29H-YM English PDF

Doc.No.: 29H-YM Operation Instruction for CFB Boiler Page 1 of 108 Rev.
东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司
DONGFANG BOILER GROUP CO. , LTD.
锅炉运行说明书
OPERATION INSTRUCTION
FOR
CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED BOILER
( CFBB )
PREP.
CHKD.
EXAM.
APPD.
AUTD.
This drawing or document and drawings and/or documents attached hereto are the
proprietary properties of DONGFANG BOILER GROUP CO., LTD.(DBC). The reproduction,
distribution and utilization of these drawings or documents as well as the
communication of their contents to others by whatever means in parts or in whole
without express authorization by DBC are prohibited. Offenders will be held liable
for the payment of damages. All rights reserved in the event of the grant of a patent,
utility model or design.
Doc.No.: 29H-YM Operation Instruction for CFB Boiler Page 2 of 108 Rev. A
REVISION RECORD
PAGE REV. REVISIONS REVISED REV. DATE. REV.SHEET No.

All A First Issue
前言
PREFACE
尊敬的用户：您好！
Dear users:
感谢您选择东方锅炉股份有限公司设计、制造的高压锅炉产品。
Thank you for choosing the high pressure parameter CFB boiler designed and
manufactured by Dongfang Boiler Group CO，.Ltd.
使用本产品前，敬请您仔细阅读本锅炉运行说明书。
Before using the proposed product, please carefully read the operation
instructions of this boiler.
本锅炉运行说明书针对东方锅炉股份设计的高温高压锅炉技术特点，介绍锅炉的使
用和运行的注意事项，提出了东方锅炉股份公司设计、制造的 100MW 等级高温高压锅炉
设备运行的原则性要求。
This boiler operation instruction specified for high temperature and high
pressure boiler technology designed by Dongfang Boiler Group CO ， .Ltd,
containing the attention in use and operation of the boiler, and gives the
equipment operation principle of 100MW grade high temperature high pressure
boiler manufactured and designed by Dongfang Boiler CO，.Ltd.
使用本说明书时，还应结合以下技术文件资料一并使用。
This instruction should be combined with the following technical
documentation to be used.
a）锅炉说明书；
Boiler instruction
b）锅炉图纸；
Drawings
c）有关的标准与规范。
The relevant standards and codes
本说明书除配置有关锅炉方面的技术文件以外，运行人员应对其它锅炉辅机如：送
风机、引风机、给煤机、除尘器等与锅炉相关的各类设备技术予以了解。
This operation instruction contained technology file configuration of the
boiler, operators also need to understand other boiler auxiliary equipment such
as: blower, induced draft fan, coal feeding machine, dust collector and boiler
related equipment and technology.
锅炉投入运行以前，必须认真作好燃烧系统和煤制备系统的调试，以确定机组的安
全经济运行方式，避免对设备安全造成损害。
Before the boiler put into operation, it must be carefully debugging
combustion system and coal crusher system, to determine the mode of operation
safety and economy of the unit, and to avoid damage of the equipment safety.
本说明书只作为运行导则而不作为规范去执行，运行人员应该根据具体情况和对锅
炉及其辅机设备性能的掌握和了解，结合有关规定和规程，编定自己的锅炉机组运行规
程。
This operation instruction only as a guide for operation and not as a
specification to implementation, operators should scheduled their own operation
regulations of the boiler according to the specific situation, equipment
performance, auxiliary knowledge and understandings combined with the relevant
regulations and rules.
东方锅炉保留根据实际运行工况对本锅炉运行说明书做出任何更改的权利。
Dongfang Boiler retained the right to make any changes to this the boiler
operation instruction according to actual conditions of operation.
使用本产品前，为了防止严重人身伤害和生命/财产损失，敬请您仔细阅读并关注
下列特别提示和警示。
Before using the product, please carefully read and pay attention to the
following special tips and warnings in order to prevent serious personal injury
and property loss.
特别提示和警示
SPECIAL TIPS AND WARNINGS
重要信息提示。如果忽视，可能会带来操作不便，或影
响设备的正确功能，但不会出现危险或发生伤亡事故。
重要提示 Important information. If it is ignored, there may bring the
IMPORTANT NOTES inconvenient operation or the correct function of equipment
could be affected, but not dangerous or casualties.
紧急危险状况提示。如果不避免，将会导致死亡或者严
重伤害。危险程度高。
危险
Prompt emergency risk status. If not avoided, will result in
DANGER
death or serious injury, this is a high degree of risk.
提示一种潜在的危险状况。如果不避免，将会导致死亡
A
警告或者严重伤害。危险程度中等。
WARNING A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in
death or serious injury. A secondary risk degree.
提示一种潜在的危险状况。如果不避免，将会导致轻微
A
或中等程度伤害。危险程度低。
小心
LOOK OUT A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in a
minor or moderate injury. A lower risk degree.
提示一种潜在的危险状况。如果不避免，将会损坏设备
或邻近设备。导致财产损失。
注意
ATTENTION A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will damage
the equipment or adjacent equipment. Led to the loss of
property.
重要警示。如果忽视，可能会导致死亡或者严重伤害。
危险程度高。
FASTEN SAFETY Important warning. If ignored, may result in death or serious
BELT injury. A high risk degree.
重要信息提示。如果忽视，可能会导致死亡或者严重伤
害。危险程度高。
WEAR SAFETY Important information. If ignored, may result in death or serious

HELMET injury. A high risk degree.
或中等程度伤害。危险程度低。
A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in a

CAUTION
minor or moderate injury. A lower risk degree.
重要警示。如果忽视，将会导致死亡或者严重伤害。危
险程度高。
Important warning. If ignored, will result in death or serious

NO BURNING
injury. A high risk degree.
或中等程度伤害。危险程度中。
A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in a

WATCH YOUR HEAD
minor or moderate injury. A secondary risk degree.
重要警示。如果忽视，将会导致死亡或者严重伤害。危
险程度高。
Important warning. If ignored, will result in death or serious
FLAMMABLE GAS
injury. A high risk degree.
CONTENT
SECTION 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND PREPARATION FOR OPERATION ............................. 9
1.1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 9
1.2. HYDROSTATIC TESTS ............................................................................................................ 14
1.3. SOLIDIFYING REFRACTORY MATERIALS ...................................................................... 21
1.4. BOILING OUT ............................................................................................................................ 21

1.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 21
1.4.2 Recommended Chemicals for Boiling Out ........................................................................... 23
1.4.3 Preparations for Boiling Out ................................................................................................. 25
1.4.4 Boiling Out Procedure .......................................................................................................... 28
1.5. FEEDWATER AND BOILER WATER TREATMENT......................................................... 31
1.6. CHEMICAL CLEANING OF ECONOMIZER AND STEAM GENERATING .................. 32

1.6.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 32
1.6.2 Determining the Need for Chemical Cleaning ...................................................................... 33
1.6.3 Solvent System...................................................................................................................... 33
1.6.4 General Cleaning Operations ................................................................................................ 34
1.7. CHEMICAL CLEANING OF SUPERHEATERS................................................................... 36
1.8. BOILER SYSTEM AIR TEST................................................................................................... 38
SECTION 2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................. 40
2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2. IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................ 41

2.2.1. Furnace doors ......................................................................................................................... 41
2.2.2. Furnace Pressure Limits ......................................................................................................... 41
2.2.3. Drum Water Level and Temperature Difference ................................................................... 44
2.2.4. Safety Valve Adjustment ....................................................................................................... 44
2.2.5. Excess Air Requirements ....................................................................................................... 45
2.2.6. Bed Temperature Profile ........................................................................................................ 45
2.2.7. Protecting the tubes of cyclone .............................................................................................. 46
2.2.8. Others ..................................................................................................................................... 47
2.3.COLD STARTUP PROCEDURE............................................................................................................ 50

2.3.1. Preparation Prior to Startup................................................................................................... 50
2.3.2. Purging .................................................................................................................................. 55
2.3.3. Warming the Unit ................................................................................................................. 62
2.3.4. Start-up (Fuel Filling) ........................................................................................................... 68
2.4 HOT RESTART ........................................................................................................................................ 73
2.5 NORMAL OPERATION.......................................................................................................................... 77

2.5.1. Combustion ............................................................................................................................ 78
2.5.2. Boiler feedwater and steam quality ........................................................................................ 80
2.5.3. Sootblowing ........................................................................................................................... 81

2.5.4. Spray Attemperation .............................................................................................................. 83
2.6. NORMAL SHUTDOWN ............................................................................................................ 83
2.7. EMERGENCIES ......................................................................................................................... 88

2.7.1. Main Fuel Trip (MFT) ........................................................................................................... 88
2.7.2. Emergency Operating Procedure ........................................................................................... 91
2.7.3. Overpressure Protection ....................................................................................................... 98
2.8. MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................................................ 98
Fig. 1 Recommended Boiling-Out Pressures for Different Design Pressures .......................................... 104
Fig. 2 Volumetric O2 % in dry gas vs. Load %........................................................................................... 104
Fig. 3 Air Flow to Bed vs. Fluidizing Velocity............................................................................................. 105
Fig. 4 loop seal Connections.......................................................................................................................... 106
Fig. 5 Still Bed Height vs. Bed Pressure Difference .................................................................................... 107
Fig. 6 Minimum Limit of Steam Temperature after Spray attemperation .............................................. 107
Fig.7: The curves for cold startup ................................................................................................................ 108
运行的安全措施和准备
SECTION 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND PREPARATION FOR
OPERATION
首次运行检查
1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

锅炉的任何操作都应牢记安全第一。
Safety is primary for any boiler operation.
下列内容是锅炉投运时所有安全措施的一部分，仅作为运行人员的经验和判断的补
充，不包括所有的应遵守的安全措施。锅炉运行操作人员无论在操作前、操作时还是操
作后，都应密切关注锅炉和辅机系统的工作状况，注意安全标志和事故警报。
The following descriptions are some of the general precautions which shall be
applied when a steam generator first comes into operation. They are intended to
supplement the experience and judgment of personnel in charge of operation and do

not cover all precautions which shall be observed.
本锅炉的设计制造是严格按国家相关标准执行的，锅炉在投运之前必须仔细检查以
确保所有的零部件组装与设计相符合，并通过有关权威部门的监检。所有的锅炉辅机设
备必须处于一级运行状况，适合设计运行工况并根据相应制造商的建议和规程运行。以
下是有关辅机初始启动检查清单。对一个有经验的操作员来说，这里列出的大多数项目
只是普通常识，但遗憾的是，由于习以为常，它们可能被忘记，故有必要列出它们。
The manufacturer has complied with the national code pertaining to the design
and fabrication of boiler. A newly erected unit, prior to being put into operation, must
be carefully inspected by the authority to assure that all components or parts accord
with the design requirements.
All boiler auxiliary facilities must be in the first class operating condition, and meet
the design operation conditions and can operate in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations and instructions. Here is an initial start-up check list
for boiler auxiliary equipment.
z 注：下述检查应该在锅炉启动之前完成。
NOTE
The following items shall be checked prior to start-up of the boiler.
（1）所有的风机必须可以投运，润滑系统、冷却水系统必须可随时投入运行，设备应
在温度、电流、振动所允许偏差范围内正常运行。
All fans and blowers shall be operable. Lubrication system and cooling water
system shall be operable. Equipment shall be able to operate within the

allowable variation of temperature, electricity and vibration.
（2）所有的挡板，操作器和执行器必须得到全面检查，这些辅助设备必须满足所有运
行工况的要求，并且无粘结或堵塞。确认挡板能按控制要求到位。
All dampers, controllers and actuators shall be subjected to internal and
external inspection. The boiler auxiliary equipment shall be operable under the
full range of operation conditions and shall be free of caking or jamming. It is
confirmed that all dampers can actually move to the stipulated positions as per
the control requirements.
（3）确保渣排出系统已与冷渣器相连通，冷渣器已做好投运准备。
Ensure that the ash removal system is connected with the ash cooler and that
the ash cooler is well ready for operation.
（4）所有远方操作阀门和滑动闸门，都能够运行并检查限位开关以确保安装正确，并
可提供准确的位置指示。
All remotely operated valves and slide gates shall be operable, and their limit
switches shall be checked to ensure their proper installation, thus guaranteeing

the accurate position indications.
（5）所有的传送装置必须经过试车，确保其正常投运。
All conveyors shall be trial-operated to ensure their normal operation.
（6）所有关键的流量元件必须校准。
All flow elements shall be calibrated.
（7）床上、下点火装置及火焰检测器、联锁装置等必须处于准备运行状态。
The over-bed/in-duct burners, flame detectors and interlocks shall be operable.
（8）所有的关键热电偶和压力传感器都必须进行检查，确认连接正确并校准确保它们
能运行。
All thermocouples and pressure sensors shall be checked and calibrated to

ensure their normal operation.
（9）所有空气、烟气、水、蒸汽和固体流体的烟道、风道、管道、槽或导管必须正确
可靠地连接。
All flues, ducts, pipes, chutes or conduits through which air, gas, water, steam
or solids flow shall be connected accurately and reliably.
（10）必须检查所有的膨胀节以确保其正确的连接状态。
All expansion joints shall be inspected to ensure that proper connections have
been made.
（11）必须检查除尘器以证实系统能正常运行。
Dust catchers shall be checked to ensure their normal operation.
（12）必须检查所有的电气接点以证实它们已正确地安装好并且有良好绝缘。
All electrical connections shall be inspected to ensure their proper installation

and good insulation.
（13）检查汽包远程水位显示计在工作，并与就地水位计读数进行精确比较。这个程
序应定期进行。
The remote drum water level indicator shall be checked, comparing its
readings with the readings indicated by the local water level gauge. This
process must be done periodically.
z 投运前，必须做好下列工作：
Before a new boiler is put into service, the following items shall be checked:
（1）投运前，锅筒的双色水位计已经按制造厂家的图纸安装检查。当锅筒的水位低于
双色水位计的最低可见点时，应对水位计进行全部疏水，无论何时对水位计进行
维修或更换时，都应检查其疏水是否正常。
The local drum water level gauge must be installed and checked in accordance
with the drawings prior to preliminary operation. When the water level of drum
is below the lowest visible point of the water level gauge, the gauge shall be
drained. Whenever gauge maintenance or replacement is done, it is necessary

to verify whether its drain is normal.
（2）平衡容器和水位计的排污管应接至安全区域，且排污阀必须关闭，双色水位计应
有合适的照明，以便操作平台上的运行人员观察水位计读数。
Blowdown pipeline for water level gauge and equalizer shall lead to the safe
zone and drain valves must be closed. The water level gauge must be properly
illuminated so that the operators on the operating floor can observe its readings
easily.
（3）所有的排气、疏水和排污管道必须便于操作并正确地连接到排污容器或其它安全
地方，以保证任何时候都不会危及运行人员。
All vent, drain and blowdown pipelines shall be accessible and properly
connected with a blowdown tank or other safe locations so as to ensure the

safety of personnel.
（4）位于锅筒和平衡容器、水位计之间的阀门必须锁定在全开位置。
Valves that are located between the drum and equalizer and water level gauge
must be in the full open position.
（5）所有安全阀的堵头及水压试验堵板必须拆去，阀门必须处于良好的工作状况，安
全阀的排汽管和疏水管应按照安全阀制造商的推荐进行布置和支撑。
All safety valve gags and hydrostatic test closure plates must be removed and
these valves must be in proper operating condition. The steam discharge pipes
and drain pipes of safety valves shall be arranged and supported in

accordance with the safety valve manufacturer’s recommendations.
（6）锅筒内件必须正确地按图安装，以确保锅筒内无任何蒸汽短路。
Drum internals must be properly installed in accordance with the drawings to

assure that there is no steam short circuit.
（7）所有必要的测试用接口已经安装就绪。
All test interfaces, as deemed necessary, have been installed.
（8）在锅炉烟风系统中必须进行密封性试验，且根据 1.8 条的内容消除所有的泄漏。
A leak test shall be conducted for the air and flue gas systems, and all leaks
shall be eliminated in accordance with Paragraph 1.8.
（9）锅炉的散热区必须绝热或用绳隔开以保护运行人员。
Heat emission zone of the boiler shall be insulated or roped off to ensure the
safety of personnel.
（10）所有热膨胀设备不会受到如临时脚手架、梯子、碎片和留下的建筑材料的干扰。
The thermal expansion of equipment shall not be disturbed by the temporary

scaffold, ladder, fragment and any construction material.
z 投运前，还需作以下检查：
In addition to the above, the following items shall be thoroughly checked each
time before operation:
（1）所有必要的运行仪表（包括永久性的和暂时性的）必须安装，且运行可靠，正确
校准。
All necessary operating instruments, both permanent and temporary, must be

installed and correctly calibrated, and be able to operate reliably.
（2）所有的区域必须有足够的照明，以利于安全运行。
All areas must be sufficiently illuminated to guarantee the safety operation of

boiler.
（3）所有危险的障碍物已清除，在需要操作和观察的地方走道和平台必须畅通，并布
置有爬梯和扶梯方便上下。
All hazardous barriers shall be cleared away. Unobstructed walkways and
platforms as well as ladders or stairways shall be arranged in the locations

where operation and observation are performed.
（4）烟风管道必须畅通，并且锅炉能够用通过锅炉的循环风彻底地吹扫干净。
Air and gas passages must be unobstructed and can be thoroughly purged by
the circulating air of the unit.
（5）一旦机组投入运行，给水必须充足、不间断且水质符合给水要求。
The boiler feedwater must be ample, uninterrupted and qualified once the unit
is put into operation.
（6）煤和石灰石供给必须充足可靠。
An ample and reliable fuel /limestone supply shall be available.
（7）在确认无人在机组炉内之后，所有的人孔和观察孔必须关闭。
All access and observation doors must be closed after it is ascertained that no
one is inside the unit.
（8）汽包的人孔必须关闭并且密封良好。
Drum manholes must be closed and sealed properly.
只有当确认上述安全保护措施被充分地理解并已执行后，才可以进行随后的运行，
如“烘炉”、“煮炉”“初次启动”和“正常启动”。
After it is assured that the above precautions are fully understood and have been
complied with, subsequent operations such as “Drying Out”, “Boiling Out”, “Initial
Starting” and “Normal Starting” can be initiated.
水压试验
1.2 HYDROSTATIC TESTS

当所有受压件安装完成后，锅炉机组应在授权检验师或安全监察部门代表的监督下
按 ASME 标准进行锅炉的整体水压试验。
A hydrostatic test shall be made after installation of every pressure part completed
according to ASME test code in the supervision of authorized inspector or safety
supervision departments of the representative.
锅炉水压试验范围为：锅炉本体一次汽系统自省煤器进口至过热器出口水压试验堵
阀（板）前。
The range of hydrostatic test for boiler steam system is: main steam system from
the economizer inlet to superheater outlet block valve, which is for hydrostatic test.
锅炉水压试验压力为：过热器系统的设计压力（11.77MPa.g）的 1.5 倍。
The hydraulic test pressure: 1.5 times of the design pressure of superheater
system (11.77MPa.g) .
锅炉水压试验水温应维持在 21℃到 50℃之间，且金属与水的温差应小于 11℃。
Water temperature during the hydraulic test period should be maintained from 21 ℃
to 50 ℃, and the temperature difference between metal and water should be less
than 11 ℃.
此外，作为一个整体锅炉，除一般六年进行一次整体水压试验外，锅炉受压元件经
重大修理后（包括大修、小修），以及要求做泄漏检测时也必须按 ASME 标准进行水压
试验。
Additionally, besides the general hydrostatic test every six years for the whole
boiler, it should be made hydrostatic test after boiler pressure parts’ major repair
(including overhaul, repair), and asked to do leak detection according to ASME test
code.
注意
做水压试验的锅炉必须灌注经过处理的水。
NOTE
THE BOILER TO BE TESTED SHALL BE FILLED WITH TREATED WATER.
如果水压试验后机组不投入运行，必须用 200～300ppm 的联氨（加有足够的氨或
吗啉使 PH 值提高到 10）进行处理，如果机组在短时间内使用试验用水投入运行，处理

方法按照正常运行程序执行。推荐在水压试验时用软化水或冷凝系统来对机组进行灌注。
If the unit is not to be put into service after the hydrostatic test, proper treatment
shall be done, namely 200～300ppm hydrazine plus sufficient ammonia or morpholine
is used to raise the pH to 10. If the unit is to be put into service within a short time, the
treatment may be done as per the normal operation procedures. It is recommended

that the unit is filled with the demineralized water or condensate for the test.
如果软化水或冷凝水存量有限，机组的某些部分可灌注处理过的饮用水或其它无腐
蚀、无悬浮物的水，但这些水不能作为湿保护法用介质，湿保护法用水应为处理过的软
化水或冷凝水。
If the inventory of demineralized water or condensate is limited, certain parts of
the unit may be filled with treated potable water or other water free of corrosive and
suspended substance. This water is not to remain in the unit for wet storage and only
demineralized water or condensate can be used for wet storage.
如果试验用水中氯化物含量少于 50ppm，温度低于 52℃，能够将水全部疏掉的部

