.   the  commission  of  the  crime  of  treason,  rebellion  or  
No.  187).     insurrection,  sedition  or  direct  assault.  
Art.  147.  Illegal  associations.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   What  are  illegal  associations:  
minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos  shall   1. Associations  totally  or  partially  organized  for  the  purpose  of  
be  imposed  upon  the  founders,  directors,  and  presidents  of  associations   committing  any  of  the  crimes  punishable  under  the  Code.  
totally  or  partially  organized  for  the  purpose  of  committing  any  of  the   2. Associations  totally  or  partially  organized  for  some  purpose  
crimes  punishable  under  this  Code  or  for  some  purpose  contrary  to  public   contrary  to  public  morals.  
morals.  Mere  members  of  said  associations  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of  
arresto  mayor.  (Reinstated  by  E.O.  No.  187).    
Art.  148.  Direct  assaults.  —  Any  person  or  persons  who,  without  a  public   Two  ways  of  committing  the  crime  of  direct  assaults:  
uprising,  shall  employ  force  or  intimidation  for  the  attainment  of  any  of  the   1. Without  public  uprising,  by  employing  force  or  intimidation  for  
purpose  enumerated  in  defining  the  crimes  of  rebellion  and  sedition,  or   the  attainment  of  any  of  the  purposes  enumerated  in  defining  
shall  attack,  employ  force,  or  seriously  intimidate  or  resist  any  person  in   the  crimes  of  rebellion  and  sedition.  
authority  or  any  of  his  agents,  while  engaged  in  the  performance  of  official   2. Without  public  uprising,  by  attacking,  by  employing  force,  or  by  
duties,  or  on  occasion  of  such  performance,  shall  suffer  the  penalty  of   seriously  intimidating  or  seriously  resisting  any  person  in  
prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  and  a  fine  not   authority  or  any  of  his  agents,  while  engaged  in  the  
exceeding  P1,000  pesos,  when  the  assault  is  committed  with  a  weapon  or   performance  of  official  duties,  or  on  the  occasion  of  such  
when  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee,  or  when  the  offender   performance.  
lays  hands  upon  a  person  in  authority.  If  none  of  these  circumstances  be    
present,  the  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  and  a   Elements  (1st  form  of  direct  assault):  
fine  not  exceeding  P500  pesos  shall  be  imposed.     1. That  the  offender  employs  force  or  intimidation.  
2. That  the  aim  of  the  offender  is  to  attain  any  of  the  purposes  of  
the  crime  of  rebellion  or  any  of  the  objects  in  the  crime  of  
sedition.  
3. That  there  is  no  public  uprising.  
 
Elements  (2nd  form  of  direct  assault):  
1. That  the  offender  (a)  makes  an  attack,  (b)  employs  force,  (c)  
makes  a  serious  intimidation,  or  (d)  makes  a  serious  resistance.  
2. That  the  person  assaulted  is  a  person  in  authority  or  his  agent.  
3. That  at  the  time  of  the  assault  the  person  in  authority  or  his  
agent  (a)  is  engaged  in  the  actual  performance  of  official  duties,  
or  that  he  is  assault,  (b)  by  reason  of  the  past  performance  of  
official  duties.  
4. That  the  offender  knows  that  the  one  he  is  assaulting  is  a  
 person  in  authority  or  his  agent  in  the  exercise  of  his  duties.  
5. That  there  is  no  public  uprising.  
Art.  149.  Indirect  assaults.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Elements:  
minimum  and  medium  periods  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  P500  pesos  shall   1. That  a  person  in  authority  or  his  agent  is  the  victim  of  any  of  the  
be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  make  use  of  force  or  intimidation   forms  of  direct  assault  defined  in  Article  148.  
upon  any  person  coming  to  the  aid  of  the  authorities  or  their  agents  on   2. That  a  person  comes  to  the  aid  of  such  authority  or  his  agent.  
occasion  of  the  commission  of  any  of  the  crimes  defined  in  the  next   3. That  the  offender  makes  use  of  force  or  intimidation  upon  such  
preceding  article.     person  coming  to  the  aid  of  the  authority  or  his  agent.  
Art.  150.  Disobedience  to  summons  issued  by  the  National  Assembly,  its   Acts  Punished:  
committees  or  subcommittees,  by  the  Constitutional  Commissions,  its   1. By  refusing,  without  legal  excuse,  to  obey  summons  of  the  
committees,  subcommittees  or  divisions.  —  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  or   National  Assembly,  its  special  or  standing  committees  and  
a  fine  ranging  from  two  hundred  to  one  thousand  pesos,  or  both  such  fine   subcommittees,  the  Constitutional  commissions  and  its  
and  imprisonment  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who,  having  been   committees,  subcommittees  or  divisions,  or  by  any  commission  
duly  summoned  to  attend  as  a  witness  before  the  National  Assembly,   or  committee  chairman  or  member  authorized  to  summon  
(Congress),  its  special  or  standing  committees  and  subcommittees,  the   witnesses.  
Constitutional  Commissions  and  its  committees,  subcommittees,  or   2. By  refusing  to  be  sworn  or  placed  under  affirmation  while  being  
divisions,  or  before  any  commission  or  committee  chairman  or  member   before  such  legislative  or  constitutional  body  or  official.  
authorized  to  summon  witnesses,  refuses,  without  legal  excuse,  to  obey   3. By  refusing  to  answer  any  legal  inquiry  or  to  produce  any  books,  
such  summons,  or  being  present  before  any  such  legislative  or   papers,  documents,  or  records  in  his  possession,  when  required  
constitutional  body  or  official,  refuses  to  be  sworn  or  placed  under   by  them  to  do  so  in  the  exercise  of  their  functions.  
affirmation  or  to  answer  any  legal  inquiry  or  to  produce  any  books,  papers,   4. By  restraining  another  from  attending  as  a  witness  in  such  
documents,  or  records  in  his  possession,  when  required  by  them  to  do  so   legislative  or  constitutional  body.  
in  the  exercise  of  their  functions.  The  same  penalty  shall  be  imposed  upon   5. By  inducing  disobedience  to  a  summons  or  refusal  to  be  sworn  
any  person  who  shall  restrain  another  from  attending  as  a  witness,  or  who   by  any  such  body  or  official.  
shall  induce  disobedience  to  a  summon  or  refusal  to  be  sworn  by  any  such   Note:  The  National  Assembly  is  now  the  Congress  of  the  Philippines,  
body  or  official.     consisting  of  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives.  
Art.  152.  Persons  in  authority  and  agents  of  persons  in  authority;  Who  shall    
be  deemed  as  such.  —  In  applying  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  and  other  
articles  of  this  Code,  any  person  directly  vested  with  jurisdiction,  whether  
as  an  individual  or  as  a  member  of  some  court  or  governmental  
corporation,  board,  or  commission,  shall  be  deemed  a  person  in  authority.  
A  barrio  captain  and  a  barangay  chairman  shall  also  be  deemed  a  person  in  
authority.    
 
A  person  who,  by  direct  provision  of  law  or  by  election  or  by  appointment  
by  competent  authority,  is  charged  with  the  maintenance  of  public  order  
and  the  protection  and  security  of  life  and  property,  such  as  a  barrio  
councilman,  barrio  policeman  and  barangay  leader  and  any  person  who  
comes  to  the  aid  of  persons  in  authority,  shall  be  deemed  an  agent  of  a  
person  in  authority.    
 
In  applying  the  provisions  of  Articles  148  and  151  of  this  Code,  teachers,  
professors  and  persons  charged  with  the  supervision  of  public  or  duly  
recognized  private  schools,  colleges  and  universities,  and  lawyers  in  the  
actual  performance  of  their  professional  duties  or  on  the  occasion  of  such  
performance,  shall  be  deemed  persons  in  authority.  (As  amended  by  PD  
No.  299,  Sept.  19,  1973  and  Batas  Pambansa  Blg.  873,  June  12,  1985).  
Art.  153.  Tumults  and  other  disturbance  of  public  orders;  Tumultuous   Acts  punished  as  tumults  and  other  disturbances  of  public  order:  
disturbance  or  interruption  liable  to  cause  disturbance.  —  The  penalty  of   1. Causing  any  serious  disturbance  in  a  public  place,  office  or  
arresto  mayor  in  its  medium  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum   establishment;  
period  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any   2. Interrupting  or  disturbing  performances,  functions  or  
person  who  shall  cause  any  serious  disturbance  in  a  public  place,  office,  or   gatherings,  or  peaceful  meetings,  if  the  act  is  not  included  in  
establishment,  or  shall  interrupt  or  disturb  public  performances,  functions   Articles  131  and  132;  
or  gatherings,  or  peaceful  meetings,  if  the  act  is  not  included  in  the   3. Making  any  outcry  tending  to  incite  rebellion  or  sedition  in  any  
provisions  of  Articles  131  and  132.     meeting,  association  or  public  place;  
  4. Displaying  placards  or  emblems  which  provoke  a  disturbance  of  
The  penalty  next  higher  in  degree  shall  be  imposed  upon  persons  causing   public  order  in  such  place;  
any  disturbance  or  interruption  of  a  tumultuous  character.     5. Burying  with  pomp  the  body  of  a  person  who  has  been  legally  
  executed.  
The  disturbance  or  interruption  shall  be  deemed  to  be  tumultuous  if  
caused  by  more  than  three  persons  who  are  armed  or  provided  with  
means  of  violence.    
 
