GU-706 - Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis PDF

Revision: Version 0
Petroleum Development Oman LLC Effective: Jun-10
Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.
Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis
Document ID GU-706
Document Type Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis
Security Unrestricted
Discipline Mechanical – Static/Piping
Owner Abdulnabhi Al-Balushi, UEP/1S
Issue Date 05-June 2013
Version 1.0
Keywords: This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor any part of this
document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means
(electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise) without prior written consent of the owner.
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i Document Authorisation
Authorised For Issue
ii Revision History
The following is a brief summary of the 4 most recent revisions to this document. Details of all revisions prior to
these are held on file by the issuing department.
Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks
Version 0 1 june 2013 R.Thiagarajan , UEP/10S First Issue
iii Related Business Processes

Code Business Process (EPBM 4.0)
EP 64 Design, Construct, Modify or Abandon Facilities
iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents

The related CMF Documents can be retrieved from the Corporate Business Control Documentation Register CMF.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Document Authorisation ..................................................................................................................................... 3
ii Revision History .................................................................................................................................................. 4
iii Related Business Processes .............................................................................................................................. 4
iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents .................................................................... 4
1.0 scope ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.0 Reference Documents .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 PDO/Company specification ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Design & Engineering Practice (Shell DEPs) ............................................................................................... 7
2.3 International Codes & Standards .................................................................................................................. 8
3.0 General Requirement ................................................................................................................................... 9
4.0 Stress Analysis criteria.................................................................................................................................. 9
5.0 Stress Critical Line List ............................................................................................................................... 10
6.0 Analysis software ........................................................................................................................................ 10
6.1 Caesar II software ....................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2 Caesar II set up file ..................................................................................................................................... 10
6.3 Bourdon effect ............................................................................................................................................ 10
7.0 Allowable Stress ......................................................................................................................................... 10
8.0 analysis input REQUIREMENT................................................................................................................... 10
8.1 Stress Critical lines ..................................................................................................................................... 10
8.2 Non Critical lines ......................................................................................................................................... 10
8.3 Design Conditions ....................................................................................................................................... 11
8.3.1 Line list ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
8.3.2 Pressure ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
8.3.3 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................... 11
8.4 Installation Temperature ............................................................................................................................. 11
8.5 Expansion Stress Range ............................................................................................................................ 11
8.6 Stress Intensification Factor ....................................................................................................................... 11
8.7 Pressure Relief Valve Loads ...................................................................................................................... 12
8.8 Slug Load .................................................................................................................................................... 12
8.9 Wind Load................................................................................................................................................... 13
8.10 Seismic Load .............................................................................................................................................. 13
8.11 Surge .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
8.12 Soil Settlement ............................................................................................................................................ 13
8.13 Vessel Skirt growth ..................................................................................................................................... 13
8.14 External Displacement ................................................................................................................................ 14
8.15 Spring Hangers Supports ........................................................................................................................... 14
8.15.1 Variable Spring Hangers: .......................................................................................................................... 14
8.15.2 Constant Spring Hangers .......................................................................................................................... 15
8.16 Friction Effects ............................................................................................................................................ 15
8.17 Displacement at the tie-in points................................................................................................................. 15
8.18 Buried piping ............................................................................................................................................... 15
8.19 Thermal Displacement of Equipments........................................................................................................ 16
8.20 Expansion Joints/Expansion Bellows ......................................................................................................... 16
8.21 Rigid element data ...................................................................................................................................... 16
8.22 Support lift off .............................................................................................................................................. 16
8.23 Insulation Density........................................................................................................................................ 17
9.0 Analysis output requirement ....................................................................................................................... 17
9.1 Code Compliance ....................................................................................................................................... 17
9.2 Pipe sag ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
9.3 Flange Leakage .......................................................................................................................................... 17
9.4 Two Phase Flow ......................................................................................................................................... 17
9.5 Allowable Nozzle Loads .............................................................................................................................. 17
9.5.1 Pressure Vessel & Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger .................................................................................. 18
9.5.2 Air Cooler .................................................................................................................................................... 18
9.5.3 Plate type Heat Exchanger. ........................................................................................................................ 18
9.5.4 Fired Heaters .............................................................................................................................................. 18
9.5.5 Flare Stack .................................................................................................................................................. 18
9.5.6 Centrifugal Pump ........................................................................................................................................ 18
9.5.7 Rotary Pump ............................................................................................................................................... 19
9.5.8 Reciprocating Pump ................................................................................................................................... 19
9.5.9 Vertical In-line Pump ................................................................................................................................... 19
9.5.10 Metering Pump .......................................................................................................................................... 19
9.5.11 Centrifugal Compressor ............................................................................................................................ 19
9.5.12 Reciprocating Compressor ........................................................................................................................ 19
9.5.13 Rotary Compressor ................................................................................................................................... 20
9.5.14 Storage Tanks ........................................................................................................................................... 20
9.5.15 Packaged Equipment ................................................................................................................................ 20
9.5.16 Other Equipments ..................................................................................................................................... 20
9.5.17 Anchor free Analysis. ............................................................................................................................... 21
10.0 Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
11.0 Dynamic Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 21
12.0 exclusion for feed phase ............................................................................................................................. 22
13.0 Load Case Combination ............................................................................................................................. 22
14.0 Documentation............................................................................................................................................ 22
15.0 Applicable Calculation................................................................................................................................. 23
16.0 Checklist ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
17.0 APPENDIX-1 - Typical load case for Reference only. ................................................................................ 24
18.0 APPENDIX-2: PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-INPUT/OUTPUT ................................................. 27
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1.0 SCOPE
This document defines the requirements of static and dynamic stress analysis for piping
connected to various types of processing equipment for the facilities designed according to
ASME B31.3 Process piping code.
This document also defines the requirements of documentation of the piping stress analysis.
All piping systems shall be evaluated and analysed for adequate flexibility in accordance with
this document, applicable COMPANY specifications, Shell DEP, International Codes and
Standards referenced herein, and with stress analysis criteria.
This document provides basic guideline for performing the pipe stress analysis.
2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2.1 PDO/Company specification
SP-2054 - Specification for Centrifugal Compressor Packages
SP-2069 - Specification for Pressure Vessels
SP-2070 - Specification for Air cooled heat exchangers
SP-2092 - GRP Specification (Qualification and Manufacturing)
2.2 Design & Engineering Practice (Shell DEPs)
31.21.01.30 - Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

