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Process Modelling Simulation and Control PDF
Process Modelling Simulation and Control PDF
Problem 1
Write the component continuity equations describing the CSTR of Figure 1
with:
1. Simultaneous reactions (first-order, isothermal).
1 k
A −→ B
2 k
A −→ C
Figure 1: CSTR
Solution
For both parts 1 and 2, the quantities entering, leaving, and accumulating
in the system are analogous for every chemical species:
• Entering: F0 Cj0
• Leaving: F Cj
1
d
• Accumulating: dt (V Cj )
• A: −k1 V CA − k2 V CA
• B: k1 V CA
• C: k2 V CA
The expressions for the continuity equations are:
d
• A: dt (V CA ) = F0 CA0 − k1 V CA − k2 V CA − F CA
d
• B: dt (V CB ) = F0 CB0 + k1 V CA − F CB
d
• C: dt (V CC ) = F0 CC0 + k2 V CA − F CC
2. For reversible reactions, the generation terms are:
• A: −k1 V CA + k2 V CB
• B: k1 V CA − k2 V CB
Problem 2
Write the component continuity equations for a tubular reactor (Figure 2), with
consecutive reactions ocurring:
1 k 2 k
A −→ B −→ C
Solution
The quantities entering, leaving, and accumulating are analogous for every
chemical especies:
∂Cj
• Entering: AT vCj − AT Dj ∂z
2
h i
∂
∂C ∂ ∂C
• Leaving: AT vCj + ∂z (AT vCj ) dz − AT Dj ∂zj − ∂z AT Dj ∂zj dz
∂
• Accumulating: ∂t (AT dzCj )
• B: AT dzk1 CA − AT dzk2 CB
• C: AT dzk2 CB
The expressions for the continuity equations are, after dividing for AT dz:
∂ ∂ ∂
DA ∂C
• A: ∂t CA = − ∂z (vCA ) + ∂z ∂z
A
− k1 CA
∂ ∂ ∂
DB ∂C
• B: ∂t CB = − ∂z (vCB ) + ∂z ∂z
B
+ k1 CA − k2 CB
∂ ∂ ∂
DC ∂C
• C: ∂t CC = − ∂z (vCC ) + ∂z ∂z
C
+ k2 CB
Problem 3
Write the component continuity equations for a perfectly mixed batch reactor
(no inflow or outflow) with first-order isothermal reactions:
1. Consecutive
2. Simultaneous
3. Reversible
Solution
For a batch reactor, the continuity equations are analogous to the CSTR ex-
ample, without the inflow and outflow terms. Asuming the rection volume is
constant we have:
dCA
1. • A: dt = −k1 CA
dCB
• B: dt = k1 CA − k2 CB
dCC
• C: dt = k2 CB
dCA
2. • A: dt = −k1 CA − k2 CA
dCB
• B: dt = k1 C A
dCC
• C: dt = k2 CA
dCA
3. • A: dt = −k1 CA + k2 CB
dCB
• B: dt = k1 CA − k2 CB
3
Problem 4
Write the energy equation for the CSTR of Problem 1 in which consecutive first
order reactions occur with exothermic heats of reaction λ1 and λ2 .
Solution
Assuming that the entalphy can be represented as h = CpT on a molar basis,
the energy balance can be written, neglecting mixing effects as (λ is negative
for an exothermic reaction):
d
(V T (CA Cp,A + CB Cp,B )) = F0 T0 (CA0 Cp,A + CB,0 Cp,B )
dt
− F T (CA Cp,A + CB Cp,B )
− V (k1 CA λ1 + k2 CB λ2 )
Problem 5
Charlie Brown and Snoopy are sledding down a hill that is inclined θ degrees
from horizontal. The total weight of Charlie, Snoopy, and the sleed is M. The
sled is essentially frictionless but the air resistance of the sledders is proportional
to the square of their velocity. Write the equations describing their position x,
relative to the top of the hill (x=0). Charlie likes to ”belly flop”, so their initial
velocity at the top of the hill is v0 . What would happen if Snoopy jumped off
the sled halfway down the hill without changing the air resistance?
Solution
First, the forces experienced by the ensemble of mass M must be determined.
One is the component of the weight directed parallel to the hill Fg = M gsenθ,
the other is the air resistance Fr = kv 2 . Now from Newton’s second law:
d2 x
M = Fg + Fr
dt2
2
d2 x dx
M 2 = M gsenθ − k
dt dt
With the initial conditions xt=0 = 0, dx
dt t=0 = v0
Assuming that half way the sled already reached his ”terminal velocity”, after
Snoopy jumps, Charlie Brown will decelerate, because Fg is momentarily smaller
that Fr . In any case, the final velocity reached by Charlie Brown alone will be
smaller than the velocity that would have been reached if Snoopy remained in
the sled.
4
Problem 6
An automatic bale tosser on the back of a farmer’s hay baler must throw a
60-pound bale of hay 20 feet back into a wagon. If the bale leaves the tosser
with a velocity vr in a direction θ = 4500 above the horizontal, what must vr
be? If the tosser must accelerate the bale from a dead start to vr in 6 feet, how
much force must be exerted? What value of θ would minimize the acceleration
force?
Figure 3: Tosser
Solution
Assuming that the y coordinate at the exit of the tosser and at the wagon
are equal, the half time of flight is equal to the time required for reaching the
maximum altitude, which can be calculated dividing the y-velocity at the exit
of the tosser by the gravity acceleration:
1 vr senθ
tf light =
2 g
The distance L must be covered in tf light :
L
= vr cosθ
tf light
r
Lg ft
vr = = 25.4
2cosθsenθ s
With l = 6[f t], we have from the dynamic equations for the acceleration step:
at2acc
l=
2
vr = atacc
Which permit to determine the value of the acceleration (a):
vr2 gL
a= =
2l 4lcosθsenθ
5
M gsenθ aM
From Newton’s second law, Ftosser − gc = gc :
Mg L
Ftosser = senθ +
gc 4lcosθsenθ
The minimum value corresponds to 142[lbf ] (38.9”). The force required in the
case of θ = 4500 is 140 [lbf ].
Problem 7
A mixture of two inmiscible liquids is fed into a decanter. The heavier liquid
settles to the bottom fo the tank. The lighter liquid β forms a layer on the top.
The two interfaces are detected by floats and are controlled by manipulating
the two flows Fα and Fβ .
Fα = Kα hα
Fβ = Kβ (hα + hβ )
The controllers increase or decrease the flows as the levels rise or fall. The total
feed rate is F0 . The weight fraction of liquid in the feed is xα . The two densities
ρα and ρβ are constant. Write the equations describing the dynamic behavior
of this system.
Figure 4:
Solution Assuming that the flows F0 , Fβ and Fα are volumetric flows, first
a volumetric fraction is calculated as:
xα ρ−1
α
xα,v =
xα ρ−1
α − (1 − xα )ρ−1
β
6
The dynamic equations for the height of each phase are:
dhα 1
= (F0 xα,v − Kα hα )
dt Ad
dhβ 1
= (F0 (1 − xα ) − Kβ (hα + hβ ))
dt Ad