The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  in  any  
meeting,  association,  or  public  place,  shall  make  any  outcry  tending  to  
incite  rebellion  or  sedition  or  in  such  place  shall  display  placards  or  
emblems  which  provoke  a  disturbance  of  the  public  order.    
 
The  penalty  of  arresto  menor  and  a  fine  not  to  exceed  P200  pesos  shall  be  
imposed  upon  these  persons  who  in  violation  of  the  provisions  contained  
in  the  last  clause  of  Article  85,  shall  bury  with  pomp  the  body  of  a  person  
who  has  been  legally  executed.    
Art.  154.  Unlawful  use  of  means  of  publication  and  unlawful  utterances.  —   Acts  Punished:  
The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  and  a  fine  ranging  from  P200  to  P1,000  pesos   1. By  publishing  or  causing  to  be  published,  by  means  of  printing,  
shall  be  imposed  upon:     lithography  or  any  other  means  of  publication,  as  news  any  false  
  news  which  may  endanger  the  public  order,  or  cause  damage  to  
1.  Any  person  who  by  means  of  printing,  lithography,  or  any  other  means   the  interest  or  credit  of  the  State.  
of  publication  shall  publish  or  cause  to  be  published  as  news  any  false   2. By  encouraging  disobedience  to  the  law  or  to  the  constituted  
news  which  may  endanger  the  public  order,  or  cause  damage  to  the   authorities  or  by  praising,  justifying  or  extolling  any  act  
interest  or  credit  of  the  State;     punished  by  law,  by  the  same  means  or  by  words,  utterances  or  
2.  Any  person  who  by  the  same  means,  or  by  words,  utterances  or   speeches.  
speeches  shall  encourage  disobedience  to  the  law  or  to  the  constituted   3. By  maliciously  publishing  or  causing  to  be  published  any  official  
authorities  or  praise,  justify,  or  extol  any  act  punished  by  law;     resolution  or  document  without  proper  authority,  or  before  they  
3.  Any  person  who  shall  maliciously  publish  or  cause  to  be  published  any   have  been  published  officially.  
official  resolution  or  document  without  proper  authority,  or  before  they   4. By  printing,  publishing  or  distributing  (or  causing  the  same)  
have  been  published  officially;  or     books,  pamphlets,  periodicals,  or  leaflets  which  do  not  bear  the  
4.  Any  person  who  shall  print,  publish,  or  distribute  or  cause  to  be  printed,   real  printer’s  name  or  which  are  classified  as  anonymous.  
published,  or  distributed  books,  pamphlets,  periodicals,  or  leaflets  which  
do  not  bear  the  real  printer's  name,  or  which  are  classified  as  anonymous.  
Art.  155.  Alarms  and  scandals.  —  The  penalty  of  arresto  menor  or  a  fine   Acts  Punished:  
not  exceeding  P200  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon:     1. Discharging  any  firearm,  rocket,  firecracker,  or  other  explosive  
  within  any  town  or  public  place,  calculated  to  cause  (which  
1.  Any  person  who  within  any  town  or  public  place,  shall  discharge  any   produces)  alarm  or  danger.  
firearm,  rocket,  firecracker,  or  other  explosives  calculated  to  cause  alarm   2. Instigating  or  taking  an  active  part  in  any  charivari  or  other  
or  danger;     disorderly  meeting  offensive  to  another  or  prejudicial  to  public  
  tranquility.  
2.  Any  person  who  shall  instigate  or  take  an  active  part  in  any  charivari  or   3. Disturbing  the  public  peace  while  wandering  about  at  night  or  
other  disorderly  meeting  offensive  to  another  or  prejudicial  to  public   while  engaged  in  any  other  nocturnal  amusements.  
tranquility;     4. Causing  any  disturbance  or  scandal  in  public  places  while  
  intoxicated  or  otherwise,  provided  Article  153  is  not  applicable.  
3.  Any  person  who,  while  wandering  about  at  night  or  while  engaged  in  
any  other  nocturnal  amusements,  shall  disturb  the  public  peace;  or    
 
4.  Any  person  who,  while  intoxicated  or  otherwise,  shall  cause  any  
disturbance  or  scandal  in  public  places,  provided  that  the  circumstances  of  
the  case  shall  not  make  the  provisions  of  Article  153  applicable.  
Art.  156.  Delivery  of  prisoners  from  jails.  —  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in   Elements:  
its  maximum  period  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be   1. That  there  is  a  person  confined  in  a  jail  or  penal  establishment.  
imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  remove  from  any  jail  or  penal   2. That  the  offender  removes  therefrom  such  person,  or  helps  the  
establishment  any  person  confined  therein  or  shall  help  the  escape  of  such   escape  of  such  person.  
person,  by  means  of  violence,  intimidation,  or  bribery.  If  other  means  are  
used,  the  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  shall  be  imposed.    
 
If  the  escape  of  the  prisoner  shall  take  place  outside  of  said  establishments  
by  taking  the  guards  by  surprise,  the  same  penalties  shall  be  imposed  in  
their  minimum  period.    
Art.  157.  Evasion  of  service  of  sentence.  —  The  penalty  of  prision   Elements:  
correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  shall  be  imposed  upon   1. That  the  offender  is  a  convict  by  final  judgment.  
any  convict  who  shall  evade  service  of  his  sentence  by  escaping  during  the   2. That  he  is  serving  his  sentence  which  consists  in  deprivation  of  
term  of  his  imprisonment  by  reason  of  final  judgment.  However,  if  such   liberty.  
evasion  or  escape  shall  have  taken  place  by  means  of  unlawful  entry,  by   3. That  he  evades  the  service  of  his  sentence  by  escaping  during  
breaking  doors,  windows,  gates,  walls,  roofs,  or  floors,  or  by  using   the  term  of  his  sentence.  
picklocks,  false  keys,  deceit,  violence  or  intimidation,  or  through  
connivance  with  other  convicts  or  employees  of  the  penal  institution,  the  
penalty  shall  be  prision  correccional  in  its  maximum  period.    
Art.  158.  Evasion  of  service  of  sentence  on  the  occasion  of  disorder,   Elements:  
conflagrations,  earthquakes,  or  other  calamities.  —  A  convict  who  shall   1. That  the  offender  is  a  convict  by  final  judgment,  who  is  confined  
evade  the  service  of  his  sentence,  by  leaving  the  penal  institution  where  he   in  a  penal  institution.  
shall  have  been  confined,  on  the  occasion  of  disorder  resulting  from  a   2. That  there  is  disorder,  resulting  from  –  
conflagration,  earthquake,  explosion,  or  similar  catastrophe,  or  during  a   a. Conflagration,  
mutiny  in  which  he  has  not  participated,  shall  suffer  an  increase  of  one-­‐ b. Earthquake,    
fifth  of  the  time  still  remaining  to  be  served  under  the  original  sentence,   c. Explosion,    
which  in  no  case  shall  exceed  six  months,  if  he  shall  fail  to  give  himself  up   d. Similar  catastrophe,  or    
to  the  authorities  within  forty-­‐eight  hours  following  the  issuance  of  a   e. Mutiny  in  which  he  has  not  participated  
proclamation  by  the  Chief  Executive  announcing  the  passing  away  of  such   3. That  the  offender  evades  the  service  of  his  sentence  by  leaving  
calamity.     the  penal  institution  where  he  is  confined,  on  the  occasion  of  
  such  disorder  or  during  the  mutiny.  
Convicts  who,  under  the  circumstances  mentioned  in  the  preceding   That  the  offender  fails  to  give  himself  up  to  the  authorities  within  48  hours  
paragraph,  shall  give  themselves  up  to  the  authorities  within  the  above   following  the  issuance  of  a  proclamation  by  the  Chief  Executive  announcing  
mentioned  period  of  48  hours,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  deduction  provided   the  passing  away  of  such  calamity.  
in  Article  98.    
Art.  159.  Other  cases  of  evasion  of  service  of  sentence.  —  The  penalty  of   Elements:  
prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  the   1. That  the  offender  was  a  convict.  
convict  who,  having  been  granted  conditional  pardon  by  the  Chief   2. That  he  was  granted  a  conditional  pardon  by  the  Chief  
Executive,  shall  violate  any  of  the  conditions  of  such  pardon.  However,  if   Executive.  
the  penalty  remitted  by  the  granting  of  such  pardon  be  higher  than  six   3. That  he  violated  any  of  the  conditions  of  such  pardon.  
years,  the  convict  shall  then  suffer  the  unexpired  portion  of  his  original  
sentence.    
Art.  160.  Commission  of  another  crime  during  service  of  penalty  imposed  for   Elements:  
another  offense;  Penalty.  —  Besides  the  provisions  of  Rule  5  of  Article  62,   1. That  the  offender  was  already  convicted  by  final  judgment  of  
any  person  who  shall  commit  a  felony  after  having  been  convicted  by  final   one  offense.  
judgment,  before  beginning  to  serve  such  sentence,  or  while  serving  the   2. That  he  committed  a  new  felony  before  beginning  to  serve  such  
same,  shall  be  punished  by  the  maximum  period  of  the  penalty  prescribed   sentence  or  while  serving  the  same.  
by  law  for  the  new  felony.    
 