(Amendments/Supplements to ISO 16812)
31.21.01.32 - Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers

31.21.70.31 - Air-cooled Heat Exchangers (Amendments/Supplements to

ISO 13706)
31.22.20.31 - Pressure Vessels (Based on ASME Section VIII)
31.29.02.30 - Centrifugal Pumps (Amendments/Supplements to ISO 13709
31.29.12.30 - Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps and Metering

Pumps (Amendments/Supplements to API 674 and API 675)
31.29.40.30 - Axial, Centrifugal and Expander Compressors

(Amendments/Supplements to API STD 617)
31.29.40.31 - Reciprocating Compressors (Amendments/Supplements to

API 618)

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31.29.40.34 - Packaged Reciprocating Gas Compressors

31.38.01.10 - Piping class – Basis of design
31.38.01.11 - Piping –General requirement
31.38.01-12 - Piping Classes-Refining and Chemicals
31.38.01.15 - Piping Classes-Exploration and Production
31.38.01.29 - Pipe Supports
31.40.10.19 - Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Pipeline and Piping Systems.
80.45.10.10 - Design of Pressure Relief Flare and Vent Systems
30.46.00.31 - Thermal Insulation
34.51.01.33 - Aboveground Vertical Storage Tanks

(Amendments/Supplements to API Standard 650)
2.3 International Codes & Standards
ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
AWWA M45 - Fibreglass Pipe Design
ASME Sec. VIII - Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 through NPS 24
Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 through NPS 60

Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B36.10M - Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe
ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe
API 560 - Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service
API 610/ISO 13709 - Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
API 617 - Axial and Centrifugal Compressors for petroleum, Chemical

and Gas Service
API 618 - Reciprocating Compressor for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas

Industry Service
API RP520 - Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving

Devices in Refineries
API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

Revision: Version 0
API 661/ISO 13706 - Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger for General Refinery Service
API 674 - Positive Displacement Pumps - Reciprocating
API 676 - Positive Displacement Pumps - Rotary
ISO 13705 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Fired

heaters for general refinery service
NEMA SM 23 - Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service
EJMA - Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association,

Inc.
MSS SP-58 - Pipe hangers and supports-Material, design and manufacture
WRC BUL-297 - Local stresses in cylindrical shells due to external loading on

nozzle
WRC BUL- 449 - Guidelines for the design/Installation of Pumps.
WRC BUL-537 - Precision equations and enhanced diagrams for local

Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to external
loadings for Implementation of WRC Bulletin 107.
ISO 14692 - Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Glass Reinforced

Plastics (GRP) Piping
Energy Institute Guide lines
3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Piping systems shall have sufficient flexibility to accommodate thermal expansion or
contraction and to prevent:
- Failure of piping or supports from overstress or fatigue.

- Leakage at joints.
- Excessive loads and moments on connected equipment, anchor points, flanged
connections, etc.
- Detrimental stresses or distortion in piping and valves or in connected equipment.
4.0 STRESS ANALYSIS CRITERIA

ASME B31.3, Chapter – II, Part-5. Clause 319 and clause 3.5 of DEP 31.38.01.11 shall be
referred as minimum requirement for stress analysis.
Also clause 3.7.2 and 3.7.3 of DEP 80.45.10.10 shall be considered for the liquid content in
the flare lines for stress analysis.

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5.0 STRESS CRITICAL LINE LIST

Clause 3.5.1.4 DEP 31.38.01.11 shall be considered as minimum criteria for identifying the
stress critical line list.
Pipe Stress Engineer shall be responsible to identify the critical lines on the project line-list
and prepare a critical line list log.
6.0 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
6.1 Caesar II software
The approved program for the purpose of computer analysis is “CAESAR II” latest version.
All computer runs shall include temperature, pressure, weight and insulation if any as a
minimum. Guides/Stops shall normally be modelled with no gaps and friction need not be
considered as it is insignificant. Any specific gaps provided on support must be noted on the
stress sketches and the isometrics. Friction shall be included in the analysis for vertical
restraint.
6.2 Caesar II set up file
Caesar default unit file (mm.fil) shall be used for the analysis or for deriving project specific
unit file.
6.3 Bourdon effect
The Bourdon effect shall be considered only in the translation and shall be considered for
900 # & above.
7.0 ALLOWABLE STRESS

Allowable stress value shall be in accordance with the ASME B31.3 Appendix-A, unless
otherwise specified for metallic pipes and ISO 14692 for GRP piping.
8.0 ANALYSIS INPUT REQUIREMENT
8.1 Stress Critical lines
All stress critical lines shall be analysed using the project approved software.
The documentation shall be prepared and submitted in the form of stress reports.
8.2 Non Critical lines
Lines which are not categorised as stress critical shall be verified by use of engineering
experience or approximate method, However documentation is not required for these lines
as a part of detailed engineering activity.

