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Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Buildings Using Staad PDF
Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Buildings Using Staad PDF
This should be a long post, but I am going to try and keep it as brief as possible. This post is
more like an excerpt from the publication 'Structural Analysis and Design of Residential
Buildings using Staad Pro V8i, CSC Orion, and Manual calculations'.... (See link below).
Here, we are going to briefly present some practical analysis and design of some reinforced
concrete elements using Staad Pro software, Orion software and manual calculations.
Ultimately, we are going to make some comparisons of the results obtained based on the
different methods adopted in the analysis and design. To learn how to model, design, and
detail buildings from the scratch using Staad Pro, Orion, and manual methods, see the link at
the end of this post.
To show how this is done, a simplified architectural floor plans, elevations, and section, for a
residential two storey building have been presented for the purpose of structural analysis and
design (see the pictures below).
Fig 1: Ground Floor Plan
The first step in the design of buildings is the preparation of the 'general arrangement',
popularly called the G.A. The G.A. is a drawing that shows the disposition of the structural
elements such as the slabs and their types, the floor beams, the columns, and their interaction
at the floor level under consideration. For the architectural drawings above, the adopted G.A.
is shown in Figure 7. below. There are no spelt out rules about how to prepare G.A. from
architectural drawings, but there are basic guidelines that can guide someone on how to
prepare a buildable and structurally efficient G.A. To have a good idea on how this can be
done, see the link at the end of the post.
Fig.7: General Arrangement
Design data:
Fck = 25 N/mm2, Fyk = 460 N/mm2, Cnom (slabs) = 25mm, Cnom (beams and columns) =
35mm, Cnom (foundations) = 50mm
Thickness of slab = 150mm; Dimension of floor beams = 450mm x 230mm; Dimension of
columns = (230 x 230mm)
The floor slab (PANEL 1) is spanning in two directions, since the ratio (k) of the longer side
(Ly) to the shorter side (Lx) is less than 2.
Hence, k = Ly/Lx = 3.825/3.625 = 1.055 (say 1.1)
Moment coefficients (α) for two adjacent edges discontinuous (pick from table);
Short Span
Mid-span = 0.042
Continuous edge = 0.056
Long Span
Mid-span = 0.034
Continuous edge = 0.045
k = MEd/(fckbd2 )
= (6.0475 × 106)/(25 × 1000 × 1192 ) = 0.0171
Since k < 0.167 No compression reinforcement required
z = d[0.5+ √(0.25 - 0.882k)] = z = d[0.5+ √(0.25 - (0.882 × 0.0273)] = 0.95d
As1 = MEd/(0.87fyk z)
As1 = (6.0475 × 106)/(0.87 × 460 × 0.95 × 119) = 133.668 mm2/m
Provide Y12mm @ 250mm c/c BOT (ASprov = 452 mm2/m)
A little consideration will show that this provided area of steel will satisfy serviceability limit
state requirements. To see how to carry out deflections and crack control verifications, see the
the link at the bottom of this post.
Result from Orion showing the Short Span (mid span) design moments (Wood and Armer
effects inclusive) (PANEL 1)
Result from Staad showing the Short Span (mid span) design moments (Wood and
Armer effects inclusive) (PANEL 1)
A little observation will show that the design moment values from the different methods are
very similar. The full detailing of the floor slabs is as shown below.
The internal forces from Staad software for Beam No 1 is as shown below.
As1 = MEd/(0.87fykz)
= (36.66 × 106)/(0.87 × 460 × 0.95 × 399) = 241.667 mm2
Provide 2Y16 mm BOT (ASprov = 402 mm2)
The detailing of Beam No 1 is as shown below;
DESIGN OF THE COLUMNS
Loads from slabs and beams are transferred to the foundations through the columns. In
typical cases, columns are usually rectangular or circular in shape. Normally, they are usually
classified as short or slender depending on their slenderness ratio, and this in turn influences
their mode of failure. Columns are either subjected to axial, uniaxial, or biaxial loads
depending on the location and/or loading condition. Eurocode 2 demands that we include the
effects of imperfections in structural design of columns. Column design is covered in section
5.8 of EC2.
The column axial loads have been obtained by summing up the reactions from all the beams
supported by the columns, including the self weight of the column. Let us use column A1 as
example. At the roof level, the column is supporting beam No 2 (Support Reaction V1 =
13.27 KN) and Beam No 3 (Support Reaction VA = 12.99 KN). At the first floor level (see
Analysis and Design of Beam No 1 and 2), the column is supporting Beam No 1 (Support
Reaction V1 = 41.38 KN), and Beam No 2 (Support Reaction VA = 42.49 KN). Therefore
the summation of all these loads gives the axial load transferred from the beams. For
intermediate supports, note that the summation of the shear forces at the support gives the
total support reaction (neglect the signs and use absolute value. Another method of
calculating Column Axial Load is by Tributary Area Method. This method has not been
adopted in this work.
COLUMN A1
Total Columns Self weight = 12.14 KN
Load from roof beams = 13.27 + 12.99 = 26.26 KN
Load from floor beams = 46.21 + 42.49 = 88.70 KN
Total = 127.13 KN
COLUMN A3
Total Columns Self weight = 12.14 KN
Load from roof beams = 35.41 + 11.46 = 46.87 KN
Load from floor beams = 105.33 + 60.85 = 166.18 KN
Total = 225.19 KN
COLUMN A5
Total Columns Self weight = 12.14 KN
Load from roof beams = 17.19 + 5.70 = 22.89 KN
Load from floor beams = 83.64 + 37.91 = 121.55 KN
Total = 156.58 KN
COLUMN A7
Total Columns Self weight = 12.14 KN
Load from roof beams = 43.15 + 9.48 = 52.63 KN
Load from floor beams = 38.26 + 62.45 = 100.71 KN
Total = 165.48 KN
As you can see, for design purposes, the axial loads from the three methods are very
comparable. To see how to obtain the column design moments from the use of sub-frames,
follow the link at the end of the post.
Design of Column E5
Reading from chart; d2/h = 0.2;
MEd/(fck bh2 )
= (10.002 × 106)/(25 × 230 × 2302 ) = 0.03288
NEd/(fckbh)
= (399.88 × 103)/(25 ×230 × 230) = 0.302
From the chart:
(AsFyk)/(bhfck ) = 0.05
Area of longitudinal steel required (As) = (0.05 × 25 × 230 × 230)/460 = 143.75 mm2
As,min = 0.10 NEd/fyd
= (0.1 × 399.887)/400 = 0.099 mm2 < 0.002 × 230 × 230 = 105.8 mm2
Provide 4Y16mm (Asprov = 804 mm2)
Links
Minimum size = 0.25ϕ = 0.25 × 16 = 4mm < 6mm
We are adopting Y8mm as links
Spacing adopted = 200mm less than min{b, h, 20ϕ, 400mm}