Any  convict  of  the  class  referred  to  in  this  article,  who  is  not  a  habitual  
criminal,  shall  be  pardoned  at  the  age  of  seventy  years  if  he  shall  have  
already  served  out  his  original  sentence,  or  when  he  shall  complete  it  after  
reaching  the  said  age,  unless  by  reason  of  his  conduct  or  other  
circumstances  he  shall  not  be  worthy  of  such  clemency.    
 
 
   
 CRIMES  AGAINST  THE  FUNDAMENTAL  LAWS  OF  THE  STATE  
Chapter  One:  ARBITRARY  DETENTION  OR  EXPULSION,  VIOLATION  OF  DWELLING,  PROHIBITION,  INTERRUPTION,  
AND  DISSOLUTION  OF  PEACEFUL  MEETINGS  AND  CRIMES  AGAINST  RELIGIOUS  WORSHIP  
Section  One  –  Arbitrary  detention  and  expulsion  
Art.  124.  Arbitrary  detention.  —  Any  public  officer  or  employee  who,   Elements:  
without  legal  grounds,  detains  a  person,  shall  suffer;     1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
  2. That  he  detains  a  person.  
1. The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision   3. That  the  detention  is  without  legal  grounds.  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period,  if  the  detention  has  not  
exceeded  three  days;    
2. The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  
periods,  if  the  detention  has  continued  more  than  three  but  not  
more  than  fifteen  days;    
3. The  penalty  of  prision  mayor,  if  the  detention  has  continued  for  
more  than  fifteen  days  but  not  more  than  six  months;  and    
4. That  of  reclusion  temporal,  if  the  detention  shall  have  exceeded  
six  months.  
 
The  commission  of  a  crime,  or  violent  insanity  or  any  other  ailment  
requiring  the  compulsory  confinement  of  the  patient  in  a  hospital,  shall  be  
considered  legal  grounds  for  the  detention  of  any  person.  
Art.   125.   Delay   in   the   delivery   of   detained   persons   to   the   proper   judicial   Elements:  
authorities.  —  The  penalties  provided  in  the  next  preceding  article  shall  be   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
imposed  upon  the  public  officer  or  employee  who  shall  detain  any  person   2. That  he  has  detained  a  person  for  some  legal  ground.  
for   some   legal   ground   and   shall   fail   to   deliver   such   person   to   the   proper   3. That   he   fails   to   deliver   such   person   to   the   proper   judicial  
judicial   authorities   within   the   period   of;   twelve   (12)   hours,   for   crimes   or   authorities  within:  
offenses   punishable   by   light   penalties,   or   their   equivalent;   eighteen   (18)   a. Twelve  (12)  hours,  for  crimes  or  offenses  punishable  
hours,   for   crimes   or   offenses   punishable   by   correctional   penalties,   or   their   by  light  penalties,  or  their  equivalent;  or  
equivalent  and  thirty-­‐six  (36)  hours,  for  crimes,  or  offenses  punishable  by   b. Eighteen   (18)   hours,   for   crimes   or   offenses  
afflictive  or  capital  penalties,  or  their  equivalent.     punishable   by   correctional   penalties,   or   their  
  equivalent;  or  
In  every  case,  the  person  detained  shall  be  informed  of  the  cause  of  his   4. Thirty-­‐six   (36)   hours,   for   crimes   or   offenses   punishable   by  
detention  and  shall  be  allowed  upon  his  request,  to  communicate  and   afflictive  or  capital  penalties,  or  their  equivalent  
confer  at  any  time  with  his  attorney  or  counsel.  (As  amended  by  E.O.  Nos.  
59  and  272,  Nov.  7,  1986  and  July  25,  1987,  respectively).  
Art.  126.  Delaying  release.  —  The  penalties  provided  for  in  Article  124   Acts  punished:  
shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  or  employee  who  delays  for  the   1. By  delaying  the  performance  of  a  judicial  or  executive  order  for  
period  of  time  specified  therein  the  performance  of  any  judicial  or   the  release  of  a  prisoner.  
executive  order  for  the  release  of  a  prisoner  or  detention  prisoner,  or   2. By  unduly  delaying  the  service  of  the  notice  of  such  order  to  said  
unduly  delays  the  service  of  the  notice  of  such  order  to  said  prisoner  or  the   prisoner.  
proceedings  upon  any  petition  for  the  liberation  of  such  person.   3. By   unduly   delaying   the   proceedings   upon   any   petition   for   the  
liberation  of  such  person.  
 
Elements:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
2. That   there   is   a   judicial   or   executive   order   for   the   release   of   a  
prisoner   or   detention   prisoner,   or   that   there   is   a   proceeding  
upon  a  petition  for  the  liberation  of  such  person.  
11. That  the  offender  without   good   reason   delays:  (1)  the  service  of  
the   notice   of   order   to   the   prisoner;   or   (2)   the   performance   of  
such  judicial  or  executive  order  for  the  release  of  the  prisoner;  
or   (3)   the   proceedings   upon   a   petition   for   the   release   of   such  
person.  
Art.  127.  Expulsion.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  shall  be  imposed   Acts  punished:  
upon  any  public  officer  or  employee  who,  not  being  thereunto  authorized   1. By  expelling  a  person  from  the  Philippines.  
by  law,  shall  expel  any  person  from  the  Philippine  Islands  or  shall  compel   2. By  compelling  a  person  to  change  his  residence.  
such  person  to  change  his  residence.    
Elements:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
2. That   he   expels   any   person   from   the   Philippines,   or   compels   a  
person  to  change  his  residence.  
3. That  the  offender  is  not  authorized  to  do  so  by  law.  
Section  Two  –  Violation  of  domicile  
Art.  128.  Violation  of  domicile.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its   Acts  punished:  
minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  or  employee   1. By  entering  any  dwelling  against  the  will  of  the  owner  thereof;  
who,  not  being  authorized  by  judicial  order,  shall  enter  any  dwelling   or  
against  the  will  of  the  owner  thereof,  search  papers  or  other  effects  found   2. By  searching  papers  or  other  effects  found  therein  without  the  
therein  without  the  previous  consent  of  such  owner,  or  having   previous  consent  of  such  owner;  or  
surreptitiously  entered  said  dwelling,  and  being  required  to  leave  the   3. By  refusing  to  leave  the  premises,  after  having  surreptitiously  
premises,  shall  refuse  to  do  so.     entered  said  dwelling  and  after  having  been  required  to  leave  
  the  same.  
If  the  offense  be  committed  in  the  night-­‐time,  or  if  any  papers  or  effects  not    
constituting  evidence  of  a  crime  be  not  returned  immediately  after  the   Elements  common  to  three  acts:  
search  made  by  the  offender,  the  penalty  shall  be  prision  correccional  in  its   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
medium  and  maximum  periods.   2. That  he  is  not  authorized  by  judicial  order  to  enter  the  dwelling  
and/or  to  make  a  search  therein  for  papers  or  other  effects.  
 
Circumstances  qualifying  offense:  
1. If  the  offense  is  committed  at  nighttime;  or  
2. If  any  papers  or  effects  not  constituting  evidence  of  a  crime  are  
not  returned  immediately  after  the  search  made  by  the  
offender.  
Art.  129.  Search  warrants  maliciously  obtained  and  abuse  in  the  service  of   Acts  Punished:  
those  legally  obtained.  —  In  addition  to  the  liability  attaching  to  the   1. By  procuring  a  search  warrant  without  just  cause.  
offender  for  the  commission  of  any  other  offense,  the  penalty  of  arresto   2. By  exceeding  his  authority  or  by  using  unnecessary  severity  in  
mayor  in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period   executing  a  search  warrant  legally  procured.  
and  a  fine  not  exceeding  P1,000  pesos  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public    
officer  or  employee  who  shall  procure  a  search  warrant  without  just  cause,   Elements  (procuring  a  warrant  without  just  cause):  
or,  having  legally  procured  the  same,  shall  exceed  his  authority  or  use   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
unnecessary  severity  in  executing  the  same.   2. That  he  procures  a  search  warrant.  
3. That  there  is  no  just  cause.  
 