分可以不用软化水或冷凝水作水压，但在运行之前必须用软化水或冷凝水清洗。
For the test of drainable parts, the water with chloride content of less than 50ppm
and temperature of less than 52 ℃ may be used. But these parts must be
subsequently rinsed with condensate or demineralized water prior to operation.
在对机组做水压试验之前，做一次彻底的内外检查，并绝对确保下列事项已完成。
Before applying a hydrostatic test to the unit, a thorough internal and external
inspection shall be done to ensure the completion of the following items:
（1）所有的杂物和工具都已经移去。
All sundries and tools have been removed.
（2）没有人在机组内。
No one is inside the unit.
（3）压力表已正确地校准并且正确地安装在汽包上，其阀门处于开启状态。
The manometer has been correctly calibrated and erected on the drum
outlet piping, with valves open.
（4）任何设计中不承受水压试验压力的部件已适当的隔离或隔开。
Any part which is designed not to withstand the hydrostatic test pressure is
properly isolated or blanked off from such pressure.
（5）所有的阀门动作状态处于正确位置。
All valves are operable and in the right position.
（6）蒸汽系统中所有弹吊销定在固定位置。
All steam system spring hangers are pinned in the fixed position.
（7）所有安全阀已经隔离或压紧。
All safety valves are gagged.
z 当上述事项已仔细地检查后：
After the foregoing items have been carefully checked:
（1）证实锅筒的人孔被封上。
Verify that drum manholes are properly closed.
（2）关闭截止阀、止回阀、所有的疏水和排污阀和所有不允许承受水压试验压力
的仪表用阀或其它辅机设备上的阀门。
Close stop and check valves, all drain and blowdown valves and other
valves for any gage or other internal equipment which is designed not to withstand
the hydrostatic test pressure.
（3）打开在机组每一部件最高点的排气口。
Open the vents on the highest point of each component or part of the unit.
（4）确保水在试验期将不会冻结，并且机组在随后的水压试验中不会冻结。
Be sure that the water will not be frozen during test and the unit will not be
subjected to freezing conditions in following the hydrostatic test.
（5）如果水温超过 50℃，工作人员在靠近机组检查时应小心，防止因水的泄漏导

致烫伤。
If during hydrostatic test, the water temperature is above 50℃, it is
necessary to be careful for the operators close to the unit in order to avoid the
possible scald from water leakage.
（6）确定在进行水压试验机组的现场无闲杂人员。
Check that only authorized personnel are in the vicinity of the unit to be
tested.
在机组开始充水时，水温应接近锅筒金属壁温，这样水温和锅筒金属壁温才能满足
下述警告的要求，所有其它受压件的温度不得低于 20℃。
When starting to fill the unit with water, the water temperature shall be close to the
metal wall temperature of the drum, so that the temperature of drum metal and water
is in accordance with the following caution. The temperature of all other pressure
parts shall not be less than 20℃.
警告
当进行水压试验时，必须监视最低锅筒壁温和水温(20℃)以保证水压试验在金属脆
性至塑性转变温度以上完成。
CAUTION
WHEN THE HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE IS OPERATING, THE MINIMUM
DRUM METAL WALL TEMPERATURE AND WATER TEMPERATURE（20℃）MUST
BE OBSERVED TO INSURE THAT THE HYDROSTATIC TEST IS PERFORMED
ABOVE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FROM BRITTLENESS TO DUCTILITY FOR

THE METAL.
z 为了达到这些水压试验温度，我们推荐下列步骤(（1）和（2）)
z To obtain this hydrostatic test temperature, the following procedures are

recommended (items 1 and 2).
（1）如果锅炉床下风道点火器系统无法投入运行（如投运初期），建议采用下列 a 或 b
方法中的任何一个。
If the boiler in-duct burner system cannot function, as may be the case for the
initial operation, any of the following methods (a) and (b) is recommended.
a. 用外部热源加热以达到所推荐的最低温度，此温度由锅筒表面热电偶测得。
Use an external thermal source to heat so that the recommended minimum

temperature is obtained, as indicated by the drum surface thermocouples.
b. 如果锅筒内介质温度低于 20℃，可以通过锅筒排污或加药管向锅筒内输入饱和
蒸汽以加热水和筒身至所需的温度。当锅筒处于正常运行水位时，将水加热到推
荐温度的 2～5℃以上，使加入水的最终温度不低于最小推荐值。
If the medium temperature in the drum is below 20℃, saturated steam may be
fed into the drum through the drum blowdown or chemical feed pipes to heat
the water and the drum shell to the required temperature. When the drum
water level reaches the normal operating level, the water shall be heated to a
temperature which is 2～5℃ higher than the recommended temperature so
that the final water temperature will not be lower than the recommended
minimum temperature.
（2）如果锅炉的床下点火装置可以投入运行，我们推荐下列方法：
If the boiler in-duct burner system can function, the following procedure is
recommended:
当机组注水到正常水位之后，
点燃床下点火装置以升高锅筒温度到所推荐值的 2～
5℃以上，熄火并连续注水。
After the unit water level reaches the normal water level, the in-duct burners
are ignited to raise the drum temperature which is 2～5℃ higher than the
recommended temperature. And shut off the burner and continue to fill unit
with water.
当机组注水时，检查锅筒疏水管和人孔的泄漏情况，当水从处于最高位置的排气口
流出时关闭排气阀，并慢慢升压到试验值，建议压力上升速率不应超过 0.3MPa/分，以
免压力波动过大。如果水压试验压力高于设计压力，慢慢减压，当压力等于运行或设计
压力时彻底地检查机组的泄漏情况，检查完毕后，根据工程的实际情况，锅炉可以采取
不同的保护方式，锅炉厂推荐采用湿保护方式。当锅炉投运前需疏水时，打开所有的排
气口和疏水管道，慢慢地降压，泄压速度不应超过 0.3MPa/分钟。过热器系统必须完全
疏水。
Inspect the drum drain pipelines and manholes for leaks as the unit fills. Close
the vent valves when water pours out of the vents located at the highest points
of the unit.
Raise the pressure to the test pressure slowly. The recommended rate of
pressure rise shall not exceed 0.3MPa per minute to avoid the occurrence of
excessive pressure fluctuation.
If the hydrostatic test pressure exceeds the design pressure, it is necessary to
reduce the pressure slowly. When the pressure is equal to the operating
pressure or the design pressure, the unit shall be thoroughly inspected for
leaks. After this inspection is completed, release pressure slowly at the
recommended rate of pressure release (not exceeding 0.3MPa per minute) by

opening the vent and drain valves. Superheater system must be thoroughly
drained.
如果在水压试验期间使用了临时的人孔垫圈，在机组重新注水投入运行之前，应用
合适的垫圈替换临时的垫圈。
If temporary manhole gaskets are used during the initial hydrostatic test, they
are to be replaced with proper gaskets before refilling the unit for operation.
在试验完成后，拆除安全阀上的堵头或堵塞，去掉所有弹簧吊架的定位销。
Remove gags from safety valves and pins from spring hangers after the test
has been completed.
耐火耐磨材料的固化
1.3 SOLIDIFYING REFRACTORY MATERIALS
本机组所有炉内耐火耐磨材料由现场相关单位安装敷设，施工单位应根据耐火材料
制造商的要求进行固化和干燥。并保证耐火材料的实际性能值不低于我们提出的要求。
All refractory materials shall be solidified and dried at the field by the erection
company in accordance with the refractory manufacturers’ recommendations to

assure that their actual performances meet the relative requirements.
耐火耐磨材料的固化所需热量一般可用锅炉配置的床下风道点火器提供，必要时也
可引入一定的外热源，可采用烘炉机进行烘炉，并在合适的部位开设一定数量的排湿孔。
Heat for solidifying refractory materials is supplied by in duct burner and over-bed
burner. If necessary, heat is also supplied by heat credit and drying-out machine is
used to drying furnace. Some holes for discharging humidity are set in proper areas.
耐火耐磨材料固化次序一般是床下点火风道、水冷风室、下部炉膛、上部炉膛、分
离器和回料器。可根据现场情况决定固化的时间。
The sequence of solidifying refractory materials is ignition air duct, water cooled
air plenum, lower furnace, upper furnace, cyclone and U valve. The temperature and
time of solidifying are determined by field condition.
煮炉
1.4 BOILING OUT
总则
1.4.1 General
煮炉目的在于清除锅炉内部的油和油脂，清洗介质通常为碱溶液。
Boiling out is a process to remove oil and grease inside the unit, and the cleaning
medium is usually alkaline solution.
在锅炉的受热面上的一层很薄的油、油脂膜及其分解物质将严重地阻止热的传递。
其形成的一层绝热膜阻止了热量从金属到介质的快速传递，使金属壁温上升，引起锅炉
管过热和鼓包，严重时引起爆管。在锅炉的煮炉过程中，双色水位计可能会严重地变色
并且永久性地侵蚀，我们建议用户在现场备有所有的双色水位计替换配件，在煮炉和化
学清理后，进行下一次机组上水前将损坏的元件全部更换。订购和更换方法可参考双色
水位计产品说明书。
The presence of thin films of oil or grease or their decomposition products on the
boiler heating surfaces will seriously retard heat transfer. This film acts as a
dangerous heat insulating film and retards the rapid transmission of heat from the
metal to the medium. The resultant increase in metal temperature may cause
overheating and outshoot of boiler tubes and even tube rupture. During the boiling out
process, the gage glass may become badly discolored and permanently etched. Our
suggestion is that the customer has spare fittings for all gage glasses on hand. All the
inoperable gage glasses shall be replaced after boiling out and chemical cleaning and
before refilling the unit with water. The ordering and replacement of gage glass shall
be based on the manufacturer’s instruction.
化学药物在被加入到锅炉前应溶于水中，不能以固态形式加到锅炉中，在处理腐蚀
性物质时，应仔细操作以免溅到眼睛、皮肤或衣服上。当混合这些物质时，应使用护目
镜、橡胶手套和棉织衣服，以保护操作人员。
The chemical shall be dissolved in water before being fed to the boiler and shall
never be fed to the boiler in the solid form. When handling corrosive materials, it is
necessary to avoid that the eyes, skin or clothing of the operator are bespattered by
them. When mixing these materials, it is recommended that goggles, rubber gloves
and cotton clothing be adopted.
化学溶剂不应以高浓度通过加药系统加到锅炉中，因为高浓度溶液可能会堵塞加药
管道和阀门。
The chemical solution shall not be fed to the boiler in high concentration through
the chemical feed system because the high concentration solution may block up the
chemical feed piping and valves.
如果煮炉的化学药物必须通过加药系统注入到锅炉锅筒中，在化学药物供给泵抽吸
以前，混合容器中溶液的浓度应稀释到 5%，当注入完成后，泵和加药管道要彻底地冲
洗。
If the chemicals for boiling out must be injected to the boiler drum through the
chemical feed system, the solution concentration in the mixing tank shall be diluted to
five percent ahead of the chemical feed pump suction, and the pump and chemical
feed pipelines shall be flushed thoroughly after the injecting is completed.
推荐煮炉用的化学药物
1.4.2 Recommended Chemicals for Boiling Out
碱性化学药物例如苏打粉和烧碱通常用于机组煮炉，因为这些试剂具有皂化油和油
脂的能力，并形成肥皂化复合物，这些复合物在煮炉过程中用高压排污容易清除，在锅
炉煮炉完成后，用高压软管冷水冲洗即可。也可用磷酸盐（即磷酸三钠和磷酸二钠，再
加入一些烧碱或苏打粉）对锅炉内表面进行彻底地清洗，此时，煮炉溶液中应加入脆性
抑制剂及经济的“润湿剂”。
Alkaline chemicals such as soda ash and sodium hydroxide are commonly used
for boiling out because these reagents have the ability to saponify the oils and
greases to form a soap compound, the compound is easily removed through high
pressure blowdown during the boiling out process, and after the completion of boiling
out, the unit shall be flushed with cold water through a high pressure hose. Phosphate
(trisodium phosphate and disodium phosphate, accompanied by either caustic soda
or sodium hydroxide) may also be used as a reagent to thoroughly clean the internal
surfaces of the boiler. In this connection, an embrittlement inhibitor and a economical

“wetting reagent” shall be added in the boiling-out solution.
晶间裂纹（苛性脆化)是在相对短的煮炉时期由烧碱引起的，在煮炉时炉水中碱的
浓度比标准锅炉给水中的浓度要高许多。因此，在锅炉水中加入足够量的脆性抑制剂是
必要的安全保护措施，硝酸钠是比较理想的试剂。
It is known that intercrystalline cracking (caustic embrittlement ) is caused by the

sodium hydroxide used during the relatively short period of boiling out. The alkaline
concentration developed in the boiler water during boiling out is much higher than that
of the standard boiler feedwater. Therefore it is a safe practice to add an adequate
concentration of an embrittlement inhibitor to the boiler water. Sodium nitrate is the

preferred reagent for this purpose.
为了最有效地清除锅炉金属表面的油污，我们推荐在煮炉混合物中掺入“润湿剂”，
这些试剂通过减少表面张力来增加水的“润湿”能力，从而将油和油脂的粘附性降到最低
程度。“润湿剂”同通常的煮炉化学物质的混合物将破坏油泥的粘结进而除去金属表面的
油和油脂。
For the most effective removal of oil from boiler metal surfaces, it is
recommended that a “wetting reagent” be mixed into the boiling out mixture. These
reagents increase the “wetting power” of the water by reducing the surface tension so
as to reduce the adhesive capacity of oil or grease to a minimum degree. The
compound of a “wetting reagent” and the regular chemicals will therefore break down
the oil-sludge bond so as to remove the oil and grease from the metal surfaces.
我们推荐的煮炉试剂量如下:
The recommended dosages of chemicals are shown in the table as following:

Trisodium Phosphate (crystalline) 5.25 g / kg of water
Soda Ash 1.0 g / kg of water
Sodium Nitrate 0.15 g / kg of water
Wetting Reagent 0.10 g / kg of water
总的注水量，根据 29H-SM 中 1.6 条来确定。
Refer to 29H-SM Item 1.6 for the total amount of water required for the unit.
如果没有磷酸三钠，允许用磷酸二钠(无水的)来代替，这种化学药品的重量应按照
2.5g/1kg 水为基准。
If trisodium phosphate is not obtainable, it is permissible to adopt disodium
phosphate (anhydrous); and the weight of this chemical shall be based on the dosage
of 2.5g/1kg of water.
注意
下列步骤是基于假定使用磷酸三钠溶液(Na3PO4-12H2O)而制定的。
NOTE
The following procedure is based on the assumption that a trisodium

phosphate solution (Na3PO4-12H2O) is used.
煮炉准备
1.4.3 Preparations for Boiling Out
在锅炉煮炉之前，上述列在“首次运行检查”和“耐火材料的固化”中的项目应查阅并
遵循，总的来讲，烘炉和煮炉可同时进行。
Prior to boiling out, the items previously outlined under “First Operation Checking”
and “Solidifying Refractory Materials” shall be consulted and followed. Generally,

drying out and boiling out shall be performed simultaneously.
为了消除所有的金属屑片、镗屑、木屑、工具、毛刺和其它杂物，应对锅炉和辅机
的内外表面做仔细的清理和检查。在煮炉之前对这些杂质的清除是很重要的，否则，在
锅炉内部的杂质可能会影响排污阀的运行和今后的锅炉运行。
A careful cleaning and inspection of the interior and exterior surfaces of the boiler
and auxiliary equipment shall be performed for the purpose of removing all metal
scraps, borings, wood, tools, burr and other foreign materials. It is very important that
these materials be removed before boiling out. Otherwise, foreign materials inside the
boiler are likely to interfere with the operation of blowdown valves and operation of the
boiler in the future.
当炉内有高化学浓度的水（如煮炉用水）时，不能整定安全阀，直到初始启动阶段，
当炉水的化学浓度近似于正常时才能对安全阀进行整定。在蒸汽未达到合格品质前，不
推荐进行安全阀整定试验，以避免不合格蒸汽损伤安全阀密封面。
When the boiler is filled with water of high chemical concentration (such as water
for boiling out), no attempt shall be made to set safety valves until the initial start-up
phase. When the chemical concentration of the water inside the boiler is approximate
to the normal chemical concentration, safety valves can be set.
注意
启动床料既可在煮炉前加入也可在煮炉后加入。
NOTE
The boiler can be charged with start-up bed materials before or after
boiling out.
（1）如果在煮炉前加料，根据第 2 节 2.3.2 条加入床料。当工人进入锅炉炉膛时，必

须采取正确的预防措施，包括：
If charging is to be performed before boiling out, it shall be done in accordance

with the procedures specified in Section 2, Paragraph 2.3.2.
When a workman enters the furnace, the following proper precautions must be
taken:
a. 指定第二个人站在炉膛人孔门旁观察工作过程，如有任何问题立即通知电厂工作
人员。
Another workman is appointed to observe the progress of work beside the
furnace access door. The plant personnel shall be informed immediately if any
problem is found.
b. 应关闭所有的燃料、石灰石供给设备和风机，并放置“禁止运行--炉内有人”的
标记。
All fuel and limestone feed equipment and fans shall be closed and a tablet
with indication of “No Operation - Someone Working in Furnace” shall be

placed.
c. 进入炉膛的任何人应配备适合粉尘工作环境要求的呼吸设备和保护装置。
Anyone entering the furnace shall be provided with proper breathing
equipment and protection devices, as are required under a dusty work

environment.
d. 在任何人进入炉膛之前，为得到合适的空气成分，应按一般工业标准对炉膛进行
冷却，通风及测试。
The furnace shall be cooled, well ventilated and inspected as per the normal
industry standard before someone enters it to know proper air composition.
（2）打开在第 2.3.1 条中所列的排气阀，以便于在锅炉注水时能够排气。隔离低读水
位表、压力连接件、传感仪表以及任何在煮炉期间可能损坏的东西，应使用在正
常运行中所用的给水泵和管道系统完成注水，这是为了要对炉前的管道和辅机进
行冲洗。
Open the vent valves listed within Paragraph 2.3.1 so that air can be expelled
when filling the boiler with water. Isolate any device that could be damaged
during boiling out, such as lower water level gauge, pressure connection
element and sensor. Filling the unit with water shall be accomplished by using
the feedwater pumping and piping systems used during boiler normal operation.
This will have a tendency to flush out the piping and auxiliaries in front of the
boiler.
（3）可以利用主给水管道疏水管或省煤器疏水管将锅炉的化学试剂注入到主给水泵
后，省煤器前的锅炉给水管里。
Inject chemicals into the boiler feedwater pipeline at the downstream of the
main feedwater pump and at the upstream of the economizer by using the
drain pipe of the main feedwater pipeline or economizer drain pipe.
注意
化学物质的注入只能在主给水有流量时进行，同样，注入最好在锅筒水位达到要求
之前完成，以便于锅炉给水管道中的化学物质能够在锅炉注水循环的最后阶段得以冲洗
干净。
NOTE
Chemical injection shall be carried out only when water is flowing in the main
feedwater pipeline. Also, injection must be completed well in advance of reaching the
desired drum level so that the chemicals in the boiler feedwater pipeline is flushed out
during the final stage of the boiler feedwater cycle .
（4）升高水位至水位计能够显示的最低位置。
Raise the water level so that it is just visible in the bottom of the water level
gauge.
（5）当达到所要求的锅筒水位时，关闭锅炉给水操作台旁路的阀门。
When the desired steam drum level is reached, close the valve on the by-pass
of boiler feedwater operating desk.
注意
此时，除了仪表连接阀和排气阀以外，其余所有的锅筒阀门均应关闭。
NOTE
At this point, all steam drum valves, with the exception of instrument connection
valves and vent valves, shall be closed.
煮炉步骤
1.4.4 Boiling Out Procedure
（1）根据风机的产品说明书和第二部分中所列的启动步骤顺序，启动引风机和送风机。
Start the induced fan and combustion air fans in accordance with the fan
manufacturer’s instruction and the operation sequence outlined in Section 2,

Start-up Procedures.
（2）根据第二部分中的启动步骤吹扫锅炉。
Purge the boiler in accordance with Section 2, Start-up Procedures.
（3）设定燃烧空气挡板以维持足够的风量到点火燃烧器。
Set the combustion air damper to maintain sufficient air flow to the in-duct
burner.
（4）当点火燃烧器低负荷运行稳定后, 根据要求增加燃烧率以升高压力。
When in-duct burners run stably under low load, the firing rate shall be
increased as required so as to raise pressure.
注意
为了保护锅筒免受过度的热应力，在启动和正常运行期间，必须将锅筒顶部与底部
之间的壁温差控制在 50℃以内。
NOTE
To protect the drum from excessive thermal stress, the metal differential
temperature between the top and bottom of the drum shall not exceed 50℃.
（5）当锅炉压力达到 0.1MPa 时，关闭锅筒排气阀。
Close the drum vent valves when the boiler pressure reaches 0.1MPa.
（6）点火燃烧器继续运行直至煮炉压力达到与该机组的设计压力相应的值。见附图 1。
The in-duct burners keep on running until the boiling out pressure reaches the
value corresponding to the design pressure of this unit (See Figure 1 in