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8.3 Design Conditions
8.3.1 Line list
Project line list shall be the basis for all the stress calculation.
8.3.2 Pressure
The analysis shall be carried out with the maximum design pressure, operating pressure and
hydro test pressure.
Also the steam out pressure shall be considered in the stress analysis if applicable for that
stress systems.
8.3.3 Temperature
The analysis shall be carried out with the maximum design temperature, minimum process
design temperature and the operating temperature.
In addition to the above, the steam out temperature shall be considered in the stress analysis
if applicable.
The maximum design temperature considered for the stress analysis for un-insulated
aboveground pipes shall not be less that the black bulb temperature (82 deg C) applicable for
the project.
8.4 Installation Temperature
Installation temperature shall be considered as 21°C unless otherwise specified.

Being a desert environment, the installation temperature of 35 deg C can be considered for
cold lines including blow down system in order to evaluate the maximum stress range.
8.5 Expansion Stress Range
Expansion stress range shall be evaluated for the maximum temperature differential of the
following applicable criteria and also as referred by ASME 31.3, Clause 302.3.5.
Maximum design temperature – Minimum Installation temperature

Maximum Installation temperature – Minimum design temperature
Maximum design temperature – Minimum design temperature
8.6 Stress Intensification Factor
Branch connection shall be modelled as per branch table of the applicable piping class.
Stress intensification factors (SIF) indices for 45 degree connection shall be considered
carefully and stated in all the calculations.

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In the absence of any SIF Calculation, as a guide line SIF value for 45 degree can be
considered as 2.0 times the SIF values of 90 degree branch.
8.7 Pressure Relief Valve Loads
Reaction forces shall be calculated for both open and closed relief system in line with API RP
520 Part II. A dynamic loading factor (DLF) of 2 shall be considered for all reaction forces.
8.8 Slug Load
In mixed flow where slugging is expected in a piping system, slug loads shall be calculated
and applied in both axes axial (Fx) & orthogonal (Fy) directions at all changes of direction.
However for Tees the resultant slug load to be applied only at the flowing directions
Slug force shall be calculated based on formula given below. The slug forces will be acting
on the different elbows at different time and the input in the software shall consider the same.
Fx= (р) (A) (V²) (DLF)*(1-cos θ )
Fy= (р) (A) (V²) (DLF)*(sin θ)
For Tees the slug load is as follows:-
F = (р) (A) (V²) (DLF)
Where,
F - Load due to slug, at change in direction in Newton.
p - Density of the slug in kg/m³
A - Inside area of pipe cross-section in m²
V - Velocity of moving slug in m/sec
θ - Angle of bend (Degrees)
DLF - 1 for dynamic analysis & 2 for static analysis *
Slug force need not to be applied at the elbow in the vertical down comer.
In case slug spectrum analysis (dynamic analysis),

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8.9 Wind Load
Wind loading shall be considered in all four directions of the horizontal plane +X, -X,+Z & -Z
and not acting simultaneously. For calculating wind load on pipe, the shape factor shall be
taken as 0.7.
Wind force shall be considered for the following piping:
Pipe outside diameter 200 mm (including insulation thickness) and larger for elevation 10 m
and above from the finished ground level.Wind velocity/wind pressure shall be as per civil
design basis or metrological data.
8.10 Seismic Load
Seismic loads need not be considered unless otherwise specified as Oman is considered to
be under safe Zone.
8.11 Surge
Surge analysis requirement shall be as per DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen clause no 2.3.4. For all the
above ground GRP pipes handling liquids, surge loads to be calculated and applied.
8.12 Soil Settlement
Settlement expected post hydro test shall be considered for all storage tanks or vessels
whose diameter exceeds 2440 mm. The settlement values shall be estimated by civil
engineer.
Tank/vessel settlement shall be considered as sustained vector in stress calculation.
8.13 Vessel Skirt growth
Vessel skirt growth is to be considered and modelled in the stress model; the vessel skirt
growth can be calculated with the following formula
Average temperature for skirt is (Ts) = [(Tv-Tamb) x F]+ Tamb
Where
Ts - Average skirt temperature in degree Fahrenheit
Tv - Vessel temperature in degree Fahrenheit
Tamb - Ambient temperature in degree Fahrenheit
F - skirt factor (to be calculated from the below table)
K*h/√t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
F 1 0.8 0.54 0.38 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.1

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K*h/√t 24 26 28 30 32 34
F 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Where,
K - Insulation factor
= 1 for fully insulated line
= 1.7 for fire brick insulation (Applicable for skirt and to check for
saddles)
= 2.7 for un insulated (applicable for trunions)
h - height of the skirt
t - thickness of the skirt.
8.14 External Displacement
External displacement shall be considered if applicable. The effect on piping systems of

relative movement between modules, module deflection, well head movements and other
imposed deflections shall be investigated where applicable.
8.15 Spring Hangers Supports
When the piping system moves up or down due to thermal expansion, conventional rigid
support is not feasible, as it may not take load at all or it may act as a pivot. Under such
condition, it is recommended to use flexible support such as spring hangers. These spring
hangers sustain the primary load by their resistance against compression while allowing for
free thermal expansion.
Spring hangers are of two types:
 Variable Spring Hangers

 Constant Spring Hangers
For Pedestal support (“F” type spring), the horizontal displacement of the pipe is limited to ± 6
mm only. However the horizontal displacement can be permitted up to ± 15 mm if sliding
assembly is considered on the load flange. The limitation on horizontal displacement of pipe is
to avoid overturning of load column of spring due to friction load.
For Hanging supports (Spring Hanger), the angle of deflection due to horizontal displacement
of pipe shall be limited to ± 4 deg.
8.15.1 Variable Spring Hangers:
Variable spring hangers are recommended where the load variation is not exceeding the
values given below for various systems:-

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6% for the systems connected to Compressor and turbines.