Elements  (exceeding  authority  or  using  unnecessary  severity  in  
executing  a  search  warrant  legally  procured):  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
2. That  he  has  legally  procured  a  search  warrant.  
3. That  he  exceeds  his  authority  or  uses  unnecessary  severity  in  
executing  the  same.  
Art.  130.  Searching  domicile  without  witnesses.  —  The  penalty  of  arresto   Elements:  
mayor  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods  shall  be  imposed  upon  a  public   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
officer  or  employee  who,  in  cases  where  a  search  is  proper,  shall  search   2. That  he  is  armed  with  search  warrant  legally  procured.  
the  domicile,  papers  or  other  belongings  of  any  person,  in  the  absence  of   3. That  he  searches  the  domicile,  papers  or  other  belongings  of  
the  latter,  any  member  of  his  family,  or  in  their  default,  without  the   any  person.  
presence  of  two  witnesses  residing  in  the  same  locality.   4. That  the  owner,  or  any  member  of  his  family,  or  two  witnesses  
residing  in  the  same  locality  are  not  present.  
Section  Three  –  Prohibition,  interruption  and  dissolution  of  peaceful  meetings  
Art.   131.   Prohibition,  interruption  and  dissolution  of  peaceful  meetings.   —   Acts  Punished:  
The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed   1. By   prohibiting   or   by   interrupting,   without   legal   ground,   the  
upon   any   public   officer   or   employee   who,   without   legal   ground,   shall   holding  of  a  peaceful  meeting,  or  by  dissolving  the  same.  
prohibit   or   interrupt   the   holding   of   a   peaceful   meeting,   or   shall   dissolve   2. By  hindering  any  person  from  joining  any  lawful  association  or  
the  same.     from  attending  any  of  its  meetings.  
  3. By  prohibiting  or  hindering  any  person  from  addressing,  either  
The   same   penalty   shall   be   imposed   upon   a   public   officer   or   employee   who   alone  or  together  with  others,  any  petition  to  the  authorities  for  
shall   hinder   any   person   from   joining   any   lawful   association   or   from   the  correction  of  abuses  or  redress  of  grievances.  
attending  any  of  its  meetings.      
  Elements  common  to  the  three  acts:  
The   same   penalty   shall   be   imposed   upon   any   public   officer   or   employee   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee;  and  
who  shall  prohibit  or  hinder  any  person  from  addressing,  either  alone  or   2. That  he  performs  any  of  the  acts  mentioned  above.  
together   with   others,   any   petition   to   the   authorities   for   the   correction   of  
abuses  or  redress  of  grievances.  
Section  Four  –  Crimes  against  religious  worship    
Art.  132.  Interruption  of  religious  worship.  —  The  penalty  of  prision   Elements:  
correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public   1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer  or  employee.  
officer  or  employee  who  shall  prevent  or  disturb  the  ceremonies  or   2. That  religious  ceremonies  or  manifestations  of  any  religion  are  
manifestations  of  any  religion.     about  to  take  place  or  are  going  on.  
  3. That  the  offender  prevents  or  disturbs  the  same.  
If  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed  with  violence  or  threats,  the  
penalty  shall  be  prision  correccional  in  its  medium  and  maximum  periods.    
Art.  133.  Offending  the  religious  feelings.  —  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor   Elements:  
in  its  maximum  period  to  prision  correccional  in  its  minimum  period  shall   1. That  the  acts  complained  of  were  performed  (1)  in  a  place  
be  imposed  upon  anyone  who,  in  a  place  devoted  to  religious  worship  or   devoted  to  religious  worship,  or  (2)  during  the  celebration  of  any  
during  the  celebration  of  any  religious  ceremony  shall  perform  acts   religious  ceremony.  
notoriously  offensive  to  the  feelings  of  the  faithful.     2. That  the  acts  must  be  notoriously  offensive  to  the  feelings  of  the  
faithful.  
 
 
   
 CRIMES  AGAINST  THE  CIVIL  STATUS  OF  PERSONS  
Chapter  One:  SIMULATION  OF  BIRTHS  AND  USURPATION  OF  CIVIL  STATUS  
Art.   347.   Simulation   of   births,   substitution   of   one   child   for   another   and   Acts  punished:  
concealment   or   abandonment   of   a   legitimate   child.   —   The   simulation   of   1. Simulation  of  births.  
births   and   the   substitution   of   one   child   for   another   shall   be   punished   by   2. Substitution  of  one  child  for  another.  
prision  mayor  and  a  fine  of  not  exceeding  1,000  pesos.     3. Concealing   or   abandoning   any   legitimate   child   with   intent   to  
  cause  such  child  to  lose  its  civil  status.  
The  same  penalties  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  person  who  shall  conceal  or    
abandon  any  legitimate  child  with  intent  to  cause  such  child  to  lose  its  civil   Elements  of  concealing  or  abandoning  any  legitimate  child:  
status.     1. That  the  child  must  be  legitimate;  
  2. That  the  offender  conceals  or  abandons  such  child;  
Any  physician  or  surgeon  or  public  officer  who,  in  violation  of  the  duties  of   3. The   offender   has   the   intent   to   cause   such   child   to   lose   its   civil  
his   profession   or   office,   shall   cooperate   in   the   execution   of   any   of   the   status.  
crimes   mentioned   in   the   two   next   preceding   paragraphs,   shall   suffer   the  
penalties   therein   prescribed   and   also   the   penalty   of   temporary   special  
disqualification.  
Art.  348.  Usurpation  of  civil  status.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  shall  be    
imposed   upon   any   person   who   shall   usurp   the   civil   status   of   another,  
should   he   do   so   for   the   purpose   of   defrauding   the   offended   part   or   his  
heirs;   otherwise,   the   penalty   of   prision   correccional   in   its   medium   and  
maximum  periods  shall  be  imposed.  
Chapter  Two:  ILLEGAL  MARRIAGES    
Art.   349.   Bigamy.  —  The  penalty  of  prision  mayor  shall  be  imposed  upon   Elements:  
any  person  who  shall  contract  a  second  or  subsequent  marriage  before  the   1. That  the  offender  has  been  legally  married  
former   marriage   has   been   legally   dissolved,   or   before   the   absent   spouse   2. That  the  marriage  has  not  been  legally  dissolved  or,  in  case  his  
has   been   declared   presumptively   dead   by   means   of   a   judgment   rendered   or   her   spouse   is   absent,   the   absent   spouse   could   not   yet   be  
in  the  proper  proceedings.     presumed  dead  according  to  the  Civil  Code  
  3. That  he  contracts  a  second  or  subsequent  marriage  
  4. That   the   second   or   subsequent   marriage   has   all   the   essential  
  requisites  for  validity  
   
   
   
   
Voidable  marriages:   Void  marriages:  
12. Party  was  18  or  over  but  below  21,  and  without  the  consent  of   1. Contracted   by   a   party   below   18   years   of   age   even   with   the  
the  parents,  guardian,  or  parental  authority   consent  of  the  parents  or  guardians  
1. Either   party   was   of   unsound   mind,   except   after   coming   to   2. Solemnized   by   any   person   not   legally   authorized,   unless  
reason,  freely  cohabited   believed   by   the   parties   in   good   faith   that   he   had   legal   authority  
2. Consent  was  obtained  through  fraud,  unless  with  full  knowledge   to  do  so  
of  fraud,  freely  cohabited   3. Solemnized   without   a   license,   except   those   of   exceptional  
3. Consent   was   obtained   through   force,   intimidation   or   undue   character  
influence,  unless  having  ceased,  cohabited   4. Bigamous  or  polygamous  marriages,  not  under  Art.  41  
4. Physically   incapable   of   consummating   the   marriage   and   5. Contracted  through  mistake  of  identity  
incapacity  continues  and  appears  to  be  incurable   6. Subsequent  marriages  void  under  Art.  53  
5. Afflicted  with  a  sexually-­‐transmissible  disease,  which  is  serious   7. Contracted  by  any  party  who  was  psychologically  incapacitated  
and  appears  to  be  incurable   8. Between  ascendants  and  descendants,  any  degree  
  9. Between  brothers  and  sisters,  full  or  half-­‐blood  
Contracted  by  a  person  who  has  been  absent  for  4  consecutive  years,  with   10. Between  collateral  blood  relatives,  legitimate  or  illegitimate,  up  
a  well-­‐founded  belief  of  death,  and  after  declaring  presumptively  dead   to  4th  civil  degree  
11. Between  stepparents  and  stepchildren  
12. Between  parents-­‐in-­‐law  and  children-­‐in-­‐law  
13. Between  adopting  parent  and  adopted  childBetween  surviving  
spouse  of  the  adopting  parent  and  the  adopted  child  
14. Between  surviving  spouse  of  the  adopted  child  and  the  adopter  
15. Between   an   adopted   child   and   a   legitimate   child;   between  
adopted  children  of  the  same  adopted  
16. Between  parties  where  one,  with  intention  to  marry  the  other,  
killed  other’s  spouse  or  his  or  her  own  spouse  
 
 
 
   
 CRIMES  AGAINST  NATIONAL  SECURITY  AND  THE  LAW  OF  NATIONS  
Chapter  One:  CRIMES  AGAINST  NATIONAL  SECURITY  
Section  One  –  Treason  and  Espionage  
Art.  114.  Treason.  -­‐  Any  person  who,  owing  allegiance  to  (the  United   Elements:  
States  or)  the  Government  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  not  being  a  foreigner,   1. That   the   offender   owes   allegiance   to   the   Government   of   the  
levies  war  against  them  or  adheres  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  or   Philippines;  (a  Filipino  citizen  or  Resident  alien)      
comfort  within  the  Philippine  Islands  or  elsewhere,  shall  be  punished  by   2. There  is  a  war  in  which  the  Philippines  is  involved      
reclusion  temporal  to  death  and  shall  pay  a  fine  not  to  exceed  P20,000   3. The  offender  either  (modes  of  committing):    
pesos.     a. Levies  war  against  the    government      
  b. Adheres  to  the  enemies,    giving  them  aid  or  comfort.    
No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two    
witnesses  at  least  to  the  same  overt  act  or  on  confession  of  the  accused  in  
open  court.    
 