ATTACHMENT).
（7）锅炉给水泵在运行中保证随时向锅炉供水。
The boiler feedwater pumps must be available during the operation of the unit.
（8）按要求，间歇地运行点火燃烧器以维持至少 8 小时的锅筒煮炉压力。
Fire the in-duct burners intermittently as required to maintain the drum boiling
out pressure for at least eight (8) hours.
（9）将水位升高至距双色水位计顶部约 51mm 处。
Raise the water level to approximately 51mm at the top of the gauge glass.
（10）当达到高水位和锅筒煮炉压力时（见附图 1），关闭床下点火燃烧器。
When the high water level and the drum boiling out pressure have been
reached (See Figure 1 in ATTACHMENT), shut down the in-duct burners.
（11）打开锅炉排污阀、水冷壁下集箱疏水阀开始排污。建议对这些排污管道排污时，
最靠近锅炉的阀应最先开并最后关，管道上的第二个阀门应用于控制流量。可通
过打开和关闭这些阀门来完成有效的排污。
Start blowing down by opening the drum mass blow-down valve and the
furnace lower waterwall header drain valves. It is recommended that, when
blowing down, the root valve (closest to the boiler) shall be opened first and
closed last. The second valve in the pipeline shall be used to control the flow.
An effective blowing out can be accomplished by opening and closing these

valves.
（12）应对锅筒炉水取样中的磷酸盐、PH 值、硅和总的碱性作检查并记录其化学浓度。
Water sample from the drum shall be tested to confirm its phosphate, silica
contents, pH value and total alkalinity and its chemical concentration shall be
also recorded.
（13）当锅筒的水位降到双色水位计底部以上的 51mm 以内时，对锅筒补水并点燃床下

风道点火器以维持锅筒煮炉压力。
If the water level in the drum falls to within 51mm above the bottom of the
gauge glass, refill the drum with water and fire the in-duct burners to maintain
the drum boiling out pressure.
（14）至少在 24 小时内每 4 个小时重复一次步骤 11 和 12 直到在锅炉水取样中无油迹

出现，如需补水则按 13 条。
Repeat steps 11 and 12 once every four (4) hours for at least 24 hours until no
oil trace appears in the water sample. Repeat step 13 if necessary.
在煮炉后，当锅炉冷却并排水后，锅筒应作检查并且排除沉积物，为了进一步清除
沉积物，要对集箱进行检查，当集箱上没有提供检查手孔时，可将给水管或上升管从管
接头端部切开并弯至一旁，如果在集箱中发现任何杂物，可用手清除或高压水软管冲洗。
除了检查沉积物外，应检查金属内表面以确保无油污粘附。
After boiling out, when the boiler has been cooled and drained, the drum shall be
inspected and any sediment shall be removed. If necessary the headers shall be
inspected. If no inspection nipple is provided on a header, inspection may be
accomplished by cutting the stub of a feeder or riser tube of the header and bending
the tube out of the way. If any foreign material is found in a header, it shall be removed
manually or flushed through a high pressure water hose. Besides, it is necessary to

assure that the metal internal surfaces are free from oil adherence.
在锅筒和集箱已经全部清理和检查后，机组才能够封闭，在锅筒上应安上新的人孔
垫圈。集箱上的手孔管盖或为清理和检查用的管切口应予以更换。
After the drum and headers have all been cleaned and inspected, the unit can be
sealed. New manhole gaskets shall be installed on the drum, and inspection nipple
caps or tubes cut for cleaning and inspection shall be replaced.
给水和锅内水处理
1.5 FEEDWATER AND BOILER WATER TREATMENT
给水和炉水取样都必须进行化验，以满足一定的水质要求。
Feedwater and boiler water samples must be inspected to meet desired water
quality requirement.
给水品质应符合 GB/T12145-2008《火力发电机组及蒸汽动力设备水汽质量标准》
中相应水质的规定及锅炉技术协议中对水质的要求。锅炉厂对因给水品质不合格引起的
炉管腐蚀、形成水垢, 造成炉管爆管不予负责，同时炉管结垢后还会影响传热，直接影
响锅炉性能。
The quality of feedwater shall be in compliance with the water quality specified by
the boiler technical agreement and GB/T12145-2008 “Quality criterion of Water and
Steam for generating unit and Steam power equipment”. The treatment of
feedwater and the conditioning of boiler water are beyond the control of DBC.
Therefore, DBC shall not be responsible for damages due to corrosion or formation of
scale deposits or caustic embrittlement caused by chemical conditions of the water.
Fouling in boiler tubes will impair heat transfer and result in overheating, thus affecting
boiler performance.
省煤器和蒸发系统的化学清洗
1.6 CHEMICAL CLEANING OF ECONOMIZER AND STEAM
GENERATING
总则
1.6.1 General
用化学溶剂清洗现代参数锅炉机组是一种行之有效的方法，在初始运行之前的清洗，
或为了清除轧屑而在初始运行之后非常短的时间内进行的清洗，会形成一层薄薄的均匀
的氧化铁保护层，并将系统中非受热部分内可能会重新分布到传热部分的物质带走。将
清洗延迟到运行后较短时间内进行是有好处的，因为会有大量的氧化皮和含氧化硅的物
质在初始运行期间从给水和冷凝系统进入到锅炉中，除非炉前系统也做了化学清洗。
It is an effective means to clean modern high duty boiler units by using proper
chemical solutions. The cleaning performed prior to the initial operation of the boiler or
in a very short time thereafter, for the purpose of removing mill scales, forms a thin,
uniform protective coating of iron oxide and removes the material that may be
redistributed to the heat transfer areas from the unheated portions of the system. It is
beneficial to delay this type of cleaning short time after the initial operation because
considerable mill scales and materials containing silicon oxide may be carried into the
boiler from the feedwater and condensed water systems during the initial operation,
unless the feedwater and condensed water systems are also chemically cleaned.
是否需要清除运行沉积物，每个电厂的要求是不同的，它取决于给水系统构成，补
给水的历史和水质，因为组成运行污垢的物质非常多，它的清除远比轧屑的清除复杂得
多，如果受热面结垢，锅炉将不能可靠地运行。
The need for removal of deposits produced during operation varies considerably
from plant to plant. It depends on the type of feedwater system used, the history of
water makeup and water quality. Because fouling produced during operation is made
up of a wide variety of materials, its removal may be much more complex than the
removal of mill scales. No boiler can operate reliably if fouling occurs to its heat
transfer surfaces.
确定是否要求进行化学清理
1.6.2 Determining the Need for Chemical Cleaning
是否需要运行前的清理首先取决于安装过程中所有循环部件的生锈状况的估计。影
响生锈状况的因素有贮存措施和电厂的天气条件，许多锈、松散的轧屑和含二氧化硅的
物质将在碱性煮炉期间从锅炉中清除，如果循环回路的其余部分没有广泛地进行清理，
杂质将会被带到锅炉中去，因此可能需要进行清洗。
The need for a cleaning prior to operation will depend primarily on expected
rusting conditions of all cycle components during construction. Factors influencing
rusting conditions include storage measures and weather conditions at the plant site.
Much rust, loose mill scales and materials containing silicon oxide are removed from
the boiler during the alkaline boiling out which must be performed on every unit. If the
other portion of the cycle circuit is not extensively cleaned, some materials will be
carried into the boiler. So cleaning may be performed further.
在运行期间形成的沉积物是各种各样的，且很难确定，应每一年或两年进行一次切
管取样，并测出沉积物的重量。一般来说，不考虑沉积物的成份差异，一台机组在炉膛
管的工质侧的沉积物达到 20～40mg/cm2 时就应考虑在下次维护期间进行化学清理。
Deposits produced during operation are varied, complex and difficult to determine.
Tube sampling test shall be performed each year or biyearly and the weight of
deposits shall be measured. Generally, ignoring the specific deposit composition, if
the deposits on the working medium side of furnace tubes of a unit reach 20 to 40
mg/cm2, chemical cleaning shall be performed during the next maintenance.
溶剂系统
1.6.3 Solvent System
溶剂的选择基于两个主要方面的考虑：第一考虑到对材料的相容性，第二考虑到是
否适合沉积物的清除。这两点不是相互独立的，因为用溶剂对沉积物的溶解可能对管材
产生腐蚀，而没有沉积物则不存在这种情况。
Solvent selection is based on two primary considerations. The first is compatibility
between the solvent and tube material and the second is whether the solvent is
suitable for the removal of deposits. The two aspects are not independent each other
because the dissolution of deposits by the solvent may create corrosion of tube
material. And this condition will not happen in the absence of deposits.
无机酸如盐酸通常用作清除轧屑或运行沉积物的溶剂，如果在沉积物中含铜，因为
铜会在酸性溶液中沉积于金属表面，必须同时使用复合试剂，溶剂的强度将取决于沉积
物的分析、重量和结构。
Inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, is commonly used as the solvent for
mill scales or deposits produced during operation. If copper is present in the deposits,
complex reagent must be used, because copper will plate on the metal surfaces in the
acid solution. Solution strength will depend on the deposit analysis, weight and
structure.
当使用盐酸用于运行前的清洗时，一般按以下条件进行：
When hydrochloric acid is used for cleaning prior to operation, the following
stipulations shall be complied:
Hydrochloric acid concentration 5% max. by wt.
Metal or solvent temperature 68℃
Solvent contact time 6 hours
Inhibitor concentration Based on the cleaning contractor’s spec.
总的清洗操作
1.6.4 General Cleaning Operations
锅炉的化学清理决不能由无经验的工作人员来进行，如果情况失去控制或用不合适
的物质，便有很大的危险，因此必须制订周密的计划以确保获得指定的化学工况，防止
对人员和财产产生危害。
Chemical cleaning of a boiler shall never be performed by inexperienced
personnel. There is a great danger if the uncontrollable condition happens or improper
material is used. Careful planning is required to assure that the specified chemical
conditions are attained so that the conditions hazardous to life and property will not
occur.
为了使机组达到清洗温度，机组可以注入冷凝水或软化水并用 1.2 条中所指定的方
法加热，并用锅筒热电偶（如果需要的话使用临时性的热电偶）监视机组的温度以确保
没有哪个区域的温度超过溶剂系统和所用防腐剂温度的限制，这些限制必须由溶剂系统
的供货商来指定。当满足温度要求后，水可排入到贮存器中。
To make the unit reach the cleaning temperature, the unit may be filled with
condensed water or demineralized water and heated by one of the methods specified
in Paragraph 1.2. By using drum thermocouples, and temporary thermocouples if
necessary, monitor the unit temperature to assure that the temperature in each area
of the unit is not above the temperature limits required for the solvent system and
inhibitor used. The temperature limits must be specified by the solvent system
supplier. When the proper temperatures are attained, the water may be drained to the
storage vessel.
然后溶剂通过泵入的贮存加热水进入机组，并且通过测量浓缩的溶剂达到要求的浓
度。在溶剂泵入之前，应检查防腐剂是否正确，当机组重新注水时如果水温必须调整，
蒸汽应在溶剂之前注入以避免对混合设备产生腐蚀。
The solvent is pumped into the unit through the heated water that is stored and
the desired concentration is obtained by testing the concentrated solvent. Before
pumping the solvent into the unit, it is necessary to assure that the inhibitor is proper.
If the water temperature must be adjusted while refilling the unit with water, steam
shall be injected into the unit before the solvent pumping to avoid the corrosion of the
mixing equipment.
当机组内含酸时一定不要点火，因为这样可能会发生防腐剂失效。
Never fire the unit when it contains acid as inhibitor breakdown may occur.
当有溶剂在机组内时，应定期监测酸的强度、铁的浓度、温度及为控制特定溶剂系
统所必需的任何条件或成份。当根据铁的浓度指示确定清洗完成时，在冲氮的情况下，
将溶剂排放出机组。
After the solvent is pumped into the unit, it is necessary to regularly monitor the
acid strength, iron concentration, temperatures and any condition or constituent
necessary for control of the particular solvent system. When the cleaning is completed,
as determined by measuring the iron concentration, the solvent is drained from the
unit under a nitrogen blanket.
机组可以通过上水和疏水一次或多次以清洗已冲洗过区域中的溶剂, 清洗水中应含
有铁的复合剂以防止铁在已清洗的表面沉积。
The unit may be filled with water and drained one or more times to flush the
solvent from the cleaned areas. The rinse water shall contain a ferrous complex
reagent to prevent the deposition of iron on the cleaned surfaces.
当清洗已完成时，机组注入碱性溶剂以中和残余的溶剂并且钝化表面以防“过后生
锈”。碱性溶液应在注入前加热，或者按照本节中 1.2 条中的方法加热机组以获得要求

的温度。
When the cleaning is completed, the unit is filled with an alkaline solution to
neutralize any residual solvent and passivate the metal surfaces to prevent
after-rusting. The alkaline solution may be heated prior to filling or the unit may be
heated as in Paragraph 1.2 to attain the desired temperature.
一旦钝化完成后，机组应疏水检查，并去掉所有临时的管道。
Once completion of the passivation, the unit shall be drained for inspection and
all temporary pipelines shall be removed.
过热器的化学清洗
1.7 CHEMICAL CLEANING OF SUPERHEATERS
在以下情况下应进行过热器的化学清洗：由于特殊循环的要求，电厂选择做运行前
的清洗，或者不正常运行工况产生的沉积物需要清除。
Chemical cleaning of superheaters may be performed in these cases, the
particular cycle requirements, the operating company elects to do a pre-operational
cleaning or when the deposits produced under abnormal operating condition must be
removed.
清洗应遵守关于溶剂的合适性和溶剂同结构材料的兼容性通用法则即与蒸发系统
要求一样。
Chemical cleaning of superheaters shall be in compliance with the general
principle regarding the suitability of solvent and the compatibility between the solvent
and material of construction, as required for steam generation circuit.
许多过热器含有既不能疏水也不能通风的部分，这将妨碍用注水和浸泡法去清洗，
为了确保所有的管子能够注入溶剂并且成功地冲洗干净，在溶剂注入之前，回路中所有
的空气必须排出，这些可以通过用低压力蒸汽吹扫来完成，蒸汽吹扫几小时，随之注入
热水，从某种程度上阻止空气的进入，然后即可采用具有一定抽吸要求的循环型清洗去
掉已转移到别处的溶剂。
Superheaters have the sections that are either non-drainable or ventless. It is
impossible to adopt the filling or soaking method to clean them. To assure that all
tubes can be filled with the solvent and flushed successfully, all air must be purged
from the circuitry prior to introduction of the solvent. This may be accomplished by
purging with low pressure steam. Steam purging for several hours, followed by filling
with hot water, in a manner to preclude entry of air, and then displacement with
solvent will permit a circulation pump cleaning with moderate pumping requirements.
新安装的锅炉，对于机组首次投运前，由于设备在运输、存放及安装过程中在各受
热面管道及蒸汽、减温等管道中难免会有砂土、锈皮、焊渣等杂物存留其中。特别在蒸
汽系统中，这些杂物不清除干净，进入高速旋转的汽轮机中，轻者在叶片表面产生麻点，
降低机组效率，重者可导致叶片断裂、飞车等重大恶性事故。再者，系统中存留的杂物
将对蒸汽品质产生影响，对机组试运和投产产生极其不利的影响。因此，新建机组必须
对其锅炉过热器、主蒸汽管道进行蒸汽吹扫工作，以清除系统中存留的各种杂物，从而
确保机组安全、经济地运行。
The boiler prior to the first operation, rust, mill scales and welded dregs may be
left in the pipes during the process of transit, deposit, installation. Especially for the
steam system, if these materials were not purged drastically, and gone into the turbine,
reducing the efficiency of the unit or more fatal emergency may occur. The impurity
left in the system will affect the character of steam, and bring bad influence to the
operation of the unit. So it is necessary that steam purge the superheater and main
steam piping to purge the various impurities, so as to ensure the safe and economical
operation when a new unit is established.
锅炉系统空气试验
1.8 BOILER SYSTEM AIR TEST
一旦安装完成后，必须进行空气试验以检测锅炉系统空气和烟气泄漏情况，这些泄
漏应及时修补以保证系统的气密性及安全运行，步骤如下：
Once erection has been completed, an air test shall be performed to detect air
and flue gas leaks in the boiler system. The leaks shall be eliminated to insure the
tightness and the safe operation of the system. A typical recommended procedure is
as follows:
（1）在引风机的进口安装一堵板。
Install a closure plate at the ID fan inlet.
（2）关闭所有的人孔门和观察孔。
Close all access doors and observation ports.
（3）塞住所有仪表连通处。
Cap all instrumentation penetrations.
（4）打开所有待测试的通道。
Open all channels to be tested.
（5）运行送风机使系统增压至 76.2mmH2O 柱。
Operate the FD fan to pressurize the system to 76.2mmH2O pressure.
（6）使用合适的视/听设备检查整个系统，肥皂膜、烟弹和声音检测器是非常有用的，
这些方法可综合采用。
Inspect the entire system by using suitable visual/audio devices. Soap films,
smoke bombs and sonic detectors are useful methods. These methods may be
used synthetically.
（7）检查并确定所有的泄漏。
Identify all leaks.
（8）系统减压。
Depressurize the system.
（9）修补所有的泄漏。
Repair all leaks.
（10）如果发现泄漏, 泄漏修好后重复空气试验。
If any leaks were found, repeat the air test after completing the leak repair.
（11）拆去堵板和塞盖。
Remove closure plates, plugs and covers.
运行和维护
SECTION 2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
总则
2.1 GENERAL
（1）本部分内容不能视为锅炉机组的运行规程，有关锅炉、辅助设备和机组初次运行
的说明可作为指导性材料，供电厂建立自身完善的机组运行规程时参考。
The descriptions given in this Paragraph shall not be deemed as the guidelines
for boiler operation. This guide, together with the instructions of the auxiliary
equipment and with knowledge derived from initial unit operation, can be used
to developing a detailed operation procedure.
（2）机组运行前，运行人员应彻底熟悉锅炉的功能和控制各部（组）件及辅助设备。
The operator should be thoroughly familiar with the function and controls of the
boiler, components and auxiliary equipment before operating the unit.
（3）循环流化床锅炉炉内没有明显的火球。炉内含有携带大量热能的循环颗粒。
Circulation fluidized bed boiler is a reactor without obvious fireball inside. Inside
the boiler there are circulating solids with considerable thermal energy.
（4）运行人员应清楚锅炉各部件和锅炉辅机的使用条件，并应注意在锅炉启动和按系
统要求运行期间的实际运行工况。
The operators shall be aware of the limitations imposed on the various parts of
the boiler and its auxiliaries and be alert to the actual operating conditions
during start-up and while operating as per system demands.
（5）锅炉额定蒸发量（B-MCR）为 430t/h，过热器出口蒸汽温度为 540℃，过热器出
口压力 9.81MPa（表压），给水温度为 232℃，上述参数基于锅炉燃用 29H-SM

中 1.1.3，1.1.4 条中规定的燃料，锅炉不允许超负荷运行。
The boiler can be operated at a maximum continuous rating (BMCR) of 430t/h.
The superheater outlet steam temperature is 540℃, its pressure is 9.81MPa.g,
and the feedwater temperature is 232℃.The above mentioned parameters are
based on firing the fuel specified in Item 1.1.3, 1.1.4 in 29H-SM. Overload
operation is forbidden.
重要预防措施
2.2.IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS
运行人员在机组运行各阶段须遵循和实施的重要预防措施如下：
The critical precautions that the operators must follow and exercise during all
phases of operation of this unit are listed below.
炉门
2.2.1. Furnace doors
运行时，点火风道及炉膛下部正压区的炉门不允许打开，以免伤人。
All doors at lower furnace must not be opened during normal unit operation to
protect personnel from any danger as this steam generating unit will have internal
pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.
炉膛压力限制
2.2.2.Furnace Pressure Limits
炉膛负压过大或正压过高都会引起机组和辅助设备的严重损坏，因此在运行中必须
对炉膛压力进行控制，并要求在启动前下列控制须可靠投入。
Excessive negative or positive furnace pressure can result in serious damages to
the unit and auxiliary equipment. The following controls shall be put into service and
operable prior to start-up for protection against excessive furnace pressure or draft.
(1) 对炉膛负压（在炉膛出口平衡点测量）应进行监视，并且该负压应自动控制在
-127～-245Pa。
The furnace negative pressure, as measured at the balance point in the
furnace exit, shall be monitored constantly and automatically controlled within

the range of -127～-245Pa.
(2) 主燃料切除（MFT）应设定在炉膛出口（旋风分离器进口）压力值±2489Pa，
并具有 5 秒延时。
The Main Fuel Trip (MFT) shall be set at the furnace outlet pressure of
±2489Pa (cyclone inlet), with a 5 seconds delayed.
(3) 送风机切除应设定在炉膛区域压力值+3744Pa，无延时；引风机切除应设定在
炉膛区域压力值-3744Pa，无延时。
The FD fan trips shall be set at the furnace pressure of +3744Pa, with no time
delayed，and ID fan trips shall be set at the furnace pressure of -3744Pa, with
no time delayed.
z 设定主燃料切除时，动作如下：
The following actions shall occur at Main Fuel Trip (MFT):
(a) 给煤机切除。
Fuel feeders trip.
(b) 石灰石系统切除。
Limestone system trip.
(c) 床下点火装置切除。
In-duct burners trip.
(d) 冷渣器切除。
Ash cooler trip.
(e) 所有风量控制装置转换成手动操作方式，并且保持原位。
All air flow controls shall be switched to manual mode and hold at the last
position.
(f) 送风机控制装置转换成手动方式，并且保持原位，但当因送风机本身原因切
除时，风机控制装置将按风机逻辑控制工作。
FD fan controls shall be switched to manual mode and hold at the last
position. However, in case the trip is caused by FD fan failure, it shall be

controlled by its own logic.
(g) 燃烧控制输出信号限制引风机自动控制装置以免炉膛负压超出极限值。
Output signal to combustion control shall limit ID fan automatic control to

insure that the furnace negative pressure is not beyond the limit.
(h) 除非处于“热态再启动状态”，否则，应设定在“要求锅炉吹扫”逻辑控制状态。
“Boiler Purge Requirement” logic control condition is set unless it is a “Hot