15% for the systems connected to Pumps
25% for the systems connected to Static equipments
8.15.2 Constant Spring Hangers
Constant effort hangers provide constant supporting force in both cold and operating
conditions. When piping stresses and reactions are known to be close to allowable, most
preferred type of flexible support is constant support hanger. For critical, high temperature
piping, at hanger location where the vertical movement of piping is high or the load variation is
above the limiting value indicated in clause 8.13.1, then constant effort hangers are
recommended.
8.16 Friction Effects
Generally, friction shall be considered at all vertical supports, particularly local to sensitive
equipment nozzles and long pipe runs. Application of Teflon or PTFE to supports should be
minimized due to prevailing environmental conditions at oman (Sand storms in desert
condition)
Following Static friction coefficient shall be used in the calculations as per Shell DEP
31.38.01.11-Gen clause 3.5.1.3.3:
 Steel to Steel - 0.4

 Steel to Concrete - 0.6
 Steel to PTFE/Teflon and
St. Steel to St.Steel - 0.1
8.17 Displacement at the tie-in points
Displacement at the tie-in points or terminal points shall be taken as per data provided. In the
absence of such data, piping model shall be extended up to the first fixed point on the tie-
in/terminal point. In the absence of fixed point the model shall be extended to minimum two
change of directions to get the effect of thermal displacement.
Boundary condition shall be considered up to guide support and terminated with appropriate
rotational restraint.
In case tie-in with the buried pipe line, the model shall be extended till the first virtual anchor.
8.18 Buried piping
Analysis of buried piping shall be carried out up to virtual anchor for metallic pipe. In case of
non metallic piping entire buried portion to be included in the model.
For buried pipeline analysis shall be as per applicable ASME pipeline codes ASME
B31.4/ASME B31.8/ISO 14692(GRE Piping).
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8.19 Thermal Displacement of Equipments
The thermal displacement of equipments shall be accounted by modelling equipments as

rigid elements unless otherwise nozzle displacements are provided by vendor.
For centrifugal compressor, steam turbine the thermal movement shall be obtained from
vendor and to be considered in the stress model. In the absence of compressor vendor
nozzle displacement values, the fixed point shall be considered largest suction nozzle.
However, local nozzle flexibility may be included wherever it becomes necessary to avoid
over conservative design. For equipments, Nozzle flexibility shall be as per WRC 297/537.
Vessel skirt/saddle expansion may be considered if the fluid temperature is more than 82
deg C. Appropriate temperature may be used for skirt/saddle growth taking into account of
heat loss from the surface of the skirt/saddle.
Differential thermal expansion between piping and equipment shall be taken in to account for
all design cases.
8.20 Expansion Joints/Expansion Bellows
Expansion joints/Expansion bellows and other such mechanical devices such as sway
braces, snubber, strut etc., shall not be used without company approval.
8.21 Rigid element data
Pipe data-Pro database shall be used for rigid weight when actual weight or weight in
CAESAR software library is not available. Bolts weight shall be considered for the pipe
flanges as per the following:-
150# - 600# - Pipe size 10” and above

900# and above - pipe size 2” and above
However, bolt weight shall be considered for all sizes at the equipment nozzles.
Actuated Valve weight can be considered as 1.5 times the manual valve.
8.22 Support lift off
All the inactive supports in the maximum temperature design cases shall be removed to
verify with the Code Compliance. Appendix – P of B31.3 shall be used in stress calculation to
ensure the system is safe in spite of support lift-off.
This can be achieved by activating “Implement B31.3 Appendix P as “True” under Code-
Specific setting under “SIF AND STRESSES” in Caesar - II configuration settings and it
should be deactivated once the system is checked for support lift-off.

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8.23 Insulation Density
Insulation density shall be as per DEP 30.46.00.31 gen. – Thermal insulation, equivalent
densities shall be calculated taking into account the cladding weight.
9.0 ANALYSIS OUTPUT REQUIREMENT
9.1 Code Compliance
The minimum requirements for pipe stress analysis result shall be in compliance with the
applicable design code i.e. ASME B31.3/ISO 14692.
9.2 Pipe sag
Pipe sag due to weight of piping and contents should be kept minimum and shall not exceed
15 mm in sustained and hydro test. Where deflection exceeds this amount, pipe supports
shall be added or pipe support span to be reviewed. Temporary supports may only be added
to limit such deflection during hydro test only.
Allowable pipe sag for GRP shall be 12.5 mm as per ISO 14692.
Where free draining is required the pipe sag shall be limited to 3 mm
9.3 Flange Leakage
Flange leakage, calculation shall be carried out based on Equivalent Pressure Method as per
ASME Sec III Div.1, NC-3658.1 or based on bending moment method as per ASME Sec III
Div.1, NC-3658.2 and NC- 3658.3.
As a minimum the flange leakage calculation shall be performed for the following:-
 For Sour service - Size 12” and above for all pressure rating
 For Sweet Service - Size 12” and above and pressure rating #1500 and
above.
 For 10,000 PSI rating - Size 4” and above.
For 10,000 PSI rating, the flange leakage calculation the force and moments shall be within
the limits mentioned in API 6A & 6F.
9.4 Two Phase Flow
Two phase lines shall be supported properly with hold downs,guides and axial stop to
avoid/minimize any possibility of vibration, which may occur during operation.
Modal analysis shall be performed for all the mixed flow systems. The natural frequency of
those lines shall be in excess of 4 Hz.
9.5 Allowable Nozzle Loads
The loads on the equipment shall be limited within the allowable for various equipments listed
below. The nozzle loads shall be qualified for various operating conditions that occur under