Likewise,  an  alien,  residing  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  who  commits  acts  of  
treason  as  defined  in  paragraph  1  of  this  Article  shall  be  punished  by  
prision  mayor  to  death  and  shall  pay  a  fine  not  to  exceed  P20,000  pesos.  
(As  amended  by  E.O.  No.  44,  May  31,  1945).  
Art.  115.  Conspiracy  and  proposal  to  commit  treason;  Penalty.  -­‐  The   How  committed:  
conspiracy  or  proposal  to  commit  the  crime  of  treason  shall  be  punished   1. Conspiracy  to  commit  treason  –  committed  when  in  time  of  war,  
respectively,  by  prision  mayor  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  P10,000  pesos,  and   two  or  more  persons  come  to  an  agreement  to  levy  war  against  
prision  correccional  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  P5,000  pesos.   the  Government  or  to  adhere  to  the  enemies  and  to  give  them  
aid  or  comfort,  and  decide  to  commit  it  (Arts.  8  and  114)    
2. Proposal  to  commit  treason  –  committed  when  in  time  of  war  a  
person  has  decided  to  levy  war  against  the  Government  or  to  
adhere  to  the  enemies  and  to  give  them  aid  or  comfort,  
proposes  its  execution  to  some  other  person  or  persons  (Arts.  8  
and  114)    
 
Art.  116.  Misprision  of  treason.  -­‐  Every  person  owing  allegiance  to  (the   Elements:  
United  States)  the  Government  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  without  being  a   1. That  the  offender  must  be  owing  allegiance  to  the  Government  
foreigner,  and  having  knowledge  of  any  conspiracy  against  them,  conceals   and  not  a  foreigner;  
or  does  not  disclose  and  make  known  the  same,  as  soon  as  possible  to  the   2. That   he   has   knowledge   of   any   conspiracy   (to   commit   treason)  
governor  or  fiscal  of  the  province,  or  the  mayor  or  fiscal  of  the  city  in   against  the  Government;  
which  he  resides,  as  the  case  may  be,  shall  be  punished  as  an  accessory  to   3. That  he  conceals  or  does  not  disclose  and  make  known  the  same  
the  crime  of  treason   as   soon   as   possible   to   the   governor  or   fiscal   of   the   province   or  
the  mayor  or  fiscal  of  the  city  in  which  he  resides.  
Art  117.  Espionage.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  shall  be  inflicted   Two  ways  of  committing:  
upon  any  person  who:     1. By   entering,   without   authority,   a   warship,   fort,   or   military   or  
1. Without  authority  therefor,  enters  a  warship,  fort,  or  naval  or   naval   establishment   or   reservation   to   obtain   any   information,  
military  establishment  or  reservation  to  obtain  any  information,   plan  or  other  data  of  confidential  nature  relative  to  the  defense  
plans,  photographs,  or  other  data  of  a  confidential  nature   of  the  Philippines    
relative  to  the  defense  of  the  Philippine  Archipelago;  or     Elements:  
2. Being  in  possession,  by  reason  of  the  public  office  he  holds,  of   1. That   the   offender   enters   any   of   the   places   mentioned  
the  articles,  data,  or  information  referred  to  in  the  preceding   therein;  
paragraph,  discloses  their  contents  to  a  representative  of  a   2. That  he  has  no  authority  therefor;  
foreign  nation.     3. That   his   purpose   is   to   obtain   information,   plans,  
The  penalty  next  higher  in  degree  shall  be  imposed  if  the  offender  be  a   photographs   or   other   data   of   a   confidential   nature  
public  officer  or  employee.     relative  to  the  defense  of  the  Philippines  
 
2. By   disclosing   to   the   representative   of   a   foreign   nation   the  
contents   of   the   articles,   data   or   information   referred   to   in   the  
preceding  paragraph,  which  he  had  in  his  possession  by  reason  
of  the  public  office  he  holds.    
Elements:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  public  officer;  
2. That   he   has   in   possession   of   the   articles,   data,   or  
information   referred   to   in   Paragraph   2   of   Art   117,   by  
reason  of  the  public  office  he  holds;  
3. That  he  discloses  their  contents  to  a  representative  of  
a  foreign  nation.  
Section  Two  –  Provoking  war  and  disloyalty  in  case  of  war  
Art.  118.  Inciting  to  war  or  giving  motives  for  reprisals.  -­‐  The  penalty  of   Elements:  
reclusion  temporal  shall  be  imposed  upon  any  public  officer  or  employee,   1.  That  the  offender  performs  unlawful  or  unauthorized  acts;    
and  that  of  prision  mayor  upon  any  private  individual,  who,  by  unlawful  or   2. That  such  acts  provoke  or  give  occasion  for:    
unauthorized  acts  provokes  or  gives  occasion  for  a  war  involving  or  liable   a. A   war   involving   or   liable   to   involve   the   Philippines;  
to  involve  the  Philippine  Islands  or  exposes  Filipino  citizens  to  reprisals  on   or    
their  persons  or  property.     b. Expose  Filipino  citizens  to  reprisals  on  their  persons  
 and  property.    
Art.  119.  Violation  of  neutrality.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  prision  correccional  shall   Elements:  
be  inflicted  upon  anyone  who,  on  the  occasion  of  a  war  in  which  the   1. That  there  is  a  war  in  which  the  Philippines  is  not  involved;    
Government  is  not  involved,  violates  any  regulation  issued  by  competent   2. A   regulation   issued   by   a   competent   authority   for   the   purpose   of  
authority  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  neutrality.     enforcing  neutrality;    
3. That  the  offender  violates  such  regulation.    
Art.  120.  Correspondence  with  hostile  country.  -­‐  Any  person  who  in  time  of   Elements:  
war,  shall  have  correspondence  with  an  enemy  country  or  territory   1. That   it   is   made   in   time   of   war   in   which   the   Philippines   is  
occupied  by  enemy  troops  shall  be  punished:     involved;    
1. By  prision  correccional,  if  the  correspondence  has  been   2. That  the  offender  makes  correspondence  with  the:    
prohibited  by  the  Government;     a. Enemy  country  or    
2. By  prision  mayor,  if  such  correspondence  be  carried  on  in   b. Territory  occupied  by  the  enemy  troops;    
ciphers  or  conventional  signs;  and     3. That  the  correspondence  is  either:    
3. By  reclusion  temporal,  if  notice  or  information  be  given  thereby   a. Prohibited  by  the  Government;  or    
which  might  be  useful  to  the  enemy.  If  the  offender  intended  to   b. Carried  on  in  ciphers  or  conventional  signs;  or      
aid  the  enemy  by  giving  such  notice  or  information,  he  shall   c. If  notice  or  information  be  given  enemy.      
suffer  the  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal  to  death.      
 
The  following  must  concur  to  qualify  the  offense:    
1. That  the  notice  or  information  might  be  useful  to  the  enemy;    
2. That  the  offender  intended  to  aid  the  enemy.    
Art.  121.  Flight  to  enemy  country.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  arresto  mayor  shall  be   Elements:  
inflicted  upon  any  person  who,  owing  allegiance  to  the  Government,   1. That  there  is  a  war  in  which  the  Philippines  is  involved;      
attempts  to  flee  or  go  to  an  enemy  country  when  prohibited  by  competent   2. Offender  owes  allegiance  to  the  Government;      
authority.     3. Offender  attempts  to  flee  or  go  to  the  enemy  country;      
4. That  going  to  the  enemy  country  is  prohibited  by  the  competent  
authority.      
Section  Three  -­‐  Piracy  and  mutiny  on  the  high  seas  or  in  Philippine  waters    
Art.  122.  Piracy  in  general  and  mutiny  on  the  high  seas.  -­‐  The  penalty  of   Two  ways  or  modes  of  committing  piracy:    
reclusion  temporal  shall  be  inflicted  upon  any  person  who,  on  the  high   1. By  attacking  or  seizing  a  vessel  on  the  high  seas  or  in  Philippine  
seas,  shall  attack  or  seize  a  vessel  or,  not  being  a  member  of  its   waters;      
complement  nor  a  passenger,  shall  seize  the  whole  or  part  of  the  cargo  of   2. By   seizing  in   the   vessel   while   on   the   high   seas   or   in   Philippine  
said  vessel,  its  equipment,  or  personal  belongings  of  its  complement  or   waters   the   whole   or   part   of   its   cargo,   its   equipment   or   personal  
passengers.     belongings  of  its  complement  or  passengers.      
The  same  penalty  shall  be  inflicted  in  case  of  mutiny  on  the  high  seas  or  in    
Philippine  waters.     Elements  of  piracy:    
1. That  a  vessel  is  on  the  high  seas  or  on  Philippine  waters;      
2. That   the   offenders   are   NOT   members   of   its   complement   or  
passengers  of  the  vessel;      
3. That  the  offenders:    a.  Attack  or  seize  the  vessel;  or    b.  Seize  the  
whole   or   part   of   the   cargo   of   said   vessel,   its   equipment   or  
personal  belongings  of  its  complement  or  passengers.      
 