Restart” condition.
(4) 运行人员不得允许炉膛平衡点压力超过±498Pa（报警值）。
The operator shall not allow the furnace pressure at the balance point to
exceed ±498Pa (alarm point).
(5) 在送、引风机和所有”U”阀风机停用后（风机停用将使主燃料切除），塌落的床料
仍会发生燃烧，因此人孔门必须保持关闭，当再次启动时，风量须缓慢地重新
投入，以使炉内的可燃物从机组内吹扫出去。
On trips of FD/ID Fans and all loop seal blowers (MFT will be initiated), the
bed materials fall down and may burn. Access doors shall be closed. Air shall
be slowly fed into the unit to clear combustibles away from the unit prior to
restart.
注意
操作人员必须注意到，在运行时，机组贮蓄着大量的能量，即使在切断燃料（MFT）
之后，也是如此。因此必须始终保持住锅筒水位和控制汽压的合适汽量。
NOTE
The operators shall keep it in mind that the unit in operation maintains a
considerable amount of stored energy even after the MFT, so the drum water
level and an adequate flow of steam to control steam pressure shall be

maintained at any time.
锅筒水位及温差
2.2.3. Drum Water Level and Temperature Difference
锅筒正常水位在锅筒中心线下 76mm 处，报警水位整定在相对于正常水位-200mm

及+125mm 处，停炉水位整定在相对于正常水位-280mm 及+200mm 处。
The normal drum water level is 76mm below the centerline of the drum. The
alarm water level are set at 200mm below the normal water level and 125mm above
the normal water level and the trip water levels are set at 280mm below the normal
water level and 200mm above the normal water level.
注意
当锅筒处于最最低水位工况时（低于正常水位 280mm），或最最高水位工况（高
于正常水位 200mm）时，主燃料切除（MFT），切除送、引风机；为防止锅筒承受过
大的热应力，应控制锅筒上、下壁温差不得超过 50℃。应在主控室内监视锅筒上、下
壁温，并且主控室内应设有该温差指示。
NOTE
In the lowest drum water level condition (280mm below normal

water level) or the highest drum water level condition (200mm
above normal water level) ,operators shall initiate the main fuel
trip (MFT) and the FD and ID fans trip. To protect the drum from
undue thermal stress, the metal temperature difference between
the top and the bottom of the drum shall be controlled within
50℃. The drum metal temperature shall be monitored and
indicated in the control room.
安全阀调整
2.2.4.Safety Valve Adjustment
所有安全阀都是由阀门制造厂整定好的，但是在锅炉首次启动运行并升压时，须在
实际运行工况下重新校验。如某一安全阀在达到标记铭牌压力时不起跳或回座不合适时，
此阀门须重新进行调整。
Although all the safety valves have been set by the valve manufacturer, they still
need to be rechecked under actual operating conditions during the boiler first startup
and rising pressure. If a safety valve does not act at the nominal pressure on its
nameplate or reseat properly, the valve shall be readjusted.
警告：不允许随意改变安全阀的整定值。
Warning: It is not allowed to change the setting value of any safety valve
without authorization.
过量空气的要求
2.2.5. Excess Air Requirements
为了维持良好的燃烧，应注意控制炉膛过量空气系数来保证燃烧中合适的风煤比。
在运行中炉膛出口过量空气系数是以测量尾部烟道出口处氧量来控制的。在额定出力时，
此相应的氧量值约控制在 3.5%（容积比，以干烟气为基准）。此氧量值与锅炉负荷的关
系参阅附图 2。上述氧量测量值仅作参考，最后还须通过燃烧调整确定其最佳值。过多
偏离上述确定的过量空气运行，对锅炉良好的燃烧和安全运行是不利的。
Furnace excess air factor shall be carefully controlled to ensure the proper
fuel-air ratio for good combustion. During normal operation, the excess air factor shall
be controlled by measuring oxygen at the rear pass outlet. When the boiler operate at
100% MCR load, the corresponding oxygen amount shall be controlled at
approximately 3.5% (based on a dry basis volume ratio). The relation between oxygen
amount and boiler load is indicated in Figure 2 in ATTACHMENT. The
above-mentioned measured value of oxygen amount is only used for reference and
shall be optimized by combustion adjustment. Operation with the excess air far less
than the above specified value can be unfavorable for good combustion and safe
operation of the unit.
床温分布
2.2.6.Bed Temperature Profile
床温由布置在布风板上的热电偶测得。本锅炉正常的床温运行范围为 790～900℃，
运行时应严密监视床温，并使锅炉运行在这一温度范围，床温的高值报警点为 955℃，
温度达 990℃时，主燃料自动开始切除（MFT）。最低运行床温为 790℃，在无助燃情
况下，不允许床温低于这一水平。床温低值报警点为 760℃，当床温低至 650℃时，将
自动切除主燃料，除非风道点火燃烧器投入运行。但当床温降至 580℃以下时，无论风
道点火燃烧器是否运行，给煤机都将自动切除。
Normal operating bed temperature is 790～900℃ (measured by thermocouples
on the grid plate). Bed temperature should be monitored during operation and the
boiler shall be operated within this range. The high bed temperature alarm point is
955℃. A main fuel trip is automatically initiated at 990℃. The lowest operating
temperature for the bed is 790℃. The temperature is not allowed to drop below this
level without fuel supporting. The low bed temperature alarm during normal operation
is 760℃. A main fuel trip is automatically initiated at 650℃ unless the in-duct burners
are in operation. The fuel feeders will automatically trip off if the bed temperature
drops below 580℃, whether the in-duct burners operate or not.
随着锅炉运行经验的积累，以及电厂对锅炉燃烧效率和脱硫效率的不同侧重，在保
证锅炉不发生结焦的前提下，锅炉实际运行床温比以上要求可适当提高。
After the staffs have gained enough experience, the boiler operation temperature
can be properly increased according to the requirements of combustion efficiency and
desulfurizing efficiency of the power plant. But at any operation temperature, the
slagging and unstable combustion must be avoided.
旋风分离器受热面管子的保护
2.2.7.Protecting the tubes of cyclone
如果机组被切除，旋风分离器受热面管子可能会出现迅速升温情况。旋风分离器管
子上布置有热电偶用以监视它们的温升并将温升传递到控制系统。
The temperature of the cyclone tubes may rapidly increased if the unit trip off.
The thermocouples are set on the cyclone tubes to monitor the temperature
increasing and transfer signal to the controlling system.
其他
2.2.8.Others
为确保机组可靠运行，还必须采取下述预防措施：
The following precautionary steps must be taken to insure reliable operation of

the unit:
(1) 建议锅炉在每次停运时，检查尾部受热面烟气侧的积灰情况，如发现有严重积
灰，则在锅炉重新启动前对受热面进行清理。
It is recommended to check the ash deposit condition at the gas side of the
rear pass heating surfaces in each the boiler shutdown. The surfaces shall be
cleaned accordingly before boiler restart if any serious ash deposit is

detected.
(2) 为了监视启动工况，在蒸汽回路的有关部位设置了壁面热电偶，以便帮助确定
容许的升火速率。这些热电偶的设置位置如下：
Thermocouples are installed in various locations in the steam circuit to monitor
boiler startup conditions to determine the acceptable firing rate during startup.
These thermocouples are located at the following locations:
Steam Temp.
Part Location Total Qty
Alarm Limitation
12 (6 for
Steam Drum Top & Bottom
each)
Outlet Tubes
PSH (4 for each panel, set uniformly 24 500℃
in each panel width)
Outlet Tubes
LTS 6 460℃
(set uniformly in boiler width)
Outlet Tubes
HTS 9 565℃
(set uniformly in boiler width)
上述这些热电偶布置在不受烟气冲刷的区域，因此得到的温度将代表介质温度，这
些热电偶以及所有其它的热电偶（包括控制室的指示器）都应进行检查，并能随时都可
以投用。机组在运行过程中，只要汽温不超过上表所示的报警极限值，机组可持续运行。
当出现报警时，操作人员应对工况进行调整，确保设备安全。
These thermocouples are located in the places which are not eroded by flue gas.
Therefore, the temperature obtained is equal to the steam temperature. These and
other thermocouples shall be checked and made ready for service (including
indicators in the control room). The unit can be operated continuously if the steam
temperature is not beyond the alarm limits indicated in the table above. To protect the
safety of equipment, the operators shall adjust any condition which has caused an
alarm.
除上述提及的热电偶外，每个旋风离器还布置有 12 个热电偶，上部布置有 6 个，
下部布置有 6 个。所有这些热电偶都均匀布置在靠近顶部环形集箱的顶部管子上和靠近
下部环形联箱的管子上，沿周向均匀布置。另外还有 12 个热电偶布置在旋风分离器至
侧包墙上集箱之间的连接管道上，每根管子上一个。
Besides these thermocouples listed above, 12 thermocouples are installed on the
cyclone, 6 for top and 6 for bottom. All these thermocouples should set uniformly at
the tubes closest to the upper and lower headers of cyclone. In addition, 12
thermocouples are installed on the connecting pipes between cyclone and the upper
header of HRA side wall, one installed on each pipe.
(3) 为了防止堵塞、生锈和氧化，以及设备运行故障，用于锅炉运行方面的空气，
不管是密封空气、引射或雾化用的空气都应无尘、无油和无水。
To prevent plugging, rusting, oxidation and equipment failure, air used for the
boiler operation, whether for sealing, aspirating or atomizing, shall be free of

dirt, oil and water.
(4) 在启动引风机之前，应对所有炉膛高压压力安全联锁装置进行核实，以确保合
适的数值和正确的切换动作，并且所有这些安全联锁装置均已投入运行。
All high pressure safety interlocks in the furnace shall be checked to ensure
their proper values and correct switching actions and be in service before
starting the induced draft fan.
(5) 吹灰系统准备就绪，吹灰器采用蒸汽吹灰，具体见 29H-SM 中 1.3.6 及吹灰器厂

家使用说明。
The sootblowing system shall be ready to operate. Steam sootblowing
equipment should be choose, details are refered to in Paragraph 1.3.6 in

29H-SM and the manufacturer’s instruction.
(6) 锅炉运行期间，应连续监视氧量，按烟气干基体积测定氧量水平不应低于体积
百分比 3.5%（以干烟气为准）。氧量分析仪在锅炉任何一次启动前和定期地按
标准进行维护和标定。当进行标定时，氧量控制仪保持其上次的数值。
Oxygen (O2) shall be monitored continuously during boiler operation. O2 levels
shall not fall below 3.5%, (by volume on a dry gas). It is recommended that the
O2 analyzer be properly maintained and calibrated periodically before any
startup. The O2 controller shall be held at the last value when its calibration is
in progress.
(7) 要特别重视锅筒所有水位计的可靠性，建议至少应一班检查一次，检查内容包
括所有双色水位计和水位记录仪表，检查时可改变锅筒水位，以观察所有指示
器及水位计的反应。
It is strongly recommended that the reliability of all drum level gauges be
checked at least once a shift. This check shall cover all bi-color water gauges,
electrode water gauge and water level recorders. During this check, the drum
level can be changed to observe the responses of all indicators and gauge
glasses.
(8) 炉室流化速度不允许低于 1.2 米/秒（为维持正常流化而要求的最小流化速率）

，
见附图 3。
The furnace bed fluidizing velocity shall not be allowed to drop below
1.2m/sec (the minimum velocity required to maintain proper fluidization). Refer

to Figure 3.
冷态启动程序
2.3.COLD STARTUP PROCEDURE
本节说明了启动一个冷态、水回路中无水、布风板上无床料的 CFB 锅炉，并把它
带到满负荷输出的程序。推荐的如下操作程序，在今后获得运行、操作经验基础上，相
应的更改也是必要的。辅助设备的操作按各有关制造厂商的说明。
The procedure is indicated in this section to start the cold CFB boiler with no
water in water cycle and no material on the grid plate, and make a full load output. The
operating sequence recommended to ensure a safe and proper startup is given below.
Modifications may be necessary as per subsequent operating experience. The

manufacturer’ instruction should be followed for the operation of auxiliary equipment.
启动前的准备
2.3.1. Preparation Prior to Startup
注意
启动前，至少应有两个人对整个机组的设备进行过巡查以核实所有设备具备了启动
条件。参阅 2.3.2 条，对流化床和”U”阀充填床料。
NOTE
Inspection shall be made on the entire unit by at least two (2) people to
verify that all equipment is well ready for start-up. For the initiation of the
furnace and Loop Seal bed material filling, refer to Paragraph 2.3.2.
（1）测压管吹扫系统的投运
Operation of the Purge System of pressure taps
测压管吹扫系统应投运，通过测压管将少量的空气送入炉室内，测压管应定期地进
行人工吹扫，吹扫时将仪表用的压缩空气吹入。吹扫的频率由经验决定。当进行吹扫时，
为保护吹扫系统的仪表，需将相应的阀门关闭。
The pressure tap purge system shall be put into operation. Blow a small amount
of air into the bed through the pressure taps. Periodically, the pressure taps shall be
manually purged with a blast of compressed air used for instrument. The frequency of
this purging must be determined by experience. Always close the appropriate valves
to protect the purge system’s instrumentation when the compressed air purge is to be
performed.
对于锅炉空气侧及烟气侧的所有其它测压管可以采取类似程序。
A similar procedure shall be used for all other pressure taps on the air and gas
sides of the boiler.
（2）检查并确认所有安全阀中水压试验用的塞盖或堵板已从安全阀中拆除。
Check and make sure the test gags and/or plugs are removed from all safety
valves.
（3）检查公用系统、动力、点火用的燃料及主燃料，以及已经过处理的给水供给情况，
并确信合格可用。
Check the availabilities of oil fuel, main fuel, public utility services, power, and
treated feedwater supply.
（4）检查所有阀门和挡板运转情况。
Check the availabilities of all valves and dampers.
（5）检查床下风道点火器及锅炉的所有辅助设备，并且确认有关阀门都处在适当的开
启或者关闭位置。
Check the start-up (in-duct) burner and all boiler auxiliaries, assuring that all of
them are operable and that associated valves are in their proper open or
closed positions.
（6）检查所有的膨胀限位及指示完好，且指示正确。
Check availability of all the expansion limit and indication, and ensure the
proper indication.
（7）检查锅筒各处壁温测量用热电偶的完好状况。
Check availability of thermocouples of drum metal temperature in all locations.

（8）检查所有的床温、灰温、烟风温、汽水温度、壁温热电偶测点的完好状况。
Check availability of thermocouples of measuring points for the bed
temperature, ash temperature, gas & air temperature, steam & water
temperature and metal temperature.
（9）检查所有的流量测量元件的完好状况。
Check availability of flow measuring instruments.
（10）在检查并确认无人在炉内后，关闭所有人孔门及观察孔，并将放在准备投运设
备上的所有安全标签去掉。
Close all access doors and observation ports after it is proven that no one is
inside the unit. Remove all safety tags on the equipment to be put into service.
（11）在机组上水前，将锅炉有关阀门，包括放气阀、疏水阀及仪表用阀门置于下列
状态：
Set the boiler vent valves, drainage valves and instrument valves as per the
following stipulations before water feeding:
VALVE DESCRIPTION POSITION
HTS outlet PCV Valve Set at 10.16 MPa(g)
HTS outlet Safety Valve Set at 10.26 MPa(g)
Steam Drum Safety Valve Set at 11.77 MPa(g)
Main Feedwater Gate Valve Closed
Feedwater bypass Gate Valve Open
Feedwater bypass Control Valve Open
Main Feedwater Check Valve Automatic
Saturated Steam Pipe Vent Open
Drum Pressure Transfer Stop Valve Open
Drum Water gauge Stop Valve Open
Drum Water gauge drain Closed
Drum Chemical Feed Closed
Drum Emergency Discharge Closed
Drum Continuous Blowdown Closed
Drum Water Sampling Closed
Drum Pressure Instrumentation Valve Open
Saturated Steam Sampling Closed
Downcomer Drain Closed

Eco. recirculation Stop Valve Open
WW Lower Header Periodic Blowdown Closed
Connection Pipes of Cyclone Lower Inlet Header Open
Drain
Connection Pipes between Cyclone Upper Header Open
and Upper Header of Side Wall Vent
LTS Outlet Header Vent Open
HRA Front & Rear Wall Upper header Vent Open
Rear Pass Front Wall Header, Rear Wall Header, Open
Side Wall Lower Header Drain
PSH Inlet Header Drain Open
PSH Outlet Header Vent Open
HTS Inlet Header Drain Open
HTS Outlet Header Vent Open
HTS Outlet Pressure Instrumentation Connection Open
HTS Outlet Discharge Automatic
SH desuperheater Manual Stop valve Closed
（12）第一次上水可通过主给水旁路经省煤器系统向锅炉注入合格的水，或用冷凝水
储存转移系统给锅炉加水。
Fill the boiler with qualified water via By-pass Feed Control Valve to the
economizer system, or via condensate deposited transfer system.
（13）上水时，当相应部件的放气阀溢水时，就关闭放气阀。上水温度应控制在 20℃～

70℃范围内，且应不低于锅筒壁温。
The temperature of the water shall be in the range of 20℃～70℃ and shall not
be below the temperature of the drum metal. Close the vent valve when the
water overflows.
（14）检查锅筒电接点水位计在主控室内运转情况，并同双色水位计的读数做准确的
比较。
Check operation conditions of the drum electrode water gauge in the control
room and compare their values with bi-colour water gauge readings.
（15）检查所有压力计及风压表是否已经标定，其功能是否合适。
Check whether all pressure and draft gauges have been calibrated and work
properly.
（16）检查所有安全联锁装置以保证正确动作。
Check all safety interlocks for proper operation.
（17）验证锅筒双色水位计显示的水位清晰可见。
Verify that the drum level is visible in the bi-colour water gauges.
（18）检查所有驱动装置的润滑及冷却系统符合制造厂提出的技术要求，在需要冷却
的地方，必须能获得冷却水。
Check all lubricating and cooling systems for all driving facilities, make sure
they can meet the manufacturers’ technical requirements and all cooling
mediums are available for equipment that requires cooled.
（19）烟、风道挡板位置见下述，挡板位置在主控室显示，此时，所有燃料、石灰石
和其它手操隔绝和/或滑动闸门挡板应关闭。
The positions of dampers in the air ducts and gas flues, displayed in the control
room, are as follows. All fuel, limestone and other manual isolation and / or
slide gate dampers should be closed at this time.
DAMPER DESCRIPTION POSITION
ID Fan Inlet Vanes Open
Primary and Secondary FD Fan Inlet Vanes Open
Limestone Inlet Closed
Upper Secondary Air Open
In-Duct Burner & Furnace Fluidizing Air Open
Loop seal Up leg and Down leg Fluidizing Air Open
Loop seal Bottom Fluidizing Air Open
Lower Secondary Air Open
Coal Feeder Inlet Slide Gate Closed
Loop seal Blower Outlet Control Damper Open
Fuel Air Fan Open
Fuel Feeder Seal Air Open
Roller Ash Cooler Inlet Motor-Driven Valve Closed
吹扫
2.3.2. Purging
在每次冷态启动前及切断主燃料后的启动前，必须对炉膛、旋风分离器及尾部受热
面区域进行吹扫。锅炉的吹扫定义为所有风机在自动方式（或最小值）下运转 5 分钟，
以带走可燃气体，以得到清洁的空气和烟气流程，并确保所有燃料源与燃烧室隔离。在
对锅炉进行吹扫和床下风道点火器点火前，对床下风道点火器以后的风道及风室进行内
部检查是十分重要的，其目的是检查床料的漏落情况。所有漏落在风道及风室内的床料
都应清除掉，以防止在吹扫时风帽被堵塞。吹扫程序如下：
Prior to each cold start-up or start-up after a main fuel trip (MFT), the heating
surfaces of furnace, cyclones and rear pass must be purged. The definition for the
purge of the boiler is that all the fans operate 5 minute with auto mode (or the
minimum value) to carry off the combustible gas, gain cleanly air (gas) flow, and
segregate the fuels from the combustion chamber. Prior to purge and igniting in-duct
burner, it is essential to perform an internal inspection for the combustion air duct at
the downstream of the in-duct burner for checking the bed material leakage condition.
All bed materials shall be removed from the duct and the plenum to avoid the plugging
of grid nozzles. The following steps must be taken for purging:
（1）确认不存在热态启动工况（平均床温低于 650℃）。
Ensure that no hot start-up condition exists. (The average bed temperature is
less than 650℃.)
（2）确认锅炉处于主燃料切除状态，但不存在主燃料切断（MFT）工况。
Ensure that the boiler is in MFT state but no MFT condition exists.
（3）确认床下点火装置的供油阀关闭。
Ensure that the oil supply valve to the in-duct burner is closed.
（4）核实所有石灰石及燃料给料机处于切断状态，床料除灰系统关闭。
Check that all limestone and fuel feeders are off and bed material removal
system is off.
（5）按下述方法启动引风机、”U”阀风机、送风机。
Start the induced draft (ID), forced draft (FD), loop seal blowers as per the
following steps:
警告
在启动每一风机前，首先保证从送风机入口到烟囱的空气通路畅通无阻，以防止
炉膛及烟风道由正压或负压引起损坏。
CAUTION
PRIOR TO STRATING A FAN, IT IS NECESSARY TO INSURE A