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various credible scenarios. Stress analysis temperature (at which nozzle load to be checked)
should be checked with process group where large difference occur (> 30 deg C) between
operating and design temperature condition within the line list.
In case of multiple line from equipments connected to a common header, all possible
operating combination shall be considered. Where nozzle load exceeds stated allowable
loads, loads are to be transferred to equipment group in order to communicate this
requirement to the equipment vendor(s).
In case compressor various possible operating scenario including recycle case are to be
considered.
9.5.1 Pressure Vessel & Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Pressure vessel nozzle loads shall be qualified based on DEP 31.22.20.31, Annex VIII
Where required, nozzle flexibility may be included in the calculation. All calculation shall be
accordance with WRC 537/WRC297
For the nozzle sizes above 24” & Pressure class rating #2500 and above, the calculated loads
shall be verified with static equipment engineer and to be included in the equipment
specification.
9.5.2 Air Cooler
The allowable forces and moments on the Air cooled heat exchanger shall be qualified as per
clause 4.1.9 of SP-2070.
9.5.3 Plate type Heat Exchanger.
The allowable forces and moments on the plate type heat exchanger shall be qualified as per
clause 7.7.10 of Shell DEP 31.21.01.32 for severe Service.
9.5.4 Fired Heaters
The allowable forces and moments on the fired heater shall be qualified as per clause 9.2 of
API 560/ISO 13705.
9.5.5 Flare Stack
The piping nozzle load on the flare stack shall be as per SP 2069.
9.5.6 Centrifugal Pump
Loads acting on API centrifugal pump suction and discharge nozzles shall be limited to the
nozzle loadings permitted by the API 610 with factor for Table-5 allowable as 2 for Non-API
pumps nozzle loading shall be limited to allowable values provided by manufacturer.

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9.5.7 Rotary Pump
Loads acting on API rotary pump suction and discharge nozzles shall be limited to the nozzle
loadings permitted by two (2) times the allowable as per clause 6.2 of API 676. For Non-API
pumps nozzle loading shall be limited to allowable values provided by manufacturer.
9.5.8 Reciprocating Pump
Loads acting on API reciprocating pump suction and discharge nozzles shall be limited to two
(2) times the nozzle loadings permitted as per clause 6.6 of API 674. For Non-API pumps
nozzle loading shall be limited to allowable values provided by manufacturer.
9.5.9 Vertical In-line Pump
Small vertical in-line Pumps (15 kW & less) shall be supported immediately adjacent to
suction and discharge flanges using conventional pipe supports. Piping forces shall be
determined considering pump as a rigid but as an un-anchored system of the piping system.
Large vertical pumps furnished with casing foot-mount shall be supported on suitable
foundations
Loads shall be in accordance with two (2) times API 610 as a minimum.
9.5.10 Metering Pump
Allowable nozzle loads for metering pumps (designed to API Small vertical in-line Pumps (15
kW & less) shall be supported immediately adjacent to suction and discharge flanges using
conventional pipe supports. Piping forces shall be agreed with the vendor.
9.5.11 Centrifugal Compressor
As guide line centrifugal compressor nozzle loads shall be three (3) times API 617 (Annex 2E)
or corresponding equivalent of NEMA SM 23 (Clause 8.4.6).
Nozzle load shall be evaluated considering friction on pipe support as well as without friction
on pipe support.
Whenever the calculated loads on the nozzle are above the allowable loads, the same shall
be verified with rotating equipment engineer and to be included in the equipment specification.
9.5.12 Reciprocating Compressor
The allowable nozzle loads shall be discussed and agreed with rotating equipment engineer
during the start of the project and to be included in the equipment specification.
As a guideline loads indicated in DEP 31.22.20.31, Annex VIII can be considered for the
allowable nozzle load.

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In order to prevent the vibration from the pressure pulsation, piping system shall be supported
th
ensuring that its frequency is higher than the critical frequency (normally 4 natural frequency
of the compressor) which needs to be agreed with the vendor.
Compressor vendor shall carry out analogue study for compressor suction and discharge
piping between compressor, suction/discharge knock out drums and air cooler on the piping
layout which meets the requirement of static stress analysis.
If there are changes in piping configuration as an outcome of analogue study, stress analysis
is to be performed again to meet the requirement of nozzle loads. It shall be ensured that the
system meets both the requirement i.e static analysis and analogue study
Pipe rack, pipe supports and all related structures shall be designed to cater for analogue
study outcomes in all aspects.
The above work shall be completed before the compressor vendor carries out an Acoustic
simulations/mechanical response study in accordance woith API 618 para 3.9.
9.5.13 Rotary Compressor
Rotary compressor nozzle loads shall be as follows:
Three (3) times the nozzle allowable as per Annex C of API 619 or corresponding equivalent
of NEMA SM 23(Clause 8.4.6)
For the calculated nozzle loads which exceed the above shall be discussed and agreed with
rotating equipment engineer during the start of the project and to be included in the equipment
specification.
9.5.14 Storage Tanks
Allowable nozzle loads using nozzle flexibility shall comply with API 650, Appendix-P. As a
guideline, the forces and moments on the tank nozzle to be limited to 20 D and 40 D
respectively, where “D” is the diameter of the nozzle in mm, force in “Newton” and Moments in
“Newton-meter”.
9.5.15 Packaged Equipment
Packaged equipment such as Manifold, MSV, Metering skid etc., to be analysed as an integral
part of connected system. Unless agreed otherwise, the piping to packaged equipment shall
be anchored on the vendor piping as close as to the vendor interface as practical.
9.5.16 Other Equipments
Allowable loads applied to equipment other than that covered in clause 9.5.1 to 9.5.13 above
shall be agreed with Mechanical discipline lead. It is recommended that these discussions
take place at the early stages of the project.
Revision: Version 0
9.5.17 Anchor free Analysis.
Anchor-free analysis/Nozzle disconnected case (WNC Case) shall be performed for athe
piping connected to the rotating equipments.
Anchor-free analysis/Nozzle disconnected case (WNC Case) shall be performed based on