Piracy   under   PD   532:   Punishes   piracy   committed   in   Philippine   waters  
only.    
Offenders:  any  person  (passenger,  crew  or  stranger)    
Art.  123.  Qualified  piracy.  -­‐  The  penalty  of  reclusion  temporal  to  death   Qualifying  Circumstances:    
shall  be  imposed  upon  those  who  commit  any  of  the  crimes  referred  to  in   1. Whenever   the   offenders   have   seized   the   vessel   by   boarding   or  
the  preceding  article,  under  any  of  the  following  circumstances:     firing  upon  the  same;      
1. Whenever  they  have  seized  a  vessel  by  boarding  or  firing  upon   2. Whenever   the   pirates   have   abandoned   their   victims   without  
the  same;     means  of  saving  themselves;      
2. Whenever  the  pirates  have  abandoned  their  victims  without   3. Whenever   the   crime   is   accompanied   by   murder,   homicide,  
means  of  saving  themselves;  or     physical  injuries,  or  rape.      
3. Whenever  the  crime  is  accompanied  by  murder,  homicide,   .    
physical  injuries  or  rape.     Qualified   Mutiny:   When   the   second   or   the   third   circumstance  
accompanies   the   crime   of   mutiny   mentioned   under   Art.   122,   mutiny   is  
then  qualified.  First  circumstance  may  not  qualify  the  crime  of  mutiny.    
   
  
 

SPECIAL  LAWS  
Crimes  Against  Persons  
RA  8049  (Hazing)   Elements:  
1. The  act  is  a  prerequisite  for  admission  into  membership  in  a  
fraternity,  sorority  or  organization;  
2. The  recruit,  neophyte  or  applicant  is  placed  in  either  of  the  
following  situations:  
a. embarrassing  situation;  
b. humiliating  situation;  
c. is  subjected  to  physical  suffering  or  injury;  or  
d. is  subjected  to  psychological  suffering  or  injury  
 
Acts  Punished:  
 
 
RA  8353  (Rape)   Elements  of  Par.  1  -­‐  Sexual  Intercourse:  
1. That  the  offender  is  a  man;  
2. That  the  offender  had  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman;  
3. That  such  act  is  accomplished  under  any  of  the  ff.  
circumstances:  
a. By  using  force,  threat,  or  intimidation  
b. When  the  woman  is  deprived  of  reason  or  otherwise  
unconscious  
c. By  means  of  fraudulent  machination  or  grave  abuse  
of  authority  
d. When  the  woman  is  under  12  years  of  age  or  
demented  
 
Elements  of  Par.  2  -­‐  Sexual  Assault:  
1. That  the  offender  commits  sexual  assault  
2. That  such  sexual  assault  is  committed  by:    
b. Inserting  penis  into  another's  mouth  or  anal  orifice;  
or  
c. Inserting  any  instrument  or  object  into  the  genital  or  
anal  orifice  of  another  person  
3. That  the  sexual  assault  is  accomplished:  
a. By  use  of  force  or  intimidation;  
b. When  the  woman  is  deprived  of  reason  or  otherwise  
unconscious;  
c. By  means  of  fraudulent  machination  or  grave  abuse  
of  authority  
d. When  the  victim  is  under  12  years  old  or  demented  
RA  9262  (VAWC)   Elements:  
  1. The  offender  has  or  had  a  sexual  or  dating  relationship  with  the  
1. Causing  physical  harm  to  the  woman  or  her  child;   offended  woman  or  with  whom  he  has  a  common  child  or  
2. Threatening  to  cause  the  woman  or  her  child  physical  harm;   against  her  child,  whether  legitimate  or  illegitimate,  or  a  child  in  
3. Attempting  to  cause  the  woman  or  her  child  physical  harm;   her  custody  
4. Placing  the  woman  or  her  child  in  fear  of  imminent  physical   2. The  offender  commits  any  act  or  series  of  acts  which  result  it  or  
harm;   is  likely  to  result  in  physical,  sexual,  psychological  harm  or  
5. Attempting  to  compel  or  compelling  the  woman  or  her  child  to   suffering,  or  economic  abuse  including  threats  of  such  acts,  
engage  in  conduct  which  the  woman  or  her  child  has  the  right  to   battery,  assault,  coercion,  harassment  or  arbitrary  deprivation  
desist  from  or  desist  from  conduct  which  the  woman  or  her   of  liberty  
child  has  the  right  to  engage  in,  or  attempting  to  restrict  or  
restricting  the  woman's  or  her  child's  freedom  of  movement  or  
conduct  by  force  or  threat  of  force,  physical  or  other  harm  or  
threat  of  physical  or  other  harm,  or  intimidation  directed  
against  the  woman  or  child.  This  shall  include,  but  not  limited  
to,  the  following  acts  committed  with  the  purpose  or  effect  of  
controlling  or  restricting  the  woman's  or  her  child's  movement  
or  conduct:  
a. Threatening  to  deprive  or  actually  depriving  the  
woman  or  her  child  of  custody  to  her/his  family;  
b. Depriving  or  threatening  to  deprive  the  woman  or  
her  children  of  financial  support  legally  due  her  or  
her  family,  or  deliberately  providing  the  woman's  
children  insufficient  financial  support;  
c. Depriving  or  threatening  to  deprive  the  woman  or  
 her  child  of  a  legal  right;x  
d. Preventing  the  woman  in  engaging  in  any  legitimate  
profession,  occupation,  business  or  activity  or  
controlling  the  victim's  own  mon4ey  or  properties,  or  
solely  controlling  the  conjugal  or  common  money,  or  
properties;  
6. Inflicting  or  threatening  to  inflict  physical  harm  on  oneself  for  
the  purpose  of  controlling  her  actions  or  decisions;  
7. Causing  or  attempting  to  cause  the  woman  or  her  child  to  
engage  in  any  sexual  activity  which  does  not  constitute  rape,  by  
force  or  threat  of  force,  physical  harm,  or  through  intimidation  
directed  against  the  woman  or  her  child  or  her/his  immediate  
family;    
8. Engaging  in  purposeful,  knowing,  or  reckless  conduct,  
personally  or  through  another,  that  alarms  or  causes  substantial  
emotional  or  psychological  distress  to  the  woman  or  her  child.  
This  shall  include,  but  not  be  limited  to,  the  following  acts:    
(1)  Stalking  or  following  the  woman  or  her  child  in  public  or  
private  places;    
(2)  Peering  in  the  window  or  lingering  outside  the  residence  of  
the  woman  or  her  child;    
(3)  Entering  or  remaining  in  the  dwelling  or  on  the  property  of  
the  woman  or  her  child  against  her/his  will;    
(4)  Destroying  the  property  and  personal  belongings  or  
inflicting  harm  to  animals  or  pets  of  the  woman  or  her  child;  
and    
(5)  Engaging  in  any  form  of  harassment  or  violence;    
9. Causing  mental  or  emotional  anguish,  public  ridicule  or  
humiliation  to  the  woman  or  her  child,  including,  but  not  limited  
to,  repeated  verbal  and  emotional  abuse,  and  denial  of  financial  
support  or  custody  of  minor  children  of  access  to  the  woman's  
child/children.    
 
RA  7610  (Child  Abuse)    
1.  