UNBLOCKED AIR FLOW PATH FROM THE FD FAN INLET TO THE
STACK TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OF DAMAGES OF THE
FURNACE AND DUCTWORK DUE TO POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
PRESSURE.
注意
总的顺序为先启动两台”U”阀风机，然后引风机和一、二次风机，调节风量，准
备锅炉吹扫。随着锅炉吹扫，操作员应使控制处于自动方式。吹扫完成后，所有这些
风机将保持在随后的启动运行状态。
NOTE
The general sequence is to start the loop seal blowers firstly,

then the ID fan, the Primary and Secondary air fan. Air flow is
then set as per purge requirements and all fans are switched to
auto mode. After the purging has been accomplished, the fans
shall be operable for subsequent start-up.
1) 启动两台”U”阀风机
Start two loop seal blowers.
启动两台”U”阀风机，并将每路”U”阀空气喷嘴通风率控制在表 1 中（93℃)给出的
数值。
Start two Loop seal blowers. Control the loop seal aeration rates within the
values listed in attached Table 1 (93℃).
在试运行阶段，通过输入到”U”阀运行系统的程序来实现”U”阀运行的自动控制。机
组运行期间，调节各风口风量并不十分重要，但应密切监视”U”阀运行情况，以防止下
步启动时出现异常或麻烦。
Loop seal operation is automatically controlled by a program input to the system
in the pre-commissioning stage. Adjustment of air flows to the various aeration taps
shall not be necessary during unit operation. However, Loop seal operation shall be
monitored closely to prevent the occurrence of abnormality or trouble at subsequent

start-up.
在启动调试时，按下列运行步骤运行(并对通风率进行细小调节)。需要说明的是，”U”
阀具有自平衡功能，机组调试完成后，各风口风量一般无需调节。以下步骤主要是针对
调试和启动而言。
The following steps should be performed (minor adjustment of aeration flow rates
shall be done) during the start-up debugging. It is necessary to indicate that the Loop
seal has amount of self-balance ability. Further adjustment may not be needed in
normal operation for Loop seal. The following steps are applicable for the debugging
and startup.
(a) 正确运行参数见表 1 和附图 4。
Refer to Table 1, Fig.4 for proper operating parameters.
Table1： Loop seal Aeration Rates
Temperature （℃） 70 847

Downflow leg Air Flow（Nm3/h）
A Air Nozzles 609 653
A1~A4 Aeration Taps 102 31
Subtotals： 711 684
Upflow leg Air Flow（Nm3/h）
B Air Nozzles 2031 2177

Subtotals： 2235 2239
Totals： 2946 2923
注 : （1）本台锅炉回料器左右各一，此所示均为右型回料器；
（2）回料器风机选用小风量，高压头罗茨风机，回料器风箱压力为 48.6kPa；
（3）字符说明：
A，B ---- 风箱充气管 C ---- 加料管 P1 ~ P7 ---- 测压管
D1，D2 ---- 排渣管 M ---- 人孔门 A1 ~ A20 ---- 充气管
(b) 将”U”阀上升管和下降管风室风量置于自动方式。
(c) 置”U”阀风机压力调节阀为自动方式，并检查其功能是否正常。
(d) 置各充气管路阀门开度为 65%。
(e) 置上升管、下降管各充气管路流量控制为自动。
(f) 确认各通风口管路中的流量。
如上述任何一条管路出现无流量指示，可能是通风口堵塞所致，消除故障的办法是
采用高压风对该管路进行吹扫，确保管路畅通。
Note: (1) There are two material recycle device(left & right), and this is the
right one;
(2) The High Pressure Fluidizing Fan with small air flow and high pressure is
used for the loop seal, and the pressure of windbox in material recycle device
is 48.6kPa;
(3) Explain for the character:
A, B—air-filled pipe for windbox C—material feeder pipe P1~P7—pressure

taps
D1, D2—discharge ducts M—access doors A1~A20—air-filled pipe
(b) Switch loop seal upflow leg / downflow leg plenum air flow controls to auto
mode.
(c) Switch loop seal blower pressure control valve to auto mode and check
whether it functions properly.
(d) Set shut-off valves to each aeration tap to a 65% open position.
(e) Switch upflow leg and downflow leg aeration flow controls to auto mode.
(f) Confirm air flow in each aeration tap line.
If there is no flow indication in any line, this trouble may be caused by plugging of
the tap, which shall be cleared by high pressure air purge.
注意
机组运行期间不得采用机械方法（如棍棒捅）疏通该堵塞管路！
CAUTION
No attempt to mechanically dredge the line shall be performed when the

unit is in service.
(g) 记录各通风率，”U”阀温度，并与表 1 比较。
Register aeration air flow rates and loop seal temperature and compare them
with the values in Table 1.
(h) 当通风率远离表 1 给出数值时，应对通风率进行调整直至满意为止，将通风控
制置于手操方式，在记录压差值同时，按 14Nm3/h 增量调整风量，在稳定最低

压差值的基础上建立风量。
When air flow rates that differ greatly from the values given in Table 1, they
shall be adjusted until they are acceptable. Switch the aeration control to
manual mode. Adjust air flow as per 14Nm3/h increments while recording
pressure differences. Set air flow based on the lowest stable pressure
difference.
(i) 为疏通多个已堵塞的或已无法工作的充气口，尽快停炉是必要的。倘已无法工
作的或已堵塞的通风口已查明，并且与之相邻的其它水平或垂直通风口无堵塞
现象，机组可以维持短时间运行。当证实有数个通风口无法工作时，机组必须
强行停炉以免”U”阀堵塞。
It is necessary for shutdown to dredge multiple plugged or inoperable aeration
taps as soon as possible. The unit may keep on operating for a short time
provided the inoperable or plugged aeration tap is found out and the horizontal
or vertical taps adjacent to it are not plugged. It is necessary for shutdown
forcedly to avoid the occurrence of plugging of loop seal when several taps are
inoperable.
(j) 分别记录 40%、60%、80%和 100%ECR 负荷下的”U”阀风量、风压和风温。如

有必要，按步骤（h）进行调整。
Register loop seal aeration flows, pressures and temperatures under 40%,
60%, 80% and 100% BECR respectively. If necessary, perform the adjustment
procedure stipulated in step (h).
2) 启动引风机。
Start the ID fan.
(a)确保所有燃料和烟风道挡板处在第 2.3.1 条，步骤 19 规定的位置。
Ensure that all fuel and flue duct dampers are in the positions specified in
Paragraph 2.3.1, Step 19.
(b)关闭引风机进口调节导流叶片，闭合引风机断路开关，启动引风机电动机，一
旦电动机运转并达到规定转速，调节引风机进口调节风门以调节炉膛负压。
Close the ID fan inlet control vanes and ID fan breaker to start up the motor.
Once the motor starts running and the speed reaches the stipulated speed, the
inlet control port of ID fan shall be adjusted to control the furnace pressure.
3）启动二次风机、一次风机，关闭风机进口调节风门，闭合送风机断路开关使电
动机运转。风机电动机运转正常后，调节风机进口调节风门以调整燃烧。进行这
一步骤时，应先启动二次风机，待二次风机启动完毕，将二次风量调节到最小，
再启动一次风机。
Start the secondary/primary fan. Close the fan inlet control vanes and fan
breaker to start up the motor. Once the motor starts running, the inlet control
vanes shall be adjusted to control combustion. However, when conducting this
step, the secondary air fan shall be started firstly, and after the completion of its
startup, the secondary air flow shall be adjusted to minimum, and then start the
primary FD fan.
4）控制系统自动将机组调节到“准备吹扫”状态。
Adjusted automatically by the control system, the unit is ready for purge.
5）按下列方法向”U”阀和炉膛布风板加入初始床料：燃烧室和 U 阀加床料是 CFB

锅炉投入使用的先期步骤之一，没有足够的床料不能实现 CFB 的循环燃烧。
Charge the loop seal and furnace bed with initial materials as per the following
method: Charging the loop seal and furnace bed is the prior step before the CFB
boiler operation, and the circular combustion of the CFB depended on the
enough materials.
（1）开始填充”U”阀时，应使”U”阀在上流料腿和下流料腿间形成密封（由床料填充实
现）。床料应从”U”阀床料填充口添加。此时，”U”阀风机必须投入运行以提供必要的
风量，而且床料的粒径必须恰当。
When each loop seal is charged with initial materials, a seal shall form between its
upflow leg and downflow leg (by filled with bed materials). The materials shall be
added through the loop seal filling port. The loop seal blower must be in service to
supply necessary air during this operation, and the size of materials must be
proper.
（2）向炉膛布风板加入床料时，初始床料可以是粗石灰石也可以是炉渣，粒度为 0～
3mm。加入量依炉膛的大小而定，折算静止料层高度为 600～800mm。
The furnace bed shall be charged with initial bed materials, namely rough
limestone or burned material with 0～3mm particle size, until a still bed of
600~800mm depth forms.
6）至少以全风量的 25%（不得超过 40%）吹扫机组至少 5 分钟。
Purge the unit with at least 25% (but not greater than 40%) total air flow for 5
minutes at least.
7）锅炉吹扫完成后，恢复主燃料切除状态（MFT）并执行下述各条：
After the boiler has been completely purged, reconvert the main fuel trip (MFT)
state and perform the following actions:
（1) 所有二次风调节挡板应处于最小开度位置。
All secondary air control dampers shall be at minimum open position.
（2) 维持相当于 1.2m/s 流化风速的风量。
Maintain the air flow equivalent to 1.2m/sec fluidizing velocity.
（3) 按给定的位置将下述设备就位：
Position the following parts or devices in the stipulated positions:
(a) 将风道点火器和炉膛流化风（至风室）调节挡板就位，以建立合适的燃烧
风量。
Position the in-duct burner and furnace fluidizing air (to plenum) control
dampers in the stipulated positions for proper combustion air quantity.
(b) 调整一次风机进口风门以建立 73194mn3/h（附图 3，1.2m/s，600℃）的

最小流化风量。
Establish the minimum combustion air flow of 73194Nm3/h (Fig.3,

1.2m/s, 600℃) by adjusting primary fan inlet vanes.
(c) 保证床下风道点火器的燃料供应、吹扫管路畅通。
Ensure that the fuel supply and purging line of the in-duct burner are
unblocked.
暖机
2.3.3. Warming the Unit

警告
点火前，炉膛布风板上必须填充有床料，机组已吹扫，“U 阀”也必须填充有床料。
注意
附图 5 和附图 3 分别是静止床料高度与床层压差和流化速率与风量对应曲线。通
过测定通往炉膛下部床层的风量，使用附图 3 便可在给定的床温下确定流化速度。当燃
用其它燃料时，表面流化速度不应低于 1.2m/s，该速度为维持流化所要求的最小表面
流化速度。同时压差可在主控室表盘上读到。
警告
为避免锅筒过度的热应力，锅筒上、下壁温差不应超过 50℃，根据金属壁温显示仪
表的读数监视锅筒上、下壁温差。
CAUTION
PRIOR TO IGNITION, THE FURNACE MUST BE CHARGED WITH

BED MATERIALS, THE UNIT HAS BEEN PURGED AND THE
LOOP SEAL MUST ALSO BE CHARGED WITH BED MATERIALS.
NOTE
Figure 5 and Figure 3 are curves of still bed height versus bed
differential pressure, and fluidizing velocity versus air flow,
respectively. Figure 3 may be used to obtain the fluidizing
velocity at a given bed temperature by measuring air flow to bed
bottom. While firing other fuels, the superficial fluidizing velocity
shall not be allowed to drop below 1.2m/sec, the minimum
superficial fluidizing velocity required to maintain fluidization.
These differential pressures shall be read on the control room
panel.
CAUTION
TO PROTECT THE DRUM FROM UNDUE THERMAL STRESS, THE METAL

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE
DRUM SHALL NOT EXCEED 50℃. THE DRUM METAL TEMPERATURE SHALL
BE MONITORED BY THE VALUE OF THE INDICATED INSTRUMENT.
（1）确认省煤器进口至锅筒的两个再循环截止阀处在开启位置。将下列疏水阀先处于
关闭状态，然后再开启 1/2 转。
Make sure the two recirculation shut-off valves from the economizer inlet to the
drum are open. First fully close the following drain valves and then open them
by 1/2 turn:
1) 旋风分离器下部环形集箱进口连接管疏水阀
2) 左、右侧包墙下集箱疏水阀
3) 前、后包墙下集箱（低过进口集箱）疏水阀
4) 屏式过热器进口集箱疏水阀
5) 高温过热器进口集箱疏水阀
Cyclone lower circular header inlet pipe drains

HRA side wall lower header drains
HRA front & rear wall lower header (LTS inlet header) drains
PSH inlet header drains
HTS inlet header drains
（2）按照床下点火装置产品说明点燃床下点火器。由观察口观察点火情况以便确保燃
烧良好（火焰质量）。
The in-duct burner shall be ignited as per the manufacturer’s instruction.

Observe the ignition condition via the observation ports to ensure good
combustion.
（3）按制造厂商说明，以手动方式以最低速度使石灰石给料系统投入运行（包括石灰
石给料风机）。在启动前、启动期间和运行期间，核实并监视各旋转设备的运转
情况。
According to the manufacturer’s instruction, the limestone feeder system
(including limestone feed blowers) shall be put into service manually at a
minimum speed. Verify and monitor the operation conditions of rotating

equipment prior to start-up, during start-up and during operation.
注意
运行期间视具体情况进行床料补充
NOTE
Bed materials shall be added as required during operation.
（4）监视氧量以便确定是否实现完全燃烧。
Monitor the O2 content to ascertain the complete combustion.
（5）确认床下点火器点火后，在最小的燃烧速度基础上，投入自动温度控制系统。
After the in-duct burner has been ignited, the automatic temperature control
system shall be put into service on the base of minimum firing rate.
（6）加热床料并使锅筒升压。通过调整床下风道点火器的燃烧速度控制锅筒升压、升
温速度不超过 50℃/h 。
Heat the bed materials and raise the drum pressure. Firing rate shall be
regulated to increase drum pressure and temperature at a rate not exceeding

50℃/h by regulating the temperature control on the in-duct burner.
（7）通过调整燃烧将床下风道点火器出口烟气温度控制在 1000℃且风室风温 870℃
以下，在此期间，温升率建议不超过 28℃/每 20～30 分钟，根据床温上升情况

按照点火油燃烧器说明书投入床上油枪。
Adjust combustion to control the gas temperature at the in-duct burner outlet
below 1000℃ and wind box air temperature lower 870℃, during this period,
the temperature increment rate not exceeding 28℃ every 20 to 30 minutes.
The over-bed burner shall be put into service according to the bed temperature
rising as per the burner instruction.
（8）当机组被加热并且已建立锅筒压力时，检查锅筒金属壁温和水位。
While the unit has been heated up and the drum pressure has been gained, the
drum metal temperature and drum level shall be checked.
（9）将床温提高到 468℃，同时维持 73194mn3/h 的燃烧风量。机组加热期间，锅筒

水位将会上升，利用连续排污阀和给水调速泵使锅筒水位维持在允许范围内。为
维持锅筒水位、排除固态杂质，必要时可同时使用紧急放水和连续排污。
Raise the bed temperature to 468℃ and maintain a combustion air flow of
73194Nm3/h. During the heating of the unit, the drum level will rise. Maintain
the drum level within the allowable range by the continuous blowdown valve
and the feedwater control pump. To maintain the drum level and discharge the
impurity, the emergency discharge valve and continuous blowdown valve may
be used simultaneously if necessary.
注意
在任何情况下，下降管及水冷壁疏水阀不得用作放水阀，否则将破坏水循环。
NOTE
Under no circumstances shall downcomer or water wall drain

valves be used as blow- off valves, or the water circle will be
destroyed.
（10）当锅筒压力达到 0.069～0.103MPa（表压）时，关闭下列放气阀：
1) 饱和蒸汽引出管放气阀
2) 前后包墙上集箱放气阀
3) 旋风分离器上集箱至侧包墙上集箱连接管放气阀
4) 低温过热器出口集箱放气阀
5) 高温过热器出口集箱放气阀
6) 屏过出口集箱放气阀
When the drum pressure reaches 0.069～0.103MPa(g), close the following

vent valves:
Drum vents (on transfer pipes between drum and rear pass)
HRA front & rear wall upper header vents
Cyclone to HRA connecting pipe vents
LTS outlet header vents
HTS outlet header vents

PSH outlet header vents
（11）当指示蒸汽流量大于锅炉额定流量 10%时全关下列疏水阀门：
1) 旋风分离器下部环形集箱入口连接管疏水阀
2) 左、右侧包墙下集箱疏水阀
3) 低温、高温过热器进口集箱疏水阀
4) 屏过进口集箱疏水阀
When the steam flow is greater than 10% of the boiler rated capacity,
completely close the following drain valves:
Cyclone lower circular header inlet pipe drains

HRA side wall lower header drains
LTS,HTS inlet header drains
PSH inlet header drains
（12）此时，高温过热器出口集箱主蒸汽连接管上的各疏水阀仍应一直打开，以保证
所有蒸汽回路里的水都能被疏走。
At this time, the drain valve(s) at the downstream of the HTS outlet header shall
remain open to ensure that all water is drained from the steam circuit.
（13）在锅筒压力达到约 0.17MPa(表压)后，再借助于短期排污操作，检查锅筒双色
水位计的水位指示，在对该双色水位计/水位组件进行排污期间，有必要试验低水
位燃料切除保护是否起作用，以排除不必要的机组切除。维持双色水位计可见水
位。由于系统中的水的膨胀，锅筒内水位将上升，根据需要可打开锅筒连续排污
阀和紧急放水阀，进行锅筒放水。
After the drum pressure reaches approximately 0.17 MPa.g, recheck the
indications of the drum bi-colour water gauge by means of a short-term
blowdown operation. During the blowdown of the gauge glass / water column
assembly, it is necessary to check whether the low water level fuel trip
functions to eliminate unnecessary trip of the unit. Maintain the visible water
level in the gauge glass. The water level in the drum will rise due to swelling of
water in the system and drain the drum as required by opening the drum
continuous blowdown and/or emergency discharge valves.
（14）将锅筒水位控制置于单元制自动控制状态。
Switch the drum level control to the unit automatic mode.
（15）在升压过程及正常运行时，注意维持锅水含硅量和含盐量在允许的数值范围内。
如果锅水含硅量或含盐量超过标准极限，应采用锅筒连续排污阀对锅水进行排污，
直至降到允许的范围之内。若含量超过相应压力下的推荐值，不允许继续升压。
If the boiler water silica or salt content is above the recommended limit, the drum
water shall be drained by the drum continuous blowdown valve until it is kept within
the recommended limit. No further increase in pressure should be allowed until the
content is below the respective pressure value.
（16）继续加热以建立锅筒压力，继续加热床料。若有必要，在暖机期间向炉膛投入
石灰石以维持床料总量，床料总量的多少根据床压信号来确定。
Continue heating to build up the drum pressure and heat the bed material. If
necessary, feed limestone into the furnace during the warm-up of the boiler to
maintain the bed material gross, which is indicated by bed pressure signals.
（17）如需要从高温过热器内排水时，主蒸汽连接管上的对空排汽阀可间断打开，但
是只有当锅炉压力达到 3.45MPa(表压)时, 才能采用这种方法。
If it becomes necessary to discharge water from the high temp. superheater,