allowable displacement of 3 mm in axial direction and 2 mm (effective) in lateral direction. This
will ensure strain free alignment of rotating equipment with connected piping.
10.0 VIBRATION
The effects of vibration in piping systems shall be investigated where appropriate. Where
necessary, additional stops, guides and hold-downs shall be added in order to reduce
vibration effects.
Areas of consideration as follows:
a) Vibration directly or indirectly imposed by rotating equipments.

b) Valves subject to large pressure drops.
c) Shock due to water hammer.
d) Fatigue due to vibration on piping components and particularly small
branches.
e) Vibration on multi-phase flow lines.
As a ‘rule of thumb’ piping system shall be checked to the following criteria:
 Slug or Two phase flow – Natural frequency > 4 Hz
In addition to the above, during detail engineering a detailed screening check needs to be
done for all type of vibration as stipulated in Appendix-17 of DEP 31.38.01.11 gen.
11.0 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

It is is preferred to carry out dynamic analysis for the following load cases.
Slug flow analysis
Pressure relief valve analysis
Surge analysis
Seismic analysis.
Pulsating flow

Revision: Version 0
12.0 EXCLUSION FOR FEED PHASE

Stress analysis for lines 3” and below
Stress analysis for non-critical system
Effect of skirt growth
Type of springs whether Hanger/CAN type.
Wind/Seismic Load cases
Effect of Tank settlement
Flange leakage calculations
Trunnion calculation
Effect of Slug load
Effect of pressure Surge analysis
Effect of Vibration
13.0 LOAD CASE COMBINATION

As a guideline the following load cases are to be followed for stress analysis:-
 Hydro-Test case
 Operating load case
 Sustained load case
 Expansion load case
 Occasional load case
A typical load case combination is attached as Appendix-1 for reference.
14.0 DOCUMENTATION
The pipe stress analysis report shall contain the following as a minimum:-
 Description of Input data, Assumption, Recommendation and conclusion.

 Extract of Process critical line list for specified system
 Process Engineering Flow Scheme (PEFS) with system identification
 Applicable Equipment drawing with data sheet
 Applicable Piping Class
 Isometric drawing (If applicable)
 Spring hanger data sheets (If applicable)
 Load case report
 Stress summary
 Restraint summary extended report
Revision: Version 0
 Anchor free analysis report if applicable
15.0 APPLICABLE CALCULATION.

 Equipment analysis report.
 PSV Reaction force calculation report.
 Surge load Calculation report
 Slug load calculation report.
 Flange leakage check report.
 Trunnion calculation report.
 Special support drawings.
 Anchor free analysis report.
 WRC 537/297 analysis report.
 Saddle width Calculation for GRP Pipe.
 Adhesive Joint Calculation for GRP Pipe.
The contents of the above report shall be in line with the Shell DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen clause
No.3.5.1.7
16.0 CHECKLIST
The Checklist shall be completed by pipe stress engineer and checking engineer.
Format of checklist is attached as Appendix-2

Revision: Version 0
17.0 APPENDIX-1 - TYPICAL LOAD CASE FOR REFERENCE ONLY.
T1 Maximum Design Temperature
T2 Operating Temperature
T3 Black bulb temperature
T4 Steam out temperature
T5 Minimum Design Temperature (ex. Blow down condition)
T6 Equipment-A Operating, Equipment -B Standby
T7 Equipment -B Operating, Equipment-A Standby
P1 Design pressure
P2 Steam out pressure
HP Hydro Test Pressure
D1 Displacement case #1 where required
F1 PSV Reaction force/Slug force
WIN1 Wind Force +X Direction
WIN2 Wind Force -X Direction
WIN3 Wind Force +Z Direction
WIN4 Wind Force -Z Direction
H Hanger loads
WW Water Filled Weight
WNC Weight no content
W Weight
NOTE: - In case D1 is used for the tank settlement, D1 shall be treated as sustained vector.

Revision: Version 0
STRESS
SI NO LOAD CASE CONDITIONS
TYPE
L1 W HGR Weight for Hanger Loads

L2 W+T1+P1+D1 HGR Operating for Hanger Travel
L3 WW+H+HP HYD Hydro Test condition
L4 W+T1+P1+D1+H OPE Maximum Design Temperature
L5 W+T2+P1+D1+H OPE Maximum Operating Temperature
PSV Pop-up force/Slug force/Max. Operating
L6 W+T2+P1+D1+H+F1 OPE
Temperature
L7 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN1 OPE Wind Force acting +X Direction
L8 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN2 OPE Wind Force acting -X Direction
L9 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN3 OPE Wind Force acting +Z Direction
L10 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN4 OPE Wind Force acting -Z Direction
L11 W+T3+P1+D1+H OPE Black bulb temperature
L12 W+T4+P1+D1+H OPE Steam out temperature
L13 W+T5+P1+D1+H OPE Minimum Design Temperature
L14 W+T6+P1+D1+H OPE Pump-A Operating, Pump-B Standby
L15 W+T7+P1+D1+H OPE Pump-B Operating, Pump-A Standby
L16 W+P1+H SUS Sustained condition
L17 WNC+H SUS Sustained condition, Weight no contents
L18 L6-L5 OCC PSV Reaction Force
L19 L7-L5 OCC Wind Force +X Direction
L20 L8-L5 OCC Wind Force -X Direction
L21 L9-L5 OCC Wind Force +Z Direction
L22 L10-L5 OCC Wind Force -Z Direction
L23 L18+L16 OCC PSV Reaction Force+ Sustained Condition
L24 L19+L16 OCC Wind Force +X Direction +Sustained Condition
L25 L20+L16 OCC Wind Force -X Direction +Sustained Condition
L26 L21+L16 OCC Wind Force +Z Direction +Sustained Condition
L27 L22+L16 OCC Wind Force -Z Direction +Sustained Condition
L28 L4-L16 EXP Maximum Design temp. Expansion Condition
L29 L5-L16 EXP Maximum Operating temp. Expansion condition