Crimes  Against  Property  

RA  6539  (Carnapping)   Elements:  
1. Taking  of  a  motor  vehicle  belonging  to  another.  
2. With  intent  to  gain.  
3. Without  the  owner’s  consent  or  by  means  of  violence  against  or  
intimidation  of  persons,  or  by  using  force  upon  things.  
PD  532  (Highway  Robbery)   Elements  of  Highway  Robbery:  
  1. That  the  offender  may  be  any  person  
Highway  Robbery:   2. That  the  offender  committed  any  of  the  following:  
1. The  seizure  of  any  person  for  ransom,  extortion  or  other   a. The  seizure  of  any  person  for  ransom,  extortion  or  
unlawful  purposes;  or     other  unlawful  purposes;  or  
2. The  taking  away  of  the  property  of  another  by  means  of  violence   b. The  taking  away  of  the  property  of  another  by  means  
against  or  intimidation  of  persons   of  violence  against  or  intimidation  of  person  or  force  
  upon  things  or  other  unlawful  means  
Aiding  and  Abetting  Brigands:   3. That  either  was  committed  on  any  Philippine  highway  
1. He  in  any  manner  aids,  abets  or  protects  such  band  of  brigands;    
or   Elements  of  Aiding  and  Abeting  Brigands:  
2. He  gives  them  information  of  the  movements  of  the  police  or   1. That  there  is  a/are  robber/s  or  brigand/s    
other  peace  officers  of  the  government;  or   2. That  the  offender  knows  him/them  as  such  
3. He  acquires  or  receives  the  property  taken  by  such  brigands   3. That  the  offender  does  any  of  the  following  acts:  
a. He  in  any  manner  aids,  abets  or  protects  such  band  of  
brigands;  or  
b. He  gives  them  information  of  the  movements  of  the  
police  or  other  peace  officers  of  the  government  
c. He  acquires  or  receives  the  property  taken  by  such  
brigands  
PD  533  (Cattle  Rustling)   Elements:  
  1. Large  Cattle  is  taken;  
The  taking  away  by  any  means,  method  or  scheme,  without  the  consent  of   2. It  belongs  to  another;  
the  owner/  raiser,  of  any  of  the  above-­‐mentioned  animals  whether  or  not   3. The  taking  is  done  without  consent  of  the  owner  
for  profit  or  gain,  or  whether  committed  with  or  without  violence  against   4. The  taking  is  done  by  any  means,  methods,  or  schemes  
or  intimidation  of  any  person  or  force  upon  things.  It  includes  the  killing  of   5. The  taking  is  done  with  or  without  intent  to  gain  
large  cattle,  or  taking  its  meat  or  hide  without  the  consent  of  the   6. The  taking  is  accomplished  with  or  without  violence  or  
owner/raiser.   intimidation  against  persons  or  force  upon  things  
RA  7832  (Theft  of  Electricity)    
 
Sec.  2  Illegal  Use  of  Electricity:  
1. Tap,  make  or  cause  to  be  made  any  connection  with  overhead  lines,  
service  drops,  or  other  electric  service  wires,  without  previous  
authority  or  consent  of  the  private  electric  utility  or  rural  electric  
cooperative  concerned;  
2. Tap,  make  or  cause  to  be  made  any  connection  to  the  existing  electric  
service  facilities  of  any  duly  registered  consumer  without  the  latter's  
or  the  electric  utility's  consent  or  authority;  
3. Tamper,  install  or  use  a  tampered  electrical  meter,  jumper,  current  
reversing  transformer,  shorting  or  shunting  wire,  loop  connection  or  
any  other  device  which  interferes  with  the  proper  or  accurate  
registry  or  metering  of  electric  current  or  otherwise  results  in  its  
diversion  in  a  manner  whereby  electricity  is  stolen  or  wasted;  
4. Damage  or  destroy  an  electric  meter,  equipment,  wire  or  conduit  or  
allow  any  of  them  to  be  so  damaged  or  destroyed  as  to  interfere  with  
the  proper  or  accurate  metering  of  electric  current;  and  
5. Knowingly  use  or  receive  the  direct  benefit  of  electric  service  
obtained  through  any  of  the  acts  mentioned  in  subsections  (a),  (b),  
(c),  and  (d)  above.  
Sec.  3  Theft  of  Electric  Power  Transmission  Lines  and  Materials:  
1. Cut,  saw,  slice,  separate,  split,  severe,  smelt,  or  remove  any  electric  
power  transmission  line/material  or  meter  from  a  tower,  pole,  or  any  
other  installation  or  place  of  installation  or  any  other  place  or  site  
where  it  may  be  rightfully  or  lawfully  stored,  deposited,  kept,  
stocked,  inventoried,  situated  or  located,  without  the  consent  of  the  
owner,  whether  or  not  the  act  is  done  for  profit  or  gain;  
2. Take,  carry  away  or  remove  or  transfer,  with  or  without  the  use  of  a  
motor  vehicle  or  other  means  of  conveyance,  any  electric  power  
transmission  line/material  or  meter  from  a  tower,  pole,  any  other  
installation  or  place  of  installation,  or  any  place  or  site  where  it  may  
be  rightfully  or  lawfully  stored,  deposited,  kept,  stocked,  inventoried,  
situated  or  located  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  whether  or  not  
the  act  is  done  for  profit  or  gain;  
3. Store,  possess  or  otherwise  keep  in  his  premises,  custody  or  control,  
any  electric  power  transmission  line/material  or  meter  without  the  
consent  of  the  owner,  whether  or  not  the  act  is  done  for  profit  or  
gain;  and  
4. Load,  carry,  ship  or  move  from  one  place  to  another,  whether  by  land,  
air  or  sea,  any  electrical  power  transmission  line/material,  whether  
or  not  the  act  is  done  for  profit  or  gain,  without  first  securing  a  
clearance/permit  for  the  said  purpose  from  its  owner  or  the  National  
Power  Corporation  (NPC)  or  its  regional  office  concerned,  as  the  case  
may  be.  
RA  8041  (Pilferage  of  Water)    
 
1. Destroy,  damage  or  interfere  with  any  canal,  raceway,  ditch,  lock  ,  
pier,  inlet,  crib,  bullhead,  dam,  gate,  service,  reservoir,  aqueduct,  
water  mains,  water  distribution  pipes,  conduit,  pipes,  wire  
benchmark,  monument,  or  other  works,  appliance,  machinery  
buildings,  or  property  of  any  water  utility  entity,  whether  public  or  
private;  
2. Do  any  malicious  act  which  shall  injuriously  affect  the  quantity  or  
quality  of  water  or  sewerage  flow  of  any  waterworks  and/or  
sewerage  system,  or  the  supply,  conveyance,  measurement,  or  
regulation  thereof,  including  the  prevention  of,  or  interfere  with  any  
authorized  person  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  duties  connected  
therewith;  
3. Prevent,  obstruct,  and  interfere  with  the  survey,  works,  and  
construction  of  access  road  and  water  mains  and  distribution  
network  and  any  related  works  of  the  utility  entity;  
4. Tap,  make,  or  cause  to  be  made  any  connection  with  water  lines  
without  prior  authority  or  consent  from  the  water  utility  concerned;  
5. Tamper,  install  or  use  tampered  water  meters,  sticks,  magnets,  
reversing  water  meters,  shortening  of  vane  wheels  and  other  devices  
of  steal  water  or  interfere  with  accurate  registry  or  metering  or  
water  usage,  or  otherwise  result  in  its  diversion  in  a  manner  whereby  
water  is  stolen  or  wasted;  
6. Use  or  receive  the  direct  benefit  or  water  service  with  knowledge  
 that  diversion,  tampering,  or  illegal  connection  existed  at  the  time  of  
that  use,  or  that  the  use  or  receipt  was  otherwise  without  the  
authorization  of  water  utility;  
7. Steal  or  pilfer  water  meters,  main  lines,  pipes  and  related  or  ancillary  
facilities;  
8. Steal  water  for  profit  or  resale;  
9. Knowingly  possess  stolen  or  tampered  water  meters;  and  
10. Knowingly  or  willfully  allow  the  occurrence  of  any  of  the  above.  
BP  876  (Illegal  Water,  Electric  or  Telephone  Connections)    
 
Any  person  who:  
1. Installs  any  water,  gas,  electrical  or  telephone  connection  
without  previous  authority  from  any  authorized  public  utility,  
or  service  entity  concerned,  whether  government  or  privately  
owned,  as  the  case  may  be;    
2. Tampers  and/or  knowingly  uses  tampered  water,  gas  or  electric  
meters  or  other  devices  whereby  water,  gas  or  electricity  is  
stolen;    
3. Steals  water,  gas,  electric  and/or  electric  meter  or  water,  gas,  
electric  and/or  telephone  wires,  piped  gas  pipes  or  conduits  and  
poles;    
4. Knowingly  possesses  stolen  water,  gas,  and/or  electric  meters  
as  well  as  stolen  water,  gas,  electric  and  poles  
RA  10515  (Anti-­‐Cable  or  Wire-­‐Tapping  Act)   Elements  of  illegal  possession  of  picklocks  or  similar  tools:  
  4. That  the  offender  has  in  his  possession  picklocks  or  similar  
1. Intercept  or  receive,  or  assist  in  intercepting  or  receiving,  any   tools.  
signal  offered  over  a  cable  television  system  or  a  cable  internet   5. That  such  picklocks  or  similar  tools  are  specially  adopted  to  the  
system  by  tapping,  making  or  causing  to  be  made,  any   commission  of  the  robbery.  
connection  to  an  existing  CATV  System/Network  or  Cable   6. That  the  offender  does  not  have  lawful  cause  for  such  
Internet  System/Network  without  the  authority  of  the   possession.  
concerned  CATV  Service  Provider  or  Cable  Internet  Service  
Provider;  
2. Record,  reproduce,  distribute,  import  or  sell,  any  intercepted  or  
received  CATV  System/Network  signals  for  commercial  
purposes  without  the  authority  of  the  concerned  CATV  Service  
Provider  or  Cable  Internet  Service  Provider;  
3. Use  or  receive  any  direct  or  indirect  benefit,  from  any  CATV  
System/Network  or  Cable  Internet  System/Network  with  
knowledge  that  it  is  a  result  of  any  of  acts  enumerated  in  
paragraphs  (a)  or  (b)  above;  or  
4. Wantonly,  maliciously  and  willfully  damage,  destroy  or  remove  
CATV  and/or  Cable  Internet  facilities  and  accessories  of  
authorized  CATV  and/or  Cable  Internet  Service  Providers.  
RA  8550  (Illegal  Fishing)    
 