the discharge stop valve on the main steam connecting pipeline can be opened
discontinuously. However, this method may be used when the boiler pressure
reaches 3.45MPa.g.
启动（投煤）
2.3.4. Start-up (Fuel Filling)
下述程序必须结合锅炉和主蒸汽管道（其它厂商提供）一起来完成，从而为锅炉产
生的蒸汽保持一条畅通管路。
The following procedure shall be performed in combination of the boiler and main
steam piping (supplied by the other manufacturer), so that an unblocked flow path can
be maintained for the steam produced by the circulating fluidized bed boiler.
（1）按制造厂商的说明将除灰系统投入运行。
Put the ash handling system in service as per the manufacturer’s instruction.
（2）打开喷水减温器手动截止阀，将汽温控制回路置于自动方式，设定所希望的温度。
Open the manual stop valves for spray desuperheaters. Switch the steam
temperature control loop to automatic mode with the desired steam
temperature set.
（3）床温达到 540℃后，启动两台给煤机（左右炉膛区域各一台），并将其出力调至
额定给煤量的 15%，运行 5 分钟后，关闭给煤机，监视氧量和平均床温以建立一
个总体时间趋势概念。在头几分钟时间里，平均床温应总体降低，随后再升高，而
氧量一开始维持不变，随后在平均床温升高之前，开始减小。记录将入炉的燃料全
部完全燃尽所需的时间周期。这一时间周期应由开始给料起计，一直到出现最高平
均床温和最低氧量止。现场在摸索熟悉后，可将此周期设定，但应注意煤质的不同
会使周期发生变化。另外，随着运行经验的积累和燃煤品质的深入了解，投煤温度
可适当降低。
When the bed temperature is above 540℃, start two coal feeders (one at left
side and one at right side of the furnace) and adjust their capacity to 15% of the
rated capacity. Operate the two coal feeders under this capacity for 5 minutes
and then shut down them. Monitor O2 content and average bed temperature
(ABT) to establish a total concept of time trend. During the first several minutes,
the average bed temperature shall decrease and then start increasing. O2
content shall remain steady initially and then begin to decrease before the
average bed temperature rises. Register a time cycle required for the complete
burn-out of the fuel fed into the furnace. This time cycle shall start from the fuel
feeding to the occurrence of the highest average bed temperature and lowest
O2 content. The time cycle may be set based on the plant experience, but it
may vary with varied fuels. The initial fuel feeding temperature of the boiler can
be decreased properly through enough operation experience on the boiler and
embedded understanding of the fuel.
注意
在上述过程中，监视各床温热电偶，给料点附近局部温度通常会降低，
离给煤点越远，温度越高。
NOTE
Monitor each bed thermocouples during the above procedure. Usually, the
temperature at the feed points will decrease locally while the temperature
adjacent to the feed points will increase gradually.
（4）再次启动两台给煤机，并将其出力调至额定给煤量的 15%，再进行一次 5 分钟
的供料，关闭该给煤机。监视平均床温和氧量，在达到尖峰床温时刻之前，再次以
15%额定出力启动给煤机，然后添加燃料再保持 5 分钟。
Start two coal feeders again and adjust their capacity to 15% of the rated
capacity. Operate the two coal feeders under this capacity for 5 minutes and then
shut down them.
（5）重复步骤 3 和 4，使平均床温逐渐升至 580℃。当获得平均床温和氧量间良好的
对应关系后，给煤机可投入正常运行。锅炉负荷增加可通过加大给料机出力实现，
随着平均床温的升高，一次给料燃烧率也将增加。这实际上会缩短给煤周期。随着
给煤量的增加，必须采取相应措施以免对锅炉过量给饲，否则，一些指示仪表会显
示出给煤不成比例的指示。氧量将迅速减小，也许降至零，平均床温将会连续地大
幅度上升。按过量给煤程度不同，可分别采取措施：
Repeat Steps 3 and 4 to gradually increase the average bed temperature (ABT)
to 580℃. Once a good coincidence relation between ABT and O2 content forms,
the feeders can be put into normal operation. Boiler load can then be increased
by increasing feeder capacity. As ABT increases, the combustion rate for the fuel
feeding will also increase. This will actually cause a shortening of feeding period.
As the feeding rate increases, some measures must be taken to avoid the
excessive fuel feeding. If the unit has been overfed with fuel, several indicators
will show disproportionate changes. O2 content will decrease rapidly, perhaps to

zero. ABT will rise sharply. The following actions can be done according to the
degree of excessive fuel feeding:
1) 静待燃料燃完，但不得额外添加燃料，监视这一趋势。
Do not add fuel into the furnace prior to the burn-out of the fuel and monitor
the trends.
2) 增加石灰石或床料补给率，可吸收增加了的热量。
Increase limestone or bed material make-up rate to absorb the increased heat
release.
3) 减小流化床风量使炉膛处于不充分燃烧状态。
Lower the air supply to the bed to make the furnace keep the insufficient
combustion condition.
（6）当氧量继续减小, 并且当床温升高至 650℃时，逐渐开始增加燃烧风量，使之达
到 73194mn3/h 以上，与此同时，降低床下燃烧器温度至 540℃，此时，要保持

一定的风煤比。
As O2 content continues to decrease and the bed temperature increases to
650℃, the combustion air flow shall be increases gradually so that it is above
73194Nm3/h and, at the same time, the in-duct burner temperature shall be
decreased to 540℃. At this time, a proper air-fuel ratio shall be maintained.
（7）启动时，应采取下述方法维持要求的过热汽温：
The required superheating steam temperatures shall be maintained during

start-up by means of the following methods:
经过减温器喷水后使进入高温过热器的蒸汽温度至少有约 11℃的过热度，喷水
减温后汽温最小限值参见附图 6。
After being desuperheated by the desuperheaters, the temperature of the
superheating steam entering the HTS shall has an overheating degree not less
than 11℃. See Figure 6 for this steam temperature limits.
（8）当达到合适的汽压和汽温，可进行汽轮机的暖机，冲转和升速。
Warm, start up and synchronize the turbine when the proper steam pressure
and temperature are obtained.
（9）当汽轮机达到同步转速和给水流量达到稳定后，或者当蒸汽流量大于 7%时，关

闭省煤器至锅筒再循环管路上的截止阀。
When the turbine reaches synchronous speed and constant feedwater flow has
been maintained, or when the steam flow is greater than 7%, close shut-off
valves of the economizer recirculating line.
（10）当进入汽机蒸汽量达到其额定汽量 10%时，关闭高温过热器出口集箱及以后管

道疏水阀。
As the amount of steam delivered to the turbine reaches 10% of the boiler rated
capacity, close the drain valves at the downstream of the HTS outlet.
（11）当运行条件许可，可将锅筒水位、过热蒸汽温度和风量设置为自动控制。
With the permission of operation conditions, switch the drum level,

superheated steam temperature and air flow controls to automatic mode.
（12）在逐渐增加燃煤量的同时，逐渐减小床下风道点火器出力，直至床温高于 780℃

且氧量稳定。
Gradually decrease the in-duct burner firing rate while gradually increase the
fuel feeding rate, the bed temperature is above 780℃ and O2 content is stable.
（13）关闭床下点火器同时，调整燃烧风量和燃煤量以使床温达到约 860℃，并维持

氧量在 3.5%。
Adjust the combustion air flow and fuel flow to establish the bed temperature of
860℃ while shutting down the in-duct burner, and maintain 3.5% O2.
（14）在正常运行时，石灰石供给率将随供煤量按比例改变。石灰石与煤量的比值，
应按排烟中 SO2 的浓度进行修正。
During the normal operation, the limestone feeding rate will vary with the fuel
feeding rate proportionally. The ratio shall be modified according to the

concentration of SO2 in exhaust gas.
（15）此时，按下述步骤开始投运冷渣器。
At this time, operate the ash coolers as follows:
1) 当炉膛床位达到灰排放所需要高度时，才允许炉膛向冷渣器排渣。
When the furnace bed pressure reaches the point which extraction desires, it
is allowed to begin solids extraction.
2) 确认除渣系统运转正常。
Make sure that the ash disposal system is operational.
3) 慢慢开启进渣管道上隔离阀，炉膛开始排渣。
Slowly open the isolation valve to the transition line to begin solids extraction.
4) 在冷渣器里的灰渣经过冷却到排渣温度后，通过调节滚筒冷渣器转速，使炉膛
进渣和冷渣器排渣达到最终动态平衡，此平衡可通过监视炉膛床压和冷渣器的
转速，保持二者的匹配稳定而实现。
When ash in cooler is cooled to extraction temperature, rotational speed of
ash cooler should be adjusted to keep the dynamic balance between furnace
discharge and ash cooler discharge, which can be realized through

supervising the bed pressure and the rotational speed of ash cooler.
（16）此时，通过锅炉主控系统可将机组负荷升至 100%MCR，下述导则应遵循：
The unit load can be raised to 100% (MCR) by using the boiler master control.
The following guidelines should be complied with:
1）流化床运行时建议炉膛床压不得大于 1000mmH2O, 或压差小于 380mmH2O，

压差小于 380mmH2O 将使布风板管子过热和风帽磨损。
Do not operate the bed at a pressure difference greater than 1000mmH2O
or less than 380mmH2O. The 380mmH2O limit is to protect the grid tubes
from overheating and abrasion.
2）锅炉不得在蒸汽流量大于 430t/h 的情况下运行。
Do not operate the boiler when the steam output is greater than 430t/h.
热态启动
2.4 HOT RESTART
锅炉可以停炉一段时间而处于热备用状态（压火热备用）。当锅炉压火时，应首先
停止供煤，并监视锅炉出口处的氧量，一旦氧量值开始上升，停止向炉膛供风，以使流
化床热损失减到最小。氧量增加说明料层大多数燃料已经被燃尽，因而可以通过将风量
减少至零而安全地进行压火热备用。而后停止送、引风机和石灰石给饲系统风机，在上
述风机和其它风机停运后，”U”阀风机仍应继续保持运行。
The boiler may be shut down for a period of time and held in the hot condition
(slump but ready to operate again). When the boiler is to be hot slumped, the fuel
feeding shall be stopped and the O2 content at the boiler exit should be monitored. As
soon as the O2 content starts to increase, stop the fluidizing air flow to the furnace to
minimize bed heat loss. This O2 content increase indicates that most of the fuel has
been burned out and the bed can be slumped by decreasing fluidizing air flow to zero.
The FD, ID, fuel feeding sweep air fans and the limestone feeding system blowers
shall be stopped. The loop seal blower shall remain in operation after the other
blowers are shut down.
注意
为避免”U”阀组件被损坏，”U”阀风机应一直运行到”U”阀被冷却到 260℃以
下。若是紧急停炉，可不受这个限制，直接关闭 U 阀风机。
关闭所有阀门和空气挡板，以使热损失最小，此时，因为炉膛没有燃烧, 所以锅筒
压力会降低，但必须保持锅筒适当水位。
注意
所谓锅炉的热备用是指平均床温(压火后)仍高于 650℃的状态，如果平均床
温低于 650℃，则重新启动时应按照第 2.3 条冷态启动程序。
NOTE
To prevent damage to loop seal components, the loop seal blower

shall keep on operating until the loop seal has been cooled to the
temperature below 260℃. If emergency shutdown happens, the
U-valve blower should be closed directly with no limit.
All valves and air control dampers are closed to minimize heat loss. No firing is
maintained in the furnace; therefore, the pressure in the steam drum will decrease,
but proper drum level must be maintained.
NOTE
A hot condition is one in which the average bed temperature (after

being slumped) is above 650℃. If the average bed temperature is
below 650℃, follow the procedures described for a cold start-up in
Paragraph 2.3.
z 锅炉热态启动应遵循下述程序：
To start up the boiler in a hot condition, the following procedure shall be followed:
（1）检查锅筒水位。如果有必要，将锅筒水位调整到正常水位（锅筒中心线以下
76mm）。
Check water level in the drum. If necessary, make proper adjustment to reach
the normal drum water level (76mm below the drum centerline).
（2）燃料、石灰石系统以及除渣系统作好运行准备。
The fuel and limestone feeding systems and bed material extraction system
shall be operable.
（3）启动两台”U”阀风机，并设定合适的风量以获得合适的流化速度，风机置于自动
控制方式。
Start two (2) loop seal blowers and set air flow to obtain proper fluidizing
velocity. Switch the blowers control to auto mode.
（4）按第 2.3.2 条描述的冷态启动程序，启动引风机、送风机。
Start ID fan, FD fan as per the procedures described for a cold start-up in
Paragraph 2.3.2.
警告
如果床内存在大量未燃尽碳粒或怀疑存在大量未燃尽碳，必须逐渐加大燃烧风
量以对床层进行吹扫，并达到控制燃烧率的目的。
CAUTION
IF LARGE AMOUNT OF UNBURNED CARBON EXISTS WITHIN THE BED,

THE COMBUSTION AIR FLOW MUST BE INCREASED GRADUALLY IN
ORDER TO PURGE THE BED AND ESTABLISH A CONTROLLED BURNING
RATE.
（5）将燃烧风调至 25%MCR 工况。当所有风机投运后，重新投运给煤机再次建立相
对应的风量。由于床温可能会迅速降低，因此建立合适的风量和燃料给料率是十
分重要的。否则，床温和氧量不会获得相应的响应。如果机组未能对合适的风量
和给料量做出相应的反应，中断热态启动并开始冷态启动。在对床下点火器点火
前，要确认已进行了吹扫。
Adjust the combustion air to 25% MCR condition. When all fans are running,
proper air flow must again be established along with restart of the fuel feeding.
Since the bed temperature can drop rapidly, it is important to acquire proper air
flow and fuel feeding rate. Otherwise, the bed temperature and O2 content will
not respond accordingly. If the unit does not respond to the proper feeding
rates of air and fuel, intermit the hot start-up procedure and begin the cold
start-up procedure. Purge the unit prior to igniting the in-duct burner.
（6）如果热态重新启动期间，向流化床供给了过量的燃料，床温高且没有完全燃尽。
此时，床温可能迅速上升，氧量迅速下降，如果出现这种情况，在流化床处于稳
定状态之前，不得再向炉膛增添燃料，如果床温出现有迅速上升并达到 950℃以
上的趋势时，在床温达到 950℃以前，应执行下述各条：
During the hot restart, if solid fuel has been overfed into the bed and has not
fully combusted, a higher bed temperature will be again established, then the
bed temperatures may rise rapidly and O2 content may decrease rapidly. If this
happens, no further fuel feeding will be performed until the bed has been
stabilized. If the temperature rise appears to be rapid enough to rise above
950℃, the following items shall be implemented in advance of achieving

950℃.
1) 减小向床供风, 以扼制燃烧过程。
Lower the air supply to the bed to restrain the combustion process.
2) 如氧量和床温趋势显示机组不稳定, 关闭炉底一次风道挡板，使燃烧缺氧。
If the unit is not stable, as indicated by O2 content and bed temperature

trends, the damper of ignition duct shall be shut down.
注意
当在热态启动状态下重新建立风量时，床温也许会迅速下降，应先供二次风，
而后供一次风，以使热损失减到最小。
NOTE
When re-establishing the air flow in a hot start-up condition, bed

temperatures may drop rapidly. Establish secondary air supply
firstly and then grid air supply to minimize heat loss.
（7）按 2.3.4 条给出的程序继续热态启动（从步骤 6 到 16）。
Continue hot restart per the procedures listed in Paragraph 2.3.4(from steps 6
to steps 16).
注意
如果床温在投煤 5 分钟后没有上升，热态启动失败，此时应停止给煤，重新吹
扫，机组开始正常冷态启动。
NOTE
If the bed temperature does not rise after five minutes of the fuel
feeding, hot start-up fails. At this time, stop fuel feeding and purge
the unit, then star up the unit as per the normal cold start-up
procedure.
正常运行
2.5 NORMAL OPERATION
这部分提供了 CFB 稳态或受控负荷变化下操作的基本指导思想和一般内容。
The operation guideline and normal content is presented in this section for
condition of steady or various load for CFB
燃烧
2.5.1. Combustion
除了锅炉的启动和停炉外，锅炉正常运行时，其过热器出口蒸汽压力应维持在正常
范围内，即 9.81MPa.g±0.1MPa。
The fluidized bed boiler superheater outlet pressure shall be maintained within
the normal scope of 9.81MPa.g ± 0.1MPa during the normal operation except for
start-up and shutdown of the boiler.
（1）改变锅炉负荷的主要手段为调节给煤量和风量，床温可以在 790℃～900℃之间
发生变化，并允许短时间内有大幅度变化。但当达到所需蒸汽流量后，床温应重
新稳定在 860℃左右，并通过调节床料量和燃烧速度使锅炉负荷保持稳定。通常
在改变锅炉负荷时，按先增风，后增煤，先减煤，后减风的次序进行。如果可能，
最好的办法是将床温维持恒定（可通过调节一、二风配比，改变炉内温度分布，
调节床温）。在任何情况下，都要保证合理的风煤比及正常的燃烧。
The primary technique for changing the boiler load involves varying fuel
feeding rate and air flow. Bed temperature may vary between 790℃ and
900℃,and a large variety of bed temperature within a short period of time is

also permitted. However, after obtaining the desired steam rate, the bed
temperature shall be kept at 860℃ and the boiler load shall be kept steady by
adjusting the bed inventory and combustion rate. When changing the boiler
load, the sequence is to increase the air firstly, then the fuel, and decrease the
fuel firstly, then the air. The bed temperature shall be maintained at a constant
value if possible (by adjusting the upper-lower secondary air ratio, changing the
temperature distribution and adjusting the bed temperature). In all cases, it is

necessary to insure proper air-fuel ratio and normal combustion.
（2）连续监控锅炉尾部氧量，以维护正常的燃烧。附图 2 表述了不同负荷下的氧量控

制要求。
To maintain normal combustion during operation, the O2 content of back-end

ductwork shall be monitored continuously. Fig. 2 shows the requirement of O2
content control under various loads.
（3）应对锅炉 SO2 的排放量进行连续监测。通过调节石灰石供给率，将烟囱处 SO2

排放量控制在允许范围内。
The SO2 emission from the boiler shall be monitored at all times. The limestone
feeding rate must be adjusted, either manually or automatically, to insure that
the SO2 emission level at the stack is in compliance with concerned

regulations.
如果运行时炉膛温度在正常范围内，NOx 的低排放值是该锅炉的固有特性。随
着炉膛温度升高，NOx 排放也将随之增大，因此应定期在连续排放监视系统中对 NOx
排放水平进行检查。如果有必要，应调节炉膛运行温度，同时调整各层二次风的风
量分配。
If the furnace temperature is within the normal range during operation, NOx emission
is inherently low. NOx emission will increase as the furnace temperature increases.
The NOx emission level shall be checked periodically through the Continuous
Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). If necessary, proper adjustment, Such as the
adjustment of furnace temperature and secondary air distribution shall be made to
control NOx emission.
（4）定期检查床层流化情况，看流化是否均匀。如果布风板上任一热电偶显示出低的
温度，则表明床料有可能已不处于良好的流化状态。如果部分床层失去流化，则
增大床层风量并临时增大排渣量。如果前述措施未能改善床层的流化，则有必要
停炉处理以检查布风板风帽是否被堵，是否有损坏、脱落，床料是否已结渣，或
者是否出现了大颗粒床料聚积的情况。
Periodically inspect the fluidized bed for even fluidization. A low temperature
measured by any of the lower bed thermocouples indicates loss of fluidization.
If a portion of the bed is not fluidized, it is essential to increase bed air flow and
temporarily increase bed material extraction rate. If these measures do not
improve fluidization, it is necessary for shutdown and to perform inspection for
plugging or mangling of the air distribution grid, clinkers in the bed or large size
solids accumulation.
（5）连续监视对流受热面烟气侧的压差和温降，定期检查受热面的积灰情况。
Continuously monitor pressure difference and temperature difference of the
convection heat transfer surface of gas side and periodically inspect the heat
transfer surface for ash accumulation.
（6）定期检查燃料、石灰石给料系统是否出现堵塞，是否出现异常声音、振动。检查
皮带输送系统，润滑和各温度监测点。
Periodically inspect plugging, improper sounds, vibration, belt tracking,
lubrication and temperature measuring point of the fuel and limestone feeding
systems.
（7）连续监测床层流化床料位高度，通过添加石灰石或加大排渣量维持床层正常流化
高度。进行床渣排放是为了保持床内有合适物料总量和物料组成，同时也是为了
控制 SO2 排放量。
Continuously monitor the fluidized bed level and maintain it at its normal level
by adding limestone or increasing bed extraction rate. Bed material extraction

is required to maintain proper bed material inventory and SO2 control.
（8）连续监视布风板的压差。如该压差明显变化，则要检查仪表是否运行正常，以及
传感线路是否堵塞。如果仪表及传感线路都是正常的，则应停炉检查布风板的情
况。
Continuously monitor pressure difference of the air distribution grid. If pressure
difference changes significantly, check instruments for proper operation and
check sense lines for plugging. If instruments and sense lines operate properly,
it is necessary for shutdown and to perform inspection for the air distribution
grid.
锅炉给水与蒸汽品质
2.5.2.Boiler feedwater and steam quality
（1）确保锅炉给水含盐量及化学成分和特性在允许范围之内。给水品质不符合要求会
导致锅炉受热元件内表面腐蚀或堵塞，降低锅炉效率，并可能引起炉管过热，甚
至爆管。
It is necessary to assure that salt concentration and chemical composition of
the desired boiler feedwater are within the normal range. Improper boiler
feedwater can lead to fouling or corrosion of internal surfaces, reducing the

efficiency of the unit , overheating of tubes and tube rupture.
（2）保证来自锅筒的蒸汽携带水分在允许的范围内。锅炉在设计工况下运行时，锅筒
内的汽水分离设备将使蒸汽含盐量在允许的范围内，蒸汽所携带的水分中可能含
有盐份和其它杂质，它们也许会在锅炉沿蒸汽流程的管道内表面沉积。
It is necessary to assure that the moisture of steam from the drum is within the
permissible limit. When the boiler operates under the design conditions, the
steam separation equipment shall make the steam salt content kept within the
acceptable limit. The moisture carried by the steam includes salt and other
impurities which may deposit on the internal surfaces of tubes along the boiler
steam flow.
（3）连续排污阀的启闭应由炉水品质决定，这些大阀门应缓慢开启。当开启时，锅炉
的输入必须增加以保持锅炉运行工况的稳定，排污过多会降低锅炉效率，并且注
意：锅炉水冷壁下集箱的疏水阀在锅炉运行时不能作排污使用。
Opening or closing the continuous blowdown valves shall be determined by the
chemical characteristics of boiler water. These valves should be opened tardily.
When opening these valves, the boiler thermal input shall be increased to keep
the stable operation conditions. Excess blowdown will reduce the efficiency of
the unit. It is necessary to note that the drain valves on the lower waterwall
header shall never be used for blowdown purpose when the unit is in operation.
吹灰
2.5.3.Sootblowing
（1）为了保证锅炉达到额定负荷和高的锅炉效率，所有管子和元件的外表面必须经常
吹灰以保持洁净无灰。
All external surfaces of tubes and parts must be free of soot deposits to insure
the rated load and high efficiency of the boiler. Sootblowing shall be performed
to accomplish this purpose.
（2）锅炉投入运行后，可用吹灰器除去积灰，本炉采用蒸汽吹灰方式。吹灰按规定的
顺序进行，可不考虑锅炉的负荷大小。然而当锅炉运行在 50%负荷以下时，吹