Revision: Version 0
STRESS
TYPE
L30 L11-L16 EXP Black bulb temp Expansion condition

L31 L12-L16 EXP Steam out temp. Expansion condition
L32 L13-L16 EXP Minimum Design temp. Expansion condition
L14-L16 EXP Expansion Stress Condition Pump-A Max. Operat.
L33 temp.
STRESS
TYPE
Expansion Stress Condition Pump-B Max.Operat.

L34 L15-L16 EXP
Temp.
L35 L28-L32 EXP Min-Max Design temp. Expansion Stress Range

Revision: Version 0
18.0 APPENDIX-2: PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-INPUT/OUTPUT
SYS
PROJECT NAME XXXXXX
NO:
PROJECT NUMBER XXXXXXXX DATE
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-INPUT
REMARKS/
SI.N Origin
DESCRIPTION Checker COMMENT
O ator
S
I GENERAL
Coordinate axis followed for input modeling -X = North, +Y = Up,
1
-Z = East.
Global coordinates (corresponding to piping stress isometric coordinates)
2
entered at first pipe element node.
II PSI FILE INTERFACING
Change the orientation as per the plant north direction (Rotate 90˚ about
1
vertical axis).
2 Model the equipment with nozzle connection.
3 Update the unit file as per the project requirement.
4 Update the design parameters.
5 Update special execution parameters.
6 Update bend angle and bend Radius.
Delete stiffness values and make it blank, this will allow giving the default
7
value 1 x 10¹².
8 Material selection as per the piping class.
9 Add rigid weight for flanges, valves, Spectacle blind, Spacer.
III INPUT MODELLING
A PIPING
Piping Configuration defined correctly and Coordinates are matching as
1
provided in Isometric drawing.
2 Pipe data (OD, Thickness, Material, and Corrosion allowance.) verified.
3 Insulation (Thickness, Density) verified.
Process parameters (Operating temperature, Design temperature, Design
4
pressure, Test pressure, Fluid density) defined correctly.
5 Is design temp > 82 deg C for un insulated A/G pipe
6 Is design temp > 65 deg C for U/G pipe
7 Allowable stress selected on the first pipe element for each pipe material.
8 Piping Code B31.3 - correctly defined.
9 Bourdon effect consideration (Translation only).
10 Tank Settlement consideration.
11 Liberal Stress Allowable Off.

Revision: Version 0
SYS
PROJECT NAME XXXXXX
NO:
REMARKS/
SI.N Origin
O ator
S
12 Activate Appendix P in Caesar-II Configuration file
For Pipe Diameter including Insulation > 200 mm, and > 10 m above,
13 Wind shape factor of 0.7, applied on the first pipe element. No wind shape
factor to be considered inside pipe racks and shelters in any case.
B FITTING
1 Verify Type of bend (single/Double/No flange) identified.
2 Branch connections specified as per branch table.
3 RF Pad thickness considered for branch reinforcement, If applicable.
4 SIF for lateral branch connections (45°) specified.
SIF for GRP branch Connection specified.
5 Type of reducer modelled properly.
Rigid weights (flange with bolts and nuts accounted for valves, Spectacle
6
blind, Spacer) considered.
7 Flanges & Valve modelled Separately.
8 Slug effects (if any) considered in analysis.
9 PSV Reaction Forces included.
C EQUIPMENT
1 Equipment to be modeled as rigid.
2 Nozzles on Equipments are modeled anchor with Connecting node.
Equipment Skirt growth not considered
D SUPPORT
1 Friction coefficient 0.4 considered on all +Y restraints.
Trunnion modeled as pipe with diameter at least one size lower than that of
2
main pipe. Ambient temperature is considered for the trunnion.
3 Supports are modeled with "Gap=0".
Variable Spring supports - Allowable load variation and Maximum
4
displacement shall be as per stress design basis.
Lines connected to the existing line - Existing line to be modelled till the
4
first line stop and next two guides.
E LOAD CASE EDITOR
1 For Pumps Standby/Operating load Cases.
2 Compressors recycle case.
3 Pump minimum flow recirculation case.

Revision: Version 0
SYS
PROJECT NAME XXXXXX
NO:
REMARKS/
SI.N Origin
O ator
S
4 Caesar II start run option performed and all warning messages reviewed.
5 Load cases are built as per Appendix - 1 of design basis.
6 Thermal stress range from maximum to minimum temperature.