1. Unauthorized  Fishing  or  Engaging  in  Other  Unauthorized  
Fisheries  Activities.  
2. Poaching  in  Philippine  Waters.  
3. Fishing  Through  Explosives,  Noxious  or  Poisonous  Substance,  
and/or  Electricity  
4. Use  of  Fine  Mesh  Net  
5. Use  of  Active  Gear  in  the  Municipal  Waters  and  Bays  and  Other  
Fishery  Management  Areas.  
6. Ban  on  Coral  Exploitation  and  Exportation  
7. Ban  on  Muro-­‐Ami  Other  Methods  and  Gear  Destructive  to  Coral  
Reefs  and  Other  Marine  Habitat  
8. Illegal  Use  of  Superlights  
9. Conversion  of  Mangroves  
10. Fishing  in  Overfished  Area  and  During  Closed  Season  
11. Fishing  in  Fishery  Reserves,  Refuge  and  Sanctuaries  
12. Fishing  Or  Taking  of  Rare,  Threatened  or  Endangered  Species  
13. Capture  of  Sabalo  and  Other  Breeders/Spawners  
14. Exportation  of  Breeders,  Spawners,  Eggs  or  Fry  
15. Importation  or  Exportation  of  Fish  or  Fishery  Species  
16. Violation  of  Catch  Ceilings  
17. Aquatic  Pollution  
18. Other  Violations.  
a. Failure  to  Comply  with  Minimum  Safety  Standards  
b. Failure  to  Conduct  a  Yearly  Report  on  all  Fishponds,  
 Fish  Pens  and  Fish  Cages  
c. Gathering  and  Marketing  of  Shell  Fishes  
d. Obstruction  to  Navigation  or  Flow  and  Ebb  of  Tide  in  
any  Stream,  River,  Lake  or  Bay  
e. Construction  and  Operation  of  Fish  Corrals/Traps,  
Fish  Pens  and  Fish  Cages  
PD  330  (Illegal  Logging)   Elements  of  Offense  1:  
  1. There   must   be   cutting,   gathering,   collecting   or   removing   of  
Offense  1:  Cutting,  gathering,  collecting  or  removing  of  Timber  or  other   timber  or  other  forest  products;  
Forest  Products  from  any  forest  land  without  authority   2. The  timber  or  other  forest  products  is  cut,  gathered,  collected  or  
  removed  from  any  forest  land;  
Offense  2:  Cutting,  gathering,  collecting  or  removing  of  timber  from   3. The  cutting,  gathering,  collecting  or  removing  without  authority  
alienable  or  disposable  public  land  or  from  private  land    
  Elements  of  Offense  2:  
Offense  3:  Cutting,  gathering,  collecting  or  removing  of  timber  from   1. There   must   be   cutting,   gathering,   collecting   or   removing   of  
alienable  or  disposable  public  land  or  from  private  land   timber;  
2. The  timber  is  cut,  gathered,  collected  or  removed  from  alienable  
or  disposable  public  land  or  from  private  land;  
3. The   cutting,   gathering,   collecting   or   removing   is   without  
authority  
 
Elements  of  Offense  3:  
1. Possession  of  timber  or  other  forest  products;  
2. The  possession  is  without  the  legal  documents  as  required  under  
existing  forest  laws  
PD  1612  (Fencing)   Elements:  
  1. The  crime  of  robbery  or  theft  has  been  committed.  
Act  of  any  person  who,  with  intent  to  gain  for  himself  or  for  another,  shall   2. The  accused,  who  is  not  a  principal  or  accomplice  in  the  
buy,  receive,  possess,  keep,  acquire,  conceal,  sell  or  dispose  of,  or  shall   commission  of  the  crime  of  robbery,  buys,  receives,  possesses,  
buy  and  sell,  or  in  any  other  manner  deal  in  any  article,  item,  object  or   keeps,  acquires,  conceals,  sells  or  disposes,  or  buys  and  sells,  or  
anything  of  value  which  he  knows,  or  should  have  been  known  to  him,  to   in  any  manner  deals  in  any  article,  item,  object  or  anything  of  
have  been  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  the  crime  of  robbery  or  theft.   value  which  have  been  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  the  said  
crime  
3. The  accused  knows  or  should  have  known  that  the  said  article,  
item,  object  or  anything  of  value  has  been  derived  from  the  
proceeds  of  the  crime  of  robbery  or  theft.  
4. There  is,  on  the  part  of  the  accused,  intent  to  gain  for  himself  or  
another.  
PD  115  (Trust  Receipts)   Elements:  
  1. Money,  goods  or  other  personal  property  is  received  by  the  
Failure  of  entrustee  to  turn  over  proceeds  of  sale  of  goods,  documents  or   offender  in  trust,  or  on  commission,  or  for  administration,  or  
instruments  covered  by  a  trust  receipt,  or  to  return  said  goods,   under  any  other  obligation  involving  the  duty  to  make  delivery  
documents  or  instruments  if  they  were  not  sold  or  disposed  of  -­‐-­‐  i.e.,   of,  or  to  return  the  same  
Estafa  with  abuse  of  confidence  [Art.  315  Par.1  (b)]   2. There  is  misappropriation  or  conversion  of  such  money  or  
property  by  the  offender,  or  denial  on  his  part  of  such  receipt  
3. Such  misappropriation,  conversion  or  denial  is  to  the  prejudice  of  
another  
4. There  is  a  demand  made  by  the  offended  party  to  the  offender  
BP  22  (Bouncing  Checks)   Elements  of  Par.1,  Sec.1:  
  1. That  a  person  makes  or  draws  and  issues  a  check  
Issuing  a  bad  check  [a  bouncing  check]  -­‐-­‐  specifically,  a  check  dishonored   2. That  the  check  is  made  or  drawn  and  issued  to  apply  on  account  
by  a  bank,  or  would  have  been  dishonored  by  a  bank,  for  insufficiency  of   or  for  value    
funds.   3. That  the  person  who  makes  or  draws  and  issues  the  check  knows  
  at  the  time  of  issue  that  he  does  not  have  sufficient  funds  in  or  
Par.  1,  Sec.  1  penalizes  the  act  of  issuing  a  check  when  at  the  time  of  its   credit  with  the  drawee  bank  for  the  payment  of  such  check  in  full  
issuance  the  corresponding  checking  account  did  not  have  enough  funds   upon  its  presentment  
to  cover  the  amount  on  the  check  (or  the  drawer  did  not  have  enough   4. That:  
credit  with  the  bank  to  cover  the  same).   a. The  check  is  subsequently  dishonored  by  the  drawee  
  bank  for  insufficiency  of  funds  or  credit,  or  
Par.  2,  Sec.  1  penalizes  the  act  of  not  being  able  to  maintain  sufficient  
b. Would  have  been  dishonored  for  the  same  reason  had  
funds  (or  credit)  to  cover  the  amount  on  the  check  w/in  90  days  from  the  
not  the  drawer,  without  any  valid  reason,  ordered  the  
DATE  of  its  issuance  (i.e.  the  date  indicated  on  the  check)  -­‐-­‐  even  if,  at  the   bank  to  stop  payment  
time  the  check  had  been  issued,  there  was  enough  funds  (credit)  to  cover    
the  same.   Elements  of  Par.2,  Sec.1:  
1. That  a  person  has  sufficient  funds  in  or  credit  with  the  drawee  
bank  when  he  makes  or  draws  and  issues  a  check  
2. That  he  fails  to  keep  sufficient  funds  or  to  maintain  a  credit  to  
cover  the  full  amount  of  the  check  if  presented  within  a  period  of  
90  days  from  the  date  appearing  thereon  
 3. That  the  check  is  dishonored  by  the  drawee  bank  
PD  1689  (Swindling  by  Syndicate)    
 
 
PD  1728    
 
 
RA  9165  (Dangerous  Drug  Act)    
 
 
PD  46    
 
 
PD  749    
 
 
RA  3019    
 
 
 
RA  7080  (Anti-­‐Plunder)    
 
 
PD  1602,  RA  9287    
 
 
RA  10158    
 
 
PD  960,  as  amended  by  PD  969    
 
 
 
PD  1653  (Anti-­‐Mendicancy  Law)    
 
 
 
RA  9208;  RA  10364    
 
 
 
RA  4200  (Anti-­‐Wiretapping  Law)    
 
 
 
RA  6968  (Coup  d’etat)    
 
 
PD  1866,  as  amended  by  RA  8294,  as  amended  by  10591  (Illegal    
Possession  of  Firearms)  
 
 
 
Rule  113,  Section  6    
 
 
Rule  112,  Section  5    
 
 
EO  272      
 
Rule  126    
 
 
RA  9372    
 
 
RA  6235    
 
 
CA  616    
 
 
CA  142    
 
 
PD  247    
 
 
RA  75    
 
 
 
RA  493