灰时送、引风机操作方式应为手动。
After the unit is put into service, operate the sootblowers to remove any soot
deposits which may be present. The steam sootblower is adopted for the unit.
Sootblowing shall always be done on the pre-established schedule basis
regardless of the operating load; however, the FD and ID fans shall be in

manual control below 50% load during the sootblowing operation.
（3）吹灰操作是锅炉运行的一部分，为了达到最佳清洁效果，常常要求监控吹灰运行，
为确保吹灰效果，建立最佳吹灰程序，应对以下几方面进行监视和检查：
Sootblowing is considered as a part of the boiler operation and sootblowing
process shall be monitored to achieve an optimum cleaning result. Monitoring
or inspecting the following items will insure the establishment of the optimum
sootblowing procedure:
1) 在锅炉停炉期间，应检查对流烟道的积灰情况。
During shutdown and start-up of the unit, inspect the convection pass for ash
accumulation.
2) 监视低温、高温过热器管子壁温和出口蒸汽温度。
Monitor wall temperatures and outlet steam temperatures of the LTS & HTS
tubes.
3) 监视减温器的喷水流量变化。
Monitor the changes in desuperheater spray flow.
4) 监视省煤器和空预器出口烟温。
Monitor gas temperatures of outlet in economizer and air preheater.
5) 监视空预器风侧和烟侧的压差变化。
Monitor pressure difference variations of air and gas side in air preheater.
6) 监视通过尾部受热面的烟侧阻力。
Monitor resistance of gas side through the rear pass.
总之，当吹灰系统首次投入时，应监视上述锅炉参数，并采用一种优化的吹灰程序，
定期地对系统进行监控有助于防止发生非计划性的事故停炉。
Typically, when the sootblowing system is firstly commissioned, the

aforementioned boiler parameters are monitored and an optimized sootblowing
sequence is adapted. Periodic monitoring of the system can help prevent an
unscheduled emergency shutdown.
喷水减温
2.5.4.Spray Attemperation
进入屏式过热器、高温过热器进口集箱经过喷水减温后的蒸汽温度应比连接管进口
压力下的饱和温度至少高出 11℃。
It is necessary to insure that the temperature of the steam entering the PSH and
HTS inlet headers, after desuperheated by spray attemperation, is 11℃ more than
the saturation temperature at the inlet pressure of the transfer pipes.
正常停炉
2.6. NORMAL SHUTDOWN
（1）正常停炉是指有秩序地降低锅炉负荷，使汽轮机与锅炉解列而不引起温度和压力
发生大的波动，同时尽量使锅炉处于热备用状态，机组降负荷可以全自动完成。
Normal shutdown involves reducing the unit load orderly, thus allowing the
turbine and boiler to be disconnected with no great temperature or pressure
fluctuate caused and at the same time keeping the unit at the hot standby
condition as much as possible. Unit load reduction can be accomplished by

means of autocontrols.
（2）减负荷和停炉前应进行吹灰。
The unit sootblowing shall be performed before reducing load and shutdown.
（3）在停炉过程中，注意锅筒上、下壁温差不得超过 50℃。
During shutdown, the metal temperature difference between the upper and
lower walls of the drum wall shall not exceed 50℃.
（4）必要时，可通过调整减温器的喷水量调节过热器出口温度，当不再需要减温时，
关闭减温管道上的截止阀。
If necessary, control the superheater outlet temperature by regulating the
desuperheater spray water flow. Close the shut-off valves in attemperation

system when attemperation is no longer required.
（5）检查并维持锅筒的正常水位。
Check and maintain the normal drum water level.
（6）将机组降到最小稳定负荷，维持最小机组负荷约 30 分钟，以使旋风筒耐火材料

逐渐冷却。
Reduce the unit load to minimum stable load. Maintain the minimum unit load
for approximately 30 minutes to help cool the cyclone refractory.
（7）将锅炉主控转为手动控制。
Switch the boiler master control to manual mode.
（8）关闭所有燃料仓斗出口的截止阀，并使给煤机的燃料全部排空（如果要求长时间
停炉）。同时，使燃料储仓中的燃料降低到最低的安全储位。
Close all fuel silo hopper outlet shut-off valves and empty all fuel feeders (if an
extended shutdown is expected). Also, reduce fuel storage levels in the storage
silos to their lowest safe levels.
（9）石灰石给料系统停运。
Shut down the limestone feeder system.
（10）监视锅炉氧量水平和床温，当氧量开始增大，床温开始降低时，关闭至炉底的
风门挡板，停止向炉底风室送风。
Monitor the boiler oxygen level and bed temperature. When the oxygen content
starts to increase and the bed temperature starts to decrease, close the air (to
plenum) control damper.
（11）当锅炉负荷降至额定负荷约 10%以下时，打开高温过热器出口集箱上及主蒸汽
管道上的疏水阀，并注意控制锅炉的冷却速度，只要在这期间还有蒸汽产生，这
些疏水阀就不能全关。
When the load is reduced below approximately 10% of rated boiler capacity,
open drain valves of the main steam line and HTS outlet header. Pay attention
to the control of the furnace cooling rate. And these drain valves shall not be
completely closed as long as steam is still generated during the process.
（12）锅炉熄火后，送、引风机和燃料给饲吹扫风机仍需继续运行至少 5 分钟方可关

闭，以便吹扫炉内可燃物。
After flameout, keep the FD, ID and fuel pneumatic air fans in operation for at
least five minutes to purge the combustible matters.
（13）锅炉停炉后，如果需要维持锅炉压力，在吹扫结束后关闭各风机。关闭所有相
关的风机挡板以使机组进入热备用状态，要确认冷渣器中的填充料已被排空，当
锅筒压力已降至安全阀最低整定压力以下，并且没有足够蓄热产生蒸汽而使安全
阀动作时，关闭高温过热器出口集箱及主蒸汽管道上的疏水阀。当炉内无燃烧时，
疏水阀和放气阀应保持关闭。
If the boiler pressure needs to be maintained after shutdown, shut down the
fans after purging the unit. Close any associated fan dampers to retain heat.
Insure that ash coolers are free of material. When the drum pressure has fallen
below the lowest set values of safety valves, and there is insufficient heat
remaining to pop the safety valves, close the drain valves of the main steam
line and HTS outlet header. The drain and vent valves shall remain closed
when there is no combustion in the unit.
（14）在为保持蒸汽压力而升火燃烧之前，必须打开高温过热器出口集箱主蒸汽连接
管上的疏水阀。在燃烧过程中，这些阀门都应打开，而且只要有蒸汽从锅炉中产
生，都应使给水系统投入运行。燃烧时，还应维持锅筒水位接近水位计的正常指
示值。
Before igniting the unit to maintain steam pressure, the drain valves of HTS
outlet header and main steam connecting pipeline must be opened. Keep the
drain valves open during firing and keep the feedwater supply system in
operation as long as steam is generating from the unit. Assure that the drum
water level is close to the normal level indication of the gauge glass during
combustion.
（15）如果锅炉要长时间停炉或者需要检修，则继续用风机通风冷却锅炉，同时利用
冷渣器排除床料，高温过热器出口集箱下游的疏水阀可与其他过热器疏水阀一起
进行疏水调节，以便按所要求的速度降低锅筒压力，尽可能均匀地对机组进行冷
却，在炉墙和锅炉部件中残余的热量会在相当长的时间内继续产生蒸汽。在这一
阶段，锅筒水位应保持接近水位计视程的上限值。一旦所有床料都从锅炉中排完，
应对锅炉吹扫 5 分钟。然后，冷渣器退出运行。当锅炉冷却到人可以进入时，风
机可以关闭。
Continue to cool down the unit by fans if the boiler is to be out of service for an
extended period or for maintenance, at the same time, remove bed materials
via the ash cooler. The drain valves at the downstream of the HTS outlet
header may be regulated along with other superheater drain valves to
decrease the drum pressure at the desired rate. Cool the unit as uniformly as
possible, because the residual heat in the boiler setting and the boiler
components will continue to generate steam for a considerably long time.
During this period, the boiler water level shall be kept close to the upper limit of
the gage glass. Once all bed materials are removed from the unit, purge the
boiler for five (5) minutes. Then the ash cooler shall be out of service. When the
unit is cool enough for human entry, the fans can be shut down.
（16）关闭给料系统。送、引风机都应停止运行。
Stop the fuel feeding system. Shut down the FD, ID fans.
（17）在送、引风机停运后，”U”阀风机应继续运行。为防止损坏”U”阀组件，“U 阀风
机在”U”阀被冷却到 260℃以下之前不得关闭。
The loop seal blower shall remain in operation after the FD, ID are shut down.
To prevent damages to loop seal components, the loop seal blower shall
remain in operation until the valve has been cooled to below 260℃.
（18）切断除灰系统。
Shut down the deashing system.
（19）如果锅炉内的汽水要排空，则当锅筒压力降至 0.1MPa(表压)时，打开所有放气
阀和疏水阀进行锅炉疏水，疏水时炉水温度不能高于 120℃。建议只要锅炉还存
在有压力，即使压力很小，也应继续疏水，锅炉中的残余热量有助于干燥锅炉管
子内表面。
If the unit is to be drained, open all vents and drains when the drum pressure
has decreased to 0.1MPa.g. The boiler water temperature shall not exceed 120℃
when the unit is drained. When there is still a small amount of pressure in the
unit, draining the unit is preferred as the residual heat will assist in drying the
internal surfaces.
（20）在短期停炉时，过热器集箱疏水和放气阀应保持开启。
Superheater header drain and vent valves shall remain open during short
shutdown.
（21）锅炉停运期间不允许长时间保持部分充水，锅炉应全部充满加有能防腐蚀的联
氨脱氧碱性水。若停炉时间要持续数周或数月，或气候条件不允许锅炉充水，则
应对锅筒进行疏水、干燥，可在锅筒内放置数张盛有定量硅胶的薄盘，以吸收锅
筒内的水分，保持内表面干燥，若停炉时间只有几天或稍长一点，则应除去锅炉
的全部积灰，因为含硫分的积灰吸收水分会引起管子腐蚀，一般情况下，停炉前
应对锅炉进行吹灰。
During shutdown, it is not allowable that an idle boiler is partially filled with
water for a long time. Fill the boiler completely with hydrazine deaerated
alkaline water as a protection against corrosion. If the shutdown will last
several weeks or months, or due to weather conditions, draining and drying
should be done in the drum. Place several shallow pans filled with a
predetermined quantity of silica gel in the drum to absorb moisture and
maintain dry condition on the internal surfaces. If the unit is to be out of service
for several days or longer, all ash and soot deposits shall be removed because
the moisture absorbed by ash or soot containing sulfur will cause corrosion. It
is advisable to sootblow the unit just before shutdown, if possible.
事故
2.7.EMERGENCIES
主燃料切除（MFT）
2.7.1.Main Fuel Trip (MFT)
主燃料切除时，将伴随下列动作：
On a main fuel trip, the following actions will take place:
（1）给料机切除。
Fuel feeders trip.
（2）石灰石系统切除。
Limestone system trip.
（3）床下风道点火器切除。
In-duct burners trip.
（4）冷渣器切除。
Ash cooler trip.
（5）所有风量控制改为手动方式，并保持最后位置。
All air flow controls are switched to manual mode and kept at the last positions.
（6）除非风机本身切除，否则所有风机控制都将改为手动方式，并保持最后位置。在
风机本身切除情况下，风机将遵循其逻辑控制程序。
Fans controls are switched to manual mode and kept at the last positions
unless there is a fan trip, in which case, fan controls follow fan logic.
（7）输出信号给燃烧控制以限制引风机自动控制，从而保证炉膛压力不超出极限值。
The signal is transmitted to the combustion controls to limit the automatic
control of ID fan, thus insuring that the furnace pressure is not above the set
limit.
（8）除非锅炉处于热态再启动状态，否则“规定的锅炉吹扫”逻辑被建立。
“Required Boiler Purge” logic is set unless the boiler is in the “Hot Restart”
condition.
z 发生下述任何情况都会引起主燃料切除（MFT）
Any of the following conditions will cause main fuel trip (MFT).
（1）同时按两只锅炉主燃料切除按钮。
Both MFT push buttons are pressed simultaneously.
（2）床温高于 990℃（信号来自燃烧控制系统）。
The bed temperature is greater than 990℃ (signal from the combustion control
system).
（3）失去逻辑控制电源。
Loss of logic control power.
（4） 3 个逻辑控制中有 2 个显示炉膛压力为高高值（＋254mmH2O）（延时）。
The two ones of the three logics indicate the high high value of furnace
pressure: +254mmH2O (with time delay).
（5） 3 个逻辑控制中有 2 个显示炉膛压力为低低值（－254mmH2O）（延时）。
The two ones of the three logics indicate the low low value of furnace pressure:
-254mmH2O (with time delay).
（6） 3 个逻辑控制中有 2 个显示锅炉水位为高高值（高出正常水位 200mm）

（延时）。
The two ones of the three logics indicate the high high value of drum water
level: 200mm above the normal water level (with time delay).
（7） 3 个逻辑控制中有 2 个显示锅炉水位为低低值（低于正常水位 280mm）

（延时）。
The two ones of the three logics indicate the low low value of drum water level:
280mm below the normal water level (with time delay).
（8）引风机跳闸。
ID fan trip.
（9）一、二次风机跳闸。
Primary & secondary fan trip.
（10）总风量过低，小于 25%（带延时)。（信号来自燃烧控制系统）

。
The total air flow is less than 25% (with time delay) (signal from the combustion
control system).
（11）燃烧控制系统失去电源（信号来自燃烧控制系统）。
The combustion control system power fails (signal from the combustion control
system).
（12）风煤比小于最小值（信号来自燃烧控制系统）。
The air-fuel ratio is less than the minimum value (signal from the combustion
control system).
（13）床下点火器未投运，床温低于 650℃。
The In-duct burner is out of service and the bed temperature is less than 650℃.
（14）炉膛风室压力过高（带延时）
（信号来自燃烧控制系统）。
The pressure of furnace is too high (with time delay) (signal from the
combustion control system).
（15）所有”U”阀风机被切除。
All the loop seal blowers trip.
（16）汽轮机切除。
Turbine trip.
（17）旋风筒料位高高值（带延时）
。
Solid levels in the cyclone are at the high high value (with time delay).
（18）超过启动时间。
Overrunning of the startup time.
事故处理
2.7.2.Emergency Operating Procedure
z 炉管泄漏
Tube Leakage
当发现补给水流量太大，给水流量与主蒸汽流量出现了非正常偏差；蒸汽温度不正
常升高或者炉内出现异常的泄漏响声或明显的泄漏迹象时，都可认为炉管可能出现了泄
漏。如判断炉管泄漏，必须迅速安排停炉，以尽量减少进入床料的水汽量。停炉时，锅
炉负荷应迅速降下来，并停止供煤。关闭所有给煤机的煤闸门，重新开动或继续投运冷
渣器和除灰系统，并将其出力调至最大。
If such phenomena are found as high make-up water dosage, abnormal deviation
between feedwater flow and main steam flow, the steam temperature rising
unconventionally and obvious leakage evidence detected, the unit must be shut down
as quickly as possible to minimize the moisture in the bed materials. The unit load
shall be decreased as quickly as possible and fuel feeding to the unit shall be stopped.
Close the isolation gates on all fuel feeders. Restart or continue operating the ash
coolers and the deashing system at a maximum rate.
风机继续运行并且维持炉膛一次风量，使床料进入冷渣器，建立通往二次风口的风
量，以除去风道中的水分。降低锅筒压力，但注意降压速度尽量缓慢。在停炉及冷却过
程中，严格控制锅筒顶部与底部的温差不得超过 50℃，同时尽可能保持锅筒水位，继
续冷却锅炉并排放床料，直至床料全部排完，锅炉要一直冷却到人可以进入为止。锅筒
水位应保持到炉水温度降至 120℃为止，然后开始对锅炉疏水。如果炉管泄漏发生在炉
膛里，在从炉膛排出床料时，有必要启动床下点火器，以帮助蒸发泄漏出来的炉水。如
果床料潮湿，且温度降至 180℃以下，床料可能会堵塞排渣系统或者滞留炉膛里。如果
利用床下点火器，维持燃烧器出口温度在 315℃以下是十分重要的。
Continue to operate fans and maintain the primary air flow in the furnace to keep
the bed materials moving into the ash cooler. Some air flow to the secondary air ports
shall be established to remove the moisture in the air ducts. Reduce the drum
pressure as slowly as possible. During cooling the unit, the temperature difference
between the upper and lower walls of the drum shall not exceed 50℃. The drum water
level shall be maintained, if possible. Continue to cool the unit and extract the bed
materials until the unit is empty of bed materials and cool enough for person to enter
the unit. The drum water level shall be maintained until the boiler water temperature is
reduced below 120℃; then the boiler shall be drained. If the tube leakage happens in
the furnace, it is necessary to start up the in-duct burner to evaporate the leaking
water when removing the bed materials from the furnace . If the bed is damp and its
temperature drops below 180℃, the bed materials may plug the ash handling system
or stay within the furnace. If the in-duct burner is utilized, it is important that the burner
outlet temperature shall be kept below 315℃.
在进入锅炉以前，检查炉内是否已达到安全温度并进行烟气取样试验，以确定是否
达到安全标准，同时穿戴好安全防护服。
Before entering the unit for any reason, it is necessary to check whether the safe
temperature has been reached, perform gas sampling test for safe level and wear
proper protective clothing.
当可以进入炉膛，而且所有可以排出的床料都已排出后，可进入炉膛以鉴定管子泄
漏的位置及范围，同时估计残留床料的数量，所有残留在布风板上的床料，无论湿的还
是干的，都应在可能结块前尽快清除掉。风帽喷嘴平面以下的床料可不清除。但是，必
须检查风帽喷嘴和渣口，任何堵塞了的风帽必须用通条和高压空气从风帽下部疏通。但
在进行前必须确认无人在风帽的对面工作。
When the access to the bed is safe and all dischargeable bed materials are
extracted, the maintenance personnel shall enter the unit to assess the extent of the
tube leakage and the amount of bed materials remaining. Any material, wet or dry, left
in the bed shall be removed as soon as possible before it has a chance to be solidified.
The solidified bed materials below the level of the grid nozzles need not to be
removed. However, the grid nozzles must be inspected, and any plugged nozzles
shall be dredged by means of cleaning rod and compressed air from the bottom of
nozzles after insuring that no one is working on the opposite side of the nozzles.
z 床温过高
Excessive High Bed Temperature
床温过高会引起结渣（熔融的煤灰），损坏热电偶套管、热电偶和风帽，降低脱硫
效率等等。防止床温过高可以用增大石灰石供给和关掉冷渣器的方法，来增加床料总量
以降低床温。出现床温过高或过低这种情况时，还需进行以下检查：
The excessive high bed temperature can lead to clinkers (melt ash), damages to
thermowell, thermocouples and grid nozzles and reduce desulfurizing efficiency etc.
Excessive high bed temperature shall be avoided by increasing limestone feeding rate
and shutting down the ash coolers to increase the bed inventory and decrease the
bed temperature.The following inspection should be performed if the excessive

high/low bed temperature appears:
1. 检查床温热电偶和有关仪表是否正常；
Check the thermocouples and instruments for proper operation.
2. 给煤机是否正常运行，给煤量是否均匀适当；
Check the fuel feeder whether operates properly, and the fuel feeding rate is
uniform and proper.
3. 检查一次流化风量及上、下二次风风量配比情况。适当增加下二次风，减小上
二次风可降低床温；
Check the fluidized air and the upper/lower secondary air ratio, and raise the
lower secondary air and reduce the upper secondary air to decrease the bed
temperature.
4. 检查烟气中过量 O2 的百分含量的正常性；
Check the normality of the excessive percent of O2 in the gas.