Revision: Version 0
PROJECT NAME XXXXXXX SYS NO

PROJECT NUMBER XXXXXXX DATE
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-OUTPUT
REMARKS/
SI. Origina Chec
DESCRIPTION COMMENT
NO tor ker
S
I STRESSES/MODAL ANALYSIS
1 Stress summary are within the corresponding code limits.
2 Slug or Two phase flow – Natural frequency > 4 Hz
II DEFLECTION/DISPLACEMENTS
Vertical deflection (sag) of pipe, in sustained cases limited to 15mm
1
maximum (Including Hydro-Test case).
2 Interference with adjacent pipe due to thermal displacement.
3 Check for expansion loop requirement.
Anchor-free analysis requirement for rotating equipment
4 < 3 mm in axial direction and
< 2 mm in the lateral direction.
The maximum shoe displacement is limited to 125 mm. Displacement
5
more than 125 mm to be highlighted for the selection suitable shoe length.
III FORCES AND MOMENTS - EQUIPMENT NOZZLE
The Piping loads on Nozzles of Rotating Equipments are assessed on
1
face of Nozzle flange.
The Piping loads on Nozzles of Pressure Vessels are assessed at the
2
intersection between Nozzle axis and external surface of Pressure vessel.
IV NOZZLE LOADS QUALIFICATION
1 Nozzle load as per allowable of clause 9.5 of design basis.
V FORCES AND MOMENTS - SUPPORT
Vertical loads on all "+Y" restraints are acting downwards (-FY Load) in all
1
operating load cases.
For Supports, hold down requirements for uplift force checked and
2
highlighted.
Check for excessive forces and moments in the supporting elements and
3
loads optimized.
VI FLANGE LEAKAGE CHECK
1 Flange leakage check performed as per stress design basis.
VII STRESS REQUIREMENTS IN MARKUP ISO
1 Coordinate Axis indicated on PDMS Extracted isometrics.
The location of supports, support types (using Conventional
symbols) and Node number correctly marked on PDMS Extracted
2
isometrics as per the analysis performed and transmitted to
layout/supports group.

Revision: Version 0
PROJECT NAME XXXXXXX SYS NO

PROJECT NUMBER XXXXXXX DATE
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-OUTPUT
REMARKS/
SI. Origina Chec
DESCRIPTION COMMENT
NO tor ker
S
3 Nozzle Node Number at which Nozzle loads are assessed is marked.
Supports from equipment if any, highlighted and transmitted to vendor for
4
vessel clips through supports group.
First support from rotating equipment nozzle is indicated as adjustable
5
support.
6 Rest support on inlet line close to PSV is indicated as hold down.
Supports special considerations - gaps, sliding plate, hanger, rigid strut
7
etc. shall be indicated.
8 Supports rising up in operation noted as "Rise up in operation".
Loads occurring during Design conditions and Occasional condition also
9
to be provided for Support design.
Changes in layout configurations if any to be drawn in the isometric
10
drawing, and coordinated with the Piping engineer/Piping Designer.
Changes in proposed support locations if any highlighted in the Stress
11
Isometrics.
For lines on Pipe Rack, Axial Stop diagram prepared and transmitted to
12
Structural department
13 Spring data sheet prepared and transmitted to Supports.


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Petroleum Development Oman LLC Effective: Jun-10

Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.

Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis

Document Type Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis

Discipline Mechanical – Static/Piping

Owner Abdulnabhi Al-Balushi, UEP/1S

Issue Date 05-June 2013

Page 1 Pipe stress analysis design basis Guideline Printed 26/06/13

Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks

Version 0 1 june 2013 R.Thiagarajan , UEP/10S First Issue

iii Related Business Processes

iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents

2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1 PDO/Company specification

SP-2054 - Specification for Centrifugal Compressor Packages

SP-2069 - Specification for Pressure Vessels

SP-2070 - Specification for Air cooled heat exchangers

SP-2092 - GRP Specification (Qualification and Manufacturing)

2.2 Design & Engineering Practice (Shell DEPs)

31.21.01.30 - Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

31.21.01.32 - Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers

31.21.70.31 - Air-cooled Heat Exchangers (Amendments/Supplements to

31.22.20.31 - Pressure Vessels (Based on ASME Section VIII)

31.29.02.30 - Centrifugal Pumps (Amendments/Supplements to ISO 13709

31.29.12.30 - Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps and Metering

31.29.40.30 - Axial, Centrifugal and Expander Compressors

31.29.40.31 - Reciprocating Compressors (Amendments/Supplements to

Page 7 Pipe stress analysis design basis Guideline Printed 26/06/13

31.29.40.34 - Packaged Reciprocating Gas Compressors

31.38.01.10 - Piping class – Basis of design

31.38.01.11 - Piping –General requirement

31.38.01-12 - Piping Classes-Refining and Chemicals

31.38.01.15 - Piping Classes-Exploration and Production

31.38.01.29 - Pipe Supports

31.40.10.19 - Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Pipeline and Piping Systems.

80.45.10.10 - Design of Pressure Relief Flare and Vent Systems

30.46.00.31 - Thermal Insulation

34.51.01.33 - Aboveground Vertical Storage Tanks

2.3 International Codes & Standards

ASME B31.3 - Process Piping

AWWA M45 - Fibreglass Pipe Design

ASME Sec. VIII - Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 through NPS 60

ASME B36.10M - Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe

ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe

API 560 - Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service

API 610/ISO 13709 - Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service

API 617 - Axial and Centrifugal Compressors for petroleum, Chemical

API 618 - Reciprocating Compressor for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas

API RP520 - Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving

API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

API 674 - Positive Displacement Pumps - Reciprocating

API 676 - Positive Displacement Pumps - Rotary

ISO 13705 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Fired

NEMA SM 23 - Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service

EJMA - Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association,

MSS SP-58 - Pipe hangers and supports-Material, design and manufacture

WRC BUL-297 - Local stresses in cylindrical shells due to external loading on

WRC BUL- 449 - Guidelines for the design/Installation of Pumps.

WRC BUL-537 - Precision equations and enhanced diagrams for local

ISO 14692 - Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Glass Reinforced

Energy Institute Guide lines