5. 底灰排放是否正常，床压是否在正常的范围内；
Check whether the ash extracts properly and the bed pressure is in the normal
range.
6. 锅炉主回路循环温度是否正常。
Check whether the temperature of the main circuit is normal.
z 炉内结渣
Clinkered Bed
炉床区域的结渣是指熔化灰渣的烧结结块。当以低的风煤比，高的床温或采用较低
的流化速度组织燃烧时，往往会形成结渣。当床温超过 950℃时，结渣的风险较大。
“Clinkers” in the bed are considered to be agglomerated masses of melt or
cemented ash which can be formed when combusting at low air/fuel ratio, high bed
temperature or low fluidizing velocity. The risk of clinker forming is great when the bed
temperature exceeds 950℃.
如果碰到上述任何一种非正常运行工况，运行人员在机组运行中应监视各单个床温
热电偶。若出现结渣，就会形成局部热点，随后局部流态化丧失，并成为一个低床温区
域。如果这一个孤立的低床温区确认不是由于仪表故障或流化风量不足造成的，则可以
推测炉床出现了结渣，必须按照正常停炉的要求予以停炉，并从炉床中清除所有床料。
If any of the above abnormal operating conditions is encountered, the operators
shall monitor the individual bed temperature thermocouple. If clinkers form, localized
hot spots will appear, followed by localized loss of fluidization and low bed
temperature zone. If it is confirmed that the isolated low bed temperature zone is not
due to instrument failure or lack of fluidizing air, it may be suspected that there are
clinkers in the bed, and the unit shall be shut down according to the normal shutdown
procedure, with all possible bed materials extracted.
实际的冷炉时间取决于停炉时的锅炉负荷和床温。同样，当锅筒水温降至 120℃时，
锅炉就可以疏水了，疏水将有助于锅炉的冷却，在冷却过程中，锅筒顶部与底部的壁温
差最大不得超过 50℃。为了冷却炉床和保证疏松的床料流入炉膛排渣口，炉床应保持
最低风量，相当于风速为 1.2m/s。当锅炉已冷却，而且不再有床料从排渣系统排出时，

关闭风机。
The actual cooling-down time is dependent upon the boiler load and bed
temperature during shutdown. Also, when the drum water temperature drops to 120℃,
the unit can be drained to aid cooling. During cooling-down, the maximum wall
temperature differential between the top and bottom of the drum shall not exceed
50℃. The minimum air flow (equivalent to 1.2m/sec superficial velocity to the bed)
shall be maintained in order to cool the bed and ensure the transfer of loose bed
materials to the discharge port. When the unit is cool and no bed materials can be
removed through the ash handling system, shut down the fans.
当有人进入锅炉炉膛时，应采取必要的安全保护措施，进入锅炉后，估测结渣范围。
对小范围结渣可打碎后清理掉。清渣的同时应检查床温热电偶和风帽是否损坏，对损坏
的热电偶和风帽应予以修理或更换，检查所有风帽是否被堵，被堵的风帽必须疏通。
Make the necessary safety preparations before the relative personnel enter the
furnace. After entering the unit, the personnel shall evaluate the extent of the clinkers.
Small accumulations can be broken up and removed. It is necessary to inspect

whether any damage happens to the bed temperature thermocouples and grid
nozzles. Any damaged thermocouple and grid nozzle shall be repaired or replaced. All
grid nozzles shall be inspected for plugging and dredged as required.
z 紧急停炉
Emergency Shutdown
紧急停炉时，炉膛中上升的床料颗粒中，含有大量可燃碳粒因缺氧不能完全燃
烧。停炉瞬间，由于烟气量突然减小，旋风分离器的流速降低，分离效率骤降，大
量可燃碳粒将进入烟道并堆积在尾部省煤器、空预器等部位。沉积的碳颗粒将缓慢
氧化发热，其氧化速度与烟道中氧气浓度有关。在受热面无吸热能力情况下，尾部
烟道温度可能会越来越高。温度达到碳粒着火温度时，碳粒将发生缓慢燃烧，若再
不采取措施，将发生尾部烧毁事故。
When the unit shut down urgently, large amount of unburned carbon in the
rising fuel may not completely combust for the shortage of oxygen. During the
moment of shutdown, with the reducing of the gas, the cyclone velocity decreases,
the efficiency of separating fall suddenly and amount of unburned carbon goes into
the rear pass and deposit at the economizer and air preheater. The deposited
carbon oxidizes to give heat and the oxidation velocity is connected with the
oxygen concentration in the rear pass. The temperature of the rear pass will rise
higher and higher, in the condition that the surface has no heat absorption capacity.
The carbon will combust slowly, when the firing temperature is reached, and if
there is no further measure, the rear pass will burn.
一般发生尾部燃烧时，运行人员若没有经验，误开风机降温或开人孔用水喷淋，
将加速烟道堆积可燃物的燃烧，将尾部受热面烧毁。为防止事故的发生，需注意以
下事项：
When the rear pass burns, if the operators with no experience start the fan to
cool or open the manhole to spray with water, the combustion of combustible will
hasten, and then the rear pass will be destroyed. The following items should be
adopted to prevent the occurrence of accident.
1.紧急停炉后，所有风机不允许投入。
After shutdown urgently, all the fans should not be put into service.
2.锅炉停炉后，每个班的运行人员，必须认真监视烟道各段烟气温度和温度变
化趋势，特别是省煤器和空预热器区域，监视省煤器出口烟温不能超过 300℃，发
现异常应及时处理。尾部烟道出现燃烧迹象，运行人员正确的解决办法如下：
When shutdown urgently, operators should monitor the gas temperature in the
rear pass and the trends of temperature variety seriously, especially for the area of
economizer and air preheater. The temperature of the economizer outlet shall not
exceed 300℃, otherwise the some measure should be taken in good time. When
signs of combustion appear in the rear pass, the proper measure should be taken
as follow:
（1）如果可能，开启省煤器再循环管。
（2）如可能，使用蒸汽吹灰，稀释烟道中氧浓度。
（3）向温度高的烟道部份，连续喷入氮气、二氧化碳，以减小烟道氧气浓度，
同时降低烟道温度。
（4）如设有消防系统，应将其投入。
(1) Open the economizer recirculating line, if possible.
(2) Dilute the concentration of oxygen with the steam sootblower, if possible.
(3) Spray nitrogen and carbon dioxide to the high temperature part of the flues
continuously to reduce the concentration of oxygen, and decrease the temperature

in the flues.
(4) The fire protection system should put into service, if possible.
3. 紧急停炉后，烟道密闭冷却至 100℃，确认烟道内不存在蓄积热量的可燃物后，
才可启动风机进行通风。
After shutdown urgently, cool the flue to 100℃, and start the fan for venting when
there is no combustible in the flue.
警告
在紧急停炉后，必须停止所有风机，不允许采用开启风机通风冷却的办法来降
低尾部烟道温度。
省煤器、空气预热器区域为发生火灾的重点区域，可预先装设向炉内喷惰性气体
的接口。
CAUTION
After shutdown urgently, all the fans should be stopped, and cooling by
the fan to decrease the temperature of the rear pass, which is not allowable.
The area of economizer and air preheater is the important area where the
fire may appear, the port should be installed in advance for spraying inert gas to
the furnace.
超压保护
2.7.3. Overpressure Protection
为了防止运行中误操作引起的锅炉有关设备的受压部件超压，本锅炉已经设置了下
列的 PCV 阀安全阀装置，予以保护。
To prevent the occurrence of overpressure of boiler pressure parts due to
maloperation during operation, the unit shall be equipped with the following safety
valves.
Description Location Qty. Set Pressure (MPa)
Safety Valve Steam Drum 1 11.77
HTS outlet pipe Safety Valve HTS 1 10.26
HTS outlet pipe PCV Valve HTS 1 10.16
维护
2.8.MAINTENANCE
（1）锅炉长期停炉期间，应遵循下述条款。
During long-term boiler shutdown, the following items shall be followed:
警告
在结束所有内部受压部件的检查和/或维修保养程序前，不得向锅炉充氮。用充
氮气法保护停用锅炉，氮气经过调节阀由充氮接口或锅筒饱和蒸汽引出管上的放气
阀充入。
CAUTION
DO NOT FILL THE BOILER WITH NITROGEN UNTIL ALL INTERNAL
PRESSURE PARTS INSPECTION AND/OR MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
ARE COMPLETED. NITROGEN PROTECTION SHALL BE USED FOR THE
IDLE BOILER. NITROGEN FILLING SHALL BE COMPLETED THROUGH A
REGULATING VALVE BY CONNECTING NITROGEN FILLING ACCESS OR
VENT ON THE SATURATED STEAM DRAW-OUT PIPE.
如果停用的锅炉不放水，则锅筒水位以上的区域也应该通过上述的接口充入氮气，
当停炉后锅炉压力降至约 0.035MPa（表压）时，锅筒水位以上的区域应建立起氮气覆
盖层。在停用期间，保持这氮气覆盖层，必须防止锅炉结冰，必要时可启用床下点火器
输入少量热量，使整个锅炉的温度在冰点以上。
如果气候状况或其它条件不允许锅炉充水，则锅炉应该排水并予以干燥。在锅筒中
放进几盘一定数量的硅胶以吸收水分，从而使锅筒内表面处于干燥状态。
If an idle boiler is not drained, the areas above the drum water level shall be filled
with nitrogen through the above mentioned access on the drum. The nitrogen
blankets shall be established when the boiler pressure decreases to about
0.035MPa.g after shutdown. Maintain the nitrogen blankets during shutdown. During
the period, the boiler must be protected against freezing conditions. That may be done
by firing the in-duct burner with low heat input to keep the temperature throughout the
boiler above the freezing point.
If the unit can not be filled with water because of the weather or other conditions,
the unit shall be drained and dried. Place several shallow pans filled with a
predetermined quantity of silica gel in the drum to absorb the moisture and maintain
the internal surfaces in a dry condition.
（2）当锅炉停炉检修时，应检查并确认所有燃料隔绝门和挡板都已处于关闭位置时，
然后才能进入锅炉内部，如果对其关闭的严密性有怀疑时建议切断燃料供给系统。
When the unit is shut down for maintenance, the relative maintenance
personnel shall never enter the unit until it has been determined that all fuel
shut off valves and dampers are locked in the closed position. If there are some
questions about their tightness, it is recommended that the fuel feeding system
be shut off.
警告
锅炉中有些可接近的区域会对人体造成伤害，如炉膛与旋风分离器进口之间的
连接通道，该区域可能有坠物掉入炉膛和旋风筒下部。
“U”阀，热床料全部聚积在”U”
Page 100 of 108 Rev.
Doc.No.: 29H-YM Operation Instruction for CFB Boiler
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阀内，事实上还有检修门孔，气流会由门孔反窜出来。在进入锅炉前,要穿戴好防护
服，并站在门孔一旁，切记不要正对门孔，如果有必要，应使用合适的呼吸装置和
安全防护服。进入锅炉后，要携带和安装合适的照明灯，并随时留心周围环境。
警告
要进行适当的烟气取样试验，建立合适的氧浓度。
CAUTION
THERE ARE ACCESSIBLE AREAS IN THE BOILER THAT COULD

EXPOSE THE MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL TO HAZARDOUS
CONDITIONS. SOME OF THESE AREAS ARE THE PASSAGE
BETWEEN THE FURNACE AND THE CYCLONE INLET, WHERE
SOME OBJECTS COULD DROP INTO THE FURNACE AND
CYCLONE EXIT; THE U-VALVE, WHERE HOT BED MATERIALS
COULD ACCUMULATE; AND ACCESS DOOR, WHERE BACK KICK
OF AIR CURRENT COULD OCCUR. BEFORE OPENING ANY
ACCESS DOOR FOR ANY REASON, EXERCISE EXTREME
CAUTION TO GUARD AGAINST THESE DANGERS. THE
MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL SHALL WEAR PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING AND STAND AT THE SIDE OF DOOR WHEN OPENING
DOORS. DO NOT STAND JUST FACING THE DOORS. IT IS
NECESSARY TO USE SUITABLE BREATHING APPARATUS AND
SAFETY CLOTHING. IF NECESSARY, WHEN ENTERING THE
BOILER, THE MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL SHOULD CARRY OR
INSTALL ADEQUATE LIGHTING AND BE AWARE OF IMMEDIATE
SURROUNDINGS.
CAUTION
PROPER GAS SAMPLING TEST SHALL BE ACCOMPLISHED AND

PROPER O2 LEVELS SHALL BE ESTABLISHED.
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（3）当在锅炉内进行检查和工作时，只能使用经过验证的安全灯和手电。
Only approved safe lights and flashlight could be used when performing
inspection and working in the boiler.
（4）在锅炉停用期间，如有可能应对受压部件及其它内表面进行检查。出现异常的磨
损迹象或沉积物应予以测量，分析并排除其产生的原因。
During shutdown, the pressure parts and other internal surfaces shall be
inspected if possible. Abnormal signs of abrasion or accumulation shall be

analyzed and their causes shall be eliminated.
（5）检查每一个风帽喷嘴是否被堵，被堵的喷嘴必须予以疏通。
Inspect each grid plate nozzle for plugging, and the plugged nozzle must be
dredged.
（6）各检查门孔被启用过后，其密封垫圈应更换新的。
After inspection doors are opened for access, the used gaskets shall be
replaced with new ones.
（7）锅炉大修期间，应仔细检查床下风道点火器，如果发现损坏，应予以维修。
During the overhaul period, the in-duct burners shall be inspected carefully and
their maintenance or repair shall be performed in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations.
（8）尽快修复所有管子的泄漏处，如果让其继续存在，泄漏出的水或蒸汽将会切割邻
近管子，从而引起进一步的损坏。
Repair all leaking tubes as soon as possible. Leakage which is allowed to exist
can cause further damages because the water or steam which leaks from
these tubes will cut adjacent tubes.
受压元件的检修应在所有压力都已去除，而且系统已经隔离开后才能进行。对于还
承受压力的元件，不允许进行检修。
Repair shall not be attempted on parts which are still subjected to pressure.
Repair of pressure parts shall be accomplished when the pressure has been relieved
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and the system has been isolated.
（9）燃料控制设备和其它控制设备（如给水调节器和蒸汽温度调节器），在任何时候
都应处于最佳调节状态，这些设备是否运行正常对锅炉效率也有影响。
Fuel control equipment and other control equipment such as feedwater
regulators and steam temperature regulators shall be kept in optimum
adjustment conditions at all times. The boiler efficiency depends upon the
proper functioning of these equipments.
（10）检查所有燃料和石灰石供料管，排渣管是否有堵塞、磨损和过热等情况，并根
据需要予以修理或更换。
Check all fuel and limestone feeding pipelines and bed material extraction
pipeline for plugging, erosion, overheating, etc. Repair or replacement shall be

performed if necessary.
（11）对所有阀门和填料的泄漏处，在停炉期间，应及时予以修复。这样将有助于防
止出现强迫停炉的情况。
All valve and packing leakages shall be repaired during the shutdown period.
This will help prevent the occurrence of emergency shutdown.
（12）全面检查所有热电偶和测压点的情况，并根据需要予以检修，使其运行可靠，
并检查所有的传压管路是否有堵塞，需要时作清理。
Thoroughly inspect all thermocouples and pressure taps, and repair shall be
performed for reliable operation if necessary. And all the pressure-transfer

pipes should be inspected for plugging and purge if necessary.
（13）检查漏落的床料在风室内的沉积情况，该沉积是因为床料通过布风板风帽倒流
而造成，若堆积过高应予以清理。
Check accumulation of bed materials in the air plenum and the accumulation is
caused by back flow of bed materials through grid plate air nozzles. The bed
materials should be removed if it accumulates too high in windbox.
（14）仔细检查锅炉受压管子的磨损情况。应定期(每年一至两次)记录管子外径及壁厚
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的超声波测量结果。要监控管子易磨损区域包括炉膛水冷壁、炉膛出口处的拉稀
管，尾部烟道进口处的拉稀管，过热器管及尾部省煤器管子。
Careful inspection of the boiler pressure parts shall be made to monitor any
erosion of tubes. Result of ultrasonic measurements for tube thickness as well
as tube outside diameters shall be recorded on a regular basis (1～2 times a
year). The areas to be monitored include the furnace wall tubes, furnace outlet
screen tubes, rear pass inlet screen tubes, superheater tubes and economizer
tubes.
（15）应对旋风筒，”U”阀，炉膛密相区、顶棚及出口等处的耐火材料进行定期检查，
必要时，予以修复。炉内开孔，耐磨材料结束区域及任何突起处都是最容易磨损
的部位，需加强检查与维护。
The refractory materials of cyclone, loop seal, furnace emulsion zone, furnace
roof and furnace exit shall be inspected on a regular basis and repaired if
necessary. The areas including holes of furnace, limit of refractory materials
and any protuberance should be inspected and maintained specially.
A
Fig. 1 Recommended Boiling-Out Pressures for Different
Design Pressures
Boiling-Out Pressures（MPa)
4
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Design Pressures（MPa)
Fig. 2 Volumetric O2 % in dry gas vs. Load %
A
Fig. 3 Air Flow to Bed vs. Fluidizing Velocity
A
Fig. 4 loop seal Connections
A
Fig. 5 Still Bed Height vs. Bed Pressure Difference
Fig. 6 Minimum Limit of Steam Temperature after Spray attemperation
A
Fig.7: The curves for cold startup

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Doc.No.: 29H-YM Operation Instruction for CFB Boiler Page 1 of 108 Rev.

PAGE REV. REVISIONS REVISED REV. DATE. REV.SHEET No.

manufactured by Dongfang Boiler Group CO，.Ltd.

instructions of this boiler.

用和运行的注意事项，提出了东方锅炉股份公司设计、制造的 100MW 等级高温高压锅炉

pressure boiler technology designed by Dongfang Boiler Group CO ， .Ltd,

equipment operation principle of 100MW grade high temperature high pressure

boiler manufactured and designed by Dongfang Boiler CO，.Ltd.

This instruction should be combined with the following technical

The relevant standards and codes

This operation instruction contained technology file configuration of the

related equipment and technology.

Before the boiler put into operation, it must be carefully debugging

This operation instruction only as a guide for operation and not as a

specification to implementation, operators should scheduled their own operation

regulations of the boiler according to the specific situation, equipment

performance, auxiliary knowledge and understandings combined with the relevant

regulations and rules.

operation instruction according to actual conditions of operation.

and property loss.

重要提示 Important information. If it is ignored, there may bring the

IMPORTANT NOTES inconvenient operation or the correct function of equipment

could be affected, but not dangerous or casualties.

WARNING A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in

death or serious injury. A secondary risk degree.

minor or moderate injury. A lower risk degree.

the equipment or adjacent equipment. Led to the loss of

FASTEN SAFETY Important warning. If ignored, may result in death or serious

BELT injury. A high risk degree.

WEAR SAFETY Important information. If ignored, may result in death or serious

A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in a

Important warning. If ignored, will result in death or serious

A potentially dangerous situation. If not avoided, will result in a

1.1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 9

1.2. HYDROSTATIC TESTS ............................................................................................................ 14

1.3. SOLIDIFYING REFRACTORY MATERIALS ...................................................................... 21

1.4. BOILING OUT ............................................................................................................................ 21

1.5. FEEDWATER AND BOILER WATER TREATMENT......................................................... 31

1.6. CHEMICAL CLEANING OF ECONOMIZER AND STEAM GENERATING .................. 32

1.7. CHEMICAL CLEANING OF SUPERHEATERS................................................................... 36

1.8. BOILER SYSTEM AIR TEST................................................................................................... 38

SECTION 2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................. 40

2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 40

2.2. IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................ 41

2.3.COLD STARTUP PROCEDURE............................................................................................................ 50

2.4 HOT RESTART ........................................................................................................................................ 73

2.5 NORMAL OPERATION.......................................................................................................................... 77

2.5.3. Sootblowing ........................................................................................................................... 81

2.6. NORMAL SHUTDOWN ............................................................................................................ 83

2.7. EMERGENCIES ......................................................................................................................... 88

2.8. MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................................................ 98

Fig. 2 Volumetric O2 % in dry gas vs. Load %........................................................................................... 104

Fig. 3 Air Flow to Bed vs. Fluidizing Velocity............................................................................................. 105

Fig. 4 loop seal Connections.......................................................................................................................... 106

Fig.7: The curves for cold startup ................................................................................................................ 108

1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Safety is primary for any boiler operation.

supplement the experience and judgment of personnel in charge of operation and do

manufacturer’s recommendations and instructions. Here is an initial start-up check list

for boiler auxiliary equipment.

The following items shall be checked prior to start-up of the boiler.

system shall be operable. Equipment shall be able to operate within the

All dampers, controllers and actuators shall be subjected to internal and

（8）在锅炉烟风系统中必须进行密封性试验，且根据 1.8 条的内容消除所有的泄漏。

（5）如果水温超过 50℃，工作人员在靠近机组检查时应小心，防止因水的泄漏导

（1）如果在煮炉前加料，根据第 2 节 2.3.2 条加入床料。当工人进入锅炉炉膛时，必